包头专版2020中考英语复习方案第二篇语法专题突破专题14复合句课件 43页

专题 ( 十四 ) 　 复合句 第二篇　语法专题突破 Clause 1 　 宾语从句 考点一　引导词 引导词 用法 例句 that 　如果宾语从句是陈述句 , 常用 that 引导 ,that 本身无意义 , 只起连接作用 , 口语中可省略 The radio says (that) it will rain tomorrow. 收音机 说明天要下雨。 if, whether 　如果宾语从句由一般疑问句转化而来 , 用 if 或 whether 引导 , 在句中意为“是否” I wonder if/whether you have told the news to Li Lei. 我想知道你是否已经告诉李雷这个消息了。 （续表） 引导词 用法 例句 who, whose, which, when, where, why, how, what 　如果宾语从句由特殊疑问句转化而来 , 应用连接代词或连接副词引导 Could you tell me what he said to you? 你 能告诉我他跟你说了些什么吗 ? [ 注意 ] 下列几种情况 , 宾语从句中的引导词通常用 whether: (1) 表示“是否” , 尤其是直接与 or not 连用时 , 往往用 whether 。 I don't know whether or not he has come back. 我不知道他是否已经回来了。 (2) 在介词后面只能用 whether, 不能用 if 。 This depends upon whether we are determined to do it. 这要看我们是否有决心去做。 (3) 和动词不定式连用时 , 只能用 whether, 不能用 if 。 He doesn't know whether to stay or not. 他不知道是否要留下来。 (4) 在及物动词 discuss 后的宾语从句中 , 只能用 whether, 不能用 if 。 We discussed whether we should make a change in our plan. 我们讨论了是否应该对计划进行变动。 考点二　语序 　　无论主句是什么语序 , 在宾语从句中 , 除了引导词放在从句的句首外 , 要用陈述语序 , 即“主语 + 谓语 + ……” 。但是 , 当连接代词本身在宾语从句中充当主语时 , 则要保持原来的语序 , 即“连接代词 + 谓语 + ……” 。 The teacher asked me why I was late this morning. 老师问我今天早晨为什么迟到了。 I don't know who is the richest of them. (who 在宾语从句中作主语 ) 我不知道他们中谁最富有。 考点三　时态 　　宾语从句的时态在一定程度上受到主句时态的制约 , 这种现象被称为前后时态的一致性。宾语从句的时态有以下几种情况 : 1. 主句是一般现在时 , 从句根据实际情况可用各种时态。 Do you know who he was talking with at eight last Sunday? 你知道上周日八点他正在和谁谈话吗 ? 2. 主句是一般过去时 , 从句也应用过去的某种时态。 The teacher wanted to know if her students had finished their homework. 这位老师想知道她的学生是否已完成了家庭作业。 3. 当宾语从句是客观真理或客观事实时 , 其时态不受主句时态影响 , 仍用一般现在时。 She said the sun rises in the east. 她说太阳从东方升起。 I didn't know you like classical music. 我过去不知道你喜欢古典音乐。 考点四　否定前移 　　在含有 think( 认为 ), believe( 相信 ), suppose( 设想 ), expect( 期待 ) 等动词的宾语从句中 , 如果从句中的谓语动词要用否定形式 , 则其否定式要前移 , 即将主句的谓语动词 think, believe, suppose, expect 等变为否定形式。 I don't think you are right. 我认为你不对。 [ 注意 ] 如果宾语从句中有宾语补足语 , 要使用形式宾语 it, 将从句放在宾语补足语之后。 I thought it strange that she didn't come. 我认为她没来很奇怪。 考点五　宾语从句的简化 　　当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同 , 且主句的谓语动词是 know, remember, forget, learn 等时 , 宾语从句常可以转换为“特殊疑问词 +to do ”结构的简单句。 I don't know what I should say. → I don't know what to say. 我不知道要说什么。 Clause 2 　 状语从句 　　状语从句的考查点主要集中在引导状语从句的连词和状语从句的时态等方面。状语从句分为地点状语从句、时间状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、让步状语从句和方式状语从句。现归纳如下 : 类型 连词 例句 地点 状语从句 where, wherever Cross the stream where it is the shallowest. 从 最浅的地方过河。 We'll go wherever you say. 你 说的任何地方我们都去。 ( 续表 ) 类型 连词 例句 时间状语 从句 when, while, after, before, since, till, until, as , as soon as, whenever, ever since I'll phone you as soon as I arrive in Shanghai. 我一到上海就给你打电话。 I waited till/until he came back . 我 一直等到他回来。 I'll tell him when he comes. 当 他来的时候 , 我将告诉他。 Whenever we're in trouble, they'll help us. 无论何时 我们有麻烦 , 他们都会帮助我们。 ( 续表 ) 类型 连词 例句 原因状语 从句 as, because, since, now that Susan didn't come to school yesterday because she was ill. 苏珊昨天没来上学 , 因为她病了。 Since her brother was busy, he didn't come. 她 哥哥因为忙没有来。 Now that you have finished your homework, you can play basketball. 既然你已经完成了家庭作业 , 你可以打篮球。 ( 续表 ) 类型 连词 例句 条件状语 从句 if, unless,as long as You won't pass the exam unless you work harder. 如果 不更加努力学习 , 你将通不过考试。 I don't mind as long as it doesn't rain. 只要 不下雨就行了。 比较状语 从句 than, as … as … , not so/as … as … This book is more interesting than that one . 这本书比那本书有趣。 Maths is as important as physics. 数学 和物理同样重要。 ( 续表 ) 类型 连词 例句 目的状语 从句 in case, so that, in order that She stood up so that she might see more clearly. 她站起来以便能看得更清楚。 Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot. 随身带一顶帽子 , 以防太晒。 结果状语 从句 so … that … , such … that … He was so angry that he couldn't speak. 他是如此生气 , 以至于说不出话来。 She is such a lovely girl that everyone loves her. 她 是一个如此可爱的女孩 , 大家都喜欢她。 ( 续表 ) 类型 连词 例句 让步状语 从句 although, though, even though , no matter, whatever, whoever Though it was late, we went on working . 虽然晚了 , 但是我们继续工作。 No matter what the weather is like, they will go out to have sports tomorrow. 无论 天气怎样 , 他们明天都将出去进行体育运动。 【 拓展 】 1. 主句与从句时态一致的问题 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中 , 主句和从句的时态一致一般分为下列三种情况 : (1) 主现从现 : 若主句是祈使句或主句中有情态动词 , 那么从句用一般现在时表示将来。 Be careful when you cross the road. 过马路时要小心。 The traffic must stop when the lights are red. 当红灯亮时 , 车辆必须停下来。 (2) 主将从现 : 主句用一般将来时 , 而从句用一般现在时表示将来。 I will visit my good friend when I have time. 当我有空时 , 我将去看望我的好友。 If she is here tomorrow, I will go to the park with her. 如果明天她来这里 , 我将和她一起去公园。 (3) 过去时态 : 若主从句都是在叙述过去的事情 , 则主从句可以用一般过去时或过去进行时。 My sister was playing the piano when I got home yesterday. 昨天我到家时 , 我妹妹正在弹钢琴。 2. 宾语从句和状语从句同时出现 I don't know if( 是否 ) he will come.If( 如果 ) he comes, I will tell him about the accident. 我不知道他是否会来。如果他来的话 , 我将告诉他这起事故。 I don't know when( 什么时候 ) he will come tomorrow. When( 当 …… 的时候 ) he comes, I will tell him about the news. 我不知道他明天什么时候来。当他来时 , 我将告诉他这个消息。 3.so … that … 和 such … that … 的用法 用法 例句 so+ 形容词或副词 +that 从句 She is so lovely that we all love her. 她 如此可爱 , 我们所有人都喜欢她。 so+ 形容词 +a/an+ 可数名词单数 +that 从句 It is so interesting a book that he enjoys reading it . 如此 有趣的一本书 , 他很喜欢读。 so+many/few+ 可数名词复数 +that 从句 There were so many people in the supermarket that we had to wait for a long time . 超市里的人如此多 , 我们不得不等了很长时间。 ( 续表 ) 用法 例句 so+much/little( 少 )+ 不可数名词 +that 从句 He has so much money that he can afford the house. 他 有那么多的钱 , 能买得起这座房子。 such+a/an(+ 形容词 )+ 可数名词单数 +that 从句 He is such a good teacher that we all respect him. 他是那么好的一位老师 , 我们所有人都尊重他。 ( 续表 ) 用法 例句 such(+ 形容词 )+ 可数名词复数 +that 从句 They are such interesting movies that children love them very much. 如此有趣的电影 , 孩子们非常喜欢它们。 such(+ 形容词 )+ 不可数名词 +that 从句 It was such bad weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太糟糕了 , 我们不得不待在家里。 Clause 3 　 定语从句 　　在复合句中 , 修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。 He is the man 　 who 　 I want to see . 他就是我想要见的那个人。   　　　先行词 关系词　定语从句 引导定语从句的有关系代词 who, that, which, whom, whose 和关系副词 when, where, why 。一般情况下 , 如果先行词是表示人的名词或代词 , 关系词应用 who, whom, whose 或 that; 先行词如果是表示物的名词或代词 , 关系词应用 whose, that 或 which 。关系词有三个作用 :1. 引导定语从句 ; 2. 代替先行词 ; 3. 在定语从句中充当某种成分。 考点一　关系代词的用法 关系代词 例句 that 在从句中作主语或宾语 He wrote down the things that were talked about at the meeting. ( 作主语 ) 他写下了在会议上讨论的事情。 I will never forget the man that I saw last year. ( 作宾语 ) 我永远不会忘记我去年见到的那个人。 ( 续表 ) 关系代词 例句 which 在从句中作主语或宾语 This is the novel which is written in English. ( 作主语 ) 这是那本用英语写的小说。 The letter which I received yesterday was from a friend of mine. ( 作宾语 ) 我昨天收到的信来自我的一个朋友。 ( 续表 ) 关系代词 例句 who 在从句中作主语或宾语 ,whom 在从句中作宾语 The teacher will help anyone who is in trouble. ( 作主语 ) 老师会帮助任何一个有困难的人。 The person who broke the window must pay for it. ( 作主语 ) 打破 窗户的人必须要赔偿。 The girl who/whom you saw last week has left the town . ( 作宾语 ) 你 上周见到的那个女孩已经离开小镇了。 The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Li. ( 作宾语 ) 刚才和你交谈的那个人是李先生。 ( 续表 ) 关系代词 例句 whose 意为“谁的” , 是一个属格词。当先行词是人时 ,whose 相当于“ of whom ” ; 当先行词是物时 ,whose 相当于“ of which ” He is the only student in our class whose father is a policeman. =He is the only student in our class, the father of whom is a policeman. 他是我们班唯一一个父亲是警察的学生。 ( 续表 ) 关系代词 例句 as 主要用在 such, the same 后 , 在从句中作主语、宾语等 Such people as were mentioned by him were honest. ( 作主语 ) 他提到的那些人是诚实的。 Don't read such books as you can't understand. ( 作宾语 ) 不要看你不懂的书。 This is the same book as I lost. ( 作宾语 ) 这是一本跟我丢失的那本一样的书。 ( 同类型但不是同一本 ) [ 归纳 ] 1. 关系代词只能用 that 的情况 分类 例句 　先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰 , 或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时 This is the fourth film that has been shown in our school this term. 这是我们学校本学期放映的第四部电影。 　先行词为 all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one 等不定代词时 Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗 ? ( 续表 ) 分类 例句 　先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等修饰时 This is the same bike that I lost. 这就是我丢的那辆自行车。 ( 同一辆车 ) 先行词里同时含有人或物时 I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room . 我 能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。 ( 续表 ) 分类 例句 　以 who 或 which 引导的特殊疑问句 , 为避免重复 , 只能用 that Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁 ? 主句是 there be 结构 , 修饰主语的定语从句用 that There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上有汤姆的一本书。 2. 关系代词只能用 which 的情况 : (1) 当关系词前面有介词 , 指物时常用 which 。 The company in which he works is big. 他工作的那家公司很大。 (2) 非限制性定语从句指物时 , 多用 which 。 The result of the experiment was very good, which pleased us. 实验的结果很好 , 这令我们十分高兴。 (3) 如果先行词本身是 that 或 those, 只能用 which 。 This is that which he bought yesterday. 这就是他昨天买的那个 ( 东西 ) 。 考点二　关系副词的用法 关系副词 例句 when 表示时间 , 在从句中作时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met each other. 我不会忘记我们相遇的那一天。 where 表示地点 , 在从句中作地点状语 It's the place where I was born . 这 是我出生的地方。 why 表示原因 , 在从句中作原因状语 , 先行词是 reason This is the reason why he was late for school. 这就是他上学迟到的原因。 ( 续表 ) 关系副词与关系代词的转换 : · when= 介词 +which 　 I still remember the year when I entered school. (when=in which) 我仍然记得我进校的那一年。 · where= 介词 +which 　 This is the factory where my father works. (where=in which) 这 是我父亲工作的工厂。 · why=for which 　 That is the reason why he didn't come to school. (why=for which) 那 是他没来上学的原因。 【 比较 】 1. This is the place where I spent my childhood. ( 表地点 , 在定语从句中作地点状语 ) This is the place which/that I visited last summer. ( 在定语从句中作 visited 的宾语 ) 2. I'll never forget the days which/that we spent together. ( 在定语从句中作 spent 的宾语 ) I'll never forget the days when we lived together in the country. ( 表时间 , 在定语从句中作时间状语 ) 3. The reason which/that he gave is that he got up late. ( 在定语从句中作 gave 的宾语 ) The reason why he was late is that he got up late. ( 表原因 , 在定语从句中作原因状语 ) 1. [2016 · 包头 ] It's amazing! I can't believe 　　　　 you could make it to the top in such a short time!  A.which B.what C.that D.if 2. [2015 · 包头 ] — It's said that the new highway has been completed. — Yes, but we don't know 　　　　 it's to be opened to traffic soon.   A.which B.when C.whether D.since C C 3. [2013 · 包头 ] — Please tell me 　　　　 the scarf.  — She bought it online, I guess. A.if Alice liked B.when Alice bought C.where Alice bought D.how much did Alice pay for C 4. [2019 · 青山二模 ] As for learning, students 　　　　 read a lot do much better than 　　　　 who don't.  A.who; that B.that; those C.which; those D.which; that B 5. [2018 · 青山二模 ] — I've just received a WeChat message “ ttyl ” . Do you know 　　　　 ?  — It stands for “ talk to you later ” . A.what it means B.how it means C.why it uses D.where it uses A 6. [2018 · 昆区二模 ] — Could you tell me 　　　　 ?  — Sure. Walk straight along this street and you will find it. A.how can I get to the post office B.where is the post office C.which is the way to the post office D.how far the post office is C 7. [2018 · 北重一中 ] The little girl often asks me what 　　　　 .  A.will our life of tomorrow B.will our life tomorrow be like C.our life of tomorrow like D.our life of tomorrow will be like D 8. [2017 · 昆区一模 ] — Excuse me! Could you please tell me 　　　　 ?  — Sorry, I don't know. You can ask her. She may know. A.who is David waiting for B.where is the nearest hospital C.how can I find the nearest bank D.whose parent is talking to the teacher D