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专题(十四)
构词法
第二篇
语法专题突破
考点一 派生法
英语构词法中在词根前面或后面加词缀
,
从而构成一个新词的方法叫作派生法。加在词根前的词缀叫前缀
,
加在词根后的词缀叫后缀。
1.
前缀
(
1
)表否定意义的前缀
前缀
含义
例词
un-
不
happy
→
unhappy
(不高兴的)
friendly
→
unfriendly
(不友好的)
usual
→
unusual
(不寻常的)
able
→
unable
(不能的)
popular
→
unpopular
(不流行的)
(续表)
前缀
含义
例词
in-
不
active
→
inactive
(不积极的)
correct
→
incorrect
(不正确的)
expensive
→
inexpensive
(不贵的)
im-
不
polite
→
impolite
(不礼貌的)
patient
→
impatient
(没有耐心的)
possible
→
impossible
(不可能的)
(续表)
前缀
含义
例词
dis-
不
like
→
dislike
(不喜欢)
appear
→
disappear
(消失)
agree
→
disagree
(不同意)
non-
不
;
非
smoker
→
non-smoker
(非吸烟者)
human
→
non-human
(非人类的)
native
→
non-native
(非母语的
;
非
本地
的)
(
2
)其他
前缀
含义
例词
mis-
错误
;
失误
understand
→
misunderstand
(误解)
lead
→
mislead
(误导)
behavior
→
misbehavior
(行为不端)
re-
又
;
再
;
重新
view
→
review
(复习)
write
→
rewrite
(重写)
inter-
相互
;
交
互在一起
net
→
Internet
(互联网)
national
→
international
(国际的)
connect
→
interconnect
(相互关联)
(续表)
前缀
含义
例词
tele-
远
phone
→
telephone
(电话)
vision
→
television
(电视)
en-
使可能
rich
→
enrich
(使丰富)
able
→
enable
(使能够)
a-
使处于……
情况
live
→
alive
(活着的)
wake
→
awake
(醒着的)
sleep
→
asleep
(睡着的)
2.
后缀
形式
后缀
例词
形容词→
副词
+-ly
wide
→
widely
quiet
→
quietly
sad
→
sadly
slow
→
slowly
以
“辅音字母
+y
”结尾的形容词
,
变
y
为
i,
再加
-ly
happy
→
happily
angry
→
angrily
以
“辅音字母
+le
”结尾的形容词
,
去掉
e,
再加
-y
simple
→
simply
terrible
→
terribly
少数
以
e
结尾的形容词
,
要去掉
e,
再加
-ly
true
→
truly
(续表)
形式
后缀
例词
名词→
形容词
+-y
rain
→
rainy
health
→
healthy
wealth
→
wealthy
luck
→
lucky
+-ly
week
→
weekly
love
→
lovely
friend
→
friendly
+-ous
danger
→
dangerous
+-ful
care
→
careful
use
→
useful
help
→
helpful
+-less
use
→
useless
help
→
helpless
care
→
careless
+-ern
west
→
western
south
→
southern
+-en
gold
→
golden
wood
→
wooden
+-al
nation
→
national
其他
China
→
Chinese
France
→
French
America
→
American
Canada
→
Canadian
Asia
→
Asian
centre
→
central
(续表)
形式
后缀
例词
动词→
形容词
+-ed
disappoint
→
disappointed
interest
→
interested
+-ing
follow
→
following
interest
→
interesting
+-tive
act
→
active
create
→
creative
+-able
enjoy
→
enjoyable
comfort
→
comfortable
suit
→
suitable
(续表)
形式
后缀
例词
形容词
→
名词
+-ness
ill
→
illness
sad
→
sadness
kind
→
kindness
+-y
difficult
→
difficulty
+-ity
able
→
ability
possible
→
possibility
+-ce
(以
t
结尾的形容词去
t,
再加
-ce
)
important
→
importance
silent
→
silence
different
→
difference
(续表)
形式
后缀
例词
动词→
名词
+-er
teach
→
teacher
win
→
winner
work
→
worker
+-or
act
→
actor
visit
→
visitor
direct
→
director
+-ion
invite
→
invitation
decide
→
decision
+-ment
develop
→
development
move
→
movement
+-ing
fish
→
fishing
read
→
reading
hear
→
hearing
+-ist
art
→
artist
piano
→
pianist
tour
→
tourist
science
→
scientist
(续表)
形式
后缀
例词
其他
serve
(
v.
)→
service
(
n.
)
courage
(
n.
)→
encourage
(
v.
)
hot
(
adj.
)→
heat
(
n.
)
safe
(
adj.
)→
safety
(
n.
)
high
(
adj.
)→
height
(
n.
)→
highly
(
adv.
)
考点二 合成法
英语中由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词
,
这种构词法叫作合成法。常见的合成法如下
:
(
1
)合成名词
classroom
(名词
+
名词)
blackboard
(形容词
+
名词)
(
2
)合成形容词
worldwide
(名词
+
形容词)
good-looking
(形容词
+
现在分词)
(
3
)合成动词
overcome
(副词
+
动词)
(
4
)合成数词
fifty-four
(数词
+
数词)
(
5
)合成代词
everybody, somebody,
anything
(代词
+
名词)
(
6
)合成副词
downstairs
(副词
+
名词)
whole-heartedly
(形容词
+
副词)
(
7
)合成介词
inside
(介词
+
名词)
within
(介词
+
介词)
into
(介词
+
介词)
考点三 转化法
英语中把一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性
,
这种构词法叫作转化法。单词转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联系密切。常见的转化形式有
:
名词→动词
,
形容词→动词
,
动词→名词。
(
1
)名词→动词
show
(
n.
展览
;
展示)→
show
(
v.
表演
;
展出)
water
(
n.
水)→
water
(
v.
浇水)
speed
(
n.
速度)→
speed
(
v.
加速)
(
2
)形容词→动词
slow
(
adj.
慢的)→
slow
(
v.
放慢)
(
3
)动词→名词
walk
(
v.
散步
;
走)→
walk
(
n.
散步)
look
(
v.
看)→
look
(
n.
看)
talk
(
v.
谈话)→
talk
(
n.
谈话)
rest
(
v.
休息)→
rest
(
n.
休息)
break
(
v.
打破)→
break
(
n.
休息)
用所给词的适当形式填空。
1.Emily's mother didn't allow her to watch her favourite programme
Running
Man
and it made her
(
happy
)
.
2.I'm glad to hear that my favourite
(
sing
)
has come to our city.
3.Are your parents in
(
agree
)
that you can deal with it by yourself?
4.This dress is
(
expensive
)
. It will not cost you much.
5.It's
(
possible
)
to separate Diaoyu Islands from China.
对接中考专练
unhappy
singer
agreement
inexpensive
impossible
6.I bought the computer
(
simple
)
because it was cheap.
7.The Bruce family had to give up camping in the Purple Mountain on such a
(
fog
)
day.
8.If you do
(
care
)
in the test, you won't get high marks.
9.We shall never make such an important
(
decide
)
without much thought.
10.Not all
(
wealth
)
people have to wear expensive clothes and not all clever people have to wear glasses.
对接中考专练
simply
foggy
carelessly
decision
wealthy
11.For your
(
safe
)
, smoking is not allowed during the whole flight.
12.Blue is a
(
peace
)
colour. People often feel quiet in blue rooms.
13.As a guide, I must pay attention to all the
(
tour
)
safety during their trip.
14.Easton LaChappelle, a 19-year-old
(
invent
)
, built an arm by developing most of the parts through a 3-D printer.
15.Stephen Hawking is widely considered as one of the
greatest
(
science
)
in the world.
对接中考专练
safety
peaceful
tourists'
inventor
scientists
16.I didn't sleep well and stayed
(
wake
)
until the early morning.
17.Have you ever heard of the famous saying
“
(
silent
)
is golden
”
?
18.
—
What is the
(
high
)
of that mountain?
—
About 3,300 metres tall.
19.In some cities in the
(
north
)
part of China, the air pollution is very serious.
20.When Peter heard the
(
surprise
)
news, he couldn't help crying.
对接中考专练
awake
Silence
height
northern
surprising
【
语法综合演练
】
内容见
Word
版
资源:
专题
14
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