中考英语专题复习一名词考点讲解和训练 5页

中考英语专题复习一：名词考点讲解和训练 ‎【考点直击】‎ ‎1．可数名词和不可数名词的用法； ‎ ‎2．名词所有格的构成及用法；‎ ‎3．近义名词的辨析。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 一、名词的数 ‎ ‎1．单数和复数 ‎　 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成，其主要变法如下：‎ ‎　（1）一般情况在词尾加-s，例如：book→books，girl→girls，boy→boys，pen→pens,doctor→doctors, boy→boys。‎ ‎　（2） 以s，x，ch，sh，结尾的词加-es，例如：bus→buses，class→classes，box→boxes，watch→watches，brush→brushes。 ‎ ‎　（3）以ce, se, ze,（d）ge结尾的名词加s，例如：orange—oranges。‎ ‎　（4）以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如：city→cities, factory→factories, country→countries, family→families。但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如：boy→boys, day→days。‎ ‎　（5）以o结尾的词多数都加-es。例如:hero→heroes，potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。例如：zoo→zoos，radio→radios，还有某些外来词也只加-s，例如：photo→photos，piano→pianos。‎ ‎　 （6） 以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f为v再加-es，例如：knife→knives，leaf→leaves, half→halves。‎ ‎　　复数词尾s（或es）的读音方法如下表所示。‎ ‎　　复数词尾s（或es）的读音方法 情　况 ‎ 读法 ‎ 例　词 ‎ 在[p][t][k][f]等清辅音后 ‎ ‎[s] ‎ cups, hats, cakes ‎ 在[s][z][t][][F]等音后 ‎ ‎[iz] ‎ glasses, pages, oranges, buses, watches,faces ‎ 在[b][d][][v]等浊辅音后 ‎ ‎[z] ‎ beds, dogs, cities, knives ‎ ‎　（7）少数名词有不规则的复数形式，例如：man→men，woman→women，tooth→teeth，foot→feet，child→children，mouse→mice。‎ ‎　　【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women。例如：an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为 Germans；man, woman等作定语时，它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定，如：men　workers， women teachers。‎ ‎　　有个别名词单复数一样，例如：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时，可以加复数词尾。‎ ‎　（8）单数形式但其意为复数的名词有：people, police等。‎ ‎　（9）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连字符。例如：ten-minutes’ walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。‎ ‎　（10）还有些名词仅有复数形式，如：trousers，clothes，chopsticks，glasses，goods，ashes，scissors，compasses。‎ ‎　（11）只用作单数的复数形式的名词有：‎ 科学名词：physics, mathematics/maths 　　游戏名称：bowls 　　专有名词：the United States, Niagara Falls 　　其他名词：news, falls ‎2．不可数名词“量”的表示方法 ‎　　在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念，可以用以下两种方法：‎ ‎　（1）用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少，例如：‎ ‎　　The rich man has a lot of money． 　　There is some milk in the bottle． 　　Is there any water in the glass？ 　　I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice．‎ ‎　（2）用a piece of 这类定语，例如：‎ ‎　　a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread ‎ ‎　　a bottle of orange a glass of water（milk） a cup of tea ‎ ‎　　a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice 　　如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数，例如： 　　two cups of tea 　　four pieces of paper 　　three glasses of water ‎　　不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰。‎ 二、名词的所有格 ‎ ‎　　名词所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。‎ ‎1. 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加 's,其复数形式是s'，例如：a student's room, students' rooms, father's shoes。‎ ‎2. 如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加 's，如：Children's Day。‎ ‎3. 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用 's，例如：a twenty minutes' walk，ten miles' journey，a boat's length，two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth。‎ ‎4. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，例如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。‎ ‎5. 双重所有格，例如：a friend of my father's。‎ ‎【注意】‎ ‎　　如果两个名词并列，并且分别有 's，则表示“分别有”，例如：John's and Mary's rooms（约翰和玛丽各有一间，共两间）；Tom's and Mary's bikes（两人各自的自行车）。‎ ‎　　两个名词并列，只有一个's，则表示“共有”，例如：John and Mary's room（约翰和玛丽共有一间）；Tom and Mary's mother（即Tom与Mary是兄妹）。‎ ‎【实例解析】‎ ‎ 1.These _________ have saved many children’s lives.‎ ‎ A. woman doctors B. women doctor ‎ C. women doctors D. woman doctor ‎ 答案：C。该题考查的是名词作定语时的变化。woman ‎ 作定语时要和被修饰的名词保持数的一致。‎ ‎2.This is _________ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much.‎ ‎ A. Anne and Jane B. Anne’s and Jane’s ‎ C. Anne’s and Jane D. Anne and Jane’s ‎ 答案：D。该题考查的是并列名词的所有格。两人共有一个房间时，只在后面的名词后加’s。‎ ‎ 3.---Are there any ________ on the farm?‎ ‎ ---Yes, there are some.‎ ‎ A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep ‎ 答案：D。该题考查的是特殊名词的复数形式。从谓语动词来判断，主语应该是复数名词。只有sheep可用作复数名词。‎ ‎ 4.---What would you like to drink, ________ or orange?‎ ‎ ---Orange, please.‎ ‎ A. hamburger B. chip C. tea ‎ 答案：C。该题考查的是名词的类别。三种东西中只有tea能喝。‎ ‎【中考演练】‎ 一. 单项填空 ‎1．--- Where have you been, Tim?‎ ‎　 --- I’ve been to ______.‎ ‎　A. the Henry house      B. the Henry family ‎ ‎　C. The Henry’s home    D. Henry’s ‎2．In England, if ____ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.‎ ‎　A. food   B. lunch   C. breakfast   D. dinner ‎3．You looked for it twice, but you haven’t found it. Why not try ____ .‎ ‎　A. three times   B. a third time   C. the third time   D. once ‎4．--- They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______ ?‎ ‎　 --- Certainly.‎ ‎　A. some bottles of waters   B. some bottles of water ‎　C. some bottle of water     D. some bottle of waters ‎5．Mike hurt one of his ______ in the accident yesterday.‎ ‎　A. tooth   B. feet   C. hand   D. ear ‎6．There is some _______ on the plate.‎ ‎　A. cakes   B. meat   C. potato   D. pears ‎7．In England, the last name is the  _______ .‎ ‎　A. family name   B. middle   C. given name   D. full name ‎8．The are going to fly _______ to Beijing.‎ ‎　A. Germen   B. Germany   C. Germanys   D. Germans ‎9．The______ has two _______ .‎ ‎　A. boys; watches   B. boy; watch   C. boy; watches   D. boys; watch ‎10．The little baby has two _______ already.‎ ‎　A. tooth   B. tooths   C. teeth   D. teeths ‎11．What’s your _______ for being late again?‎ ‎　A. idea   B. key   C. excuse   D. news ‎12．--- It’s dangerous here. We’d better go out quickly.‎ ‎　　--- But I think we should let _______ go out first.‎ ‎　A. woman and children   B. women and child ‎　C. woman and child      D. women and children ‎13．--- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_______ ”on the door of his shop.‎ ‎　　--- Thanks.‎ ‎　A.ENTRANCE       B.BUSINESS HOURS ‎ ‎　C.THIS SIDE UP   D.NO SMOKING ‎14．Are they going to have a picnic on _______ ?‎ ‎　A. Children’s Day    B. Childrens’s Day ‎ ‎　C. Childrens Day      D. Children Day ‎15．Where are the students? Are they in _______ ?‎ ‎　A. the Room 406   B. Room 406   C. the 406 Room   D. 406 Room 二. 根据下列句子的情景及所给汉语注释，写出所缺单词。‎ ‎1. We’ve got a lot of new ________(杂志) in our school library.‎ ‎2. Please turn to another _______（频道）, I don’t like this show.‎ ‎3. Yesterday the _________(航班) to London was put off because of the bad weather.‎ ‎.4. Autumn is my favourite (季节) ‎ ‎5. ---How many _______(小刀) do you have?‎ ‎ ---Three.‎ ‎6. __________ are widely used in the modern world.  ‎ ‎7. June 1st is __________(儿童) Day.‎ ‎8. Mary, would you please tell me your new ________(地址) so that I can write to you.‎ ‎9. ---Does this piece of ______(音乐) sound nice?‎ ‎ ---Yes. It’s wonderful!‎ ‎10. May 12th is the International _______(护士) Day. Let’s say “ Thanks” to them for their work.‎ 三. 根据句意和所给首字母写出所缺的单词。‎ ‎1. “What’s your n_______?”‎ ‎ “Li Lei.”‎ ‎2. How many d_______ does your uncle have?‎ ‎3. Please close the w______. It’s cold outside.‎ ‎4. If you want study English well, you must pay attention to your p________.‎ ‎5. A computer is one of the greatest i_________ in the world.‎ ‎6. Zhang Hui is very excited. He will go to Japan with his p_______ during the Spring Festival. ‎ ‎7. At the a______ of seven, the lonely girl had to work to make living.‎ ‎8. It’s only about an h_____ flight from Qingdao to Beijing by air.‎ ‎9. Health is more important to me than m_______.‎ ‎10. Be careful! It’s d__________ to run across the street now.‎ ‎【练习答案】‎ 一．1.D 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.B  6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.B ‎ 二．1.magazines 2.Channel 3. flight 4.season 5. knives 6. Computers 7. Children’s 8. address 9. music 10. Nurses’‎ 三．1.name 2.daughters 3. window 4. pronunciation 5. inventions 6.parents 7. age 8. hour’s ‎ 9. money 10. dangerous