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中考英语专题复习十一短语动词和句型的考点讲解1

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‎2011届中考英语专题复习十一:短语动词和句型的考点讲解 ‎【考点直击】‎ ‎1. 短语动词的辨析;‎ ‎2. 英语句子的基本句型结构;‎ ‎3. 初中阶段主要句型的用法。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ ‎ 短语动词是中考的重要内容之一。在初中阶段,我们已经学习了不少短语 动词,把他们加以归纳总结,进行重点复习是十分必要的。英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体,其用法有的相当于及物动词,有的相当于不及物动词,有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。‎ ‎1. 短语动词的分类 ‎(1)动词+介词 常见的有look for, look after, ask for, laugh at, hear of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如:‎ Don’t laugh at others.‎ Tom asked his parents for a bike.‎ ‎(2)动词+副词 常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in,等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词,既可放在副词前边,又可放在副词后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词,则要放在副词前边。如:‎ You’ll hand in your homework tomorrow.‎ Please don’t forget to hand it in.‎ ‎(3)动词+副词+介词 常见的有 go on with, catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如:‎ Go on and I’ll catch up with you in five minutes.‎ After a short rest, he went on with his research work.‎ ‎(4)动词+名词+介词 常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如:‎ You should pay attention to your handwriting.‎ We should make full use of our time.‎ ‎(5)动词+形容词 常见的有leave open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词,则宾语可放在形容词的前边,也可放在后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词,则必须放在形容词前边。如:‎ The prisoners were set free.‎ He cut it open.‎ ‎(6)动词+名词 常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如:‎ This story took place three years ago.‎ I make friends with a lot of people.‎ ‎2. 短语动词的辨析 ‎(1)be made in(在……生产或制造),be made of(由……组成或构成)‎ ‎(2)come down(下来;落),come along(来;随同),come to oneself(苏醒),come true(实现),come out(花开;发芽;出现;出来),come over(过来;顺便来访),come in(进来),come on(来吧;跟着来;赶快), come up with(找到;提出)‎ ‎(3)do one’s best(尽最大努力), do well in(在……干得好), do one’s homework(做作业),do some reading(阅读)‎ ‎(4)fall asleep(入睡),fall behind(落在…..后面),fall off(从……掉下),fall down(到下;跌倒)‎ ‎(5)get down(下来;落下),get on(上车),get to(到达),get up(起床),get back(回来;取回),get off(下来),get on well with(与……相处融洽),get married(结婚),get together(相聚)‎ ‎(6)give up(放弃),give…a hand(给与……帮助),give a concert(开音乐会)‎ ‎(7)go back(回去),go on(继续),go home(回家),go to bed(睡觉),go over(过一遍;仔细检查),go out(外出;到外面),go wrong(走错路),go on doing(继续做某事),go shopping(买东西),go boating(去划船), go fishing(去钓鱼),go hiking(去徒步旅行),go skating(去滑冰),go straight along(沿着……一直往前走)‎ ‎(8)have a look(看一看), have a seat(坐下), have supper(吃晚餐), have a rest(休息), have sports(进行体育活动), have a cold(感冒), have a cough(咳嗽), have a good time(过得愉快), have a headache(头痛),have a try(尝 ‎ 试;努力)‎ ‎(9)look for(寻找),look out(留神; 注意),look over(仔细检查),look up(向上看;抬头看),look after(照顾; 照看),look at(看; 观看),look like(看起来像),look the same(看起来像),‎ ‎(10)make friends(交朋友),make phone calls(打电话),make money(赚钱),make the bed(整理床铺),make a noise(吵闹),make a faces(做鬼脸),make one’s way to(往……走去),make room for(给……腾出地方),make a decision(做出决定),make a mistake(犯错误),make up one’s mind(下决心)‎ ‎(11)put on(上演;穿上;戴上),put up(挂起;举起),put down(把某物放下来),put away(把某物收起来), put off(推迟)‎ ‎(12)take off(脱掉衣服),take photos(照相),take time(花费时间),take out(取出),take a seat(坐下),take an active part in(积极参加),take care of(照顾;照料;注意),take exercise(做运动),take one’s place(坐某人的位置;代替某人的职务),take turn(轮流)‎ ‎(13)talk about(谈话;交谈),talk with(和……交谈)‎ ‎(14)turn on(打开电灯,收音机,煤气,自来水等),turn off(关上电灯,收音机,煤气,自来水等),turn down(关小;调低),turn…over(把…..翻过来)‎ ‎(15)think of(认为;想起),think about(考虑)‎ ‎3.句子的基本句型结构 根据句子所用动词的不同,句子可归纳为五个基本句型。 ‎ ‎(1)主语+连系动词+表语。例如:‎ My mother is a doctor.‎ Her voice sounds nice.‎ ‎(2)主语+不及物动词。例如:‎ He runs fast.‎ We study hard.‎ ‎(3)主语+及物动词+宾语。例如:‎ Children often sing this song.‎ He studies English.‎ ‎1)常用-ing形式, 而不用不定式作宾语的动词有:enjoy, finish, feel like, consider, practise, keep, suggest, mind等。例如:‎ She enjoys reading novels and swimming.‎ I finished reading the book last night.‎ ‎2)常用不定式,而不用-ing形式作宾语的动词有:wish, hope, agree, plan, decide, refuse等。例如:‎ Where do wish to sit?‎ Tom agreed to lend some money.‎ ‎3)有些及物动词既可用不定式,由可用-ing形式作宾语,但意义不同。这类动词常见的有:remember, forget等。例如:‎ Please remember to post the letter for me.‎ 请记住替我发了这封信。‎ I remember posting the letter.‎ 我记得那封信寄过了。‎ ‎ Stop的用法同上面的词相仿,不过stop后面跟不定式不是作宾语,而是作状语。试比较下列句子:‎ He stopped to smoke. 他停下来吸烟。‎ He stopped smoking. 他停止吸烟了。‎ ‎4)有些及物动词的宾语,既可用不定式,又可用-ing形式,意义基本相同。这类动词常见的有:like, love, hate, begin, start, continue等。例如:‎ I like to swim in summer.‎ I like swimming in summer.‎ ‎(4)主语+及物动词+ 间接宾语+直接宾语。例如:‎ My father bought me a new bike.‎ He gave me an apple.‎ ‎1)及物动词之后跟有双宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物。指人的为间接宾语,‎ 指物的为直接宾语。一般情况下,间接宾语在前,直接宾语在后。如果要 把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后,间接宾语前需加介词。例如:‎ Please pass me a cup of tea.= Please pass a cup of tea to me.‎ Show me your new book, please. =Please show your new book to me.‎ ‎ 2)把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后,间接宾前有时加介词to, 有时加介词for,这主要取决于谓语动词。一般在动词give, tell, sell, lend, show之后加to。在动词buy, make, get等之后加for。例如:‎ Would you lend me your dictionary, please? =Would you lend your dictionary to me, please?‎ Tom’s mother bought him a pair of new shoes. =Tom’s mother bought a pair of new shoes for him.‎ ‎(5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语。例如:‎ We keep our classroom clean and tidy.‎ I hear someone singing in the next room.‎ ‎1)及物动词指后跟有复合宾语,一个是宾语,一个是宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。例如:‎ We call him Jack.‎ Don’t get your hands dirty.‎ ‎ 2)在及物动词之后,用不定式作宾语补足语和用-ing形式作宾语补足语表示 的意思往往不同。用不定式作宾语补足语指事情的全过程;用-ing形式作 宾语补足语指正在进行的动作的一部分。例如:‎ I heard him sing that song. (我听他唱过那首歌。)‎ When I came back, I heard him singing in the room.‎ ‎(我回来时,听见他正在房间里唱歌。)‎ ‎3)在感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, listen to, look at使役动词let, make, have等的复合宾语种,不定式须省去to。但变为被动句时,省去的to要加上。例如:‎ I saw him go into the room.‎ He was seen to go into the room.‎ ‎4. 初中阶段主要句型的用法。‎ ‎1. It's time to (for) .... 表“时间到了;该干…的时间了”之意。‎ ‎ It's time to go home.‎ ‎ It's time for school.‎ 注意:to的后面接动词短语,而for的后面接名词。‎ ‎2. It's bad (good) for ... 表示“对…有害(有益)的”含义。‎ ‎ Please don't smoke. It's bad for your health.‎ ‎ Please take more exercise. It's good for your health.‎ ‎3. be late for (school) 是“上学(迟到)”之意。for后面还可以接meeting或class。‎ ‎ He was late for school this morning.‎ ‎ Don't be late for class, please.‎ ‎4. had better do / not do sth. 表示“最好做/不做某事”之意。‎ ‎ You had better put on the coat when you go out. It's cold outside.‎ ‎ We had better stop to have a rest.‎ ‎ 注意:用had better时,后面一定要直接跟动词原形,决不能加to do sth. 否定一定用在第二个动词之前,是动词不定式的否定式。‎ ‎5. be (feel) afraid of ... 表示“恐怕”,“害怕…”之意。‎ ‎ He is afraid of snakes.‎ Mary feels afraid of going out alone.‎ ‎6. enjoy doing sth. 是“喜欢(爱好)做某事”之意,doing是动名词作动词enjoy的宾语。enjoy有欣赏之意。‎ ‎ Are you enjoy living in Beijing?‎ ‎ Do you enjoy listening to music?‎ ‎7. stop doing sth. 停止做某事 ‎ stop to do sth. 停下来做某事 ‎ It's time for class. Stop talking, please.‎ ‎ When she saw me, she stopped to talk with me.‎ ‎8. Let (make) sb. do 让(使)某人做某事。‎ ‎ Let's go to school.‎ ‎ Father made his son clean the room again.‎ ‎ 注意:当make sb. do sth. 用于被动语态时,第二个动词前面就一定要加to了。如:‎ ‎ His son was made to clean the room again.‎ ‎ he was made to work twelve hours a day in the past.‎ ‎9. like to do / like doing sth. 是“喜欢做某事”之意。‎ ‎ like to do sth. 是表示比较具体的喜欢做某事;like doing sth. 是表示宠统的喜欢做某事。如:‎ ‎ I like to swim in the swimming pool.‎ ‎ 我喜欢在游泳池中游泳。(喜欢的具体的地方游泳)‎ ‎ I like swimming. 我喜欢游泳(只讲喜欢这项运动)‎ ‎10. ask (tell) sb. to do. (not to do) sth. 请(让)某人(不)做某事 ‎ Jim asked his mother to help him with his lessons.‎ ‎ When did you tell him not to shout loudly?‎ ‎11. give (lend) sb. sth. = give (lend) sth. to sb. 给(借给)某人某物 ‎ Mike gave me a new pair of stockings.‎ ‎ Please lend us your car. ‎ ‎12. be busy doing sth. 表示“忙于做某事”之意。‎ ‎ The students are busy getting ready for the exams.‎ ‎ Is Mrs Black busy washing clothes?‎ ‎13. too ... to ... 表示“太…以致不能…”的含义。‎ ‎ She is too young to go to school.‎ ‎ The old man was too tired to walk farther.‎ ‎14. not……until …… 是“直……才……”之意。‎ ‎ My daughter didn't go to bed until 11 o'clock last night.‎ ‎ We won't have time to rest until the summer holiday comes.‎ ‎15. so ……that 是“如此……以致……”的意思。‎ ‎ Peter is so clever that all the teachers like him very much.‎ ‎ The song is so wonderful that everyone likes to listen to it.‎ ‎16. neither ……nor ……是“既不……也不……”之意。‎ ‎ Mr. Smith is neither a worker nor a soldier. He is a scientist.‎ ‎ Neither you nor I am free. ‎ ‎17. enough to do sth. 是“足以去做某事”之意。‎ ‎ She is old enough to go to school.‎ ‎ Peter was tall enough to reach the apple.‎ ‎19. prefer……to ……是“比起来,还是……好,”“喜欢……而不喜欢”之意。‎ ‎ I prefer English to maths = I like English better than maths ‎ He prefers playing football to playing basketball.‎ ‎20. not ……at all ……是“根本不……”之意。‎ ‎ I don't know Mr. King at all.‎ ‎ David doesn't like singing at all.‎ ‎21.keep sb. doing sth. 是“使某人继续做某事”之意。‎ ‎ Mr. Wang didn't come to school on time. She kept me waiting for two hours.‎ ‎ Don't keep your mother doing everything for you You should do it by yourself.‎ ‎22. keep sth. + adj. 是“保持某物处于某种状况”之意。‎ ‎ Please keep our classroom clean and tidy.‎ ‎ That wool sweater kept her body warm enough.‎ ‎23. see sb. doing sth. 表示“看见某人正在做某事”之意。‎ ‎ When my brother passed the post office, he saw a little boy crying at the door.‎ ‎ Did you see a car coming here ?‎ ‎24. see sb. do sth. 是“看见某人做了某事”之意。‎ ‎ That girl saw an old woman fall down on the road yesterday.‎ ‎ Have you seen the leaves drop into the river ?‎ ‎25. hear sb. doing sth. 是“听到某人正在做某事”之意。‎ ‎ Listen ! Can you hear someone singing on the hill?‎ ‎ We heard him talking with Mr. Li loudly just now.‎ ‎26. hear sb. do sth. 表示“听见某人做了某事”之意。‎ ‎ He was often heard to sing in his room in the past.‎ ‎ Why didn't you hear me come into the sitting rom ?‎ ‎27. be used for doing sth. 是“被用来做某事”的意思。‎ ‎ Knives are used for cutting things.‎ ‎ Teapot is used for keeping tea warm.‎ ‎28. It's three metres long / high/ wide. 它是三米长(高、宽)形容词要放在后面作后置定语。句型是It / 主语+ be +数词+米/公里+形容词。‎ His father is one and seventy metres tall.‎ That river is fifty metres wide.‎ ‎29. What's wrong with ......? / What's the problem with ......?/ What's the trouble with ......?/ What's the matter?表示“出了什么毛病?”“…哪儿不舒服?”“怎么啦?”的含义。‎ What's wrong with your car?‎ What's wrong with you, little girl?‎ What's the matter with your watch?‎ ‎30. Would you like (to do) ......? 是“你想要…吗?”的意思。like后面可以接名词,词组或动词不定式。提出一种建议或邀请。‎ Would you like some fish?‎ ‎ Would you like to go to the cinema with me?‎ ‎31. Will you please do sth? 是“你想要做……吗?”‎ Will you please say it more slowly?‎ ‎ Will you please not open the window? I feel cold.‎ ‎32. It takes sb. some time to do sth. 是“做某事花费某人一段时间”之意。可以用于一般现在时,一般过去式和一般将来时态。‎ It will take us two hours to go over all the words and expressions.‎ ‎ It took Mr Wang half an hour to clean the bedroom.‎ ‎33. I'd like sb. to do sth. 是“我希望某人来做某事”之意。‎ I'd like my friend to help me with my lessons.‎ ‎ He'd like Jim to teach him how to use the computer.‎ ‎34. There's sth. wrong with ......是“某物/人出了问题”,“某物/人有了毛病”之意。‎ There is something wrong the TV set. = Something is wrong with the TV set.‎ There must be something wrong with the car. It doesn't move.‎ ‎35. I don't think that + clause 是“我想…不会…”“我认为…不…”之意。‎ I don't think that any of the questions is difficult.‎ We don't think he will have time tomorrow.‎ ‎36. What about ......? 表示征求意见,询问消息,是“…好不好?”“…怎么样?”之意。‎ What about some tea?‎ What about your mother? Is she all right?‎ ‎37. Why not do ...? 是表示建议,“为什么不……?”之意。‎ Why not have a rest? You have already worked for four hours.‎ ‎ Why not come to play games with us? =Why don't you come to play games with us?‎ ‎38. What do you mean by ......? 是“请问…是什么意思?”之意。‎ What do you mean by "scientist", please?‎ What do you mean by "manager", please?‎ ‎ 可以说What is the meaning of "manager"?或What does the "manager" mean?‎ ‎39. You like singing very much. So do I.‎ 你非常喜欢唱歌。我也非常喜欢。‎ ‎ So do I.‎ = I like singing very much, too.‎ ‎ So在句型"so + be (have,助动词或情态动词)+主语中"有“也”,“同样”的意思,表示前面所说的情况,也适合于另一个人(或物)。‎ He saw the accident, and so did I.‎ She can ride a horse, and so can I.‎ ‎40. It's easy for him to learn English well. 学好英语对他来说很容易。‎ ‎ It's + adj. + for sb. + to do sth. 是“对某人来说做某事怎么样”之意。It是代词作形式主语,真正的主语是动词不定式(或短语),为避免句子头重脚轻而将主语放在了后面。‎ It is dangerous for children to play in the street.‎ It was easy for her to tidy her room just now.‎ ‎ ‎