中考英语专题复习十一短语动词和句型的考点讲解1 7页

‎2011届中考英语专题复习十一：短语动词和句型的考点讲解 ‎【考点直击】‎ ‎1. 短语动词的辨析；‎ ‎2. 英语句子的基本句型结构；‎ ‎3. 初中阶段主要句型的用法。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ ‎ 短语动词是中考的重要内容之一。在初中阶段，我们已经学习了不少短语 动词，把他们加以归纳总结，进行重点复习是十分必要的。英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。‎ ‎1. 短语动词的分类 ‎(1)动词＋介词 常见的有look for, look after, ask for, laugh at, hear of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：‎ Don’t laugh at others.‎ Tom asked his parents for a bike.‎ ‎(2)动词＋副词 常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in,等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：‎ You’ll hand in your homework tomorrow.‎ Please don’t forget to hand it in.‎ ‎(3)动词＋副词＋介词 常见的有 go on with, catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：‎ Go on and I’ll catch up with you in five minutes.‎ After a short rest, he went on with his research work.‎ ‎(4)动词＋名词＋介词 常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：‎ You should pay attention to your handwriting.‎ We should make full use of our time.‎ ‎(5)动词＋形容词 常见的有leave open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如：‎ The prisoners were set free.‎ He cut it open.‎ ‎(6)动词＋名词 常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：‎ This story took place three years ago.‎ I make friends with a lot of people.‎ ‎2. 短语动词的辨析 ‎(1)be made in（在……生产或制造），be made of(由……组成或构成)‎ ‎(2)come down(下来;落)，come along(来；随同)，come to oneself(苏醒)，come true(实现)，come out(花开；发芽；出现；出来)，come over（过来；顺便来访），come in(进来)，come on(来吧；跟着来；赶快), come up with(找到；提出)‎ ‎(3)do one’s best(尽最大努力), do well in(在……干得好), do one’s homework(做作业)，do some reading(阅读)‎ ‎(4)fall asleep(入睡)，fall behind(落在…..后面)，fall off(从……掉下)，fall down(到下；跌倒)‎ ‎(5)get down(下来；落下)，get on(上车)，get to(到达)，get up(起床)，get back(回来；取回)，get off(下来)，get on well with(与……相处融洽)，get married(结婚)，get together(相聚)‎ ‎(6)give up(放弃)，give…a hand(给与……帮助)，give a concert(开音乐会)‎ ‎(7)go back(回去)，go on(继续)，go home(回家)，go to bed(睡觉)，go over(过一遍；仔细检查)，go out(外出；到外面)，go wrong(走错路)，go on doing(继续做某事)，go shopping(买东西)，go boating(去划船), go fishing(去钓鱼)，go hiking(去徒步旅行)，go skating(去滑冰)，go straight along(沿着……一直往前走)‎ ‎(8)have a look(看一看), have a seat（坐下）, have supper（吃晚餐）, have a rest（休息）, have sports（进行体育活动）, have a cold（感冒）, have a cough（咳嗽）, have a good time（过得愉快）, have a headache（头痛），have a try(尝 ‎ 试；努力)‎ ‎(9)look for(寻找)，look out(留神; 注意)，look over(仔细检查)，look up(向上看；抬头看)，look after(照顾; 照看)，look at(看； 观看)，look like(看起来像)，look the same(看起来像)，‎ ‎(10)make friends(交朋友)，make phone calls(打电话)，make money(赚钱)，make the bed(整理床铺)，make a noise(吵闹)，make a faces(做鬼脸)，make one’s way to(往……走去)，make room for(给……腾出地方)，make a decision(做出决定)，make a mistake(犯错误)，make up one’s mind(下决心)‎ ‎(11)put on(上演；穿上；戴上)，put up(挂起；举起)，put down(把某物放下来)，put away(把某物收起来), put off(推迟)‎ ‎(12)take off(脱掉衣服)，take photos(照相)，take time(花费时间)，take out(取出)，take a seat(坐下)，take an active part in(积极参加)，take care of(照顾；照料；注意)，take exercise(做运动)，take one’s place(坐某人的位置；代替某人的职务)，take turn(轮流)‎ ‎(13)talk about(谈话；交谈)，talk with(和……交谈)‎ ‎(14)turn on(打开电灯，收音机，煤气，自来水等)，turn off(关上电灯，收音机，煤气，自来水等)，turn down(关小；调低)，turn…over(把…..翻过来)‎ ‎(15)think of(认为；想起)，think about(考虑)‎ ‎3.句子的基本句型结构 根据句子所用动词的不同，句子可归纳为五个基本句型。 ‎ ‎(1)主语+连系动词+表语。例如：‎ My mother is a doctor.‎ Her voice sounds nice.‎ ‎(2)主语+不及物动词。例如：‎ He runs fast.‎ We study hard.‎ ‎(3)主语+及物动词+宾语。例如：‎ Children often sing this song.‎ He studies English.‎ ‎1)常用-ing形式, 而不用不定式作宾语的动词有：enjoy, finish, feel like, consider, practise, keep, suggest, mind等。例如：‎ She enjoys reading novels and swimming.‎ I finished reading the book last night.‎ ‎2)常用不定式，而不用-ing形式作宾语的动词有：wish, hope, agree, plan, decide, refuse等。例如：‎ Where do wish to sit?‎ Tom agreed to lend some money.‎ ‎3)有些及物动词既可用不定式，由可用-ing形式作宾语，但意义不同。这类动词常见的有：remember, forget等。例如：‎ Please remember to post the letter for me.‎ 请记住替我发了这封信。‎ I remember posting the letter.‎ 我记得那封信寄过了。‎ ‎ Stop的用法同上面的词相仿，不过stop后面跟不定式不是作宾语，而是作状语。试比较下列句子：‎ He stopped to smoke. 他停下来吸烟。‎ He stopped smoking. 他停止吸烟了。‎ ‎4)有些及物动词的宾语，既可用不定式，又可用-ing形式，意义基本相同。这类动词常见的有：like, love, hate, begin, start, continue等。例如：‎ I like to swim in summer.‎ I like swimming in summer.‎ ‎(4)主语+及物动词+ 间接宾语+直接宾语。例如：‎ My father bought me a new bike.‎ He gave me an apple.‎ ‎1)及物动词之后跟有双宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物。指人的为间接宾语，‎ 指物的为直接宾语。一般情况下，间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。如果要 把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，间接宾语前需加介词。例如：‎ Please pass me a cup of tea.= Please pass a cup of tea to me.‎ Show me your new book, please. =Please show your new book to me.‎ ‎ 2)把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，间接宾前有时加介词to, 有时加介词for,这主要取决于谓语动词。一般在动词give, tell, sell, lend, show之后加to。在动词buy, make, get等之后加for。例如：‎ Would you lend me your dictionary, please? =Would you lend your dictionary to me, please?‎ Tom’s mother bought him a pair of new shoes. =Tom’s mother bought a pair of new shoes for him.‎ ‎(5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语。例如：‎ We keep our classroom clean and tidy.‎ I hear someone singing in the next room.‎ ‎1)及物动词指后跟有复合宾语，一个是宾语，一个是宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：‎ We call him Jack.‎ Don’t get your hands dirty.‎ ‎ 2)在及物动词之后，用不定式作宾语补足语和用-ing形式作宾语补足语表示 的意思往往不同。用不定式作宾语补足语指事情的全过程；用-ing形式作 宾语补足语指正在进行的动作的一部分。例如：‎ I heard him sing that song. (我听他唱过那首歌。)‎ When I came back, I heard him singing in the room.‎ ‎(我回来时，听见他正在房间里唱歌。)‎ ‎3)在感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, listen to, look at使役动词let, make, have等的复合宾语种，不定式须省去to。但变为被动句时，省去的to要加上。例如：‎ I saw him go into the room.‎ He was seen to go into the room.‎ ‎4. 初中阶段主要句型的用法。‎ ‎1. It's time to (for) .... 表“时间到了；该干…的时间了”之意。‎ ‎ It's time to go home.‎ ‎ It's time for school.‎ 注意：to的后面接动词短语，而for的后面接名词。‎ ‎2. It's bad (good) for ... 表示“对…有害（有益）的”含义。‎ ‎ Please don't smoke. It's bad for your health.‎ ‎ Please take more exercise. It's good for your health.‎ ‎3. be late for (school) 是“上学（迟到）”之意。for后面还可以接meeting或class。‎ ‎ He was late for school this morning.‎ ‎ Don't be late for class, please.‎ ‎4. had better do / not do sth. 表示“最好做/不做某事”之意。‎ ‎ You had better put on the coat when you go out. It's cold outside.‎ ‎ We had better stop to have a rest.‎ ‎ 注意：用had better时，后面一定要直接跟动词原形，决不能加to do sth. 否定一定用在第二个动词之前，是动词不定式的否定式。‎ ‎5. be (feel) afraid of ... 表示“恐怕”，“害怕…”之意。‎ ‎ He is afraid of snakes.‎ Mary feels afraid of going out alone.‎ ‎6. enjoy doing sth. 是“喜欢（爱好）做某事”之意，doing是动名词作动词enjoy的宾语。enjoy有欣赏之意。‎ ‎ Are you enjoy living in Beijing?‎ ‎ Do you enjoy listening to music?‎ ‎7. stop doing sth. 停止做某事 ‎ stop to do sth. 停下来做某事 ‎ It's time for class. Stop talking, please.‎ ‎ When she saw me, she stopped to talk with me.‎ ‎8. Let (make) sb. do 让（使）某人做某事。‎ ‎ Let's go to school.‎ ‎ Father made his son clean the room again.‎ ‎ 注意：当make sb. do sth. 用于被动语态时，第二个动词前面就一定要加to了。如：‎ ‎ His son was made to clean the room again.‎ ‎ he was made to work twelve hours a day in the past.‎ ‎9. like to do / like doing sth. 是“喜欢做某事”之意。‎ ‎ like to do sth. 是表示比较具体的喜欢做某事；like doing sth. 是表示宠统的喜欢做某事。如：‎ ‎ I like to swim in the swimming pool.‎ ‎ 我喜欢在游泳池中游泳。（喜欢的具体的地方游泳）‎ ‎ I like swimming. 我喜欢游泳（只讲喜欢这项运动）‎ ‎10. ask (tell) sb. to do. (not to do) sth. 请（让）某人（不）做某事 ‎ Jim asked his mother to help him with his lessons.‎ ‎ When did you tell him not to shout loudly?‎ ‎11. give (lend) sb. sth. = give (lend) sth. to sb. 给（借给）某人某物 ‎ Mike gave me a new pair of stockings.‎ ‎ Please lend us your car. ‎ ‎12. be busy doing sth. 表示“忙于做某事”之意。‎ ‎ The students are busy getting ready for the exams.‎ ‎ Is Mrs Black busy washing clothes?‎ ‎13. too ... to ... 表示“太…以致不能…”的含义。‎ ‎ She is too young to go to school.‎ ‎ The old man was too tired to walk farther.‎ ‎14. not……until …… 是“直……才……”之意。‎ ‎ My daughter didn't go to bed until 11 o'clock last night.‎ ‎ We won't have time to rest until the summer holiday comes.‎ ‎15. so ……that 是“如此……以致……”的意思。‎ ‎ Peter is so clever that all the teachers like him very much.‎ ‎ The song is so wonderful that everyone likes to listen to it.‎ ‎16. neither ……nor ……是“既不……也不……”之意。‎ ‎ Mr. Smith is neither a worker nor a soldier. He is a scientist.‎ ‎ Neither you nor I am free. ‎ ‎17. enough to do sth. 是“足以去做某事”之意。‎ ‎ She is old enough to go to school.‎ ‎ Peter was tall enough to reach the apple.‎ ‎19. prefer……to ……是“比起来，还是……好，”“喜欢……而不喜欢”之意。‎ ‎ I prefer English to maths = I like English better than maths ‎ He prefers playing football to playing basketball.‎ ‎20. not ……at all ……是“根本不……”之意。‎ ‎ I don't know Mr. King at all.‎ ‎ David doesn't like singing at all.‎ ‎21．keep sb. doing sth. 是“使某人继续做某事”之意。‎ ‎ Mr. Wang didn't come to school on time. She kept me waiting for two hours.‎ ‎ Don't keep your mother doing everything for you You should do it by yourself.‎ ‎22. keep sth. + adj. 是“保持某物处于某种状况”之意。‎ ‎ Please keep our classroom clean and tidy.‎ ‎ That wool sweater kept her body warm enough.‎ ‎23. see sb. doing sth. 表示“看见某人正在做某事”之意。‎ ‎ When my brother passed the post office, he saw a little boy crying at the door.‎ ‎ Did you see a car coming here ?‎ ‎24. see sb. do sth. 是“看见某人做了某事”之意。‎ ‎ That girl saw an old woman fall down on the road yesterday.‎ ‎ Have you seen the leaves drop into the river ?‎ ‎25. hear sb. doing sth. 是“听到某人正在做某事”之意。‎ ‎ Listen ! Can you hear someone singing on the hill?‎ ‎ We heard him talking with Mr. Li loudly just now.‎ ‎26. hear sb. do sth. 表示“听见某人做了某事”之意。‎ ‎ He was often heard to sing in his room in the past.‎ ‎ Why didn't you hear me come into the sitting rom ?‎ ‎27. be used for doing sth. 是“被用来做某事”的意思。‎ ‎ Knives are used for cutting things.‎ ‎ Teapot is used for keeping tea warm.‎ ‎28. It's three metres long / high/ wide. 它是三米长（高、宽）形容词要放在后面作后置定语。句型是It / 主语+ be +数词+米/公里+形容词。‎ His father is one and seventy metres tall.‎ That river is fifty metres wide.‎ ‎29. What's wrong with ......? / What's the problem with ......?/ What's the trouble with ......?/ What's the matter?表示“出了什么毛病？”“…哪儿不舒服？”“怎么啦？”的含义。‎ What's wrong with your car?‎ What's wrong with you, little girl?‎ What's the matter with your watch?‎ ‎30. Would you like (to do) ......? 是“你想要…吗？”的意思。like后面可以接名词，词组或动词不定式。提出一种建议或邀请。‎ Would you like some fish?‎ ‎ Would you like to go to the cinema with me?‎ ‎31. Will you please do sth? 是“你想要做……吗？”‎ Will you please say it more slowly?‎ ‎ Will you please not open the window? I feel cold.‎ ‎32. It takes sb. some time to do sth. 是“做某事花费某人一段时间”之意。可以用于一般现在时，一般过去式和一般将来时态。‎ It will take us two hours to go over all the words and expressions.‎ ‎ It took Mr Wang half an hour to clean the bedroom.‎ ‎33. I'd like sb. to do sth. 是“我希望某人来做某事”之意。‎ I'd like my friend to help me with my lessons.‎ ‎ He'd like Jim to teach him how to use the computer.‎ ‎34. There's sth. wrong with ......是“某物/人出了问题”，“某物/人有了毛病”之意。‎ There is something wrong the TV set. = Something is wrong with the TV set.‎ There must be something wrong with the car. It doesn't move.‎ ‎35. I don't think that + clause 是“我想…不会…”“我认为…不…”之意。‎ I don't think that any of the questions is difficult.‎ We don't think he will have time tomorrow.‎ ‎36. What about ......? 表示征求意见，询问消息，是“…好不好？”“…怎么样？”之意。‎ What about some tea?‎ What about your mother? Is she all right?‎ ‎37. Why not do ...? 是表示建议，“为什么不……？”之意。‎ Why not have a rest? You have already worked for four hours.‎ ‎ Why not come to play games with us? =Why don't you come to play games with us?‎ ‎38. What do you mean by ......? 是“请问…是什么意思？”之意。‎ What do you mean by "scientist", please?‎ What do you mean by "manager", please?‎ ‎ 可以说What is the meaning of "manager"?或What does the "manager" mean?‎ ‎39. You like singing very much. So do I.‎ 你非常喜欢唱歌。我也非常喜欢。‎ ‎ So do I.‎ = I like singing very much, too.‎ ‎ So在句型"so + be (have，助动词或情态动词)+主语中"有“也”，“同样”的意思，表示前面所说的情况，也适合于另一个人（或物）。‎ He saw the accident, and so did I.‎ She can ride a horse, and so can I.‎ ‎40. It's easy for him to learn English well. 学好英语对他来说很容易。‎ ‎ It's + adj. + for sb. + to do sth. 是“对某人来说做某事怎么样”之意。It是代词作形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式（或短语），为避免句子头重脚轻而将主语放在了后面。‎ It is dangerous for children to play in the street.‎ It was easy for her to tidy her room just now.‎ ‎ ‎