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中考英语语法讲解资料及练习目录
第1讲:名词...................................................................................................1-3
第2讲:代词....................................................................................................3-5
第3讲:形容词.................................................................................................5-7
第4讲:副词....................................................................................................7-10
第5讲:动词..................................................................................................10-12
第6讲:不定式..............................................................................................12-13
第7讲 介词....................................................................................................13-17
第8讲:连词..................................................................................................17-21
第9讲:时态(一)................................................................................................22
第10讲:时态 (二).......................................................................................22-28
第11讲:被动语态........................................................................................28-30
第12讲:句子种类(一).................................................................................30
第13讲:句子种类(二)............................................................................30-32
第14讲:宾语从句........................................................................................32-33
第15讲:状语从句........................................................................................33-35
第16讲:就近原则........................................................................................35-36
第1讲:名词
名词(Noun,简称n.),是词类的一种,属于实词,名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称,名词同时也分为专有名词和普通名词。
普通名词的复数我们知道是直接加-s或 -es,不规则变化一般有下列几种:
a. class, box, watch, brush等词以 s, x, ch, sh, 结尾,复数要加-es;
b. story, factory 等以"辅音字母+y"结尾的词复数要先将-y 变成-i再加-es;
c. knife, wife, life等以-f 或-fe结尾的词一般先将-f或-fe变为-v, 再加-es;
d. 以-o结尾的名词,一般来说,末尾是"元音字母+o" 的词加-s,我们学过的有radio,zoo。末尾是"辅音字母+o"的词,变复数加-es。如:tomato, hero, potato,当然其中的piano 和photo,又是一个例外,他们的结尾只能加-s。
e. child(children), foot(feet), tooth(teeth), mouse(mice), man(men ), woman(women )等词的复数变化全不遵循规则。
注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如:an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为 Germans;
f. deer,sheep等词更是懒得可以,竟然单复数同形。好记好记。 people,police,cattle 等词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数,所以它们的谓语当然也是复数形式,这就是集体名词。the English,the French,the Chinese等名词表示国民总称时,也作复数用。
注意:maths,politics,physics等学科名词,虽然以-s结尾,仍为不可数名词。还有theUnited States(美国),the United Nations(联合国)等应视为单数。
名词有时也可以作定语的。它作定语时一般用单数,但也有以下例外。
a. man, woman等作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如:men workers, women teachers。
b. 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。如:a ten-mile walk十里路,two-hundred trees 两百棵树。
名词所有格:
表示“……的”通常是在名词的后面加-s,如:Children's day,father's shoes。但以-s结尾的名词因为已经有s了,只需加 ' 就OK了。如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,.则表示“分别有”。.如:John's and Mary's room(约翰和玛丽各有一间,共两间);两个名词并列,只有一个's,则表示"共有"。如:John and Mary's room(约翰和玛丽共有一间)。
还有些无生命名词的所属要用介词of来帮助一下,如:a map of China,the end of this term。
练习:
一、名词单复数
1.(2015湖南永州)Do you know how many _____ you have ?
A.tooths B.toothes C.teeth
2. (2015贵州安顺) Here are some_____________. Do you like ____________?
A. oranges; them B. orange; it C. oranges; they D. oranges; their
3.(2015湖南娄底) —Would you like some _______for dinner?
—OK.
A. tomatos B. tomato C. tomatoes
4.(2015甘肃兰州) I paid ¥10 for ______this morning.
A. 4 bottle milks B. 4 bottles of milk C.4 bottles of milks D.4 milk
5.(2015湖北黄石)—I’m told your class has three new comers.
—Yes. One is a _______, the other two are ______.
A. Japan, Germany B.Japanese, German C.Japanese, Germans D.Japanese, Germen
6. (2015贵州遵义)—Can I help you, Madam?
—I want ______.
A. two boxes of apple B.two glass of water C.two bowls of porridge.
二、名词所有格
1.(2015黑龙江龙东)—Whose room is this? Is it the______?
—Yes, it is ______.
A. twins'; Tom and Tim's B. twin's; Tom's and Tim's C. twins'; Tom and Tim
2. (2015湖南郴州)—_________is coming. What can I get for my mother?
— What about a scarf?
A. Women’s Day B. Woman’s Day C. Womens’ Day
3. (2015广东佛山)Tines magazine says that smart Lego has become one of ______favorite toys.
A.child B.children C.children’s
4.(2015山东临沂)I live near the station, It’s only about five ________ walk.
A. minute’s B. minute C. minutes’ D. minutes
三、根据句意选名词
1.(2015福建安溪) — How is the _______ in Quangzhou ?
— It’s getting worse and worse. There are always long lines of cars on roads.
A. culture B. food C.traffic
2.(2015山东德州)The New York Times a popular daily _______.
A.dictionary B.magazine C.newspaper D.guidebook
3.(2015重庆A卷)Dave really likes driving. I think being a ______is just right for him .
A. doctor B. teacher C. farmer D. driver
4.(2015重庆B卷)The ______ of Chongqing is really hot, but we still like living here.
A. spring B. summer C. autumn D. winter
5.(2015山东滨州)—I think dragons are the ______ of China. Do you think so ?
—I agree with you.
A. symbol B. situation C. promise D. Shape
6.(2015安徽)—How can I get some ______ about the 2016 Olympic Games?
—Why not search the Internet?
A. information B. experience C. practice D. success
7. (2015成都)She says her favorite is English.
A.color B.sports C.subject
8.(2015山东菏泽)I’m new here. I often get lost and can’t find my _____.
A.ticket B.way C.purse
9.(2015浙江温州)Annie has a _______, and she is going to see her dentist today.
A.cold B.fever C.cough D.toothache
10.(2015山东德州)The Chinese saying ”A tree can’t make a forest” tell us that is
very important in a football match.
A. ability B. decision C. teamwork D. experience
11.(2015扬州)—Finding information is not a big deal today.
—Well, the _____is how we can tell whether the information is useful or not.
A. courage B.message C. challenge D. knowledge
12. (2015江苏泰州)—I’m tired out these days.
—Well, you’d better keep a _____between work and play
A. promise B. diary C. balance D.secret
第2讲:代词
代词(pronoun),是代替名词或一句话的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。
分类 例词
人称代词 主格:I我 you你 he他 she她 they他们 we我们
宾格:me我 you你 him他 her她 them他们 us我们
物主代词 my我的 his他的 your你的(your你们的) their他们的 her她的
指示代词 this这 that那 these这些 those 那些
反身代词myself我自己 himself他自己 themselves他们自己 yourself你(们)自己
疑问代词who谁 what什么 which哪个
不定代词some一些 many许多 both两个;两个都
关系代词which……的物 who……的人 that……的人或物 who谁 that引导定语从句
相互代词 each other 互相 one another互相
连接代词 who,whom,whose,what,which,whatever,whichever,whoever,whomever
替代词one(单数),ones(复数) 用于替代前面出现的同类事物
人称代词表
单数
单数
复数
复数
主格
宾格
主格
宾格
第一人称
I
me
we
us
第二人称
you
you
you
you
他
he
him
they
them
她
she
her
they
them
它
it
it
they
them
不定
one
one
ones
ones
物主代词表
我的
你的
他的
她的
它的
我们的
你们的
他们的
形容词性物主代词
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
名词性物主代词
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
反身代词表
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
第三人称
第三人称
单数
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
复数
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
themselves
themselves
some, any的用法:我们都知道some用于肯定句中,而any则用于否定句和疑问句中。 所以somebody,someone也用于肯定句中,而anybody、anyone则用于否定和疑问句中。
注意:在Would youlike some coffee?(要来点咖啡吗?)这样的肯定疑问句中,说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答时,用some而不用any。
every 和each的用法:every 强调全体的概念,指三个以上的人或物(含三个),不可单独使用;each强调个体概念。指两个以上的人或物 (含两个),可单独使用.。Every student in our school works hard.(我们学校的学生都很用功。) Each student may have one book.. (每个学生都可有一本书。)
both, either, neither的用法:
both意为“两者全都”,与复数连用。either意为“两者中间的任何一个”,neither 表示“两者之间一个也不是”,与单数连用。如:Both of the them come from London。他们两人都是伦敦人。 You may take either with you。 两个中间你随便带哪个都行。 Neither is correct。 两个都不对。
Few,a few和little,a little的用法:
Few,a few用来代替和修饰可数名词,little,a little用来代替和修饰不可数名词;a few和a little
着重肯定意思,相当于汉语“有几个”,“有一点儿”;few和little 着重否定意思,相当于汉语 “没有几个”,“没有多少”
练习:
1. (2015济宁)Uncle Tom will come to visit _____ next Saturday.
A. we B.us C.our D.ours
2. (2015天津)I don’t like _____ watch. I like _____.
A. me; your B. my; your C. me; yours D. my; yours
3. (2015长沙)—Rose, could you please water the flowers in the garden?
—Why _____? You see, my brother is listening to music.
A. me B. I C. mine
4. (2015娄底)—Is this your schoolbag?
—No, it isn’t. _____ is under the desk.
A. My B. Mine C. Me
5. (2015福州)—Jane, is this your umbrella?
—No, it’s not _________. I didn’t take one this morning.
A. me B. my C. mine
6. (2015福州)—What would you like, tea or coffee?
—_____, thanks. I just prefer a glass of water.
A. Both B. Neither C. Either
解析:both两者都...,neither两者都不;either其中任意一者
7.(2015克拉玛依)—Do you like the pop star Zhou Jielun or the movie star Liu Dehua?
—________. I am not their fan.
A. Both B. Either C. Neither D. All
8.(2015泰安)My hometown is becoming more and more beautiful with trees and flowers
on _____ sides of the road.
A. all B. both C. neither D. either
9.(2015江西)Our teacher was very happy because _____ failed the examination.
A. somebody B. nobody C. anybody D. everybody
10.(2015广州)Hurry up, kids! The school bus is coming. We have _____ time left.
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
解析:little表示否定,这里说没时间了。Few表肯定,还有时间。
11.(2015长沙)There is _____ wrong with my back and it hurts seriously.
A. anything B. something C. nothing
12.(2015广东)—Look at this model ship. I made it all by__________last week.
—Wow, you are so smart!
A. me B. my C. mine D. myself
13. (2015四川)There are enough cups for each visitor to have________.
A. one B. it C. this D. That
解析:one强调数量,只用于可数名词单数,复数要用ones, 如:某东西很好,I want to buy one. That可指可数名词单数,也可指不可数名词,复数用those. 本题强调数量,有足够的杯子,每名游客都可以来一杯。
14.(2015广西)—What’s your QQ number?
—___________is 355994127.
A. I B. He C. It D. They
15.(2015江苏)Your home town is really nice! The air quality is as good as______of Sanya.
A. it B. one C. that D. the one
解析:one强调数量,只用于可数名词单数,复数要用ones, 如:某东西很好,I want to buy one. That可指可数名词单数,也可指不可数名词,复数用those.
第3讲:形容词
形容词(Adjective),很多语言中均有的主要词类中的一种。形容词主要用来描写或修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、 状态、特征或属性,常用作定语,也可作表语、补语或状语。
形容词修饰名词、be动词、系动词。
a beautiful little new white wooden house 从这个长长的词中可以看出多个形容词作
定语时排列有一定的先后顺序。它们往往遵循以下规律:冠词或人称代词所有格+数词+性质+大小+形状+表示老少、新旧+颜色+事物质地、人的国籍、用途。其实,你大可不必这样费神记,只要记住我给你的句子就可以了。
There is something wrong with my
bike。这句话可能让你挠挠头皮,为什么wrong放在something的后面呢?原来虽然大部分形容词做定语时的位置是放在名词之前的,但当形容词所修饰的词为something,anything,nothing,everything等以-thing为字尾的词语时,形容词要后置。
形容词和副词级别问题:
1. 比较级
在形容词或副词前加more(如 more natural,more clearly )或加后缀 -er(newer,sooner )。
a. Our classroom is twice larger than theirs。(我们的教室是他们的两倍。)这种表示倍数的句子用 …times +形容词比较级+than … 这样的格式。你记住了吗?
b. I'm three years older than you.(我比你大三岁。)表示"大三岁,""高二厘米"等时用"表示数量词的词+比较级"。
c."越来越……"用"比较级+and +比较级"来表示。如:The earth is getting warmer and warmer。(地球变得越来越暖和。)
d."越……就越……"用"the +比较级…,the+比较级…"来表示。如: The busier he is,the happier he feels。(他越忙,越觉得高兴。)
最高级用法的用法就很简单了,提醒你一点,最高级要用于三者以上。还有几点是不得不提的: alone 和lonely:I feel lonely, because I am alone at home. 你独自一人在家用
"alone" 表示"单独的"、"独自一人的",它表示一个客观事实,在句中只能做表语。你在家感到寂寞, 用"lonely",表示主观上感到 "孤独""寂寞",指一种悲伤忧郁的情绪,可作定语和表语。
older和elder: Jack is older than me, he is my elder brother.杰克比我大要用"older",表示"年纪大的,年老的",常用做表语;他是我的长兄用"elder",表示"年老的,年长的",用做定语,只用于比较两个人的长幼,只能作表语。
2. 最高级:一般在形容词或副词前加most(如most important,more beautiful )或加后缀 -est(newest, fastest )。
最高级表示三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时,用最高级。形容词的最高级前面要加定冠词the,副词最高级前面的the可以省略。在含有最高级的句子中,常有一个in/of短语来表示比较范围。
练习:
【2015云南】70.The overseas Chinese in Yeman got __excited__when they saw Chinese
soldiers coming to their help.((excite)
【2015云南曲靖】76.Life is lke the weather.Sometimes it rains but most of the time we have
_sunny___ (sun) days.
【2015黑龙江牡丹江】72.Tony is an understanding boy. He can always bring us
__warmth__ (温暖) and pleasure.
【2015黑龙江牡丹江】73.I like ____smooth____(悦耳) music that helps me relax after
long work.
【2015四川宜宾】69. After some exercise, she looks much __ thinner___(瘦的)than before.
【2015山东临沂】62. The larger library you have in your head, the longer
(long)it usually takes to find a particular(特定的)word.
【2015江苏宿迁】56.Shanghai is __larger__(large ) than any other city in China.
【2015云南昆明】25.The best in life are ___ , such as the clean air and sunshine we have in
Yunnan.
A.free B.old C. expensive D. new
【2015张家界】26. The car is ______. It needs washing.
A. clean B. dirty C. old
【2015广东广州】22. The boy looked ______ because he didn’t pass his maths exam.
A. sad B. sadness C. saddest D. sadly
【2015贵州贵阳】40.Tina doesn’t like the restaurant because the music there makes her ____.
A.sleeping B.slept C.sleepy
【2015江苏苏州】13. In North America, meat eaters are bears and mountain lions.
They eat smaller animals such as rabbits and mice.
A. smallest B. the smallest C. largest D. the largest
【2015重庆B卷】27.Ma Yun, head of Alibaba, is one of ___ person in the world.
A.rich B.richer C.richest D. the richest
【2015湖南株洲】28.He likes Sunday ____ in a week because it is his happiest time to play
football.
A.better B.well C.best
【2015江苏南通】2.—I hear it’s not easy to get a ticket for Fan & Furious 7.
—Exactly. The film is the ____ one this year.
A.less exciting B.more exciting
C.most exciting D. Least exciting
【2015黑龙江黑河】18.—What about doing ____ for the homeless people?
— Good idea!
A.anything helpful B.something helpful C.helpful something.
【2015湖南郴州】25. — Is there_________ in today’s newspaper?
— Yes. A terrible accident happened in Hubei.
A. special something B. anything special C. something special
【2015贵州铜仁】26.—Come here, I’ll tell you _______ about your study.
—OK, we’re coming.
A.anything important B. something important
C. important anything D. important something
【2015江苏盐城】9. Audrey Hepburn, one of the greatest actresses, was ___ to take on
challenges in her life.
A. enough brave B. brave enough
C. stupid enough D. enough stupid
【2015贵州遵义】27.No way! I don’t think ___ should be allowed to drive. I am worried
about your safety.
A.fifteen years old B.fifteen-year-olds C.fifteen -years-old
【2015贵州黔西南】13.A ___ woman was saved from the ship on June 2nd ,2015
A.65 years old B.65-year-olds C. 65-year-old D. 65-years-old
【2015湖北孝感】25. Last year, three hundred English teachers took part in the ____ English
Training.
A. two-month B. two-months C. two months D. two month
第4讲:副词
副词(Adverb)是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词,用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。副词可分为:时间副词、频率副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词、关系副词、表顺序的副词。
副词修饰动词、形容词、另一个副词或整个句子。
一般认为形容词+ly就变成了副词,如形容词quick加上-ly变成副词quickly。但是象friendly , lovely 虽然以 ly 结尾,但实则是形容词,She is friendly to me (她对我很友好。)
时间频率副词
now,then,often,always,usually,next,lastday,already(已经),generally(一般地),
frequently(频繁),seldom(很少地),ever,never,yet,soon,too, immediately(立即),
finally,shortly(很快), before, ago,sometimes, yesterday. once,twice,
lately,recently,personally,today……yet
地点副词
here, there, everywhere, anywhere,somewhere, in, out, inside, outside,
above, below, up,down, back, forward(向前地), home,
upstairs(楼上地), downstairs, across, along, round , around,
near, off, past, up, away, on.……
方式副词
carefully, properly(适当地), anxiously(焦虑地), suddenly, normally(正常地),
fast, well, calmly(冷静地), politely(有礼貌地), proudly(自豪地), softly,
warmly ,slowly,badly,hard,bravely……
程度副词
much,little, very,rather(相当),so,too,still, quite, perfectly(完美地),
enough, extremely(非常), entirely(整个),almost, slightly(细小地), hardly.……
疑问副词
how, when, where, why……
关系副词
when, where, why……
连接副词
therefore(因此),moreover(此外),however,otherwise(另外的),
then,when ,where,how,why……
表顺序的副词
first,then,next,finally,afterwards,primarily……
完成时的副词
already,ever,just,never,since,yet,recently……
练习:
【2015云南】67.The little girl is running ager a butterfly __happily__ in the garden.(happy)
【2015云南曲靖】78.Job said, “ Don’t try to do things best, try to do things __differently
_(different)
【2015贵州六盘水】2. At present, Chinese is widely (wide) used around the world.
【2015贵州毕节】67.___Luckily___(幸运地), nobody was hurt in the accident.
【2015贵州遵义】83.The boy’s dad was __completely__ (complete) shocked when he saw that
his son was playing with fire.
【2015广东佛山】22.Meals are very boring . He ___ has the same thing to eat every day.
A.never B.usually C.sometimes
【2015广东汕尾】43. — Peter, you got to school by taxi?
—Oh, I ____ take a taxi to school, but my bike needs repairing today.
A. usually B. sometimes C. never D .seldom
【2015广西玉林】33.Lucy likes staying at home .She ____ goes traveling during holidays.
A.usually B.seldom C.always D.often
【2015山东青岛】5.—How is Susan?
—Oh, I ____ see her because she lives abroad.
A. always B. often C. almost D. Hardly
【2015甘肃白银武威】51.—How is your old friend Kate?
—Oh, she’s moved to another city, so I’ve ___ ever seen her since then.
A.clearly B.simply C.nearly D.hardly
【2015重庆B卷】29.I could ___ hear what you said just now. Could you please say that again?
A.sometimes B.always C. Hardly D.cleanly
【2015天津】34. I ______ ride a bike to school. But this morning, I walked to school.
A. never B. hardly C. seldom D. usually
【2015云南】29.— Can you speak Chinese,Steve?
— Yes,only ____ . I have been in China for only one month.
A.few B.a few C.little D. a little
【2015山西】 22. Running Man, is a popular show these days. Some well-known stars
challenge themselves to finish all kinds of tasks in it.
A. luckily B. bravely C. easily
【2015河北】33. The movie covers all of Chinese history. It is _________ worth seeing again.
A. mainly B. really C. possibly D. hardly
【2015海南】38.It’s raining_____outside. You’d better not go out.
A.heavily B. hardly C. nearly
【2015湖北黄石】35.I have got used to the life here, and I live as ___ as before.
A.happy B.happily C.more happily D.less happy
【2015江西南昌】33. —I lost my ticket,but______the travel agent gave me another one.
A.actually B.firstly C.luckily D.exactly
【2015浙江温州】5.I fell off the bike on my way to school. _______,I wasn’t hurt.
A.Luckily B.Suddenly C.Politely D.Recently
【2015四川南充】26.Roy thinks he works as ____ as his friend, Dan.
A.hardly B.harder C.hard D.more hardly
【2015贵州六盘水】31.Write it possible and try not to make nay mistakes.
A.as careful as B.as carefully as C.more careful D.less careful
【2015湖南永州】18.I get up ___ than he every day.
A.early B.earlier C.earliest
【2015吉林长春】14.Su Bingtian broke the record. He runs ___ than anyone else in Asia.
A.fast B.faster C.fastest D.the fastest
第5讲:动词
考点一 动词的分类
分类
定义
例词
实义
动词
实义动词是指具有完整意义,可以单独作谓语的动词,主要表示主语的动作、状态和品质。根据能否带宾语,又分为及物动词和不及物动词。
及物
动词
borrow, enjoy, put, forget, worry, love, guess, use
不及物动词
arrive,come,go,run,walk,cry,swim,fall,happen
连系
动词
连接主语和表示主语身份、性质、状态的动词称为连系动词。
be,seem,look,become,get,grow,feel,appear,turn
助动词
本身没有词义,不能单独作谓语,只能和别的动词一起构成谓语动词,表示时态、语态、语气等特征。帮助构成否定、疑问、强调、省略等。有人称和数的变化。
be(am, is, are),do(does, did, done),have(has, had), shall,will
情态
动词
情态动词表示能力、义务、必要、猜测等,表示说话人的语气或情态。情态动词只能和动词原形一起构成谓语动词,没有人称和数的变化。
can,could,may,might,must,need,shall, should, will,would
动词短语
常见以下六种类型:
1. 动词+介词,宾语位于介词后。例如:look for; listen to; talk about/with; think about
2. 动词+副词,代词作宾语时须用“动词+代词+副词”形式;名词作宾语可以在副词前,也可在副词后。例如:turn on/off/ up/down; pick up; call up; take out
3. 动词+副词+介词,宾语位于介词后。例如:come up with; run out of; get on/along with
4. 动词+名词+介词,宾语在介词后;名词前可以加形容词限定。例如:
take (good) care of; take pride in; pay (more) attention to
5. 动词+名词(后无宾语)。例如:take place; lose heart
6. be+形容词+介词,形容词前可加程度副词。如very等。例如:be proud of; be angry with; be interested in
练习:
【2015新疆乌鲁木齐】27.—Must I come up with the solution to the science project today?
—No, you ____. But you must make it ___ 5 o’clock tomorrow afternoon.
A.mustn’t ; at B.can’t ;before C.don’t have to;by D.needn’t ;in
【2015江西南昌】28.Fresh food is good for you . But you have to _______it first because
sometimes it a little dirty.
A. taste B. smell C. wash D. plant
【2015内蒙古呼和浩特】13. There was something wrong with the line. We couldn’t ______
each other clearly.
A. listen B. sound C. hear D. speak
【2015江西南昌】32—Nathan likes his job because he ______enjoy the beauty of nature.
A.can B.must C.should D.is supposed to
【2015重庆A卷】28. They walked home last night because they couldn’t _____ to take a taxi.
A. leave B. buy C. afford D. allow
【2015辽宁大连】7.In America, you can open your presents immediately. You don’t have to
_____!
A.pay B.wait C.check D.prepare
【2015吉林长春】20.—Are the glasses Tim’s?
—No, they ____ be his. He doesn’t wear glasses.
A.must B.can C.mustn’t D.can’t
【2015黑龙江绥化】3.—Can you come to my party on Wednesday?
—Sorry, I ____ . I have a piano lesson.
A.can’t B.couldn’t C. Mustn’t
【2015黑龙江哈尔滨】7. As middle school students, we be afraid of difficulties if we want to
make our dreams come true.
A. must B. shouldn't C. need
【2015新疆乌鲁木齐】27.—Must I come up with the solution to the science project today?
—No, you ____. But you must make it ___ 5 o’clock tomorrow afternoon.
A.mustn’t ; at B.can’t ;before C.don’t have to;by D.needn’t ;in
【2015江西南昌】32—Nathan likes his job because he ______enjoy the beauty of nature.
A.can B.must C.should D.is supposed to
【2015重庆A卷】28. They walked home last night because they couldn’t _____ to take a taxi.
A. leave B. buy C. afford D. allow
【2015辽宁大连】7.In America, you can open your presents immediately. You don’t have to
_____!
A.pay B.wait C.check D.prepare
【2015吉林长春】20.—Are the glasses Tim’s?
—No, they ____ be his. He doesn’t wear glasses.
A.must B.can C.mustn’t D.can’t
【2015黑龙江绥化】3.—Can you come to my party on Wednesday?
—Sorry, I ____ . I have a piano lesson.
A.can’t B.couldn’t C. Mustn’t
1. Xingyi ____________(吸引)a lot of tourists every year.(2015贵州黔西南)
A attack B attacks C attacking D attacked
2.---I want to get some bread from the supermarket before it .
---My watch says 8:15pm. So, we have about 15 minutes left to get there(2015曲靖) .
A.closes B.will close C.close D.closed
3.---When shall we begin our meeting?
---We’ll begin it when Helen (2015重庆B卷)
A.comes B. came C.will come D. come
4.If it , we will go hiking at Cool City Park. (2015贵州六盘水)
A.not rain B.don’t rain C.won’t rain D.doesn’t rain
5.Mary with her parents often for a walk in the park after supper. (2015贵州安顺)
A. go B. is going C. are going D. goes
6.Uncle John for a walk after supper every day. (2015贵州毕节)
A.goes B.went C.will go D.has gone
7.---Do you know when jay here tomorrow?
---Sorry,I don’t know. But when he here tomorrow. I’ll tell you at once.(2015四川眉山)
A.gets gets B.gets; will gets C.will get; will get D. will get; gets
第6讲:不定式
不定式的构成非常简单是to+动词原形。当然to有时也可以不带。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,可以担当除谓语外的任何句子成分。那什么时候可以不带to呢?
不定式省to有四种情况:
使役动词 let,have,make 等后接不定式。如:Let him go! 让他走!
would rather,had better后。如:You had better stay at home.你最好呆在家里。
Why... / why not...后。如:Why not have a good rest on Sunday? 为什么星期天不好好休息一下呢?
感官动词 see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, smell,feel, find 等后作宾补,省to。如:I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。
注意:这些情况在被动句中可千万不可省to 如:The boss made them work the whole night. 变成被动句:They were made to work the whole night.
不定式的特殊用法:
It与不定式:动词不定式可以做主语,但如果动词不定式太长,显得头重脚轻的,那么我们就可用形式主语it代替,而把真正主语(即不定式)放于句尾。
如: It is not difficult for me to study English well.(对我来说学好英语是可能的。)
不定式还可以充当句子的宾语,但有些动词,如find,think,believe 等,在语法上不能接受不定式作宾语,只有用it作形式宾语,从而把动词不定式置于句尾。这样的不定式可继续充当其宾语的作用。
如: I found it difficult to fall asleep.我发现很难入睡。
还有一点:动词不定式,还可用在how,when,where,what,which 等疑问代词或副词之后,与其共同作宾语。如:I don't know how to use a computer.我不知道怎样使用电脑。Remember?
too...to...和enough...to:too...to表达"太 ... 一致于不能..."。
enough ... to 表达 "足以..."。这两个词组的用法用两个例子就可以说清楚了。
The box is too heavy for me to lift.这个箱子太沉了,我提不动。
He is old enough to go to school.他到上学的年龄了。也就是说,他的年龄足够上学了。
练习:
(2013广东广州) I always tell my students ______ on the road because it’s really dangerous.
A. not to playB. to play not C. not playing D. not play
1. (2009·无锡中考) He’ll use what he has _______ her a new dress.
A. bought B. to buy C. buying D. been bought
2. (2009·宿迁中考) –Mum, can I have something ________?
–Oh, dear. You can only drink some water. There is ________ in the kitchen.
A. to drink; nothing else B. drinking; something else
C. to eat; something else D. eating; nothing else
3. (2009·扬州中考) -_______ more about tomorrow’s weather, call 121.
-OK, I will. Thank you.
A. Know B. Knowing C. To know D. Known
4. (2009·绵阳中考) Please don’t forget ________ the room while I am away in Beijing.
A. clean B. to clean C. cleaned D. cleaning
5. (2009·孝感中考) We must do everything we can _____ waste water from running into rivers.
A. keep B. kept C. to keep D. keeping
6. (2009·通化中考) The woman made his son ________ finally after she told him some jokes.
A. laughed B. to laugh C. laugh D. laughing
7. (2009·泸州中考) Mum knows _________ make a banana milk shake.
A. how B. what to C. how to
8. (2009·河北中考) More and more young people are trying to do something ________ the old.
A. served B. to serve C. serve D. serves
9. (2009·天水中考) –Shall we go shopping? -Sorry, I have lots of homework ________.
A. do B. to do C. doing D. does
10. (2009·北京中考) The teacher asked Ben _______ a difficult question in class.
A. answer B. answering C. to answer D. answered
11. (2009·河南中考) -Have you made up your mind ________the sick kids? -By singing songs.
A. what to tell B. how to cheer up C. when to help D. where to look after
12. (2009·广东中考) Don’t you think _______ important to protect our earth?
A. that B. how C. it D. this
13. (2009·广东中考) She was supposed _______ in hospital, but people found her in the office.
A. to lie B. lying C. lie D. lies
14. (2009·济南中考) It’s a good habit ________ a walk after dinner.
A. to come B. to be C. to take D. to go
二、填空题
1. (2009·陕西中考) Both coats look nice on me. I really don’t know which ________ (choose).
2. (2009·常州中考) -You forgot ___________(close) the window again.
-Really? I won’t next time.
3. (2009·兰州中考) She is always forgetting ________ (give) me my letter.
4. (2008·无锡中考) We should think about what we can do ________ (keep) animals and plants
from becoming endangered.
5. (2008·贵阳中考) Tom stopped ________ (play) with Bob when Bob came to visit him.
6. (2007·兰州中考) –I’m sorry I forgot ________ (post) your letter on my way home.
-That’s OK. I will do it myself this afternoon.
第7讲 介词
介词(preposition 简写prep.)又称作前置词,表示名词、代词等与句中其他词的关系,在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语,表示与其他成分的关系。常考点包括一些固定搭配和一些近义词。固定搭配如:on one's way
home,help...with,send for,be interested in..., be late for, be angry with,be good at等。
按构成分
介词又称作前置词,表示它后面的名词或代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句)与其他句子成分的关系。介词通常位于名词或代词之前。
(注意:介词是一种虚词,不能单独作句子成分,只能用在一个名词、代词或相当于名词的结构之前,可以与后面的词一起构成介词短语。)
简单介词
包括in,on,with,by,for,at,about,under,of等。
合成介词
包括into,within,throughout,inside,outside,without等
重叠介词
包括
from among 从...当中
from behind 从...后面,
until after 直至...之后,
at about 在大约...,
after about 在大约...之后 等
短语介词
一个或两个简单介词和一个或几个其他词类构成一个短语,作用相当于一个介词,这就叫做短语介词。这类介词的末尾总是一个简单介词
如 according to,because of,by means of,in addition to,in front of, in spite of,into等。
分词介词
有极少数介词的词尾是“-ing”,形似现在分词(其中也有些可做分词)。
常用的有:considering,regarding,respecting,including。
按词义分
表示“地点(包括动向)”的有:about around(在...附近、周围),above(高于、在...斜上方),across(在...对面、横过)......
常用介词解析及用法比较:
at,on和in:这三个介词在试卷中的出现频率极高。对于它们的的分辨只要记住一句话就可以了。at表示点,on表示线,in表示面。什么意思呢?也就是说它们表达的范围逐渐增大。at six o'clock, at noon, at the age of sixteen等用at表示时刻或时间的点以及年龄。on具体到一周中的各天,日期及某特定的一天早上,下午,晚上:on Saturday,on July 1st,on my birthday,on the morning of July 16th,on a spring afternoon。in表达的范围更大一些。与世纪、年代、季节、月份以及早上、上午、晚上等连用。如:in the seventh century,in 1950's ,in 2000, in the morning等。
for,since:for表示多长时间。since后接时间起点,其终点往往为现在,常与完成时连用。牢牢记住哟。
after, in :这两个介词都可以表示时间"在以后"的意思。其区别是:after 以过去为起点,表示过去一段时间之后,常用于过去时态的句子;in 以现在为起点,表示将来一段时间以后,常用于将来时态的句子。
by,with,in:by表示"以...的方式,方法,手段" 和 "乘某种交通工具";with指"借助于具体的手段或工具";in 表示"以......方式,用语言,文字等媒介"。
for和of:试比较:It's impossible for me to watch TV after eleven o'clock. It's kind of you to help me.
两句中介词的选择依据其前形容词而定,一般来说,of之前的形容词往往是用于描写人的品质的好坏,人自身的特点,如聪明与否,细心与粗心等;for之前的形容词用于描写事物的特点,如可能性,必然性,难易程度等。
练习:
1.时间介词
1.【2015云南】30.The third China-South Asia EXPO was held in Kunming __
June 12th to June 16th.
A.on B.in C.at D. from.
2.【2015重庆A卷】21. A terrible earthquake happened in Nepal _____ April 25th, 2015.
A. on B. in C. at D. from
3.【2015贵州安顺】16. —When is Lang Lang’s concert?
—It’s three o’clock the afternoon of December 18th.
A. at ; in B. at; on C. on; in D. in; on
4.【2015贵州毕节】23.—When is Women’s Day? —It’s ____ March 8th.
A.in B.of C.on D.at
5.【2015福建漳州】31. I was born ______September 15th,1998.
A. at B .on C. in
6.【2015四川凉山】34.—Do you know Victory Day in China?
— Yes. it’s ____ September 3rd ___ each year. It tells the world that
Chinese people to love Peace and hate wars. Chinese people will never
forget the history.
A.in; on B.on ;/ C.at;/ D.on; in
7.【2015湖南株洲】23.People can see different kinds of flowers here ____May.
A.at B.in C.on
8. 【2015福建莆田】24.It’s reported that the passenger ship “Eastern Star” capsized and sank(翻
沉) in the Yantze River___ June 1st,2015.
A.in B.on C. At
9.【2015湖北鄂州】23.— Would you please provide us _________ some information
about the school sports meeting?
— Sure. It’s said that it will start _________ the morning of
September 20th.
A. for; on B. with; on C. for; in D. with; in
2.方位介词
【2015江苏南京】1.In the picture, the chair is ___ the table.
A.under B.on C.above D. beside
【2015山东潍坊】22.You must be careful when you swim ___ the lake.
A.across B.below C.over D.through
【2015江苏泰州】----I like the weather in Kunming. It’s warm all year long.
----Yes. And the temperature stays _____zero all the time.
A. at B. below C. around D. above
【2015江苏苏州】In cold winter, the temperature in Harbin often remains zero all day.
A. above B. below C. over D. under
【2015湖南益阳】The bank is ______ the bookstore and the post office.
A.at the front of B.among C.between
【2015广西南宁】Jim sits behind me, so I sit ______ him.
A.at the top of B.at the end of n C.in the middle of D.in front of
3. 固定搭配
【2015贵州铜仁】28. —Excuse me, where is the bookstore?
—Go _____ the bridge. You’ll see it on your left.
A. on B. cross C. across D. Through
【解析】go acroos 横过
【2015 四川成都】36.Don’t be late class. We must be on time.
A.for B.to C.In
【解析】be late for 迟到
【2015张家界】24. Alex, look ______ you! You’re wet.
A. at B. for C. After
【解析】look at 看
【2015四川资阳】22. When I got into the room, Green was talking _________ the phone.
A. on B. with C. to D. in
【解析】on the phone 在电话上
【2015陕西中考】22.Before you go to Canada, you need to learn more ___it.
A.from B.in C.by D.about
【解析】learn about 了解
【2015江苏盐城】4. This photo reminded the old man ___ the days when he was young.
A. with B. for C. by D. of
【解析】remind sb of sth 使某人想起某事、某物
【2015四川南充】29.Everyone is born ____ the ability to learn.
A.at B.on C.with D.in
4. 介词短语
【2015云南】72.I had a bad cold.The doctor told me to take the medicine__on time___(按时)
【2015云南曲靖】35.You have to put the past ____ you before you can move on.
A.in front of B.near C. behind D.between
【2015四川泸州】8.Elephants are ____ great danger , we should save them.
A.with B.at C.on D.in
【解析】in danger 处于危险中
【2015贵州黔东南州】37.Don’t be angry with Tom,Actually he doesn’t know the truth, either.
A.In all B.In fact C.In general D.In the end
【解析】in fact = actually 实际上,事实上
【2015贵州贵阳】34.New Year is coming, we should make resolutions ___ the beginning of the
year.
A.in B.on C.at
【解析】at the beginning of 在.......开始
【2015湖南永州】17.Reading in the sun is not good ___ your eyes.
A.for B.about C.with
【解析】be good for 对......有益
【2015云南昆明】21.Ladies and gentleman, welcome ___ China-South Asia EXPO.
A.on B.in C.at D.to
【解析】welcome to +地点, 欢迎到某地来
5. 介词后跟ving
【2015云南】68.No pains , no gains. Without working bard , no one can achieve success in life.(work)
【2015四川眉山】35.—What ___ do you have to do besides ___ the room at home?
—I have to take out the trash.
A.else; cleaning B.else; clean C.other; cleaning D.other; clean
【2015福建福州】23. —Do you remember what she looked like when you first met her?
—Of course. She was tall and thin _____ long hair.
A. in B. with C. On
【2015湖南益阳】23.The bank is ______ the bookstore and the post office.
A.at the front of B.among C.between
【2015湖北黄石】27.One of the opinions __ smoking is that it is harmful to people’s health.
A.for B.against C.at D.in
【2015重庆A卷】30. I will try my best to stop my son from _____ the same mistake.
A. make B. made C. makes D. making
【2015广东广州】17. Sarah, you’d better drink more water after ______ for such a long time.
A. run B. runs C. to run D. running
6. 其他介词
【2015重庆B卷】21.—What’s this ___ English? —It’s a map.
A.on B.in C.to D.for
【2015山西】23. The “teacher-free exam” means that students take their exams
teachers. Student.s must be more honest.
A. without B. against C. through
【2015山东烟台】22. Welcome to our store. We have skirts _____all colors ______$16 each.
A. at, in B. in, for C. at, at D. in, in
【2015山东聊城】28.Mo Yan’s books are very popular . You can find they are on sale ___ many
language.
A.in B.to C.with D.at
【2015江苏连云港】13.It is great ___ us to get so many favorite books on International
Children’s Book Day.
A.to B.with C.of D.for
第8讲:连词
连词(conj conjunction)是一种虚词, 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为4类:并列连词.转折连词.选择连词和因果连词。连词也可以分为2类:并列连词和从属连词。连词常考到的有以下几个词组:
both ...and:表示"两者都...".注意:当both...and 连接主语时,后面动词一般要用复数。如:Both
Lily and Lucy are right.
not only... but also: "不仅...而且..."。注意:后面动词采用就近原则,与but also后的词保持一致。
如:Not only my parents but also my brother likes the cat.
either...or:"或者...或者..."。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。如:Either you or I am wrong.
neither...nor:"既不...也不..." 是 "either...or" 的否定形式。谓语动词采用就近原则,与nor后的
词保持一致。 如:Neither you nor he is right.
or的用法: 意思为"否则"。如:I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam.(我必须好好学习,否则
我会考不及格了。)
并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句、句子。如:
and(和,与;而且;于是,然后;因此)
but(但是;通常用not...but...不是...而是...;可是,然而;表示惊讶,不同意等--喔,哇;用来加强语句重复部分的语气--一定;用来引入新话题--那就;常用于否定句--而不,若不;用于含doubt,question等字的否定句中相当于that--对于),
or(或者,还是;用于否定句或问句--也不;否则,要不然;也就是说,换言之),
nor(用在neither之后--也不;用在no,not,never之后--也不;用在句首,句子需倒装--也不),
so(因此,所以;因而,从而),
yet(可是,却,然而),
for(因为,由于),
both…and(既...又...;不但...而且),
not only…but also(不但,而且),
either…or(不是...就是;要么...要么),
neither…nor(既不...也不...),
注意:
then, therefore 等词,并不是连词,而是副词!
并列连词
并列连词引导两个并列的句子。
1)and 与or
判断改错:
(错) They sat down and talk about something.
(错) They started to dance and sang.
(错) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.
(对) They sat down and talked about something.
(对) They started to dance and sing.
(对)I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.
解析:
第一句:and 连接两个并列的谓语,所以 talk 应改为 talked。
第二句:and 连接两个并列的动词不定式,第二个不定式往往省略to,因此sang 应改为 sing。
第三句:and 连接感观动词saw 后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构,因此whisper应改为whispering。
注意:and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。(or也有此用法)
Make up your mind,and you'll get the chance.
= If you make up your mind,you'll get the chance.
One more effort,and you'll succeed.
= If you make one more effort,you'll succeed.
2)both …and两者都
She plays (both) the piano and the guitar.
3)not only…but ...as well as=not only...but also不但…而且
She plays not only the piano,but (also) the guitar.
注意:not only… but also 关联两个分句时,一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装
Not only does he like reading stories,but also he can even write some.
4)neither…nor意思为"既不……也不……"谓语动词采用就近原则,与nor后的词保持一致。
Neither you nor he is to blame.
并列结构
1)or意思为"否则"。
I must work hard,or I'll fail in the exam.
我必须努力学习,否则我的考试成绩将要下降.
2)either…or意思为"或者……或者……"。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。
Either you or I am right.
或者是你对,或者是我对.
转折或对比
1) but表示转折,while表示对比。
Some people love cats,while others hate them.
典型例题
Would you like to come to dinner tonight
I'd like to,___ I'm too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
答案D。but与前面形成转折,符合语意。而表并列的and, 结果的so,原因的as都不符合句意。
2)not…but…意思为"不是……而是……"
not 和but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。
They were not the bones of an animal,but (the bones) of a human being.
让步
however表让步,译为"无论如何"
However we adopt healthcare reform, it isn't going to save major amounts of money.
不管我们采取何种医疗改革措施,都省不下太多钱。
误区提示:however可以表示转折,译为"然而;不过;仍然"但是这时为副词词性,而并非连词。[1]
例句:
This was not an easy decision. It is, however, a decision that we feel is dictated by our duty...
这很难抉择。不过,我们觉得自己有义务作出决定。
原因关系
1)for 因为
判断改错:
(错) For he is ill,he is absent today.
(对) He is absent today,for he is ill.
for是并列连词,不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首,只能将其放在两个分句中间。
2)so,therefore 因此,所以
He hurt his leg,so he couldn't play in the game.
3)because 因为
I cannot sleep because I am too excited.
注意:
这两个词的意思很相近,通常是可以互换使用的。为了安全起见,最好用because引导从句,因为同 because引导的从句相比,for引导的从句的用法要受到某些限制:
①for引导的从句不能位于它所解释的动词之前:
Because it was wet he took a taxi.
因为下雨,他叫了一辆出租车。(这里不能用for)
②for引导的从句不能位于not,but或任何连词之后
③for引导的从句不能用于回答问题:
—Why did you do it? 你为什么这么做?
—I did it because I was angry. 因为我生气才这么做的。(这里不能用for)
④for引导的从句不能单单用来复述已讲过的话,而必须包括新的内容:
He spoke in French. 他讲法语。
She was angry because he had spoken in French. 因为他讲法语,她生气了
练习:
1. 并列连词
【2015海南三亚】27.Be careful , ____ you’ll make fewer mistakes in the exam.
A.or B.but C.and
【2015黑龙江龙东】 7.—Jim, how do your parents like country music?
—____ my dad ____ my mom likes it. They both like country music.
A. Either...or B. Not only...but also C. Neither...nor
【2015黑龙江绥化】7.____ Tom ____ Nancy can help us. We have to ask others for help.
A.Both;and B.Either;or C.Neither; nor
【2015山东青岛】16.At school, we are taught ____ knowledge ____ how to behave well.
A. neither; nor B. either; or
C. not only; but also D. not; but
【2015福建龙岩】43.—Kangkang, how can I learn English well?
—You should ___ do more reading ___ practice listening.
A.neither;nor B.either, or C.not only;but also
【2015湖南郴州】24. — Work hard, _________ you’ll pass the exam.
— OK. I’ll try my best.
A. or B. and C. but
2. 转折连词
【2015四川乐山】26.–Let’s go for a walk, shall we?
–OK, _______ I need to clean the dishes first.
A. so B. and C. but
【2015安徽】40. Going to the movies is good, ______ I really only like listening to music.
A. and B. but C. so D. or
【2015安徽】40. Going to the movies is good, ______ I really only like listening to music.
A. and B. but C. so D. Or
【2015黑龙江黑河】15.—Excuse me, could you please tell me the way to the nearest hospital?
—I’m sorry, ____ I am new here. You can ask the policeman over there.
A.and B.but C.so
【2015贵州安顺】24. Rose, you are so thin. You should eat more, you’ll make yourself ill.
A. or B. if C. and D. but
【2015湖南益阳】24.Write down the telephone number, ______ you’ll forget it.
A.or B.and C.so
【2015湖南娄底】27. —It is raining hard, _______the farmers are still working in the field.
—So they are.
A. and B. but C. So
【2015四川南充】23.Although he’s over 70,_____ he is full of energy.
A.but B.and C.so D./
【2015福建漳州】33. He had a bad cold , _______ he kept on working as usual.
A.her B. but C though
【2015福建泉州】29.Work harder, ____ you will not keep up with others.
A.and B.or C.so
【2015辽宁锦州】5.Practice more, ____ you’ll fall behind.
A.but B.or C.and D.so
【2015北京】23.Get up early, ____you’ll be late for school.
A.so B.and C.or D.but
【2015上海】32. Leave the reference books behind, ___ you won’t be able to think independently.
A.or B. and C. so D.but
【2015湖北黄石】28.Be quiet, my kids, _____ you will have to stay outside, because this is a
library.
A.and B.because C.or D.but
3. 选择连词
【2015内蒙古呼和浩特】2. Be quick, _____ we’ll be late for school.
A. and B. but C. or D. so
【2015重庆A卷】34. You’d better take care, _____ you will hurt your eyes.
A. so B. but C. or D. and
【2015湖南株洲】32.Which team won the NBA Finals this season, the Warriors____ the
Cavaliers?
A.and B.with C.or
4. 从属连词
【2015云南曲靖】36.—Young people like jeans.
—___jeans were invented over 100 years ago, they are still in style today.
A. Because B.If C.Since D.Although
【2015广东汕尾】31. I was very exciting ___ I heard the news that the high-speed rail would be
built from Guangzhou to Xiamen.
A. after B. when C. until D. while
【2015安徽】42. –What do you think of your Junior Middle School life?
--I think it is colorful, ______ I am always busy.
A. if B. though C. while D. until
【2015海南】35.—How is Nancy getting on with her lessons?
—She won’t catch up with others _____she studies harder.
A.after B. unless C. as soon as
【2015海南三亚】32.—Mrs. Li, will you be angry __ your students don’t obey the rules in class?
—A little. But I will stop them in a friendly way.
A.if B.unless C.though
【2015江西南昌】27.They will be less pollution ___more people use public transportation .
A. but B. though C. uunless D. if
第9讲:时态一
初中我们共学过八种时态。本讲将这几个时态总体介绍一下:
一般现在时:常与always,often,sometimes, every day连用,表示习惯或经常反复发生的动作或存在的状态。提醒你当第三人称单数做主语时,别忘了动词的变化。注意:象"地球大,月亮小"等客观真理、事实一定用一般现在时。
现在进行时:要注意其构成:由be+动词+ing,表示说话时正在进行的动作。如:We're studying now. 我们现在正在学习。
一般过去时:表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常与yesterday,last year,in 1949,two years ago,等表示过去时间的状语连用。注意:We often went to dance last summer.有的同学一见到often就想到用一般现在时,其实因为后面有表示过去时间的 last summer,所以要用过去式,千万别误用了,切记,切记。
过去进行时:显然过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在做什么,常和特定的时间状语如at that time,at six yesterday,at that moment,when he came in等连用。如: When he knocked at the door,his mother was cooking.
一般将来时:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来时间状语如 next year,tomorrow等连用。注意:在Will you ....?问句中,回答必须是 Yes,I will.或 No,I won't而不能用Yes,I shall. No, I shan't.来回答过去将来时:过去将来时不可以单独使用,它一般在宾语从句中作间接引语,表示从过去某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。如:They told me that they would go to work in Guangdong.
现在完成时:顾名思义,现在完成时表示的是已经完成的动作,但动作造成的影响还在,常被just,already,yet 等副词修饰。如:He has already gone to Tianjin. 对现在造成的影响是他已经不在这儿了。现在完成时还可用来表示过去发生的动作一直延续到现在,常带有for或since等表示一段时间的状语。如:Mr Wang has lived here since 1983.表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,我们常用"过"来表示,常带有twice, once, ever, never等时间状语。如:I've never seen that film.
过去完成时:我们可以用"过去的过去"来概括过去完成时,表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作,通常与by,before等构成的短语或when, before, after引导的从句连用。也可表示过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作,常和for或since构成的时间状语连用。用法和现在完成时大致相同,只不过又向前推了一个时态。
第10讲:时态 (二)
考点二 动词的时态
一、时态构成
时态
构成
一般现在时
主语+动词原形+其他
主语(第三人称单数)+动词的单数形式+其他
一般过去时
主语+动词过去式+其他
一般将来时
主语+will/shall+动词原形+其他
主语+be going to+动词原形+其他
现在进行时
主语+am/is/are+v. -ing+其他
过去进行时
主语+was/were+v. -ing+其他
现在完成时
主语+have/has+过去分词+其他
中学阶段见到的其他时态
时态
构成
过去完成时
主语+had+过去分词+其他
过去将来时
主语+would+动词原形+其他
主语+was/were going to+动词原形
现在完成进行时
主语+have/has+been+现在分词+其他
二、时态的应用及动词变化形式
1. 一般现在时
(1)一般现在时的用法
用法
例句
表示习惯性、经常性的动作或存在的状态,常与always,often,sometimes, every day等频率副词或时间状语连用
① I often go to school at seven.
我经常在七点钟去上学。
②We visit Uncle Liu every month.
我们每月都去看望刘叔叔。
表示客观事实或普遍真理
The sun rises in the east.
太阳在东方升起。
在时间、条件或让步状语从句中,表示将要发生的动作
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, I will leave.
如果明天不下雨我将离开。
go,come,leave,arrive等瞬间动词常用一般现在时表示计划、安排好的将要发生的动作
The train for Beijing leaves at 5: 30.
开往北京的火车5: 30离开。
(2)动词第三人称单数形式的变化规则
规则
举例
一般情况下直接加-s
read—reads write—writes
run—runs swim—swims
以-ch, -sh, -s, -x或-o结尾的词加-es
teach—teaches wash—washes go—goes
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词变y为i再加-es,但“元音字母+y”则直接加-s
try—tries carry—carries study—studies stay—stays play—plays say—says
2. 一般过去时
(1)一般过去时的用法
①表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态。通常与yesterday, last year, in 1976,
a few months ago等表示过去的时间状语连用。例如:
I met him in the street yesterday. 昨天我在街上遇到他了。
②表示过去某一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作。
通常与often, usually, seldom等表示频度的副词连用,但这种用法是以一个过去时间为前提的。例如:He often went to school by bus last term. 上学期他经常乘公共汽车去上学。
③在时间、条件状语从句中,常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。例如:
He said he would not go if it rained. 他说如果下雨他就不去了。
(2)动词过去式的变化规则及读音
一般过去时常用动词的过去式表示。不规则动词的过去式有其特殊形式,要特别记忆。be动词的过去式为was/were。规则实义动词的过去式是在动词原形后加-d或-ed,其变化规律见下表:
例词
规律总结
读音规则
play→played; help→helped
一般直接加-ed
①清辅音后读/t/,如 helped, laughed
②浊辅音,元音后读/d/,如lived, stayed
③/t/和/d/后读/Id/,如needed, started
move→moved; use→used
以不发音的e结尾的加-d
study→studied; carry→carried
以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加-ed
stop→stopped; fit→fitted;
fix→fixed
以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母(x除外)结尾的重读闭音节双写结尾字母再加-ed
3. 现在进行时
用法
例句
表示现在(说话瞬间)正在发生的动作,常见的时间状语有now,at the moment等。如果句首有提示性动词look,listen等,主句也用现在进行时
①They are watching TV now. 他们现在正在看电视。
②Listen! The bird is singing in the tree. 听!鸟儿正在树上唱歌。
表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段一直进行的动作
She is working in a factory. 她正在一家工厂工作。
表示位置移动的动词,如come,go,leave,arrive等常用现在进行时表示最近即将发生的动作
①I’m coming. 我这就来。
②We are leaving tomorrow. 我们将明天离开。
现在进行时与always,all the time等副词或短语连用常表示某种强烈的感情
Alice is always thinking of others. 艾丽斯总是想着别人。
现在分词的变化规律:
规律总结
例词
以不发音的e结尾的动词去e再加-ing
make→making have→having
以一个单独发音的元音字母 + 一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节要双写最后一个辅音字母再加-ing
swim→swimming run→running
以-ie结尾的动词,变ie为y,再加-ing
lie→lying tie→tying
不符合上述情况的直接加-ing
play→playing sing→singing
初中阶段常见的需要双写最后一个辅音字母变现在分词的动词有:
shop, stop, drop, run, get, sit, dig, put, begin, swim, chat, prefer,babysit
4. 过去进行时
构成
肯定句:S+was(were)+v. -ing+其他 否定句:S+was(were)+not+v. -ing+其他
一般疑问句:Was(Were)+S+v. -ing+其他
用法
表示过去某一时刻或某一时间段内正在进行或发生的动作。(动作发生的特定时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明)
常用时间状语
at 9: 00 a. m. yesterday; at this time last night;from seven to nine; when, while引导的时间状语从句
【温馨提示】
(1)在含有时间状语从句的复合句中,延续时间较长的动作用过去进行时,另一个短暂性动作用一般过去时。例如:
My pen dropped on the ground when I was walking in the park. 在公园散步的时候,我的钢笔掉到地上了。
(2)表示两个延续性动作在过去某一时刻同时进行,不考虑动作的先后顺序,主句和从句的谓语动词都用过去进行时,连词常用while。例如:
The students were reading while the teacher was grading their homework.
学生们在看书,而老师在批改他们的家庭作业。
5. 一般将来时
(1)一般将来时的构成:
①will +动词原形(主语是第一人称时也可用shall +动词原形)
②be(am, is, are) going to +动词原形
(2)一般将来时的用法:
①表示在将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常与tomorrow, soon, later, next time, in+一段时间等连用。例如:I’ll start tomorrow. 我明天动身。
②“be going to +动词原形”用于表示主观上打算将来要做某事,这种打算往往是事先安排好的或表示可能要发生或肯定要发生的事情。例如:
She has bought some cloth and she is going to make herself a dress.
她买了一些布,准备为自己做一件连衣裙。
【温馨提示】
一般将来时的其他表达方式
(1)“be +doing”表示按计划安排好的事情,常与少量表示位置移动的动词,如go,come,start,move,leave等连用
I’m leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 明天我就要动身去北京了。
(2)在表示车、船、飞机等的进出时间时,可以用一般现在时表示将来
My plane will take off/takes off at 6: 30 a. m. 我乘坐的飞机将在早上6: 30起飞。
6. 现在完成时
(1)现在完成时的构成
have/has+动词的过去分词 have/has为助动词,无实际意义
(2)现在完成时的用法
①表示说话之前已经完成了的动作,而且这个动作对现在仍有影响,常与already,yet, in the past few years等时间状语连用
I have seen the film already. 我已经看过这部电影了。(已知电影内容)
②表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,常与by now,so far,since/for等时间状语连用
I have studied in the school since 2009. 自从2009年我就在这所学校学习。
用现在完成时来描述一个从过去一直延续到现在的动作时,其谓语动词一定要用延续性动词。现在完成时中的时间状语表示的是一段时间时,句中的动词一定要用延续性动词。
常见非延续性动词与延续性动词的转化对照表:
非延续性动词
延续性动词
非延续性动词
延续性动词
borrow/lend
keep
die
be dead
open
be open
close
be closed
buy
have
join
be in/a member of
leave
be away(from)
finish/end
be over
begin/start
be on
arrive/come
be here/ in
catch/get a cold
have a cold
marry
be married
(3)一般过去时与现在完成时的区别
区别
例句
一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯的叙述过去发生的事情,强调过去,与具体的表示过去的时间连用
Tom lived in Beijing two years ago.
两年前汤姆住在北京。(不知道现在是否还住在北京)
现在完成时的动作虽然是发生在过去,但是对现在有影响
Tom has lived in Beijing for two years.
汤姆住在北京两年了。(现在汤姆仍然还在北京)
7. 过去完成时
(1)构成:主语+had+过去分词
(2) 用法:
①表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作(即“过去的过去”)。因此使用过去完成时必须以过去某一时间作为前提,通常用by, before短语或when, before, after, until等引导的从句来表示。例如:
After the sun had set, we decided to return home. 太阳落山以后,我们决定回家。
②用于宾语从句,从句表示在主句以前发生的动作。
She wondered who had left the door open. 她想知道是谁让门开着的。
③现在完成时与过去完成时的区别
用法
例句
现在完成时与过去完成时的用法相同,只是作为衡量标准的时间不同;现在完成时是以现在这个时刻作衡量标准,而过去完成时是以过去某个时间作衡量标准
He has travelled to most of the cities in China in the past five years.
五年来他已经游遍了中国的大多数城市。
When we got there, the football match had already started.
当我们赶到那里时,足球比赛已经开始了。
8. 过去将来时
(1)过去将来时的构成:
①would + 动词原形
②should + 动词原形
③was/were + going to + 动词原形
(2)过去将来时的用法:
用法
例句
表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态;这种时态常用于宾语从句或间接引语中;常用的时间状语有two days later, the next week, the following day等
①Tom said he would come. 汤姆说他要来的。
②Linda said she was going to see her aunt.
琳达说她打算去看她的姑妈。
③Mr Green told us we were going to have a party at the weekend. 格林先生告诉我们周末我们要办一个晚会。
【温馨提示】
在由if引导的条件状语从句中,主句是过去将来时,if从句只能用一般过去时代替过去将来时。例如:
They said that they would go fishing if it didn’t rain the next day.
他们说如果第二天不下雨,他们就去钓鱼。
9. 现在完成进行时
(1)构成:have/ has been +v. -ing
(2)用法:
表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,这时特别强调现在该动作仍在进行,常和for, since引导的时间状语连用。例如:
We have been learning English for 5 years. 我们已经学了五年英语。
(3) 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别
①现在完成时表完成的概念,现在完成进行时表动作的持续。例如:
I’ve read your book. 我读过你的书。(书读完了)
I’ve been reading your book. 我一直在读你的书。(书未读完)
②许多非延续性动词不能用现在完成进行时,因此用现在完成时来代替。例如:
I have known him for three years. 我认识他已经三年了。
练习:
【2015贵州黔西南】60.Xingyi __attacks___ (吸引)a lot of tourists every year.
A attack B attacks C attacking D attacked
【2015云南曲靖】42.—I want to get some bread from the supermarket before it ____.
—My watch says 8:15pm. So, we have about 15 minutes left to get there.
A. closes B.will close C.close D.closed
【2015重庆B卷】37.—When shall we begin our meeting?
—We’ll begin it when Helen ___
A.comes B. came C.will come D. come
【2015贵州六盘水】35. If it , we will go hiking at Cool City Park.
A.not rain B.don’t rain C.won’t rain D.doesn’t rain
【2015贵州安顺】22. Mary with her parents often for a walk in the park after supper.
A. go B. is going C. are going D. goes
【2015贵州毕节】24.Uncle John ____ for a walk after supper every day.
A.goes B.went C.will go D.has gone
【2015四川广安】—Tom, ___ you ever ____ that new film?
—Yes, I ____ it a week ago.
A.Have; seen saw B.Have; seen see C.Do;see; see D.Had; seen saw
【2015湖南长沙】24. – Will you see the film Cinderella with us tonight?
-- No, I _________it last week.
A. see B. have seen C. saw
【2015云南】28.— Summer holiday is coming.What are you going to do?
— I’m not sure. Maybe I ___ to the beach.
A.go B.went C.will go D.have gone:
【2015四川宜宾】24. Over fifty countries _______ the AIIB(亚投行) so far.
A. joined B. was joining C. had joined D. have joined
【2015贵州贵阳】The Kids may not go to school in the future. They ___ at home on computers.
A. have studied B.will study C.studied
【2015四川】Bob took a photo of his girlfriend while she _________ at the party.
A. dances B. was dancing C. has danced D. is dancing
【2015北京】28. My grandparents____ in that city since 2008.
A.will live B.live C.have lived D.were living
【2015上海】Now Jerry ___ the exchange programme with his classmates in the meeting room.
A. discussed B. is discussing C. was discussing D. has discussed
第11讲:被动语态
和时态一样,语态也是动词的一种形式,用来说明句中主语和谓语的关系。如果动作由主语执行,就可使用主动语态,如果主语不是由主语执行,主语是动作的承受者,则可使用被动语态。由此我们可以看出英语动词有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。
被动语态:表示主语是动作的承受者,什么事情被主语做。被动语态的构成和形式被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成,一定要记住是及物动词。助动词必须与主语的人称和数一致,注意要与我们前一讲学过的八个时态配合使用。
被动语态复习
A.熟记结构
被动语态的结构为“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词(p.p)”。被动语态的不同时态是通过be的时态变化来表示的,其人称和数方面应与主语保持一致。其具体变化为:
一般现在时:am/is/are+p.p.
一般过去时:was/were+p.p.
一般将来时:shall /will be +p.p.
现在完成时:have /has been +p.p.
现在进行时:am/is/are+being+p.p.
过去将来时:should /would be +p.p.
含情态动词的被动结构:情态动词+be+p.p.例如:
① Chinese ______ by the largest number of people.(选D。考查一般现在时的被动语态)
A.speak B.is speaking C.speaks D.is spoken
② The boy ______ to get supper ready after school.(选C。考查一般过去时的被动语态)
A.were told B.is telling C.was told D.tells
③ A lot of new roads ______ built in the west of China.(选B。考查含情态动词的被动语态)
A.must B.must be C.has D.have
B.明确用法
被动语态常用于以下两种情况:
1.不知道谁是动作的执行者,或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者;
2.强调动作的承受者。例如:
这棵树是那个男孩弄断的。
The tree ______ ______ by that boy. (填was broken)
2.被动语态的一般疑问句是将一个助动词置于主语之前;否定句是在第一个助动词后加not;特殊疑问句的语序为:疑问词+一般疑问句。例如:
① You must throw the broken pottery away at once.
The broken pottery ______ ______ ______ ______ at once.(同义句) (填must be thrown away)
② Where did they grow vegetables?(改为被动语态)
Where ______ vegetables ______ ?(填were;grown)
3.含有复合宾语的主动结构变被动结构时,通常将宾语变为被动句的主语,而宾语补足语就成为主语补足语。注意:省略to的不定式作宾补时,不定式符号to必须补上。例如:
Someone saw him swim in Qianling Lake yesterday.(变被动语态)
He ______ ______ ______ swim in Qianling Lake yesterday.
(填was seen to)
4.不定式的被动结构:动词不定式的被动语态为“to be +过去分词”。例如:
The radio says a wild animal zoo is to ______ in our city.
A.be building B.build C.be built D.built [C]
5.以疑问代词开头的疑问句转换成被动句时要注意词序:应将主动句中的疑问代词改为介词by的宾语,但仍然放在句子开头。例如:
Who has broken the cup?(改为被动语态)
→By whom has the cup been broken?
6.牢记(相关)句型
初中教材中与被动语态相关的句型有:
1.be covered with被……覆盖
2.be made of由……制作(发生物理变化) be made from由……制作(发生化学变化)
be made in由(某地)制造 be made by被(某人)制造
3.be used for被用来……
be used as被当作(作为)……来使用 be used to do sth.被用来做某事
4.It is said that...据说…… It is hoped that...希望……
It is well known that...众所周知……
练习:
【2011四川】So far this year, many new houses ________ in Wenchuan with the help of the
government.
A. build B. are built C. will build D. have been built
【2011天津】My grandmother ______ a lot of changes in Tianjin since she came here.
A. sees B. can see C. will see D. has seen
【2011浙江】A friendly basketball match between teachers and students_______ tomorrow
afternoon. Anybody is welcome.
A. was held B. will be held C.is held D. must be held
【2011上海卷】Is honesty the best policy? We _____that it is when we are little.
A. will teach B. teach C. are taught D. will be taught
【 2013辽宁卷】We are confident that the environment ______by our further efforts to reduce
pollution.
A. had been improved B. will be improved C. is improved D. was improved
【2013福建卷】The famous musician, as well as his students, ____ to perform at the opening
ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.
A. were invited B. was invited C. have been invited D. has been invited
【2013浙江卷】 During the last three decades, the number of people participating in physical
fitness programs ___ sharply.
A. was increasing B. has increased C. had increased D. will be increasing
第12讲:句子种类(一)
我们都知道,根据句子的使用目的,句子可分为陈述句,疑问句,祈使句,感叹句。疑问句是常考的重点,也是要掌握的难点,这里我们先重点讲一下.
疑问句中我们只讲一讲难掌握的反意疑问句和特殊疑问句.
反意疑问句: 在陈述句之后附上一个简短问句,对陈述句所叙述的事实提出相反的疑问,这种疑问句叫做反意疑问句. 如前面陈述句部分是肯定式,后面问句部分一般用是否定式;如前一部分是否定式,后一部分一般用肯定式.前后两部分在人称,数及时态上通常保持一致. 如:You are a student,aren't you?(你是学生,对吗?)
在祈使句后面用反意疑问句,要注意人称的变化。 如:Go to the cinema,will you?
在省略的感叹句后面,要注意主语的单复数。 如:What fine weather,isn't it?
陈述句部分的主语如是I,疑问部分要用 aren't I. 如: I'm as tall as your sister,aren't I?
陈述部分用never,hardly,few,nothing,nobody,few,seldom,hardly,little 等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义. 如: He seldom came here,did he?
陈述句部分的谓语是used to时,疑问部分用didn't+主语或usedn't +主语. 如: He used to go to school at seven, didn't he? / usedn't he?
陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you? 如: You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
陈述部分有You'd like to +v.疑问部分用wouldn't+主语. 如:You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
主语是everyone, someone,anyone,no one等不定代词时,多用they 指代. 如:Everyone is here,aren't they?(所有的人都来了吗?)
主语是everything,something,anthing,nothing时,用it 指代。省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分用will you。如: Don't do that again, will you? 注意 Let's 开头的祈使句,后用shall we? Let us 开头的祈使句,后用will you?
陈述部分是"there be"结构的,疑问部分用there省略主语代词。如: There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?
特殊疑问句: 注意疑问词 how many how much , how often , how old, how long, what, what time, what day , what colour, which , when , who, whose等疑问词的用法。
第13讲:句子种类(二)
本讲主要讲一下感叹句,祈使句,再顺便提一下强调句.
感叹句注意事项:
感叹句往往由what和how引导。至于what和how的区别则是再好辨别不过了。跟我背一背下面的顺口溜,感叹句你就不再陌生了.
感叹句用法很简单, How和What放句前, How与形、副词类连, What后面名词添.主语谓语不用变,省掉它们也常见. 当然,what 感叹句和how 感叹句有时可以互相转换。当What修饰单数可数名词时,如果这一名词有形容词修饰,也可用how引导感叹句,但不定冠词a或an 需放在形容词之后。如:What a large factory = How large a factory it is!
祈使句: 祈使句所需注意的是:含有第二人称的祈使句的否定句用don't.含有第一、第三人称的祈使句的否定句用 Let+not+动词原形或 Don't let+第三人称代词的宾格或名词。
下面稍微提一下常考的强调句:我们学过的强调句是it引导的句子。记住:强调句的连词只有两个,that和who。当强调的部分是人,且为句子的主语时,才用 "who",其余用"that". 句式是:It is (was) 被强调部分+that(who) + 句子其他部分。此结构强调的成分仅限于主语,宾语和状语。判断一个句子是否是强调句,只需看去掉It be… that是否还是一个完整的句子。
看下面例题:
It is twenty years ___ Miss Feng returned to China. A. that B. when C. since D. as
答案C.本题易误选为A(that). 其实本句不是强调句。若是,去掉It be… that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 "It is...that",只剩下ten years Miss Feng returned to
China.不成句。因此本句不是强调句。
练习:
【2015云南】__useful robot! It can help with the housework like a human servant.
A.How B.What an C.How a D.What a
【2015贵州六盘水】__________ exciting movie it is!
A.What an B.How an C.How D.What
【2015贵州安顺】—Listen! Someone is playing the piano.
— Wow! __________beautiful music! I like it very much.
A. What B. How a C. What a D. How
【2015贵州贵阳】44.―Look! ____ sunny day it is ! How about going hiking?
―That’s a good idea.‖
A.What a B.How a C.What
【2015贵州黔西南】20._____ beautiful skirt it is!
A.How B.How a C.What D. What a
【2015辽宁丹东】38. —________ exciting the movie is!
—Sure, I have seen it three times.
A. What B.What anC. HowD. How an
【2015辽宁锦州】14.______ excellent news reporter he is! All of us are proud of him.
A.What B.What an C.How D.What a
【2015上海】41. __________ important it is for kids to imagine freely!
A. What B. What a C.What an D. How
【2015陕西中考】_____ on the grass , or it will ―cry‖.
A.To walk B.Not to walk C. Walk D. Don’t walk
【2015黑龙江绥化】17._____ swim in the river alone, Karen. It’s too dangerous.
A.Not B.Don’t C.Doesn’t
【2015吉林】____ along this street, and you can find the hotel no your right ,next to the market.
A. Walk B. To walk C. Walks D. Walking
【2015贵州安顺】19. —They go to school early in the morning.
—__________________.
A. So do Tom. B. So Tom do. C. So does Tom. D. So Tom does.
【2015贵州黔东南州】—I have never been to Hong Kong. —Me,neither.
A.So have I B.So I do C.Neither do I D.Neither have I.
【2015贵州黔西南】25.—Tom didn’t go for a picnic yesterday. —_____.
A.So did I B.So I did C. Neither did I D. Neither I did
【2015云南曲靖】41.—I like the smells in the air —newly-cut grass and sweet flowers.
—____. It smells so nice.
A.So I do B.So do I C.So am I D.So I am
第14讲:宾语从句
宾语从句由关系代词或关系副词引出。我们根据引导宾语从句的连词不同,可把宾语从句分为三类。
以that引导的宾语从句。 如:I hear that you have passed the examination. Good luck!
以if 和whether引导的宾语从句。 如:I don't know if you can come tomorrow.
有三种情况只能用whether不能用if来表“是否”
1. 不定式to前用whether
2. 固定搭配“whether .... or not ”中
3. 介词后只能用whether
以连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。 如:Please tell me how you can get here.
运用宾语从句要注意以下几点:
宾语从句的语序一定是陈述句语序。
主句的谓语动词的时态如果是过去时态,宾语从句谓语动词的时态要选用相应的过去某一种形式。
如果宾语从句表示的是客观真理,事实时,即使主句是过去式,从句仍用一般现在时。
练习:
-Excuse me, can you tell me _____?
-At about 8 o’clock.(2015安顺)
A. what time the plane arrive in Beijing
B.what time the plane will arrive Beijing
C.what time the plane will reach Beijing
D.what time will the plane get to Beijing
10.-Could you tell me _____ the Dragon Boat Festival in China?
-Sure. People usually watch the dragon boat races and eat zongzi.(2015长沙)
A.when do people celebrate B.why people celebrate C.how people celebrate 5.-Do you know _____?
-Yes. It’s on your table. (2015三亚)
A. where my dictionary is B. where is my dictionary C. when I bought my dictionary
-Do you know _____?
-For a month. (2015天津)
A. how long will she be away B. how long she will be away
C. how often will she go there D. how often she will go there
10.-I wonder _____.
-Yes, of course.(2015德州)
A. where we can buy the parts B.how often you hear form your sister
B. C.if I may have a word with you D.why he arrived late yesterday
一Excuse me, Miss Chen, could you tell me _____?
—It is short for the Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.(2015福州)
A. what the Belt and Road meant B.what does the Belt and Road mean
C.what the Belt and Road means
-Excuse me, could you tell me _____?
-In five minutes. (2015苏州)
A. how soon will the film begin B. how soon the film will begin
C. how long the film has been on D. how long has the film been on
9. -Ms. Perry, can you tell me _____?
-Africa. (2015温州)
A. what the baby giraffe likes eating B. why the baby giraffe looks unhappy
C. when the baby giraffe was born D. where the baby giraffe came from
第15讲:状语从句
状语从句是句子的状语由一个从句充当,来修饰主句中的动词,形容词或副词等。状语从句都由从属连词引导,与主句连接,放在句末时,一般不在前面加逗号。
状语从句根据它表示的意思可分为时间,原因,条件,比较,结果,目的等类。
时间状语从句:是由when, as, while, after, before, since, until, as soon as 等从属连词引导的状语从句。时间状语从句中的谓语动词不能用一般将来时,只能用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。 如:I will call you as soon as I arrive there.
原因状语从句: because, since, as和for都表示原因。常常令我们不知该用哪个好。我们来比较一下。because语势最强,回答why提出的问题,用来说明人所不知的原因。当能够很明显的看出原因或人们已知原因,就用as或since。如:I don't like that coat,because the color looks terrible. 由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。如:He is not here, because / for his mother is ill.
目的状语从句:表示目的状语的从句可以由in order that, so that,等词引导。如:You must raise your voice so that/in order that everybody can hear you clearly.
结果状语从句:结果状语从句常由so...that 或 such...that引导,要掌握和区分这两个句型,首先要了解so和such后面分别跟什么词。such是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用,形成固定搭配。如:The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.
让步状语从句:是由though, although 引导的状语从句。though, although 和 but不能同时使用。
Although it rained, they had a good time.
练习:
让步状语从句
1.(2013四川卷)He is so busy.He cannot afford enough time with his son ________he wants to.
A.even if B.as if C.because D.before
解析: 句意为:他那么忙。他抽不出足够的时间来陪儿子,尽管他想去陪他。本题考查让步状语从句。A.尽管;B.好像;C.因为;D.在„„之前。
2. (2013辽宁卷)One can always manage to do more things,no matter_____full one’s schedule
is in life.
A.how B.what C.when D.where
解析: 句意为:一个人总能设法做更多的事情,无论他生活中的时间安排得有多满。考查状语从句。no matter how引导让步状语从句。
时间状语从句
3.(2013·陕西卷)I have heard a lot of good things about you________I came back from abroad.
A.since B.until C. before D.when
解析: 句意为:自从我从国外回来,我听到了很多关于你的好消息。考查状语从句。空格前的句子使用了现在完成时,空格后是过去时,符合since“自从„„(至今)”的用法。
4. (2013·山东卷)________I have to give a speech,I get extremely nervous before I start.
A.Whatever B.Whenever C.Whoever D.However
A. 解析: 句意为:无论何时我必须演讲,在开始前都会感到特别紧张。本题考查状语从句。空格处的引导词在这儿引导让步状语从句,。
5. (2013·安徽卷)It’s much easier to make friends________you have similar interests.
A.unless B.when C.even though D.so that
解析: 句意为:当你们有相似兴趣的时候,交朋友就容易多了。本题考查状语从句。A.除非;B.当„„时候;C.即使;D.以便。
条件状语从句
5. (2013·重庆卷)________we have enough evidence,we can’t win the case.
A.Once B.As long as C.Unless D.Since
解析: 句意为:除非我们有足够的证据,否则我们不能胜诉。本题考查状语从句。unless除非,相当于if...not。once一旦;as long as只要;since既然,自从。
7.(2010·江西卷)—Our holiday cost a lot of money.
—Did it?Well, that doesn’t matter________you enjoyed yourselves.
A.as long as B.unless C.as soon as D.though
解析: 句意为:——我们这次度假花了很多钱。——是吗?没关系,只要你们玩得高兴就行。as long as只要;unless除非;as soon as一„„就;though 尽管,虽然。
原因状语从句
8.(2013山东卷) Mark needs to learn Chinese_____his company is opening a branch in Beijing.
A.unless B.until C.although D.since
解析: 句意为:Mark需要学习汉语,因为他的公司正准备在北京开一家分公司。本题考查状语从句。unless除非、如果不,引导条件状语从句;until直到,引导时间状语从句;although尽管,虽然,引导让步状语从句;since由于,因为,既然,在此引导原因状语从句。
9.(2012·重庆卷)—Coach,can I continue with the training?
—Sorry,you can’t________you haven’t recovered from the knee injury.
A.until B.before C.as D.unless
解析: 考查连词的用法。句意为:——教练,我可以继续训练吗?——很抱歉,不可以,因为你的膝盖受伤还没有恢复过来。根据句意此处应用引导原因状语从句的连接词as.
地点状语从句
10.(2013·江苏卷)In the global economy,a new drug for cancer,________it is discovered,will create many economic possibilities around the world.
A.whatever B.whoever C.wherever D.which学科王
ever
解析: 句意为:在全球经济中,一种治疗癌症的新药,无论是在哪里被研制,都将会在全世界创造很多经济机会。本题考查状语从句。设空处在从句中作状语,故选C项。
11. (2012四川卷)If you happen to get lost in the wild, you’d better stay________you are and wait
for help.
A.why B.where C.who D.what
解析: 考查状语从句。句意为:如果你在野外迷路了,最好待在原地,等待帮助。where 引导地点状语从句。
方式状语从句
12. (2011湖南卷)Jack wasn’t saying anything, but the teacher smiled at him________he had done
something very clever.
A.as if B.in case C.while D.though
解析:
句意为:杰克没说什么,但是老师向他微笑,好像他之前做的是明智之举似的。考查状语从句的用法。in case以防;while然而;though尽管,以上三项都不符合句意,
第16讲:就近原则
就近原则也称“邻近原则”,即:谓语与靠近的名词、代词在“人称、数”上一致。
这些词组有:there be ……句型, Neither……nor……, Either……or……, or , Not……but…… ,
Not only……but also……,
1.There be 句型
There is a book and some pencils on the desk. =There are some pencils and a book on the desk. 类似的还有here 和 This. Here is a man and woman
2.neither...nor...
Neither you nor he is right. = Neither he nor you are right. Neither you nor I am wrong. = Neither I nor you are wrong.
3.either...or...
Either they or Jim is going to Shanghai next Saturday.
= Either Jim or they are going to shanghai next Saturday.
4.not only...but also...
Not only Ann but also her parents stay at home every Sunday.
= Not only Ann's parents but also she stays at home every Sunday.
Not only the students but also the teacher wishes for a holiday.
Not only they but also I am keen on sports.
主谓一致现象【找真正的主语(看是谓语动词前面的还是后面的)】
有一类连接词,其后的谓语动词要与连接词前一部分的主语保持一致。此类连接词有with, along with, together with, as well as, besides, like, without, except (but), including【就远原则:离连接词远点的那个主语来决定谓语动词】等。例如:
Tracy, like many girls, loves dancing. 特蕾西像很多女孩一样,喜欢跳舞。
All the students, including Tom, are leaving. 所有的学生,包括汤姆都走了。
No one except (but) me knows about this news. 除了我没有人知道这个消息。
a. Each student _____ has_____ a dictionary. (做主语)
b. The students each _____have_____ a dictionary. (副词做同位语,而非主语)
A. have,have B. have,has C. has,have D. has,has
此题应选C。a句的谓语用单数,这很显然。b句的谓语要用复数,这点考生很容易出错。其实a,b两句的意思是一样的(=每个学生都有一本字典),但是注意:b句真正的主语是the students,其后的each是主语的同位语,由于谓语是与主语保持一致(而不是与其同位语保持一致),所以此句要选 have。
请看以下例句:
We each have a computer. They each have read the book..
The young people each carry a big bag. My brother and I each have a car. 顺便说一句,若用each of...作主语,其谓语通常是用单数 Each of the boys was deeply frightened. Each of these books was interesting.
Each of the students has his [have their] own books. 每个学生都有自己的书。
练习:
【2015新疆维吾尔】31. There ______ some milk and apples in the fridge.
A. has B. have C. is D. are
【2015新疆乌鲁木齐】24.—Shall we hang out in Great Bazzar.(大巴扎)tomorrow?
—I’m afraid not. ____ the final game of the World Cup on TV.
A.There is B.There will be
C.There will have D. There is going to have
【2015安徽】43. Drive slowly, Mary. ______ is something ahead on the road.
A. It B. This C. That D. There
【2015广东茂名】33._____is a dog , a cat and three birds in the room.
A.There B.These C.This
【2015云南】31.— Excuse me, are there any book stores around here?
—____, but there are some on Center Street.
A.Yes, there are B.No, there aren’t C. Yes, there is D. No, there isn’t
【2015重庆B卷】33.— How many people are there in your group?
—Four , Three boys ___ in our group this time.
A.is B.are C.were D.was
【2015黑龙江龙东】 4.—How many teachers are there in your school?
—______ them ______ over one hundred.
A. The number of ; is B. The number of ; are
C. A number of ; are
【2015黑龙江哈尔滨】12. Doing eye exercises one of the useful ways to protect our eyes.
A.is B. are C. were
【2015黑龙江黑河】9.Either you ___ your sister ____ because one of you must stay at home.
A.or, goes B.nor , go C.or, go
【2015广东中考】34. -----______ there any living things on other planets ?
-----I have no ideas. Maybe we can know more about that in the future.
A.Is B. Are C. Has D. Have
【2015山东泰安】27.Everybody except Mike and Linda there when the meeting began.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
【2015云南】33.Wechat(微信)is very popular .___ the young ____ the old are getting interested in it.
A.Neither... nor B.Either...or
C.Not only ... but also D.Between ...and