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名词
一、 不可数名词：(熟记)
1.bread,food,rice,fruit,pork,beef,fish(鱼肉),salt,sugar,meat,chicken(鸡肉),tofu,tea,water,milk butter,oil,orange,cheese,soup,wine,juice,coffee,cola
2.rain,weather,wind,snow,air,ice,cloud,sunshine
3.glass,paper,chalk,cotton,earth,time,grass,sand,wool,work,silk,money,news,medicine
(注：hair,fish,fruit )
二、 把下面的名词变为复数.
1.ball __________ book __________
2.baby ___________ library ________
3.birthday __________boy _________ day _______ holiday _________ key _________ monkey _________play ____________way ___________
4.bus ____________brush ___________ match ___________watch ___________ box ________________
5.knife ___________ life _________wife ____________leaf __________ half ________ thief _________ wolf____________
6.potato __________ kilo ___________ tomato ____________zero __________ photo _______________ piano____________
7.man ___________ policeman _____________woman ______________ Frenchman ________________Englishman_______________snowman_____________German__________Indian_________ foot _____________ tooth __________ mouse___________ child _____________ 8.Chinese_____________Japanese_____________fish__________sheep_________deer
Australian____________Russian____________American___________Indian_________ Italian_____Canadian__________________German_________
9.clothes________glasses________ trousers __________ chopsticks ___________
(注:people,police 单数形式具有复数意义，它们作主语时，谓语用复数形式;news,maths,physics 形似复数，但意义上是单数，它们作主语时，谓语用单数）
三、翻译下面短语(名词的所有格)
一）1、汤姆的衬衫______________________________2、狗的鼻子_____________________
二）1、学生阅览室______________________________2、老师办公室____________________
三)1、妇女节__________________________________2、儿童公园_______________________
四）1、吉姆和汤姆的房间（共有）_________________________________________________
2、吉姆和汤姆的房间(不共有)____________________________________________________
五）1、在我叔叔家______________________________2、去医务室______________________
3、去理发店__________________________________4、去陈家_________________________
六）1、日本的首都____________________________2、公民公园的门口__________________
3、这棵树的叶子_______________________________________________________________
(注：指时间、距离、地点的无生命的名词也可加's表示所有格。如：half an hour 's talk ;ten minutes ' walk ; Shanghai 's factories)
4、她父母亲的一个朋友__________________________5、我的两本书___________________
七）1、两块面包________________________________2、三杯牛奶______________________
3、五袋大米___________________________________4、八张纸________________________
三、选择题：
( )1、There ____lots of sugar in the shop . A、are B、is C、 were
( )2、Look ,the boy’s clothes _____ dirty . A、are B、is C、were
( )3、That pair of glasses _________ too expensive for me to buy . A、is B、are C、were
( )4、I think maths ______not easy to learn . A、is B、 are C、 were
( )5、Tom and Bob’s room ______ big and bright. A、were B、is C、are
( )6、These _________ have saved many children’s lives.
A. woman doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctor
( )7、This is _________ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much.
A. Anne and Jane B. Anne’s and Jane’s C. Anne’s and Jane D. Anne and Jane’s
( )8、---Are there any ________ on the farm? .
---Yes, there are some.
A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep
( )9、---What would you like to drink, ________ or orange?
---Orange, please.
A. hamburger B. chip C. tea
( )10、--- Where have you been, Tim?
- -- I’ve been to ______.
A. the Henry house B. the Henry family C. The Henry’s home D. Henry’s
( )11、--- They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______ ?
--- Certainly.
A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of water
C. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters
( )12、Mike hurt one of his ______ in the accident yesterday.
A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear
( )13、There is some _______ on the plate.
A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears
( )14、In England, the last name is the _______ .
A. family name B. middle C. given name D. full name
( )15、The _______are going to fly to Beijing.
A. Germen B. Germany C. Germanys D. Germans
( )16、The______ has two _______ .
A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch
( )17、The little baby has two _______ already.
A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths
( )18、What’s your _______ for being late again?
A. idea B. key C. excuse D. news
( )19、--- It’s dangerous here. We’d better go out quickly.
--- But I think we should let _______ go out first.
A. woman and children B. women and child
C. woman and child D. women and children
( )20、Are they going to have a picnic on _______ ?
A. Children’s Day B. Childrens’s Day C. Childrens Day D. Children Day
数词
熟记：（找规律）
first one eleven eleventh
second two twelve twelfth twenty twentieth
third three thirteen thirteenth thirty thirtieth
fourth four fourteen fourteenth forty fortieth
fifth five fifteen fifteenth fifty fiftieth
sixth six sixteen sixteenth sixty sixtieth
seventh seven seventeen seventeenth seventy seventieth
eighth eight eighteen eighteenth eighty eightieth
ninth nine nineteen nineteenth ninety ninetieth
tenth ten
1、1——20 之间的基数词，变为序数词时应注意：
eight ——eighth； nine ——ninth； five ——fifth；twelve ——twelfth
(熟记口诀：8加h，9去e加th； 5 和12 变ve为f加th)
2、多位数变成序词：
twenty—one 变为 twenty—first；forty—six变为forty—sixth； one hundred and fifty—five变为one hundred and fifty—fifth
3、下面的表示都用基数词。
1）表示编号用基数词：Lesson 2, Page 25 , Exercise 4, Room 204 , No. 103 Middle School， Bus No.328
2）表示钟点：6：05—six five；4：15—four fifteen；9：30—nine thirty
3）表示年：1999—nineteen ninety—nine；2002—two thousand and two
4、下面的表示都用序数词。
1）日： 三月二日——March 2或March 2 nd，读作March the second
2）世纪：二十世纪——the twentieth century；二十一世纪——the twenty—first century
(注：在20世纪90年代——in the 1990s 读作in the nineteen nineties)
5、表示分数时，分子用基数词表示，分母用序数词表示。分子大于1时，分母加-s。例如：
three fourths；one second；two fifths
一、选择题
( )1、This is ________ visit to Chia .
A、second B、my the second C、my second
( )2、This picture is quite old .We can still see it was drawn in ______ century .
A、sixteenth B、the sixteen C、the sixteenth
( )3、The boy always stay there for ________
A、one and hour B、one and a half hour C、one and half hours D、one and a half hours
( )4、_____ Germans come to visit China every year。
A、 Thousand of B、 Thousands of C、 Thousands D、 Two thousands
( )5、This is the key to____.
A、Room 202 B、the 202 Room C、Room 202th D、the 202th Room
( )6、He studies at No.______ Middle School .
A、2 B、2nd C、2th D、the 2
( )7、Saturday is the ________ day of the week . A、last B、first C、sixth
( )8、About ________ students in our class can describe that place in English.
A. three fifths B. three fifth C. third five D. third-fifths
( )9、Nine _______ pounds a week? That’s very good.
A. hundred of B. hundreds of C. hundreds D. hundred
代词
1、1）人称代词单数主格和对应的宾格：I—me ,you—you ,he —him, she—her,it—it
2）人称代词复数主格和对应的宾格：we—us ,you—you ,they—them
2、1）形容词性物主代词单数和对应的名词性物主代词单数：my—mine ,your—yours ,his—his ,her—hers ,its—its
2）形容词性物主代词复数和对应的名词性物主代词复数：our—ours,your—yours, their—theis
3、1）反身代词单数：myself ,yourself,himself,herself, itself
2）反身代词复数：ourselves,yourselves,themselves，
4、指示代词：this, that, these, those
5、不定代词：some,any；many,much；few,little；all,both；either,neither；any,none；other,another；each,every ；
6、由some,any,every,加body,one,thing构成的复合不定代词：somebody；someone；something； anybody；anyone,anything；nobody；no,one；nothing；everybody；everyone；everything(它们作主语时谓语要用单数)
7、特殊疑问代词：what, which ,whose,who(可作主语和宾语)whom(只作宾语)
一、选择题
( )1、I bought a nice shirt for _________ . A、himself B、he C、him
( )2、Tom is a friend of _________ . A、me B、mine C、my
( )3、She hasn’t brought_________ pen with her . Will you lend her __________?
A、her,your B、her,yours C、hers ,yours
( )4、Can your brother look after __________? A、himself B、him C、herself
( )5、Please help ________to some chicken ,Children.
A、yourself B、yourselves C、you
( )6、The jacket is too short ,please show me _____________.
A、other B、another C、one
( )7、Very _______of them knew the hotel . A、a few B、few C、little
( )8、He is always ready to help ____________. A、another B、others C、the others
( )9、_________ of them has a computer . A、Each B、Every C、Both
( )10、There are forty—eight pupils in the class,______of them are Young Pioneers.
A、all B、Both C、None
( )11、There are shops on _____ side of the street. A、either B、both C、all
( )12、Grandpa Lin told me two stories ,but _______ of them is interesting .
A、both B、either C、neither
( )13、Mr Zhang teaches _______ English . A、our B、us C、ourselves
( )14、Is there ________I can do for you？ A、something B、anything C、nothing
( )15、Have you got ______to do right now ？
A、else anything B、something else C、anything else
( )16、Lei Fei asked _____for return when helping others .
A、everything B、anything C、nothing
( )17、He is not a kind—hearted man ,_____people can get on well with him 。
A、Few B、Quite a few C、little
( )18、Don’t tell others about that .This is only between __________.
A、you and I B、me and you C、you and me
( )19、The little girl can dress _________ , though she is young .
A、her B、she C、herself
( )20、Can you tell me _______she is waiting for ？
A、whose B、who C、why
( )21、I have two sisters ,__________is a doctor,and _______is a nurse。
A、one,the other B、another,the other C、one,the others
( )22、There are 50 students in our class ,28 students are boys ,_______are girls 。
A、the other B、the others C、others
( )23、Mary, please show ________ your picture. A. my B. mine C. I D. me
( )24、---What’s on TV tonight? Is there _________ interesting?
---I’m afraid not.
A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything
( )25、________ of them has his own opinion.
A. Both B. Some C. Every D. Each
( )26、---Where is my pen?
---Oh, sorry. I have taken _______ by mistake.
A. yours B. his C. mine D. hers
( )27、The English novel is quite easy for you. There are ______ new words in it.
A. a little B. little C. a few D. few
( )28、---You want ________ sandwich?
---Yes, I usually eat a lot when I’m hungry.
A. other B. another C. others D. the other
( )29、The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fight SARS. They think more of others than _______.
A. they B. them C. themselves D. theirs
( )30、---Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk?
---______________, thanks. I’d like a cup of tea.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
( )31、---Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning?
--- _______ is OK. I’m free today and tomorrow.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
( )32、---How are you going to improve _______ this term?
- --Work harder than last term.
A. ourselves B. myself C. himself D. yourself
( )33、If you want to book a round-trip ticket, you’ll have to pay ______ $ 30.
A. more B. other C. the other D. another
( )34、Who taught _______ English last term? Was _____ Mr. Smith?
A. you; it B. you; he C. your; it D. your; that
( )35、That woman has a bag in her right hand. What’s in her _____ hand?
A. another B. other C. one D. the other
( )36、We decided to go for a field trip with some friends of _______.
A. us B. our C. ours D. ourselves
形容词、副词
一）下面的形容词、副词变为比较级、最高级。
1、cold___________ ____________slow___________ _____________clever___________ ____________
2、able___________ ____________simple_____________ ___________large___________ ____________
3、dry___________ ____________heavy_____________ ____________happy__________ ____________
4、big___________ ____________hot____________ _____________red_____________ ____________sad________ ________thin__________ ___________wet_________ _________
二）
1、difficult_____________ ______________important_________________
2、carefully_____________ ________________delicious__________________ _________ _
3、clearly________________ __________________friendly__________________ __________
4、slowly________________ __________________careful________________ ___________
5、quickly_______________ __________________widely__________________ ___________
6、loudly_______________ ______________often____________________ _________
三）
good/well_____________ ____________many /much________________ ______
bad /badly /ill_______________ ____________little___________________ _______ ________
(older,oldest) (表示年龄)_________________ _________________
old
(elder eldest) (表示辈分)_________________ __________________
(farther farthest) (表示距离)______________________ _____________________
far
(further furthest) (表示程度)____________________ _____________________
四）基本句型
1、as +原级+as,和……一样……
2、not as /so + 原级+as, 和……不一样……
3、比较级+than, 比……更……
4、the + 最高级 + in / of / among
5、比较级+ and + 比较级, 越来越……
6、the + 比较级,the +比较级,越……,越……
(注意：1)比较级前，可以用much/far（……得多），a little/bit ……一点)，still（还要， 更），even甚至，更……；还……)来修饰 ；2）还可用“名词（或数词）词组+比较级”来表示“比……相差多少”）
五）副词按其用途和含义可分为下面五类：
1)时间副词
时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间。常见的时间副词有：now, today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, late, early等。例如：
He often comes to school late.
What are we going to do tomorrow?
2)地点副词
地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点。常见的地点副词有：here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down, up, off, on, in, out等。例如：
I met an old friend of mine on my way home.
He went upstairs.
Put down your name here.
3)方式副词
方式副词一般都是回答“怎样的？”这类问题的副词，其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly构成的, 有少数方式副词不带词尾-ly, 它们与形容词同形。常见的方式副词有： badly, bravely, carefully, proudly, suddenly, successfully, angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, slowly, widely,quickly, fast, hard, alone, high, straight (该划线部分的单词,它们的形容词和副词形式相同) 等。例如：
The old man walked home slowly.
Please listen to the teacher carefully.
The birds are flying high.
He runs very fast.
4)程度副词
程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词，有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语。常见的程度副词有：much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply, hardly, partly等。例如：
Her pronunciation is very good.
She sings quite well.
I can hardly agree with you.
5)疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。常见的疑问副词有：how, when, where, why等。例如：
How are you getting along with your studies?
Where were you yesterday?
Why did you do that?
(2)副词在句中的位置
1)多数副词作状语时放在动词之后。如果动词带有宾语，则放在宾语之后。例如：
Mr Smith works very hard.
She speaks English well.
2)频度副词never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always等作状语时，通常放在行为动词之前，情态动词，助动词和be动词之后。例如：
He usually gets up early.
I’ve never heard him singing.
She is seldom ill.
3)程度副词very,pretty,quite,rather,enough等一般放在所修饰的形容词和副词的前面, 但enough作副词用时，通常放在被修饰词的后面。例如：
It is a rather difficult job.
He runs very fast.
He didn’t work hard enough.
4)副词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：
On my way home, I met my uncle.
The students there have a lot of time to do their own research work.
(3)部分常用副词的用法
1) very, much
这两个副词都可表示“很”，但用法不同。Very用来修饰形容词和副词的原级，而much用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。例如：
She is a very nice girl
I’m feeling much better now.
Much可以修饰动词，而very则不能。例如：
I don’t like the idea much.
They did not talk much.
2) too, either
这两个副词都表示“也”，但too用于肯定句，either用于否定句。例如：
She can dance, and I can dance, too.
I haven’t read the book and my brother hasn’t ,either.
3) already, yet
already一般用于语肯定句，yet一般用于否定句。例如：
He has already left.
Have you heard from him yet?
He hasn’t answered yet.
4) so, neither
so和neither都可用于倒装句， 但so表示肯定，neither表示否定。
例如：
My brother likes football and so do I.
My brother doesn’t like dancing and neither do I.
一、选择填空
( )1、Jane dances very _________ . A、nice B、well C、wonderful
( )2、It is raining _________ outside . A、hard B、heavy C、big
( )3、There is something ________ with the fridge . A、ill B、sick C、wrong
( )4、We are living a ________life . A、glad B、well C、happy
( )5、I like travelling ,and my brother ________ like traveling. A、too B、either C、also
( )6、We are having a __________ football match . A、friend B、friendly C、kind
( )7、Is your younger sister _______ to go to school ？
A、old enough B、not enough C、enough old
( )8、You must be _________ when you drove a car . A、carefully B、careful C、care
( )9、This is the ______interesting picture of the five. A、more B、 most C、almost
( )10、which subject do you like __________ Chinense ,maths or history？
A、best B、better C、more
( )11、The computers are becoming _________ .
A、usefuler and usefuler B、more and more useful C、 more useful and more useful
( )12、Mary is _______than Iily ,but she is ___________as Lily .
A、short ,so strong B、shorter,as strong C、shorter,as stronger
( )13、Jack is ________than his elder brother .
A、younger three years B、three years young C、three years younger
( )14、We should do our best to help ________. A、The poor B、poor C、the poors
( )15、This is the _______museum that I have ever visited .
A、large B、late C、largest
( )16、She was ten minutes ________for the meeting yesterday .
A、 later B、 late C、 latest
( )17、The food in this restaurant tastes ________.So we often go there for dinner.
A、 good B、 well C、bad D、 badly
( )18、Though he has lived in that big house _______for a long time,he never feels ____.
A、alone,lonely B、alone,alone C、lonely,alone D、lonely,lonely
( )19、After taking the medicine,he feels even ________.
A、bad B、badly C、worse D、worst
( )20、The population of China is larger than ________of any other country in the word .
A、that B、one C、it
( )22、_______ you eat，_______you will be.
A、more，fatter B、The more，fatter C、more,the fatter D、The more,the fatter
( )23、The bookshop is ________ ,Let’s go and buy some books.
A、open B、opened C、closed
( )24、I will be back as ______as possible.
A、quick B、soon C、fast
( )24、What a ________cough he has!H e seems _________ ill。
A、terrible,terribly B、terribly,terribe C、terribe,terribe
( )25、The old man left his son lots of money after he ____________.
A、died B、 dead C、 death
( )26、Have you seen that picture ？It’s ________one .
A、quite a nice B、a quite nice C、very a
( )27、Miss Zhao is one of _________ teachers in our school .
A、popular B、more popular C、the most popular
( )28、We are ________ the match .
A、sure of win B、 sure to win C、 sure and win
( )29、Jack will go to Australia for__________ study next year.
A、father B、further C、the fathesst
( )30、Children in the modern times are _________ than ________in the past.
A、happier,that B、happy,those C、happier,those
( )31、---Which is ________, the sun, the moon or the earth?
---Of course the moon is.
A. small B. smaller C. smallest D. the smallest
( )32、He has made _______ progress this term than before.
A. little B. less C. fewer D. much
( )33、---What delicious cakes!
- --They would taste _______ with butter.
A. good B. better C. bad D. worse
( )34、Bob never does his homework ________ Mary. He makes lots of mistakes.
A. so careful as B. as carefully as C. carefully as D. as careful as
( )35、--- It’s so cold today.
--- Yes, it’s than it was yesterday.
A. more cold B. more colder C. much colder D. cold
( )36、Little Tom has friends, so he often plays alone.
A. more B. a little C. many D. few
( )37、She isn’t so at maths as you are.
A. well B. good C. better D. best
( )38、He is enough to carry the heavy box.
A. stronger B. much stronger C. strong D. the strongest
( )39、I bought exercise-books with money.
A. a few; a few B. a few; a little C. a little; a few D. a little; a little
( )40、The box is heavy for the girl carry.
A. too; to B. to; too C. so; that D. no; to
( )41、The ice in the lake is about one meter . It’s strong enough to skate on.
A. long B. high C. thick D. wide
( )42、Wu Lin ran faster than the other boys in the sports meeting.
A. so B. much C. very D. too
( )43、The smile on my father’s face showed that he was ______ with me.
A. sad B. pleased C. angry D. sorry
( )44、---Mum, could you buy me a dress like this?
---Certainly, we can buy ______ one than this, but ______ this.
A. a better; better than B. a worse; as good as
C. a cheaper; as good as D. a more important; good as
( )45、---This digital camera is really cheap!
---The ______ the better. I’m short of money, you see.
A. cheap B. cheaper C. expensive D. more expensive
( )46、English people _____ use Mr before a man’s first name.
A. never B. usually C. often D. sometimes
( )47、---Remember this, children. ______ careful you are, ______ mistakes you will make.
- --We know, Miss Gao.
A. The more; the more B. The fewer; the more
C. The more; the fewer D. The less; the less
( )48、I have ________ to do today.
A. anything important B. something important C. important nothing D. important something
冠词
一、熟记下面的短语：
1、带a的短语：a bit of ,a few, a kind of ,a little,a lot of ,a mumber of ,a pair of ,a piece of ,go for a walk,half an hour, have a good time,have a meetingrestswimtalkwalk,hold a meeting ,make a mistake, once upon a time,take a restseatwalk,take a boatbustaxi.
2、带the的短语： all the time,all the same,by the way,go to the cinema,in the end,in the middle of,on the way.
3、不带a the的短语：all kinds of,at breakfast,at first,at home,at last,at least,at most, at once,at school,at work,by buscarplanetrainshipair,go to bedschoolsleep,
have breakfastlunchsupper,have lessonsclasses, have sports,in front of,make friends with,on
foot,on time,take part in.
(注：in the morningafternoonevening,on the leftright,in the middle of,the day after tomorrow,the day before yesterday.)
二、选择正确的答案
( )1、It seems to be ________ interesting book . A、a B、the C、an
( )2、Bill is _________computer engineer. A、x B、a C、the
( )3、______boy is looking for you. A、A B、The C、x
( )4、We work five days __________week . A、X B、the C、 a
( )5、We are going to have ________ English lesson tomorow.
A、a B、an C、the D、x
( )6、 Show me _______photo of the girl. A、x B、 a C、 the
( )7、 _____ knife on the desk is mine. A、 x B、 A C、 The
( )8、 Where are _______new pens,Jim？ A、a B、the C、x
( )9、 Li Lei lives on a farm. _______ farm is not far from here.
A、A B、x C、The D、An
( )10 、________ sun is bigger than the moon.. A、A B、The C、x
( )11、 He is ________tallest of us here. A、a B、the C、x
( )12、Walk along this road,and take ________fourth turning on the left.
A、the B、a C、x
( )13、How long is _________Great Wall？ A、x B、a C、the
( )14、I like drinking ______________. A、a milk B、milk C、the milk
( )15、_______China is a beautiful country. A、x B、The C、A
( )16、Mrs Brown went to see her __________doctor. A、a B、x C、the
( )17、May I ask you some ________ questions? A、a B、an C、x
( )18、My mother and brother are _________teachers. A、x B、the C、a
( )19、I like ________cakes. A、a B、x C、the
( )20、It is ______Sunday today。 A、a B、the C、x
( )21、School begins in _______September. A、x B、the C、a
( )22、Today is _______ Father's Day. A、x B、the C、an
( )23、It is cold in ______winter. A、the B、a C、x
( )24、He went to work without ________breakfast this morning. A、a B、x C、the
( )25、Can you play ________ football？ A、x B、the C、a
( )26、 ______like travelling very much. A、Mr Smith B、Mrs Smith C、The Smiths
( )27、Which of the two girls do you know？______ taller. A、the B、A C、an
( )28、We often have sports after class, and I like to play _____ basketball.
A. a B. an C. the D. 不填
( )29、This is _______ song I’ve told you about. Isn’t it _______ beautiful one?
A. the; the B. a; a C. the; a D. a; the
( )30、This morning I had ________ egg and a bottle of milk for my breakfast.
A. an B. a C. the D./
( )31、---Have you seen _______ pen? I left it here this morning.
---Is it ________ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.
A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a; a
( )32、There is _______ “h” in the word hour. A. a B. the C. an D./
( )33、Did you enjoy your stay in Xian?
Yes. I had _______ wonderful time. A. a B. an C. the D. /
( )34、There is _______ apple and some pears on the table. A. the B./ C. a D. an
( )35、David has _______ cat. It’s very nice. A. a B. an C. the D./
( )36、I’m reading _______ novel. It is _______ interesting story.
A. a; an B. a; a C. the; the D. /; an
介词连词
一、常用介词的用法辨析
（1）表时间的介词
1）at, in on
表示时间点用at。例如：at six o’clock, at noon, at midnight。表示在某个世纪，某年，某月，某个季节以及早晨，上午，下午，晚上时，用in。例如：in the nineteenth century, in 2002, in may, in winter, in the morning, in the afternoon等。表示具体的某一天和某一天的上午，下午，晚上时，用on。例如：on Monday, on July 1st, on Sunday morning等。
2） since, after
由since和after 引导的词组都可表示从过去某一点开始的时段，但since词组表示的时段一直延续到说话的时刻，因而往往要与现在完成时连用。而after词组所表示的时段纯系过去，因而要与一般过去时连用。例如：
I haven’t heard from him since last summer.
After five days the boy came back.
3） in, after
in与将来时态连用时，表示“过多长时间以后”的意思，后面跟表示一段时间的词语。After与将来时态连用时，后面只能跟表示时间点的词语。After与过去时态连用时，后面才能跟表示一段时间的词语。例如：
He will be back in two months.
He will arrive after four o’clock.
He returned after a month.
（2）表示地点的介词
1）at, in, on
at一般指小地方；in一般指大地方或某个范围之内；on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。例如：
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.
They arrived at a small village before dark.
There is a big hole in the wall.
The teacher put up a picture on the wall.
2） over, above, on
over, on和above都可表示“在……上面”，但具体含义不同。Over表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方，其反义词是under。 above也表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，其反义词是below。On指两个物体表面接触，一个在另一的上面。例如：
There is a bridge over the river.
We flew above the clouds.
They put some flowers on the teacher’s desk.
2） across, through
across和through均可表示“从这一边到另一边”，但用法不同。Across的含义与on有关，表示动作在某一物体的表面进行。Through的含义与in有关，表示动作是在三维空间进行。例如：
The dog ran across the grass.
The boy swam across the river.
They walked through the forest.
I pushed through the crowds.
4) in front of, in the front of
in front of 表示“在某人或某物的前面”，在某个范围以外；in the front of 表示“在……的前部”，在某个范围以内。例如：There are some tall trees in front of the building.The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom.
3. 介词的固定搭配
介词往往同其他词类形成了固定搭配关系。记住这种固定搭配关系，才能正确使用介词。
（1）介词与动词的搭配
listen to , laugh at, get to, look for wait for, hear from, turn on, turn off, worry about, think of, look after, spend…on…, 等。
（2）介词与名词的搭配
on time, in time, by bus, on foot, with pleasure, on one’s way to, in trouble, at breakfast, at the end of, in the end等。
（3）介词与形容词的搭配
be late for, be afraid of, be good at, be interested in, be angry with, be full of, be sorry for等。
二、连词有：
(1) 引导时间状语从句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。
(2)引导条件状语从句的if, unless等。
(3)引导原因状语从句的because, as, since等。
(4)引导目的状语从句的so that, in order that等。
(5)引导让步状语从句的though, although, even if等。
(6)引导结果状语从句的so that, so…that, such…that等。
(7)引导比较状语从句的than, as…as等。
(8)引导名词从句的that, if , whether等。
三、区别下面介词:
besides除(某人某物)之外(还有)
except除(某人某物)之外(没有)
under在…………正下方 over在…………正上方
below在…………斜下方 above在…………斜上方
between在……（两者）之间
among在……（三者）之间
across横过（从事物表面经过）
through穿过，通过（从事物内部经过）
like 像
as 当作， 作为
into进入…里面，
in在……里面，
out of 从……里面向外
四、区别下面的连词
when +一般时进行时 because 因为“直接原因”
while +进行时 since 既然“明知原因”
as +一般时 as由于，因为（常放句首）
for 因为，“推测原因”
if “是否”不可接or not to do…
whether “是否” 可接or not to do …
because so
“只可用其一”
though athough but
五、有关连词的几个句型
1、as soon as …一…就 … 2、both …and … 和…（两个）都， 既…又…
3、neither …nor… 和…（两个）都， 既不…又不… 4、either …or…要么…要么…，或者…或者… 5、not only …but also… 不但…而且…
6、so … that… 如此…以致 7、so that…以便，以致
(注：in the end =at last =finaly在最后；at the end… 在…末端；by the end of…到…末底为止)
练习：
一、选择题
( )1、The bottle is not empty.It's full ______ air. A、with B、of C、in
( )2、She took the No.28 Bus _______ the flower market. A、to B、at C、into
( )3、A poor boy________ him couldn't go to school in the old days. A.as B.like C.about
( )4、She found a job ________a doctor. A、as B、like C、on
( )5、The sun gives us light_______the day . A、in B、during C、through
( )6、They will finish the work _______three days. A、after B、in C、before
( )7、He lived and worked _______the farmers. A、between B、among C、in
( )8、We study English________a second foriegn language. A、like B、as C、for
( )9、We did ______Mr Hu told us. A、like B、as C、what
( )10、We don't know ______ he was late for school . A、what B、why C、that
( )11、I wonder _____you can help me . A、if B、what C、who
( )12、---When will Mr Black come to Beijing?
---___________ September 5. A. On B. To C. At D. In
( )13、The boys felt sad as they lost ________ the girls in the talk show.
A. by B. in C. to D. on
( )14、---I like riding fast. It’s very exciting.
---Oh! You mustn’t do it like that, ________ it may have an accident.
A. and B. or C. so D. but
( )15、John fell asleep ________ he was listening to the music.
A. after B. before C. while D. as soon as
( )16、We traveled overnight to Paris and arrived _______ 5 o’clock ______ the morning.
A. on; in B. at; in C. at; on D. in; on
( )17、Where’s Lily? We are all here _______ her.
A. beside B. about C. except D. with
( )18、She sent her friend a postcard _______ a birthday present.
A. on B. as C. for D. of
( )19、Jack has studied Chinese in this school _______ the year of 2000.
A. since B. in C. on D. by
( )20、---What is a writing brush, do you know?
---It’s _______ writing and drawing. A. with B. to C. for D. by
( )21、English is widely used ______ travellers and business people all over the world.
A. to B. for C. as D. by
( )22、______ the help of my teacher, I caught up with the other students.
A. Under B. In C. With D. On
( )23、Hong Kong is ______ the south of China, and Macao is ______ the west of Hong Kong.
A. in; to B. to; to C. to; in D. in; in
( )24、---You’d better not go out now. It’s raining.
---It doesn’t matter. My new coat can keep ______ rain.
A. in B. of C. with D. off
( )25、 Japan lies ______ the east of China. A. to B. in C. about D. at
( )26、——Will the foreigners have any problems talking with Chinese in 2008?
——I don’t think so. Now ______ the young ______ the old can speak some English.
A. either…or B. not only… but also C. neither…nor D. both…or
( )27、We didn’t catch the train _______ we left late. A. so B. because C. but D. though
( )28、Tom failed in the exam again _______ he wanted to pass it very much.
A. if B. so C. though D. as
( )29、I won’t believe that the five-year-old boy can read five thousand words ______ I have tested him myself. A. after B. when C. if D. until
( )30、The book was so interesting that he had read it for three hours ______ he realized it.
A. when B. until C. after D. before
( )31、---This dress was last year’s style.
---I think it still looks perfect ______ it has gone out this year.
A. so that B. even though C. as if D. ever since
( )32、Hurry up, _______ you will miss the train. A. and B. so C. however D. or
( )33、The mountain was ______ steep _____ few people in our city reached the top.
A. so…as B. so…that C. as…as D. too…to
( )34、---Do you remember our pleasant journey to Xi’an?
---Of course. I remember everything ______ it happened yesterday.
A. as soon as B. even though C. rather than D. as if
( )35、______ you can’t answer this question, we have to ask someone else for help.
A. Although B. While C. Whether D. Since
动词的种类
一、助动词
助动词在句中不能单独作谓语。助动词，顾名思义，就帮助作用的动词。它必须与其它动词一一起构成谓语。（英语句子中，如果有助动词，那么句子中必须有动词，或动词原形，或动词ing，或动词的过去式，或动词的过去分词）。
1、 助动词be
1）“be +现在分词”构成进行时
（1）is/am /are+现在分词（现在进行时态）
（2）was /were +现在分词（过去进行时态）
2）“be +过去分词”构成被动语态
（1）is /am /are +过去分词（一般现在时态的被动语态）
（2）was / were+过去分词（一般过去时态的被动语态）
2、助动词have(has)/had
1）“have (has)+过去分词”构成现在完成时态
2）“had +过去分词”构成过去完成时态
3、助动词do(does)/did
1）“do（does）/ did not +动词原形”构成一般现在时或一般过去时的否定句。
2）“do（does）/ did+主语+动词原形”构成一般现在时或一般过去时的疑问句。
4、助动词shall（should）/ will（would）
1）“shall（will）+动词原形”构成一般将来时态。
2）“should（would）+动词原形”构成过去将来时态。
(注意：be ,do,have 也可作有意义的动词，（这时它们有实在的意思）。如：He is a teacher. He usually does his homework after school. I often do some work on Sunday. I have two brothers. He has three sisters. Tom did his homework two years ago. I have lunch on Wednesdays. He had medicine yesterday.)
一、 行为动词
行为动词表示某种动作或状态在句中可单独作谓语。如：dance,sing,write,live,remember.
行为动词分及物动词和不及物动词。
不及物动词有：end,work,arrive,lie,agree,die,fall,live等
二、 连系动词
连系动词其后接形容词，不能接副词。
下面的动词是连系动词：
smell， taste， look， seem， feel， sound， turn， become， get， grow， keep等
(注：turn 只接表示颜色的形容词。)
四、情态动词
情态动词不能单独作谓语，跟后面的动词原形一起构成谓语。
情态动词有can， could， may， might， must， need， will， would， shall， should.
注：1.may可表推测“可能”，can't可表否定推测“不可能”，must 可表肯定的推测“一定”。2.have to(现在)必须,不得不；has to(现在)必须,不得不(第三人称单数作主语时用它)had to(过去) 必须,不得不3.be able to “能够”它有三种形式：
1）is /am / are able to =can“现在能够”
2）was / were able to =could“过去能够”
3）will /shall be able to“将来能够”
一、选择正确的答案
( )1___________ you mend your car ? I __________not start it.
A、Would,would B、Must,must C、Can ,can D、 May,may
( )2、You _________go to the doctor at once because you’ve got hurt so badly 。
A、must B、 may C、 can D、would
( )3、It's time for class . You ___________ go to class now.
A、 must B、 have to C、has to D、 has to
( )4、_______I open the window,It’s so warm here.
A、Shall B、Will C、Must D、Would
( )5、_________ you please tell me how to get to the station？
A、Shall B、Will C、May D、Might
( )6、 You 'd better go and ask Mr Wang ,He _____________ know how to use the computer.
A、Can B、may C、would D、could
( )7、She said that she ________speak a little English when she was four.
A、can B、might C、could D、would
( )8、What _________you like for breakfast？A、may B、will C、would D、can
( )9、It’s so late.Mr Chen _________ be in the office.
A、may B、can't C、mustn't D、needn't
( )10、________I take this book away？ No,you____________.
A、May,mustn't B、May,needn't C、Can,can't D、Must,can't
( )11、The policeman said“Thank you ,you____________ go now.”
A、mustn't B、need C、can't D、may
( )12、________it be true？It’s too strange. A、Can B、May C、Must D、Need
( )13、She is very clever,She ______work out this problem。
A、couldn't B、can C、need D、will
( )14、The boy was so strong that he ________ lift the heavy box。
A、can B、was able to C、may D、must
( )15、Must I finish my homework now？ No,you_________.
A、mustn't B、needn't C、may not
( )16、Need I finish my homework now？ Yes,you__________.
A、must B、need C、may
( )17、He is away,You _________ be wrong. A、must B、can't C、can
二、把句子变成一般疑问句，否定句，并作回答。
1、I have to finish my homework now.
2、I had to finish my homework yesterday.
一般现在时态
1、意义：表示从现在看， 经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态。
2、基本结构（肯定形式）：用动词的现在式表示，①be动词： a)is b)am c)are ②行为动词：a)动词原形 b) 第三人称单数动词形式（也就是主语是第三人称单数， 它的谓语动词形式）要按照下列三种变化规则进行变化：
1）一般动词在词尾加s。如come_________, borrow___________.
2)以字母o,s, x, ch, sh,结尾的动词加es。如do_________ go_________ cross__________ dress__________ miss__________ pass________ catch_________ reach_________ teach__________ watch __________finish_________ fish________ push_________ wash________ wish________
3)以辅音字母加y 结尾的动词,先改y 为 i,再加es。如carry_________ copy__________cry _______ fly____________hurry__________ study________ try__________ worry__________
否定形式：①am/is/are+not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句：①把be(is/am/are)动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。
3、用法：时间提示词often,usually,sometimes,every day（week,month,year）等。
练习：
1、I ________ (write) to my parents once a month.
2、My sister _________ (read) English alould every morning.
3、He __________ (not look) like his father.
4、My parents ________ (not like ) talking too much.
5、______ he ______ (have)bread for breakfast every day?
6、Tom _________(have) medicine twice a year.
7、Who ________ (study) hardest in your class?
8、I will go out for a picnic if it __________ (not rain) tomorrow.
9、I will give her the letter as soon as I ___________ (see) her.
10、The teacher told us the earth ________ (turn) around the sun.
一般过去时态
1、意义：表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态。
2、基本结构（肯定形式）：用动词的过去式表示，①be动词的过去式：a)was b)were ②行为动过去式词的：a)不规则动词的过去式（熟记）b)规则动词的过去式，按照下列四种变化规则进行变化：
A)一般词尾加ed。 如book （预订）_________ finish_________
B)结尾是e 的动词加d。如agree ______ care______
C)双写加ed。如stop________ step___________ shop______trip________ plan_____________ beg________ fit________ travel________ quarel________ prefer_______
D）改y为 i,加ed。如 carry______ copy_______ try________ hurry________ study______worry_________ cry_________ fly（不规则）______
否定形式：①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。
3、用法： 时间提示词yesterday, the day before yesterday, three days ago, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time等。
练习
1.He ofen _______ (go) for a swim when he was young.
2.When he __________ (begin) to work at the factory.,he ________(be) only twelve years old.
3.It's ten years since I _________(come) here.
4.The Greens ____________(not fly )to America last year.
5.__________ you__________(lose)your handbag a moment ago?
现在进行时
1.意义：表示现在正在发生或进行的动作或事情。
2.基本结构（肯定形式）：is / am /are+doing(动词ing形式)。动词ing形式的构成，按照下列三种变化规则进行变化：
1)一般在动词末尾加ing，如go________ play________ 2)去e加ing，如close________ dance________(注意特殊的词)agree_______ die_______ lie______ tie_______3)双写加ing，如begin________ cut_________________ dig_________ get________ put___________ run_________ set_______ sit_________ swim_________ win_________ forget_____________ beg________ fit_______ grab_________ shut____________ spit_________ trap___________ wag________ trip________ stop_______ let_________ drop_______ step_______ hit_______rob________ rub_________
否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.
一般疑问句：把is / am /are放于句首。
3.用法：时间提示词listen!Look！now,while等。
练习
1.Listen！He _____________(play)the piano in the next room.
2.Look! Some girls ______________(dance) over there.
3.My brother _____________(watch) TV while I am doing some cleaning.
4. It's five o'clock in the afternoon. The students ________________(leave)school.
5.Where is Peter? He _______________(write)a letter to his penfriend in his room.
6. You are so busy these days, What _________you_________(do)?
7.Mary ____________(do )some washing at the moment.
8.Kate is so happy today. She _________________(sing) in her room.
过去进行时
1.意义：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2..基本结构（肯定形式）：was/were+doing(动词ing形式)
否定形式：was/were + not + doing.
一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。
3.用法：时间提示词at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
练习：
1.The boy _____________________ (do) his homework when his father came back from work.
2.He__________________________ (take) a walk by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.
3._____________ you_______________ (watch) TV at nine last night?
一般将来时态
1.意义：表示从现在看来, 即将发生的动作或存在的状态。
2.基本结构（肯定形式）：其.基本构成有2种形式①am/is/are/going to + do(动词原形)；②will/shall + do(动词原形)。(shall只用于第一人称I和We)
否定形式：①am/is/are/+not going to + do(动词原形); ②will/shall +not+ do(动词原形)。
一般疑问句：①am/is/are/放于句首；②will/shall提到句首。
3.用法：时间提示词：tomorrow,the day after tomorrow,next week,in three years,soon,by the end of +将来时间,by+将来时间等。
(注：1)表示位置移动的动词 come,go,leave,start,arrive,stop等动词的现在进行时可表一般将来时；2）be+to do 和 be about to do 也可表示将来时)
练习
1.We ___________ (help )the farmers with the apple-picking tomorrow.
2.Don't worry! The teacher ____________(tell) us what to do with it .
3. I don't know if he ____________(go) there.
4.She _______________(go) by bus if it rains.
5.——How soon ____________ the train ___________(arrive)?
——In ten minutes.
6. ___________ you ____________(visit) your uncle next month?
现在完成时
1.意义：1）表示到现在为止已经完成的动作或结束的状态，但句子中没有过去时间状语。2）某种情况从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在，并且有可能继续下去。 这种情况句尾常用for…或since短语。
2.基本结构（肯定形式）：have/has + done(动词的过去分词). (过去分词是怎样变成的?)
否定形式：have/has + not +done(动词的过去分词).
一般疑问句：have或has提到句首。
3.用法：时间提示词recently，lately，already，just(刚刚)，yet(还，已经)，ever，never，for…，since…，before,，so far（到目前为止），in the past …years(在最近的…年里)，ever since(此后一直)等。
练习：
一.用括号里所给动词的时态填空。
1.You're late ,The film _______ already ________ (begin)
2. They moved to Canada in 1977 and ____________ (live) there ever since.
3. __________ you _______(see) Mr Smith ? I'm looking for him all the morning.
4. In the past ten years, great changes ___________(take ) place in Guang dong.
5. How long ______ you _________ (be) in China?
6. Please give the book back to me if you ______________ (finish) reading it.
7. Miss Zhou isn't here. She ______________ (go) to the library.
8. Mary________________ (be)to England twice.
二.完成句子。
1.我来到河口中学17年了。
I __________________ HeKou Middle School______________________.
2. 他已经去了北京。He ________________________Bei jing .
3. 你曾经去过上海吗? ___________________________Shanghai ?
(注：现在完成时和for /since 短语 how long 连用时， 表示动作或状态从过去一直延续至现在，其谓语动词要用延续性动词， 否则用其他词或词语替换。) 如：
buy ——have borrow —— keep die ——be dead come /go ——be at/ in
leave/ go ——be away (from) open——be open close——be closed join ——be in / be a member of … begin ——be on fall asleep ——be asleep
被动语态
一.初中阶段，根据时态的不同，被动语态的基本结构有以下几种形式。
1.一般现在时：am/is/are+过去分词
2.一般过去时：was/were+过去分词
3.一般将来时：1)will/shall be+过去分词，2)is/ am/ are going to be +过去分词
4.现在完成时：have/has been +过去分词
5.现在进行时：am/ is /are +being+过去分词
6.过去进行时：was/ were being +过去分词
7.过去将来时：1)would be +过去分词，2)was/ were going to be +过去分词
8.过去完成时：had been +过去分词
9.含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+be+过去分词
（情态动词：can， could， may， might， will， would ，shall， should， must， need，）
二．练习
一）把下列句子变为被动语态。
1.They listened to the policeman carefully.
2.He ate up the pears.
3.They take care of the Children every day.
4.I gave back this book to the library yesterday.
5.He gave me a card.
6.He often buys me milk.
7.He asked me to help him.
8.He let me know the news .
(注： make ……do … 变为 be made to do ……
see……do … 变为 be seen to do ……
hear……do … 变为 be heard to do …
let……do … 变为 be let to do …
watch……do … 变为 be watched to do …
feel……do … 变为 be felt to do …
notice……do … 变为 be noticed to do …)
9.Who wrote this book？
10.Who broke the window ？
11.She didn't see us go into the shop.
12. Do you hear her sing Russian songs ?
13.She doesn't let her son swim in the river.
14. He showed me the way to the post office.
二.完成句子
1.这些花必须每天都浇水吗?
________ these flowers __________ every day ?
2. 老年人应得到很好的照顾.
Old people should ________________________________________.
3.书看完后要放好.
After you finish reading the books,______________________________.
4.必须采取措施阻止人口迅速增长.
Something _________ __________ ____________ to stop the population from increasing.
四.选择正确答案
( )1.The workers _________ day and night by the boss.
A. are making to work B. are made to work C. made to work D. are made work
( )2. Two cakes were made ________ him by her last night.
A. with B. in C. for D. at
( )3. I wasn't at home yesterday . I ____________ to help with the harvest on the farm.
A. asked B.was asked C. was asking D. had asked.
( )4. The Children are often asked __________ loudly. in the library. They must keep quiet.
A. to speak B. not to speak C. don't speak D .not speak
( )5. Something must be done _________ these animals.
A. save B. to save C. saving D. saved.
动词不定式
一、不定式作宾语,能接不定式作宾语的动词有：
want ，would like ，hope ，wish ，expect ，agree ，seem ，learn ，need ，refuse ,manage ，
afford，fail
二、不定式作宾语补足语,能接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：
1、接带有to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词；
ask，tell，teach，invite，want，woulk like，except，wish，encourage，order，allow，advise，like，get，follow
2、接不带有to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词；
1）、使让动词：make，let
2）、感官动词：look，see， watch，notice，listen，hear，feel，find
3、接带to或不带有to的动词不定式作宾语补足语均可的动词；
help
三、不定式作状语：1、作原因状语，如，Nice to meet you! 2、作目的状语，如I come here to tell you about it. 3、做结果状语，He is old enough to go to school.
一、 不定式用在how,when,where, what,which等之后。
构词法
(1)常见的构词法
1)合成词：合成词是由两个或两个以上的词构成一个新的词。如：blackboard(黑板)，newspaper(报纸)，afternoon(下午) ,pencil-box(铅笔盒)。
2)派生词：派生词是由词根加派生词缀构成的词，词根是派生词的基础，同一词根加不同的派生词缀可以表示不同的意义，还可以表示不同的词的词性。
动词变名词：＋后缀er drive(驾驶)——driver(驾驶员)
teach(教)——teacher(教师)
read(阅读)——reader(读者)
＋后缀or invent(发明)——inventor(发明家)
visit(访问)——visitor(访问者)
＋后缀tion invent(发明)——invention(发明)
operate(手术)——operation(手术)
名词变形容词：＋后缀y wind(风)——windy(刮风的)
sun(太阳)——sunny(晴朗的)
＋后缀ful help(帮助)——helpful(有帮助的)
care(小心)——careful(小心的)
＋后缀ly friend(朋友)——friendly(友好的)
形容词变名词：+后缀ness good(好的)——goodness(善良，美德)
kind(和善的)——kindness(和善)
形容词变副词：＋后缀ly bad(坏的)——badly(糟糕地)
quick(快的)——quickly(迅速地)
改变词义：＋前缀un happy(高兴的)——unhappy(不高兴的)
usual(平常的)——unusual(不平常的)
３)转化词：转化词是指由一种词类转用作另一种词类的词。例如：
hand(n .)手， hand(v .)传递， dry(adj .)干燥的， dry(v .) 烘干
［说明］初中总复习中，词汇的复习十分重要。掌握单词和词组的用法是学好语言的前提之一。没有一定的词汇量，不掌握词语的基本用法，就失去了英语知识复习的基础，也就更谈不上灵活运用和综合分析能力了。
(2)词形变化
英语词汇的词形变化除了前面讲的词根＋派生词缀构成的派生词的变化外，还存在有一些单词词尾的屈折变化，它们是：
1)表示名词复数的词形变化。例如：
hand—hands(手) picture—pictures(图片)
knife—knives(小刀) city—cities(城市)
2)表示形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的词形变化。例如：
cheap—cheaper—cheapest(便宜的)
late—later—latest(迟来的，迟来地)
early—earlier—earliest(早的、早地)
3)表示动词一般现在时第三人称单数的词形变化。例如：
clean—cleans(打扫) catch—catches(按住) carry—carries(携带)
4)表示动词过去时和-ed分词的词形变化。例如：
walk—walked(走，) carry—carried(搬运)
close—closed(关闭) stop—stopped(阻止)
5)表示动词-ing分词的词形变化。例如：
walk—walking(走) make—making(做) sit—sitting(坐)
句子种类
【考点直击】
按照句子的用途，英语句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。按照句子的结构，英语句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。中考对句子的考查主要集中在以下几个方面：
1. 陈述句的构成形式及基本用法；
2. 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法；
3. 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法；
4. 由what, how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别。
对于各种从句的用法我们在后面分别论述。
【名师点睛】
一. 陈述句的构成形式及基本用法
1. 陈述句：
陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法（包括肯定和否定）的句子。通常用降调，句末用句号“.”。
Tom has a new car.
The flower isn’t beautiful.
2. 陈述句否定式的构成
(1) 如果肯定陈述句的谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词be，则只需在这些动词后加not即可构成否定式。
He is playing the guitar.（肯定）
He is not playing the guitar.（否定）
We can get there before dark.（肯定）
We can’t get there before dark.（否定）
(2) 如果陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词，而其中又没有情态动词或助动词时，则需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加don’t, doesn’t或didn’t。同时把该实义动词变为原形。
He plays the violin well.（肯定）
He doesn’t play the violin well.（否定）
She won the game.（肯定）
She didn’t win the game.（否定）
(3) 如果句子是there be结构或谓语动词是have（有），除了be和have之后加not之外，句中如果有some要变为any。例如：
There is some water in the cup. →There is not any water in the cup.
He has some books. →He doesn’t have any books.
(4) 除not以外，否定词no, never, nothing, nobody, few等也可构成否定句。例如：
There is something wrong with his bike. →There is nothing wrong with his bike.
I have seen the film. →I have never seen the film.
二. 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法
祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子，谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号“！”或句号“.”。朗读时一般用降调。
1. 肯定的祈使句：
（1）祈使句主语是you时，you常省略，但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以有主语或称呼语。
Be quiet.
You be quiet!
（2）“Do+祈使句”表示一种强烈的感情或请求，do起强调作用。
Do come back at once!
Do be careful.
（3）please用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气，但please用在句末时，必须用逗号与其余部分分开。
Open the window, please.
（4）Let引导祈使句时，后面需跟上人称代词或称呼语，人称代词一般只用第一、第三人称。
Let Jack wait a minute.
Let’s go to school.
（5）在祈使句中，Let’s和 Let us是有区别的。Let’s包括说话者，而Let us不包括听话者在内。这点从反意疑问句时可明显看出。
Let’s go skating, shall we?（表示内部的建议）
Let us try again, will you?（表示向别人发出请求）
2. 否定祈使句通常以Don’t或Never开头。其结构通常是：“Don’t(Never)+动词原形+其他成分” 例如：
Don’t do that again!
Never leave today’s work for tomorrow!
Don’t be late next time!
三. 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法
1. 一般疑问句：
（1）一般疑问句的肯定形式
一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、be动词或have（有）开始，通常要求以yes，或no来回答的疑问句，一般疑问句读时通常用升调。
Do you know Mr. Smith?
Can you swim?
（2）一般疑问句的否定结构
① 在一般疑问句的否定结构中，把副词not放在一般疑问句的主语之后。但如果用not的简略形式-n’t，则须将-n’t与一般疑问句句首的be, have，助动词或情态动词写在一起。在实际运用中，一般都采用简略式。
Are you not a football fan?
Aren’t you a football fan?
Will she not like it?
Won’t she like it?
② 与汉语不同的是，英语一般疑问句否定结构的答语是否定还是肯定，全由答语的否定或肯定来决定。若答语是肯定的，则用yes加肯定结构；若答语是否定的，则用no加否定结构。
Aren’t you a football fan? 你不是足球迷吗？
Yes, I am.
No, I am not.
Won’t she like it?
Yes, she will.
No, she won’t.
2. 特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句由“疑问代词或疑问副词+一般疑问句”构成，句子一般用倒装语序，但如果主语是疑问代词或由疑问代词修饰时，用陈述句的语序。特殊疑问句不能用yes或no回答，读时用降调。例如：
Who is on duty today?
How long have you been in Beijing?
What time do you get up every morning?
What must I do now?
常用的特殊疑问句
询问内容
疑问词或句型
例 句
回 答
职业，身份
what
What is your father?
He is a doctor.
姓名或关系
who
Who is that boy?
He is Jack.
He is my brother
相貌特征
what…like?
What is she like?
What does she look like?
She is beautiful.
目的
what…for?
What did they come here for?
To attend a meeting.
原因
why
Why did they come here?
Because they have a meeting to attend.
天气
how
what…like?
How is the weather today?
What is the weather like today?
It’s fine.
颜色
what color…？
What dolor is her skirt?
It’s red.
服装尺寸
what size
What size does he wear?
He wars 40.
几点钟
what time
What time is it?
It’s 7:30.
星期几
what day
What day is today?
It’s Tuesday.
几号，日期
what is the date…?
What is the date today?
It’s May 2.
年龄（多大）
how old
How old is he?
He is 38.
持续多长时间（多久）
how long
How long have you been here?
For five months.
长度（多长）
how long
How long is the bridge?
It’s 500 metres.
距离（多远）
how far
How far is it from here to the zoo?
It’s 6 kilometres.
频度
（多经常）
how often
How often do you come back?
Once a week.
时间经过
（多快）
how soon
How soon will she arrive?
In an week.
数量
（多少）
how many（可数名词）
how much（不可数名词）
How many jackets do you have?
How much coffee do you want?
Three.
Two cups.
价格
how much
How much is it?
How much does it cost?
Five dollars.
高度
（多高）
how tall（人，树）
how high（山，建筑物）
How tall is she?
How high is the tower?
She’s 1.73 metres.
It’s 450 metres.
3. 选择疑问句：
选择疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不同情况，让对方选择回答的疑问句。其结构是“疑问句+选择部分”。选择部分由or连接，or前面的部分读升调，or后面的部分读降调。
选择疑问句不能用yes或no回答，而必须具体的选择答复。
Is your bag yellow or black? It’s black.。
Would you like some tea or coffee? Either will do.。
Which do you like better, singing or dancing? I like dancing better.
4. 反意疑问句：
反意疑问句是指在陈述句之后附加一个意思与之相反的简短问句，问对方是否赞同的疑问句。附加问句的否定式必须缩写。
（1）肯定的陈述句后跟否定的附加问句，否定的陈述句后跟肯定的附加问句。
I am your teacher, aren’t I?
He didn’t study hard, did he?
（2）如果陈述句中含有否定副词never（从不，决不），hardly（几乎不）或其他表示否定代词或形容词，如nothing, none no one, nobody, neither, few, little等，则附加问句只能用肯定式。如：
They hardly write to each other, do they?
He has found nothing, has he?
Few people knew the secret, did they?
（3）当反意疑问句是“否定陈述句+肯定附加问句”时，英语与汉语的回答习惯存在差异。英语回答时只看实际情况，若答语的具体内容是肯定的就用“Yes+肯定结构”，答语的具体内容是否定的就用“No+否定结构”，而译成汉语时，则必须把yes译“不是”，把no译成“是的”。
---You won’t be away for long, will you? 你不会离开太久，是吗？
---Yes, I will.不，我会离开很久。
---No, I won’t.是的，我不会离开很久。
---I don’t think she’ll come by bike, will she? 我认为她不会骑自行车，会吗？
---Yes, she will.不，她会骑自行车来。
---No, she won’t.是的，她不会骑自行车来。
四. 由what, how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别
感叹句是表示喜、怒、哀、乐以及惊异等感情的句子。句末用感叹号“！”，读时用降调，感叹句往往由what或how引导，what修饰名词，how修饰形容词，副词或动词。
1. what引导的感叹句：
（1）what + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词+陈述句（主语+谓语）
What a beautiful city it is!
What an interesting story she told!
（2）what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+陈述句（主语+谓语）
What expensive watches they are!
What terrible weather it is!
2．How引导的感叹句：
（1）How+形容词/副词+陈述句（主语+谓语）
How cold it is!
How hard he works!
（2）How+陈述句（主语+谓语）
How he loves his son!
How I miss you!
（3）How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+陈述句（主语+谓语）
How tall a tree it is!
（4）上述两种感叹句可以互相转换。例如：
What a clever boy he is!→How clever the boy is!
What a cold day it is!→How cold it is!
练习：
一. 选择正确的答案。
( )1. _________ useful computer it is! A. What B. What a C. What an D. How
( )2. ---________ is it from Jiaxing to Hangzhou?
---I’m not sure, but it takes about ninety minutes to get there by bus.
A. How many B. How often C. How much D. How far
( )3. ---_______ will it take us to get there by bus?
---About two hours.
A. How soon B. How often C. How long D. How quick
( )4. ---Help! There is a snake near the house.
---________ afraid. It will go away later.
A. Don’t B. Not C. Don’t be D. Be
( )5. ---Linda had nothing for breakfast this morning, _______?
---No. She got up too late.
A. had she B. hadn’t she C. did she D. didn’t she
( )6 ---The room is so dirty. ______ we clean it?
---Of course.
A. Will B. Would C. Do D. Shall
( )6. ---_______ good weather! Why not go out for a walk?
A. What B. How C. What a D. How a
( )7. ---_______ to the United States?
---No, never, but I went to Canada a few years ago.
A. Have you been B. Have you gone C. Did you go D. Will you go
( )8. ---_______ were you away from school last year?
---About two weeks.
A. How often B. How soon C. How long D. When
( )9. _______ is your mother, a teacher or a doctor?
A. What B. Which C. Who D. whose
( )10. ---______he ______ at this school last term?
---Yes, I think so.
A. Did…study B. Does…study C. Was…study D. Did…studied
( )11. ---________ do you write to your pen-friend?
---Once a week.
A. How long B. How soon C. How far D. How often
( )12. The sick man’s allowed to take a walk in the garden every day, _______?
A. is he B. isn’t he C. has he D. hasn’t he
13. ______ cross the road before the traffic lights turn green.
A. Not B. Won’t C. Don’t D. Doesn’t
14. You haven’t changed your mind, ________?
A. do you B. are you C. have you D. did you
二. 句型转换（按要求改写下列句子）
1. Bruce bought a dictionary yesterday. (改为否定句)
Bruce ________ ________ a dictionary yesterday.
2. Mr. Smith does morning exercises every day. (改为一般疑问句)
________ Mr. Smith ______ morning exercises every day?
3. Allan will go back to England by plane next month. (就划线部分提问)
________ _______ Allan go back to England next month?
4. There are some apples on the table. (改为否定句)
There _______ _______ apples on the table.
5. When she sees you, she will tell you the news(就划线部分提问)
_______ ______ she tell you the news?
6. Uncle Wang likes making things. (改写为否定句)
Uncle Wang _______ _______ making things.
7. Ann returned the book to the library yesterday. (改为一般疑问句)
________ Ann _______ the book to the library yesterday?
8. Our city is very beautiful. (改为感叹句)
_______ _______ our city is!
9. He has worked in this school for five years. (就划线部分提问)
_______ _______ has he worked in this school?
10. Both of them are my best friends. (改为否定句)
_______ of them _______ my best friend.
11. They are happy to see each other. (改为感叹句)
_______ ______ they are to see each other!
12. The exam begins at nine. (改为一般疑问句)
________ the exam _______ at nine?
13. He was playing basketball at four yesterday afternoon. (就划线部分提问)
______ ______ he ______ at four yesterday afternoon?
14. He had nothing for breakfast. (改为反意疑问句)
He had nothing for breakfast ______ _______?
15. She doesn’t think I can surf on the Internet. (改反意疑问句)
She doesn’t think I can surf on the Internet, _______ _______?
16. He’s put the tree in the hole? (改为一般疑问句)
______ he ______ the tree in the hole?
17. How useful the book is! (改为陈述句)
It is ______ ______ useful book.
18. The population of Australia is about 19,500,000. (就划线部分提问)
_______ ______ population of Australia?
19. The meeting will start in ten minutes. (就划线部分提问)
_______ ______ will the meeting start?
20. Don’t tell him to come to my office. (改为肯定的祈使句)
______ ______ to come to my office.
简单句的基本句型
课标要求及命题趋势：句子是英语的基础，简单句是考试热点。在写作中更能看出一个人的基本功。同学们除了要掌握基本的句型结构要求外，更要注重在平时练习写作，熟记句型，为自己考试拿到高分作好准备。
指点迷津
一 简单句的五种基本句型
简单句是由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。
1. SVC结构（主语+系动词+表语）
在这种句型中，动词必须是系动词，在动词之后跟有表语。表语可以是名词（词组）、形容词（词组）、副词（词组）等。如：
The teacher is kind.
She looks fine.
My son became a doctor at last.
系动词除be外，常见的还有keep（保持）,look（看起来），feel（觉得），smell（闻起来），sound（听起来），taste（尝起来），grow, get, go, turn（变得）等。
2. SV结构（主语+不及物动词）
（1）在这个结构中，动词是不及物动词，动词后边没有宾语。如：
My head aches.
He is singing.
（2）有些动词后边必须带有状语，否则意思就不明确。如：
The professor lives in Beijing.
We stayed in China for a few days.
常见的不及物动词有：
sleep, walk, swim, happen, take place, go, come, work, laugh, stay等.
3. SVO结构（主语+及物动词+宾语）
在这个结构中，谓语动词必须是及物动词，在动词后边跟有宾语。
如：He can drive a car.
They speak English.
有些不及物动词后面加上介词或副词可以把它看成一个及物动词，这时后边可接宾语。如：
Please listen to me carefully
4. SVOO结构（主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语）
（1）双宾语动词
在这个结构中，动词是带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的及物动词。直接宾语多指物；间接宾语多指人。常用的带有双宾语的动词有：
give, send, tell, bring, lend, buy, teach, get, call,, ask, wish, offer等。如：He gave the inspector his passport.
My father taught us English.
（2）宾语的位置
间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前，但是，如果为了强调间接宾语或者由于间接宾语较长，常把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后。这时要在间接宾语的前面加上适当的介词。
如：The old man bought his daughter a nice scarf.=The old man bought a nice scarf for his daughter.
（属于这种结构的动词有buy ，get ，make ，find ，sing，cook ，choose 等）
Give the teacher this book.=Give this book to the teacher.
（属于这种结构的动词有give ，throw ，pass ，hand ，show ，bring ，lend ，send ，return ，leave ，offer等）
5. SVOC结构（主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语）
在这种结构中，宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的。
（1）在某些及物动词后，需要一个宾语再加上一个宾语的补语才能表达完整的意思，这样宾语和宾补称为复合宾语。名词、形容词、不定式、分词、副词都可以作宾补。
（2）常跟复合宾语的动词有：call, name, make, think, find, leave, keep等。如：His mother finds him a clever boy.
Please keep the room clean.
（3）在see, watch, look at, listen to, heat, feel, let, make（使）, have（使）等这些动词后的宾补，如果是不定式从当时，则省去“to”，但变为被动语态时“to”还原。但在ask ，tell ，teach ，invite ，want ，woulk like ，except ，wish ，encourange ，order ，allow ，advise，like ，get ，follow
这些动词后的宾补，如果是不定式从当时，则要“to”，变为被动语态时也要“to”
如：I heard a man knock at the door three times.
A man was heard to knock at the door three times.
My teacher often asks me to study hard.
I is often asked to study hard.
（4）复合宾语中，宾语与宾语的补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，而双宾语没有这种关系。
如： We call him Xiao Wang.
二there be结构.
英语中“there + be +sb. /sth. + 地点”结构表示“某处有某人或某物”。There是引导词，本身没有意思，be是谓语动词，be后面是主语，be必须和主语的数保持一致。
如：There is a garden behind the house.
There are two books on the desk.
如果主语部分是两个以上的并列主语时，be一般和邻近的主语的数保持一致。如：There is a cup and two books on the desk.
There ate five students and a teacher in the classroom.
“there + be + sb./ sth.+ 地点结构的否定形式是在be后面加not, not any, no.
如：There are not any cars on the road.
一般疑问句把be提前到句首。
如： Are there any cars on the road?
此结构中的be也可以用live，lie等不及物动词。
There lives an old man.
练习：
说明下列句子中的动词属于五种句型中的哪一种：
A . SV B. SVP/SLP C. SVO D. SVOO E. SVOC
1 Don't tell lies.
2 Tell him to wait for us.
3 He told us an interesting story.
4 May I ask a question ?
5 We often ask our teacher to explain the sentence again.
6 He made a fire.
7 We must make our city beautiful.
8 He will make himself a pencil-box.
9 The doctor felt my head and took my temperature.
10 He felt better the next day.
11 She felt in her pocket for the sky.
12 Trees grow fast in spring.
13 We grow cotton here.
14 It's growing dark.
15 Please stand up.
英语并列句和复合句
句子的种类
1. 按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四类；
2. 句子按其结构可以分为简单句、并列句、复合句三类。下面就考试中常见的并列句和复合句做简单介绍。
一、并列句
1. 由and、but、or、so、for等并列连词把两个简单句连接起来而成的。例如： John likes playing basketball, but he didn’t play it yesterday. 约翰喜欢打篮球，但他昨天没打。 You should hurry, or you will miss the train. 你该快点了，否则要误车了。 He must be a good student, for he is always careful with his lessons. 他肯定是个好学生，因为他学习一直很认真仔细。
2. 由并列连词词组连接成的。常用的有not only … but also … , either … or … , neither … nor … , not … but …, both … and …, 等等。例如：Not only one but also all of us were invited. 不只是一个，而是我们全体都受到邀请。 Either you do it, or I ask for somebody else to do it. 要么你来做，要么我请其他人来做。 Neither Tom nor Jack has finished the homework.汤姆和杰克都没有完成作业。 Not couldn’t they complete the task, but the task was too tough.不是他们完不成任务，而是任务太重了。
二、主从复合句
包含两个或多个主谓结构，并且，其中一个主谓结构充当主句，另一个或多个主谓结构为从句，充当该主句的主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语，这样的句子叫做复合句。
按照从句在整个复合句中所起的语法作用，可将复合句分为六类。即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句。在以往的英语应用能力等级考试中，这六种复合句都曾出现过，其中尤其以宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句为多。下面分别予以讲解。
（一）宾语从句
一. 宾语从句的种类
宾语从句是一种名词性从句，在句中作及物动词的宾语，或介词的宾语，或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。
1. 由that引导的宾语从句。That只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。例如：
He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.
She doesn’t know (that) she is seriously ill.
I am sure (that) he will succeed.
2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如：
Do you know who (whom) they are waiting foe?
He asked whose handwriting was the best.
Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is?
I don’t know why the train is late.
3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。例如：
I want to know if (whether) he lives there.
He asked me whether (if) I could help him.
二. 宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。例如：
I hear (that) physics isn’t easy.
I think (that) you will like this school soon.
Can you tell me how I can get to zoo?
Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting.
三. 宾语从句的时态
1. 如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态。
如：
I don’t think (that) you are right.
Please tell us where he is.
Can you tell me how you got to the railway station?
2. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态（一般过去时， 过去进行时， 过去将来时，过去完成时）。例如：
He asked what time it was.
He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.
He asked if you had written to Peter.
He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon.
3. 如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理，其时态常用一般现在时。例如：
Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year.
Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.
练习：
一. 选择正确的答案。
( )1. Miss Green didn’t tell us _______ in 2002.
A. where does she live B. Where she lives C. where did she live D. where she lived
( )2. Would you please tell me ________?
A. when did he come home B. where he would play football
C. if he had seen the film D. why he didn’t watch the game
( )3. I don’t know when __________3.
A. will the train leave B. the train will leave C. would the train leave D. the train leave
（二）定语从句
一. 定语从句的功用和结构
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如：
This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.
Do you know everybody who came to the party?
I still remember the night when I first came to the village?
This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived.
二. 关系代词和关系副词的功用
关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词做主语，宾语，定语，关系副词可作状语。
1. 作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例如：
I don’t like people who talk much but do little.
The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.
2. 作宾语：
She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.
The book that my grandmother gave me is called “The Great Escape”.
3. 作定语
关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。例如：
What’s the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?
The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.
4. 作状语
I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.
This is the house where I was born.
三. 各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法
1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。例如：
The person who broke the window must pay for it.
The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.
2. whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。例如：
Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate？
Mr Lee (whom) you want to see has come.
3. whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。例如：
The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.
I know the boy whose father is a professor.
4. which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如：
A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.
Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.
5. that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如：
I’ve read the newspaper that(which) carries(刊登) the important news.
Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there?
6. when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如：
I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.
He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.
7. where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例如：
This is the house where we lived last year.
The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.
四. 关系代词 whom， which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面，如：
That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.
五. 具体使用时还要注意下列问题：
只能用which，不用that 的情况：
(1) 在非限制性定语从中。例如：
The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.
(2) 定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。例如：
The thing about which he is talking is important.
练习：
一. 选择正确的答案。
( )1. ---Does the teacher know everybody _______ planted the trees?
---Yes, he does. A. which B. whose C. where D. who
( )2. The letter _______ I received from him yesterday is very important.
A. who B. where C. what D. that
( )3. ---Where is the scientist ________ gave us the talk yesterday?
---He has gone back to Qinghua University.
A. whom B. who C. whose D. which
( )4.I hate people _______ talk much but do little.
A. whose B. whom C. which D. who
（三）状语从句
用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句， 原因状语从句，结果状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，让步状语从句。
1. 时间状语从句
(1)时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。例如：
It was raining hard when I got to school yesterday.
While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang.
As he walked along the lake, he sang happily.
He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China.
After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory.
(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：
I’ll ring you up as soon as I get to New York.
I will tell him everything when he comes back.
He won’t believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.
(3)在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到……时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是“直到……才……”, “在……以前不……”, 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如：
The young man read till the light went out.
Let’s wait until the rain stops.
We won’t start until Bob comes.
Don’t get off until the bus stops.
2. 条件状语从句
(1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如：
What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?
Don’t leave the building unless I tell you to.
(2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：
I’ll help you with your English if am free tomorrow.
He won’t be late unless he is ill.
(3)“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句” 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如：
Hurry up, or you’ll be late.=If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.
Study hard and you will pass the exam.=If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
3. 原因状语从句
(1)原因状语从句通常由because, since, as引导。例如：
He didn’t come to school because he was ill.
As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo.
Since you can’t answer the question, I’ll ask someone else.
(2)because表示直接原因，语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。As和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。例如：
------Why aren’t going there?
------Because I don’t want to.
As he has no car, he can’t get there easily.
Since we have no money, we can’t buy it.
(3)because和so不能同用在一个句子里。
4. 结果状语从句
(1)结果状语从句由so…that, such…that, so that引导。例如：
He is so poor that he can’t buy a bike for his son.
She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her.
My pencil fell under the desk, so that I couldn’t see it.
(2)so…that和such...that可以互换。例如：
在由so...that引导的结果状语从句中，so是副词，与形容词连用。其结构是: “...so + 形容词（副词）+ that + 从句”。例如：
He was so glad that he couldn’t say a word.
The hall is so big that it can hold(容纳) 2,000 people.
Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her.
在由such…that引导的结果状语从句中，such是形容词，它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可不带。如果是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词a或an。例如：
It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.
He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.
He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid-term.
有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。例如：
It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again.
=The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again.
It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it.
=The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it.
(3)如果名词前由many, much, little, few等词修饰时，只能用so, 不用such。例如：
Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses.
He has so little time that he can’t go to the cinema with you.
5. 比较状语从句
比较状语从句通常由as…as, 比较级 + than…等连词引导。例如：
Tom runs faster than John does.
This classroom is as big as that one.
6. 目的状语从句
(1)目的状语从句通常由 so that, in order that引导。例如：
We started early so that we could catch the first train.
He studies hard so that he could work better in the future.
We used the computer in order that we might save time.
(2)so that既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个：1)目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can, could, may, might等。2)从意思上看，目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。例如：
Speak clearly so that they may understand you. (目的状语从句)
Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest. (结果状语从句)
7. 让步状语从句
(1)让步状语从句通常由although, though等连词引导。例如：
Though he is young, he knows a lot.
Although I am tired, I must go on working.
(2)although(though)和but不能用在同一个句子中。例如：
我们不能说：Though it was raining hard, but he still went out.
应该说：Though it was raining hard, he still went out.或It was raining hard, but he still went out.
8. 地点状语从句
地点状语从句常常由where来引导。例如：
Go where you like.
Where there is a will, there is a way.(哪里有意志，哪里就有路。即有志者事竟成。)
练习：
一. 选择正确的答案。
( )1. You will stay healthy _______ you do more exercise, such as running and walking.
A. if B. how C. before D. where
( )2. ---Shall we go on working?
---Yes, _________ I prefer to have a rest.
A. when B. if C. because D. though
( )3. None of us knew what had happened _________ they told us about it.
A. when B. until C. after D. though
( )4. ---I hope you’ll enjoy your trip, dear!
---Thank you, mum. I’ll give you a call _________ I get there.
A. until B. as soon as C. since D. till
( )5. ---Do you know if he _______ to play basket ball with us?
---I think he will come if he ______ free tomorrow.
A. comes; is B. comes; will be C. will come; is D. will come; will be
( )6. I don’t remember ________ he worked in that city when he was young.
A. what B. which C. where D. who
( )7. We will stay at home if my aunt ________ to visit us tomorrow.
A. comes B. come C. will come D. is coming
( )8. The police asked the children _____ cross the street ______the traffic lights turned green.
A. not; before B. don’t; when C. not to; until D. not; after
( )9. I’ll go swimming with you if I ________ free tomorrow.
A. will be B. shall be C. am D. was
( )10. In the exam, the ________ you are, ______ the _______ mistakes you will make.
A. careful; little B. more careful; fewest C. more careful; fewer D. more careful; less
( )12. I hurried _____ I wouldn’t be late for class. A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless
( )13. When you read the book, you’d better make a mark _______ you have any questions.
A. which B. that C. where D. though
( )14. Mary had ______ much work to do that she stayed at her office all day.
A. such B. so C. too D. very
( )15. ______ the day went on, the weather got worse.
A. With B. Since C. While D. As
( )16. ______ well you can drive, you must drive carefully.
A. So long as B. In order that C. No matter how D. The moment
( )17. Write to me as soon as you ________ to Beijing.
A. will get B. get C. getting D. got
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