英语考前复习透析中考英语语法时态考点 16页

透析中考英语语法时态考点 ‎ ‎【时态命题趋势与预测】‎ 时态是高考命题的重点,.主要考查考生在具体语境、特殊语境中对时态的运用能力。进行时、完成时以及完成进行时的考查则是重中之重，故考生在掌握特殊情况下表达一般时的同时，应更加注重进行时完成时以及完成进行时的运用。‎ ‎【考点诠释】‎ 一、对一般现在时考查 ‎1．考查其基本概念：‎ 一般现在时通常表示习惯性的、反复发生的动作。通常与表示频度的副词如 often, sometimes, usually, always, occasionally 等和时间状语如 in the evening, at night, twice a month, every day / week / month / year, on Sundays 等连用。一般现在时可表示主语的特征、能力或状态以及普遍真理。‎ ‎【考例】The woman and her husband __________in the same office. [广东省]‎ A. work B. works C. is working D. has worked ‎[答案]A．[解析]本题考查时态。句意为“这个妇女和她丈夫在同一个办公室工作”。句中虽然没有时间状语，但是可以从句意上看出是经常性的动作，故用一般现在时；句子主语为复数，故动词用原形work。‎ ‎2．考查一般现在时的替代用法：在由 when, after, before, until, till, as soon as, the minute / second / moment, the next time 等引导的时间状语中或由 if, so / as long as, once, even if, although, whether…or…, in case, whatever, whenever, wherever 等引导的条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 ‎ ‎【考例】--I'm sorry that John is out.‎ ‎--Please ask him to call me as soon as he______________.[成都市]‎ A. returned B. returns C. will return ‎[答案]B．[解析]考查以as soon as引导的从句。 以as soon as引导的时间状语从句常以一般现在时代替一般将来时。‎ 二、对一般过去时的考查 一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态。它常与表过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in , at that time等。 有时句子中虽然不含表示过去时间的状语，但根据语境可判断动作或状态已经发生，而且与现在没有任何联系，也需用一般过去时。 ‎ ‎【考例】一What did you do after school yesterday?‎ 一I ________basketball with my friends．[北京市]‎ A play B played C will play D．am playing ‎[答案]B．[解析]由上句“昨天放学后你在干什么？”句意可知对过去发生的事情询问，回答也应用过去式。故选B。‎ 一Mr. Green，____you ____Three Lanes and Seven Alleys(三坊七巷)last Sunday?‎ 一No．but I'll visit them next week. [福州市] ‎ A． will；go to B have；been to C did；go to D．have；gone to ‎[答案]C．[解析]本题是一个单纯考查时态的题目。A项是一般将来时，B、D两项是现在完成时，c项是一般过去时。句中有一个典型的表示过去时间的状语"last Sunday"，类似这样的时间状语，往往与一般过去时态的谓语动词连用，所以正确答案为C项。‎ His family the zoo last week. [吉林省]‎ ‎ 第 - 16 - 页 共 16 页 ‎ A. visit B. am visiting C. visited D. will visit ‎[答案]C．[解析] 由关键信息last week(表过去)可直接选C。‎ 三、对一般将来时的考查 一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或状态。一般将来时有多种表达法：‎ ‎1．be going to do 表示计划、安排或有迹象表明要发生的事情。‎ ‎2．“shall / will + do”单纯表示将来，不含计划、安排之意；有时表示主语的临时决断。‎ ‎3．be about to do sth 表示马上就要发生某事，通常不与时间状语连用，常用于be about to do...when... 结构, 表示“正要……突然……”。‎ ‎4．某些主要用于表示动作转移的动词，如：come, go, leave, start, arrive, meet, move, sail, begin, fall, marry, publish, see, stay等，用现在时表示将来时，指的是按计划安排或时刻表要发生的事。‎ ‎5．“be to + 动词原形”表示预先安排好的计划或约定。‎ ‎6．祈使句 + or / and + 一般将来时态的并列句”句型中 ‎【考例】I the CDs to you if I have time tomorrow．[北京市]‎ A. will return B returned C have returned D return ‎[答案]A．[解析] 考查if引导的主从复合句。以if引导的条件状语从句，若主句用一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时代替一般将来时。‎ ‎--Mum, what are you doing?‎ ‎--Your uncle has come. I_______ put an extra fork on the table. [太原市]‎ A. will B. have C. would ‎[答案]A．[解析]本题重在考查一般将来时的用法。从问句"What are you doing"推知A项will最适合语境。‎ ‎--Look at the noisy kids!‎ ‎--Haven't you heard the saying "When the cat is away, the mice ________. "?[河南省]‎ A. play B. played C. are playing D. will play ‎[答案]D．[解析]谚语。固定用法。‎ 四、对现在进行时的考查 现在进行时表示目前正在进行的动作或目前所处的状态。有些动词常用现在进行时态表示按计划或安排即将发生的事情。‎ ‎【考例】Jack has never been to Disneyland before，but he ____there this summer．[沈阳市]‎ A． has been． B is going C went D．goes ‎[答案]B．[解析] 依据句意：“杰克以前没有去过迪斯尼乐园，但今年夏天他打算去。”is going正在进行时表将来，故选B。‎ 五、对现在完成时的考查 现在完成时的用法主要有两点：‎ ‎1．过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常用的时间状语有yet, already, just, ever, never, now, before, lately, recently。‎ ‎2．表示某动作从过去开始发生，持续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去。常用的时间状语有today, this week, these days, so far, up to now, since, ever since, since then, by this time, for years / ages, for a long time, several times, in / over the past few years, “since + 过去某一时刻”,“for + 时间段”等。有时在时间或条件状语从句中，可用现在完成时代替将来完成时。‎ ‎【考例】Hearing that she __the entrance exam to the university，Fudy is thrilled．[青岛市]‎ A．has failed in B. is succeeded in C．is failed in D．has succeed in ‎ 第 - 16 - 页 共 16 页 ‎ ‎[答案]D。[解析]本题考查词义辨析 由“听说他成功地通过了考试，Judy非常兴奋。”可知选D。‎ ‎——It's raining! When did it start?‎ ‎ 一I don't know exactly．In fact，it _________all this afternoon. [北京市]‎ ‎ A1asts B has 1asted C．1asted D．will 1ast ‎[答案]B．[解析]考查现在完成时态。从句意“事实上，已持续了整整一个下午了”，不难看出，不能用一般过去时，此句中last"持续”作延续性动词。从信息"all this afternoon"可知。‎ ‎--Are you going to see the film with us? ‎ ‎--No, thanks. I _________ it. [广东省]‎ A. saw B. have seen C. see D. was seeing ‎[答案]B．[解析]本题考查动词的时态。由对话的语境可推测句意“我已看过这部电影”，表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，故应用现在完成时。‎ ‎--Hello, this is Lily speaking. Could I speak to Mr. Black?‎ ‎--Sorry. He _________ the Xuanwu Lake Park. [南京市]‎ A. has been to B. went to C. has gone to D. will go to ‎[答案]C．[解析] 考查现在完成时态。have gone to(到某地去了，还没有回来)；have been to(去过某地，已经回来了)。‎ Jane _________. I'm waiting for her. [成都市]‎ A. came back B. has come back C. hasn't come back ‎[答案]C．[解析]考查现在完成时态。根据后句句意：“我正在等她”可知。‎ ‎6. 过去进行时 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作。过去进行时常用来解释某种行为的原因。过去进行时有时也可表示过去将来时。‎ ‎【考例】——Dick gave me a note while I ___________in the library．‎ 一I guess he made it to say“sorry”to you．[黄冈市]‎ A． are reading B was reading C reads D．will read ‎[答案]B．[解析] 考查过去进行时态。while引导的句子，当主句用一般过去时的时候·从句用过去进行时态。‎ ‎--I called you at half past nine this morning, but there was no answer.‎ ‎ --Oh, sorry. I ________ with my cousin in the supermarket. [安徽省]‎ A. shop B. was shopping C. shopped D. will shop ‎[答案]B．[解析] 此处意为你打电话的那个时候我正在超市，故用过去进行时态。‎ ‎7.被动语态考查 ‎—Susan, why are you still here? They are all ready to start.    ‎ ‎–I’m sorry, but I _____ when to meet. (江西)‎ A. don’t tell        B. didn’t tell      C. haven’t told     D. wasn’t told ‎[答案]：D ‎[命题立意]：本题考查时态的用法。‎ ‎[试题解析]：依据句意：对不起，但我不知道什么时候见面。强调动作发生在过去，I 和tell之间是被动关系。‎ Many old houses around our school ____ next year and a large green area will appear. (上海)‎ A. pull down  B. will be pulled down C. will pull down  D. are pulled down ‎ 第 - 16 - 页 共 16 页 ‎ ‎[答案]：B ‎[命题立意]：本题考查时态和语态的用法。‎ ‎[试题解析]：由题干时间next year 科知识将来时态，句子主语是old houses ,应用被动语态。故选B。‎ ‎--- My watch ______. ‎ ‎--- Don’t worry. Let’s go to the Lost & Found. (浙江)‎ ‎ A. is lost B. is broken C. has found D. has stopped ‎[答案]：A ‎[命题立意]：本题考查交际用语中时态、语态的用法。‎ ‎[试题解析]：由Let’s go to the Lost & Found.可知，说明表丢失了。故选A。‎ ‎---Did you go to Sam’s weekend party?‎ ‎ ---No, I___________. (年湖北宜昌)‎ ‎ A. am not invited B. wasn’t invited C. haven’t invited D. didn’t invite ‎[答案]：B ‎[命题立意]：本题考查时态和语态的用法。‎ ‎[试题解析]：由Did you go to Sam’s weekend party?可知陈述过去的动作的发生，I 和invite之间存在着被动关系。故选B。‎ ‎-- How often ______ your school sports meeting ______? (南通) ‎ ‎-- Once a year.‎ A. does; hold B. was; hold C. is; held D. did; hold ‎[答案]：C ‎[命题立意]：本题考查时态和语态的用法。‎ ‎[试题解析]：How often+一般疑问句？此句型用来提问在某一特定时间内进行某个动作的次数，表示“多长时间一次”。往往针对频度副词如：always, seldom, usually, once a month,‎ sometimes, every five minutes.等提问，常用于现在时或过去时。由题干your school sports meeting 作主语，谓语应用被动语态。故选C。‎ On May 30th, , one bowl in the Ming dynasty (明朝) _______ at the price of 30.36 million Hong Kong dollars. (泰州)‎ ‎ A. sell B. sold C. is sold D. was sold ‎ ‎[答案]：D ‎[命题立意]：本题考查时态和语态的用法。‎ ‎[试题解析]：由On May 30th, ,可知动作发生在过去；其主语是one bowl与sell存在被动关系。‎ The "Thousand- hand Guanyin" _____ by many people as the best performance at CCTV's Spring Festival Evening. (徐州)‎ A. has been regarded B. are regarded C. has regarded D. regards ‎[答案]：A ‎[命题立意]：本题考查时态的用法。‎ ‎[试题解析]：依据题意： “千手观音” 被许多人认为是中央电视台春节联欢晚会最好的节目。表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在的影响或产生的结果，应用现在完成时。其主语是The "Thousand- hand Guanyin"，要用被动语态。故选A。‎ ‎—Those eggs of different colors are very beautiful. ‎ ‎—Yes, they ______ in Hangzhou. (杭州) ‎ ‎ A. painted B. were painting C. were painted D. had painted ‎[答案]:C ‎[命题立意]：本题考查被动语态的用法。‎ ‎ 第 - 16 - 页 共 16 页 ‎ ‎[试题解析]：they指代Those eggs of different colors，主语是物，故用被动语态。依据结构，应选C.。‎ ‎------Don’t litter the ground, boy ,Look at the sign:: “Rubbish into the dustbin.”‎ ‎ -------Sorry. (2004年襄樊市) ‎ ‎ A, has throw B, was throw C, must throw D , must be thrown ‎[答案]: D ‎[命题立意]：本题考查含有情态动词的被动语态的用法。‎ ‎[试题解析]：依据句意：垃圾必须扔进垃圾箱里。表示“命令”，句子主语是垃圾，应用被动语态。‎ ‎【语法回顾】‎ 一、一般现在时 ‎ 一般现在时主要用来表示每天、每周等经常一直如此，长期进行下去的动作，其着眼点不在描述具体的动作，而是通过提出不断反复的动作，来说明某一真理或某一经常性习惯性的举动。‎ 一般现在时的几种主要用法： ‎ ‎1）一般现在时表示客观事实、客观存在的普遍真理、用于一般现在时的时间状语常见的有：often， usually，always，sometimes， seldom，ever，never，every day（week，month，year）， once a year，now and them，from time to time。例如：‎ The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。‎ Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。‎ ‎2）表示格言或警句 Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。‎ 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。‎ 例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。‎ ‎3）表示现在习惯性的、经常重复的或定期发生的动作或存在的状态。‎ I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 ‎ We go to school every day except on Sunday.除星期天外，我们每天都上学。‎ ‎4）表示能力、性格、个性等。例如：‎ I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。‎ Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。‎ 注意：1）表示“感觉”和“状态”或“关系”等的动词（如be，like，love，hate，want，think，remember，find，sound，forget，refuse，see，allow，prove，have，matter，taste，look，feel）常用一般现在时，不用现在进行时。例如：‎ Carl and Wang Bing are students.卡尔和王斌是学生。‎ In the evening I love sitting by the fire and playing my guitar.在晚上，我喜欢坐在篝火旁弹着吉他。‎ ‎2）有时用这个时态表示“按计划、规定，时刻表”要发生的动作，句中（都带有时时间状语），但限于少数动词，如：begin，come，leave，go，arrive，start，stop，return，open，close等。例如：‎ The meeting begins at seven.会议在七点钟开始。‎ The train leave at 17:40.火车17：40离开。‎ ‎3）书报的标题、小说、戏剧、图片等情节介绍常用一般现在时。例如：‎ China Declares Manned Spaceflight Successful中国宣布载人航天飞行圆满成功 Laura Bush Arrives in Moscow劳拉•布什抵达莫斯科 Francis slips past, passes the ball to Yao Ming, who jumps, catches and shoots it into the basket.弗朗西斯穿过去，把球传给姚明，姚明跳起来，接住球投进篮里。‎ ‎ 第 - 16 - 页 共 16 页 ‎ ‎4) 在由if， unless， even if等引导的条件状语从句和在由when， before， after， until， till， as soon as， by the time， each time， the moment， immediately等引导的时间状语从句中，常用一般现在时表示将来时间。例如：‎ I'll come to help you if I'm free tomorrow.如果我明天有空的话，我将帮助你。‎ Unless you try， you will never succeed. 你若不尝试，就决不会成功。‎ Next time I go there， I ' ll ask him about it. 下次我去那里时，我要问问他这件事。‎ Please let me know immediately you get the results. 你一得到结果，就请马上告诉我。‎ I'll telephone you as soon as he comes back.他一回来我就打电话给你。‎ When they leave school, they will go back to the country.他们离校将去农村。‎ 另外，还要注意其动词形式的变化。该时态主要由动词原形表示，但第三人称单数后要加词尾-s，be和have有特殊的变化形式。例表如下：‎ 构成 示例 读音说明 一般情况在词尾末加-s ,包括以“元音字母+y”结尾的词 work—works run—runs play—plays ‎-在清辅音后读[s]，‎ 在浊辅音后读[z]‎ 在元音后读[z]‎ 在以ch，sh，x，s等辅音字母结尾的词末加-es，如词尾为-e，只加-s miss—misses finish—finishes teach—teaches lose—loses pledge—pledges ‎-es读[iz]‎ 以o结尾的词加-es go—goes ‎-es在元音后读[z]‎ 如词尾为 e，只加-s love—loves hate—hates make—makes ‎-s的读音取决于 e 前的辅音，如该字母是清辅音，则读[s]，如是浊辅音则读[z]‎ 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，先变y为i，在加-es study—studies ‎-ies读[iz]‎ 在词尾加-s时要按下表规则进行:‎ 动词情况 构成方式 例词 一般情况 加-ed play—played, work—worked，look—looked 以 -e 结尾的动词 加-d live—lived，hope—hoped, arrive—arrived 以辅音字母 -y 结尾的动词 变y为i加-ed study—studied，cry—cried，reply—replied 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节的动词 双写辅音字母加-ed stop—stopped，regret—regretted，‎ pat—patted，nod—nodded，drag—dragged 不规则动词 不规则变化（见附表）‎ begin—began，‎ 注意：以t，d结尾的动词加-s读作[ts]，[dz]，这两个辅音音素。而不是四个。例如：‎ want—wants， need—needs 二、一般过去时 ‎1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：‎ ‎ Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？‎ ‎2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：‎ He was already in the habit of reading widely in his boyhood.他童年时就养成了广泛阅读的习惯。‎ ‎ 第 - 16 - 页 共 16 页 ‎ We went swimming every day last summer.去年夏天我们每天去游泳。‎ He often came to see me when I was in hospital.在我住院期间，他经常来看我。‎ ‎3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth　 "到……时间了"　 "该……了"。例如：‎ It is time for you to go to bed.　 你该睡觉了。‎ It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了"　 "早该……了" ，例如 It is time you went to bed.　你早该睡觉了。‎ would （had） rather sb. did sth.　表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如：‎ I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。‎ I would rather you didn't do anything for the time being.我宁愿你暂时先不要采取什么措施。‎ ‎4）wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：‎ I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。‎ 比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）‎ ‎　　 Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）‎ Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）‎ Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）‎ 注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。‎ ‎1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：‎ Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？‎ I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。‎ ‎2）情态动词 could, would。例如：‎ Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？‎ ‎（3）在以as soon as，when，before，until引起的时间状语从句以及if条件的状语从句中，当主句为一般将来时或祈使句时，从句通常要用一般过去时代替过去将来时。例如：‎ We would not leave until the teacher came back.老师回来我们才会离开。 ‎ She told me she would not go if it rained the next day.她告诉我如果第二天下雨的话，她就不去了。 ‎ 三、一般将来时 ‎1）　一般将来时是由“will / shall + 动词原形”构成的。shall只限于第一人称，主要见于英国英语，现在的趋势是第一、二、三人称的单复数形式均用will表示。在口语中，shall和will常缩写成“'ll”，紧接在主语之后。其否定式shall not 和will not 常简略为shan't 和won't。‎ Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？‎ When will you know your exam results? 你什么时候能知道考试结果？‎ I can see you're busy, so I won't stay long.我看得出你很忙，所以我不会呆太久的。‎ 注意：在you and I或both of us等短语后，只用will，不用shall。‎ You and I will arrive there next Monday.我和你下周一都要到达那里。‎ Both of us will graduate from middle school next year.我们俩明年中学毕业。‎ ‎2）　be going to +不定式，表示将来。‎ a. 表示经过事先考虑与打算、按计划或安排将要发生的动作。例如：‎ I ' m going to finish the report this afternoon.今天下午我将会写完这份报告。‎ ‎——What are you going to do when you grow up？长大以后你打算干什么？‎ ‎——I ' m going to be a teacher. 我要当一名教师。‎ The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。‎ b.表示根据某种迹象推测出即将发生的动作。例如：‎ Look at the dark clouds in the sky. It ' s going to rain. 瞧那天上的乌云，天要下雨了。‎ Watch out！We are going to crash！当心！我们要撞车了！‎ There is going to be a lot of difficulty in doing this. 做这件事会有许多困难。‎ ‎3）　be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：‎ ‎ 第 - 16 - 页 共 16 页 ‎ We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。‎ The new railway is to be opened to traffic on National Day. 这条新铁路将在国庆节通车。‎ We are to begin the experiment next month. 我们安排下个月开始这项试验。‎ ‎4）　 be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：‎ We are about to leave， so there is no time to visit him now.我们就要离开，所以现在没有时间去看他。‎ He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。‎ 注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。‎ ‎ be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如：‎ If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.如果你打算旅行，你最好尽快作好准备。‎ Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.既然你愿意脱了你的衣服，我们在镜子前面试一试新衣服。‎ ‎ be to do和be going to 区别 ‎ be to do表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如：‎ I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.　　明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排）‎ I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排）‎ ‎5）一般现在时表将来 ‎ ‎（1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间 上已定或安排好的事情。例如：‎ The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。‎ When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。‎ ‎（2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如：‎ Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。‎ There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。‎ ‎（3）在时间或条件句中。例如：‎ When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。‎ I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。‎ ‎（4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如：‎ Don't worry about the exam. I'm sure you'll pass.不要担心这次考试，我确信你会通过的。‎ I wonder what will happen.我不知道将会发生什么事。‎ I don't think the test will be very difficult.我想这次测验不会太难。‎ ‎（5）用于“祈使句 + and /or + 陈述句”中 Work hard and you will succeed.如果你努力，就会成功的。‎ Go at once and you will see her.马上去，你就会见到她了。‎ ‎6）用现在进行时表示将来 ‎ 表示最近按计划、安排即将发生的动作，它只限用于少数动词，如：play， have， sleep， wear等， 或表示位移的动词（短语），如：go， come， leave， start， begin， move， drive， fly（乘飞机），go off， get to， arrive， return， see off， stay， take（带走），take off（起飞）等，并常与表示将来时间的状语连用，如：tomorrow， next week， in a few days等。例如：‎ We are having an English evening tonight. 今晚我们要开一个英语晚会。‎ Jane and Betty are going on separate holidays in a few days’ time. 简和贝蒂准备几天后各自去度假。‎ Where are you spending your holidays this summer？今年夏天你将在哪里度假？‎ 四、现在进行时 现在进行时的表示形式为be+动词的现在分词，而助动词be随着主语的单数的变化而变化 ‎ 第 - 16 - 页 共 16 页 ‎ ‎1、现在进行时描述现在时刻进行着的动作。具体地说，以发言者发言的时刻为标准，动作在发言前不久开始，在发言时刻正在进行。从时间上看“现在时刻”，着眼于描述动作。例如：‎ We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。 ‎ ‎2、现在进行时可用于目前和目前阶段正在进行的动作。但从说话时刻来看，该动作未必一定正在发生（也许正在发生）。例如：‎ We are having a wonderful time.我们（当时）玩得很痛快。‎ Mr. Green is writing another novel.　他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。） ‎ ‎3、现在进行时可用来表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有一个表示将来的时间状语）用于这种情况的动词主要有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，lunch，return，dine，play，have，wear, get（to）等。例如：‎ Bob is coming with me to the airport.鲍勃将同我一道到机场来。‎ How long are you staying in Xi'an? 你将在西安呆多久？‎ We're having a holiday next Monday.我们将在下星期一放假。‎ ‎2）be+ dying ，表示“病危”“即将死亡”。例如：‎ He is dying.他快要死了。‎ ‎3）现在进行时还可表示一个经常性动作或状态。这时，或是为了表示一种感情（如赞叹、埋怨、厌烦、批评、不满等）或是为了强调情况的暂时性。这时，可以与always, often等副词连用。例如：‎ How are you feeling today? 你今天觉得怎么样？ （这比How do you feel today?更显得亲切些。）‎ She is always thinking of helping others.她总是想着帮助别人。（表示“赞扬”）‎ He is always borrowing money.他老是向别人借钱。（表示“厌烦”）‎ ‎4）有些表状态的动词不 能用于进行时的动词。‎ 这一类通常是表示感觉、感情、存在、从属、思维等的动词。如：‎ ‎（１）表示感觉的动词：see， hear，smell，taste，feel， notice， look， seem， appear。例如：‎ The apples taste good.这些苹果尝起来不错。‎ This flower smells nice. 这花闻上去很香。‎ Your suggestion sounds reasonable.你的建议听上去有道理。‎ ‎（２）表示感情的动词：hate， love， fear， like， want， wish， prefer， refuse，forgive；‎ Your clothes need washing.你的衣服需要洗了。‎ ‎ How I wish I were a bird！我多希望我是一只鸟啊！‎ ‎（３）表示存在状况：be， exist， remain，stay， obtain；‎ She still continues in poor health. 她仍然身体很差。‎ Every day after finishing his homework, he goes on to do some reading. 他每天做完作业后，都会继续看会儿书。‎ ‎（４）表示占有与从属：have， possess， own， contain，belong， consist of，form；‎ ‎ This backpack belongs to me.这背包是我的。‎ ‎（５）表示思考、理解understand， know， believe， think， doubt， forget， remember I don't think he will come tomorrow.我想他明天不会来。‎ I still remember the days when we studied together.我还记得我们一起学习的那些日子。‎ 注意 ：有时这些动词的进行时态可表示心理状态的缓慢发展过程。‎ ‎ 第 - 16 - 页 共 16 页 ‎ She's understanding you better now. 她越来越了解你了。‎ ‎5）在由while引起的状语从句中，动词通常要用进行时（现在进行时、过去进行时等）。例如：‎ While you are resting, I will read you today's news.当你休息的时候，我看你今天的报纸。‎ While I was having my breakfast the morning post came.当我正在吃早饭的时候，早班邮件送来了。‎ ‎6）如果句中有look， listen等提示语，其后应考虑使用现在进行时。例如：‎ Look! The children are flying kites over there.看！孩子们正在那边放风筝。‎ Listen! Han Mei is singing an English song in the classroom.听！韩梅正在教室里唱英语歌。‎ 五、过去进行时 过去进行时的构成：该时态由be 的过去式“was（用于第一、三人称单数）或were + 现在分词”。‎ 过去进行时的用法：‎ ‎1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。‎ ‎2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。‎ ‎3） 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：‎ My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.　 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。‎ It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。‎ When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.　我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂 ‎3、过去进行时可以描绘事情发生的背景，即：过去某时 A 动作正在进行，B 动作在 A 动作进行的过程中发生了，A 动作就是 B 动作发生的背景。例如： ‎ 主句谓语 从句谓语常用 一般现在时 A、现在进行时，一般现在时 B、will，can，may+动词 C、一般过去时 D、现在完成时 I was having tea with a friend on the fifth floor. Suddenly a lot of people ran through the tea room.我正和一个朋友在五楼喝茶，突然许多人跑过茶室。‎ ‎4、过去进行时还可用来表示“两个过去的动作同时进行着”；这时可用连词when或while来引起。‎ When (I was) visiting London, I like to travel by bus.在访问伦敦时，我喜欢乘公共汽车游览。‎ They arrived while we were having dinner.他们到时，我们正在吃饭。‎ 六、将来进行时 将来进行时是由“shall（will）+be +现在分词” 表示要在某个时间开始，并继续下去的动作，也可表示在将来某段时间正在进行的动作。‎ 它跟一般将来时的区别在于：一般将来时由于助动词will与shall的影响，可带有一种意图、意愿或者请求等情态色彩，而将来进行时却表示“纯粹”的将来。现在英语中还常用将来进行时表示一种有礼貌的询问和请求等。例如：‎ Don't phone me between 8:00 and 10:00. We'll be having classes then.8点到10点之间不要给我打电话，我们那时正在上课。‎ Will you be using your bicycle this evening? 今晚你用自行车吗？‎ ‎1.在口语中代替will/shall do I hope you will be coming on time.我希望你按时来。‎ ‎ 第 - 16 - 页 共 16 页 ‎ I'll be seeing Mr. Smith tomorrow.我明天将见到史密斯先生。‎ The minister will be giving a speech on international affairs.部长将就国际事务发表演讲。‎ ‎2.表示原因、结果或猜测 Please come tomorrow afternoon. Tomorrow morning I'll be having a meeting.请你明天下午来吧。我明天上午有个会。（表原因）‎ Stop the child or he will be falling over.抓住那个孩子，要不他会掉下去的。（表结果）‎ You will be making a mistake.你会出错的。（表推测）‎ ‎3.用在问句中，表示委婉礼貌 Will you be reading anything else? 你还要看点儿什么吗？‎ When shall we be meeting again? 我们什么时候再见面？‎ ‎4.表示稍后一点儿的安排 The students are studying Unit 3 this week, and next week we'll be studying Unit 4.这星期我们学第三单元，下周我们将学第四单元。‎ My duties will end in July and I will be returning to Shanghai.我的任务在7月结束，之后我会回上海。   ‎ 七、现在完成时 该时态由“have+过去分词”构成。第三人称单数作主语用“has+过去分词”的形式。‎ ‎1) 现在完成时表示在说话之前已经完成或刚完成的动作。 ‎ I have bought a ten-speed bicycle. 我买了一辆时速自行车。‎ They have cleaned the classroom. 他们已经打扫了教室。‎ ‎2) 现在完成时表示动作从过去开始持续到现在，或者还有可能持续下去的动作或状态。 现在完 成时常与for 和 since 引导的短语或从句连用。 ‎ We have lived here since 1995. 自从1995我就住在这儿。‎ They have waited for more than two hours. 他们等了两个多小时。‎ ‎3）一般过去时与现在完成时区别 ‎ ‎（1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 ‎ ‎（2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。‎ 一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。‎ 现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。‎ 共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。‎ ‎（3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。‎ 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：‎ I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）‎ I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）‎ Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了）‎ Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）‎ He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续）‎ He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续）‎ 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。‎ ‎ 第 - 16 - 页 共 16 页 ‎ ‎4）用于现在完成时的句型 ‎ ‎1）It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：‎ It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。‎ This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing.　这是我第一次听他唱歌。‎ 注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late. ‎ ‎2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如：‎ This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。‎ ‎5）since和for区别 Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如：‎ I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。‎ I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。‎ 注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。‎ I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。）‎ I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）‎ ‎6） 某些瞬间意义动词leave, go, become, come, stop, buy, join, die, get up, fall asleep, fall ill, .......等，不能用它们的现在（或过去）完成时态+ for+时间累计数来表示行为持续长度。若要表示这方面的意思时，可采用如下方法：‎ a.将瞬间动词改为“be+ 形容词或副词”的结构，然后用这一结构的现在完成时态+ for+ 具体时间累计数。常见的这类结构：‎ get up→be up，become→be，stop→be over, die→be dead, join→be in, leave→be away(out), go→be out, ‎ come →be back, fall asleep→be asleep，fall ill→be ill.......‎ b. 瞬间动词的一般过去时+ 时间累计数 + ago ；‎ c.使用It is + 时间累计数 + since + 主语 + 谓语（用瞬间动词的一般过去时表示）。因此“雨已经停了三小时了” 这句话可分别译作：‎ It rain has been over for three hours.‎ The rain stopped three hours ago.‎ It is three hours since the rain stopped.‎ It is five years since she became（瞬间意义动词） my wife.她和我结婚已五年了。‎ 八、过去完成时 ‎1．该时态由“had +过去分词”构成。‎ 过去完成时主要表示在过去某时前或某一动作发生之前，已发生的动作或已经存在的状态。它强调“过去的过去”的动作。它也用来表示在过去的时间内，两个动作的一先一后。先完成的那个动作要用过去完成时，后一个动作要用一般过去时。‎ ‎2．过去完成时主要用于以下几种情况:‎ ‎1）在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：‎ She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。‎ Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.我很快就意识到我犯了一个严重的错误。‎ ‎2）状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：‎ When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。‎ ‎3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"。例如：‎ We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。‎ ‎3．过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：‎ By 5:00 yesterday morning we had done that ‎ 第 - 16 - 页 共 16 页 ‎ ‎ work.到昨天早上5点钟时，我们已经做完了那件工作。‎ He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office.老师从办公室回来时，他刚把教室打扫完。‎ They came earlier than we had expected.他们到得比我们预料的要早。‎ I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.我在进大学之前就已学了5000个单词。‎ ‎4、过去完成时还可用在hardly......when......，no sooner...... than......， it was the first（second，...... etc） time （that）......等固定句型中。例如：‎ Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。‎ No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到又走了。‎ It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。‎ ‎5．用一般过去时代替过去完成时 ‎ ‎1）　两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：‎ When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。‎ My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。‎ ‎2） 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：‎ When I heard the news, I was very excited.当我听到这个消息，我非常兴奋。‎ ‎3）叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：‎ Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.我们老师告诉我们哥伦布在1492年发现美洲。‎ 九、 过去将来时 ‎1．该时态由“should或would +动词原形”构成，第一人称用should，其它人称用would（在美国英语中第一人称也常用would）。‎ 一般过去将来时主要表示从过去某时看将要发生的事或存在的状态。时间的出发点是过去。该时态常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。而主句的谓语动词常常是过去时间或有过去完成时。例如：‎ My brother told me that he would be back on Saturday.我哥哥告诉我他星期天回来。‎ He said that the meeting would begin at half past nine this morning.他说会议将在今天早晨九点半开始。‎ No one knew which country would hold the next Olympic Games.没有人知道哪个国家将举行下次奥林匹克运动会。‎ ‎【考点知识归纳】 动词的语态(Voice)‎ 语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。‎ 主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。‎ ‎1．被动语态 ‎1) 被动语态最基本的句型结构是： be +及物动词过去分词 ‎ ‎2) 被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词 因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者，某些短语动词如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等，也可用于被动语态。‎ The children were taken good care of by her. 孩子们得到了她的细心照顾。‎ ‎【注意】短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏。‎ ‎3) 主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的情况 若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加"to"。此类动词为感官动词，如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch等。例如：‎ The teacher made me go out of the classroom. 老师叫我到教师外面。‎ ‎ 第 - 16 - 页 共 16 页 ‎ I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher). 我被老师叫到教师外面。‎ ‎4) 主动形式表示被动意义 ‎ a.如wash, clean, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等动词虽然用做主动形式却表示被动的意义。例如：‎ The food tastes good.这食物味道很好。‎ The book sells well.这书很畅销。‎ b.表示“发生，进行”之类不及物动词如：happen，last，take place， break out，go on， go by， move on等，以主动式表示被动含义。例如：‎ You'd better wait and see what happens to him.你最好等着瞧他会发生什么事。‎ Will the weather last long? 这种天气会持续很久吗？‎ c.be + 副词或介词短语，如be on， be on show， be on sale， be in（out of） sight， be under discussion等，这类副词或介词短语往往具有动词含义，相当于被动语态表达的意义。例如：‎ Summer wear is on sale.（=Summer wear is being sold.）夏季衣服正在出售。‎ The film had been on for five minutes when I got to the cinema.（=The film had been show when I got to the cinema.）我到电影院时电影已放映了五分钟。‎ ‎【语法过关】‎ ‎1.I like my new bike. It ______ very well. ‎ A rides B. is riding C. is ridden D. has ridden ‎ ‎2.Cotton ______ nice and soft. ‎ A. is felt B. is feeling C. feel D. feels ‎ ‎3.The world ______. Things never stay the same. ‎ A. changes B. is changing C. was changing D. will change ‎ ‎4.--- Have you ever______ Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors? ‎ ‎--- Yes, I have. ‎ A. went to B. gone to C. been in D. been to ‎ ‎5.I'm sorry you've missed the train, It______10 minutes ago. ‎ A. left B. has left C. had left D. has been left ‎ ‎6. --- Who cleaned the blackboard yesterday, Dick? ‎ ‎--- John ____________. ‎ A. cleaned B. does C. did D. is ‎ ‎7.—Mum? May I go out and play basketball? ‎ ‎—______ you_____ your homework yet? ‎ A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished ‎ ‎8.—Oh, Mrs King, your necklace looks nice. Is it new? ‎ ‎—No, I______ it for two years. ‎ had B. have had C. bought D. have bought ‎ ‎9.—Will your mother______ you if you______ the English exam? ‎ ‎—Of course not. Because I am trying my best. ‎ A. be angry with, don't pass B. be angry with, won't pass ‎ C. be angry to, don't pass D. be angry to, won't pass ‎ ‎10.Listen! Some of the girls __________ about Harry Potter . Let's join them! ‎ are talking B. talk C. will talk D. talked ‎ ‎11.Our teacher , Miss Chen, __________ English on the radio the day before yesterday. ‎ ‎ 第 - 16 - 页 共 16 页 ‎ A. teaches B. taught C. will teach D. had taught ‎ ‎12.I don't think I __________ you in that dress before. ‎ A. have seen B. was seeing C. saw D. see ‎ ‎13. She will have a holiday as soon as she ___________ the work next week. ‎ A. finishes B. doesn't finish C. will finish D. won't finish ‎ ‎14.---Where is Mr Green now ? I haven't seen him for a few days. ‎ ‎---He ___________ to Hong Kong . ‎ A. goes B. will go C. is going D. has gone ‎ ‎15. When she was 22 years old, her dream to be a teacher ____________. ‎ A. came true B. come true C. came real D. come real ‎16.-I won't come to the party unless Sue ______, too. ‎ ‎ -You mean if Sue comes you'll come? ‎ will invite B. invites C. invited D. is invited ‎17.-Do you still have a headache, Billy? ‎ ‎ -No, it's ______. I'm all right now, mum. ‎ A .dropped B. run C. left D. gone ‎ ‎18.-What are on show in the museum? ‎ ‎-Some photos ______ by African children. ‎ A. are taken B. were taken C. taken D. have been taken ‎ ‎19.A talk on Chinese history ___ in the school hall next week. ‎ A. be given B. has been given C. will be given D. will give ‎ ‎20. You may go fishing if your work ____________. ‎ A. is done B. will be done C. has done D. have done ‎ ‎21. The Olympic Games, first celebrated in Athens in 1896,   every four years ________so far this century, except during the two world wars.‎ A. are held       B. were held         C. have been held       D. had been held   ‎ ‎22．A new cinema ____here. They hope to finish it next month. ‎ A. will be built B. is built C. has been built D. is being built ‎23．The new suspension bridge ___by the end of last month. ‎ has been designed B. had been designed C. was designed D. would be designed ‎24．Visitors ______not to touch the exhibits. ‎ A. will request B. request C. are requesting D. are requested ‎25．— Were they good to you during your stay there?‎ ‎　— Sure ! I ________ one of the family there.‎ A. was treated as B. was treated like C. had been looked on like D. had been considered like ‎【参考答案】‎ ‎1.A "ride"用作不及物动词，有一种用法，就是表示"（车、马等）骑起来感觉如何"，本题正是这个用法，所以，用另外三种形式都不合适。‎ ‎2. D 自然规律用一般现在时态。‎ ‎3.B "Things never stay the same."表明世界是运动的。所以应该说"世界在变"。用进行时。 ‎ ‎4.D语境表明是"曾经去过"，ever是"曾经"的意思。‎ ‎5.A "10 minutes ago"决定用一般过去时。 ‎ ‎6. 依上下文选用一般过去时态。‎ ‎ 第 - 16 - 页 共 16 页 ‎ ‎7.D yet一般多与完成时态连用。 ‎ ‎8.B for 引导表示一段时间的状语一般同完成时态连用，had这里是"买"的意思，不用have bought，是因为buy是短暂动词，不同完成时态连用。 ‎ ‎9.A be angry with 意思是"同------生气"；含条件状语从句的复合句中，主句是将来时，从句一般用现在时。 ‎ ‎10.A "Listen!"表明动作正在进行。‎ ‎11.B the day before yesterday是一般过去时态的标志。 ‎ ‎12.A 副词before一般与完成时态连用。‎ ‎13. A 含时间状语从句的复合句中，主句是将来时，从句用现在时。 ‎ ‎14. D has gone用于指"去某地了"（现在不在说话的地方）。‎ ‎15. A come true意思是"成为现实"。主从句动词时态应该一致。‎ ‎16.D 根据上下文意思，邀请的人不是Sue，"Sue"和"I"都是被邀请的对象，所以要用被动语态。‎ ‎17.D 说"病好了，症状消失了"多用"be gone"。‎ ‎18.C 根据句子结构，"Some photos"不是句子的主语，所以A、B、D三个用作谓语的动词不能用在这里。"taken"这里是"过去分词"，连同后面的词，一起作"Some photos"的定语。 ‎ ‎19.C 主语是"A talk"决定了动词用被动语态，next week决定了要用将来时态。‎ ‎20. A 主语是work, 又依语言环境用现在时。 ‎ ‎21.A.奥运会作主语应用被动语态，叙述一般事实要用一般现在时。‎ ‎22． D从后一分句They hope to finish it next month可知，电影院此刻正在建设中。故应选D。‎ ‎23． B句中有“by the end of+过去时间”结构，句子的谓语动词一般用过去完成时态。句子的主语是物，故应用被动语态。其正确答案为B。‎ ‎24． D分析句子结构可知，本句的主语承受谓语动词所表示的动作，故本句应用被动语态。应选D。‎ ‎25．A　谈话涉及的是过去的情况，故使用一般过去时。treat…as．．．意为“把……当作……”。‎ ‎ 第 - 16 - 页 共 16 页 ‎