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中考英语知识模块总结
专有名词
名词的分类:
普通名词
可数名词
1. 名词 名词的数
不可数名词
's 所有格
名词的格 of所有格
双重所有格
to所有格
名词的分类:名词分为专有名词和普通名词。
1、专有名词:个人,地方,机构等专有名称,如:China, Shanghai, Li lei等。
2、普通名词:
1)个体名词:某类人或东西中的个体,如 fighter, gun, country等。
2)集体名词:若干个体组成的集合体,如 family, team, police, class等。
3)物质名词:无法分为个体的实物,如 cotton,tea, air等。
4)抽象名词:动作, 状态, 品质, 感情等抽象概念. 如 health, happiness等。
名词的数:可数名词都有单数和复数之分;不可数名词没有复数形式。
1、规则的可数名词的复数变化规则:
1)一般情况加 –s :books,mouths,houses,girls等。
2)以 s,sh,ch,x结尾的加 –es:classes,boxes,matches等。
3)辅音字母 + y结尾的变 y为 ies:cities,countries,parties,factories等。
4)以 o 结尾的词 +es:heroes,Negroes,tomatoes,potatoes等。
以 o 结尾 +s:radios,zoos,bamboos,pianos,kilos,photos等。
5)以f,fe 结尾的多数 +ves:leaves,lives,wives,knives,halves,wolves等。
直接 + s 的名词:roofs proofs, gulfs, beliefs等。
2、不规则的可数名词的变化规则
1)man—men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, child—children, mouse—mice.
2)单复数相同: sheep, fish, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese, works.
3、复合名词的复数形式:
son-in-law---sons-in-law , looker-on—lookers-on, 主体名词变化
man servant—men servants. woman doctor—women doctors.
4、定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人:the Turners, the Smiths, the Wangs.
5、集体名词people, police 总是作复数:
Several police were on duty.
6、集体名词class, public, family, population, team, crew 等单复数都有,但意义不同:
The class is big.---- The class are taking notes in English.
The population in China is larger.---- 80% of the population in China are peasants.
7、以s 结尾的学科名词只作单数。mathematics , physics, politics等;news也是如此。
8、glasses, trousers, 等常用复数;但如果这些词前用 a pair of …// this pair of…//that pair of…等修饰时谓语动词有pair 来决定:
Where are my glasses ?
My new pair of trousers is too long.
Here are some new pairs of shoes.
9、不可数名词没有复数形式,如果表示“一个”的概念,可用单位词:
a piece of news / information / advice / bread / cake / paper / meat / coal
a bottle of ink, a grain of rice , a cake of soap
10、中考常考不可数名词:information, weather, news, advice, fun等。
名词的所有格:
1、's 所有格:
1)构成:名词所有格主要用于表示有生命的名词,表示所属关系:
A. 一般词尾+ ’s.:the teacher’s office, Xiao Li’s sister’s husband’s mother.
B. 以 s 结尾的复数名词只+“’ ”: workers’ rest room.
C. 不以s结尾的复数名词加’s: children’s toys.
D. 复合名词只在最后一个词的后面加 ’s: my sister-in-law’s brother.
E. 表示共同所有的几个名词,只在最后一个词的后面加’s:
This is Tom, James and Dick’s room.
F. 表示各个所有关系的几个名词,在每个名词后分别加’s:
Jenny’s, Jean’s and Mary’s rooms face to the south.
G. 名词短语只在最后一个词后加 ’s: a quarter of an hour’s talk.
2、of所有格:
1)凡不能用’s 属格的情况可用 of 属格表示所属关系:
the City of New York. a map of China.
3、双重所有格:
当of前面的名词有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词如 a, an, this, that, these, those, two, three, four, any, some, several, no, few ,another等修饰时,用双重所有格,双重所有格只用于表示人的名词并且都是特指的:
a poem of Lu Xun’s . a friend of his/hers .
Which novel of Dicken’s are you reading ? some friends of my brothers’ .
4、几种特殊情况:
the key to the door. the answers to the question the entrance to the station / cinema
定冠词
a, an
2.冠词 不定冠词the
零冠词
不定冠词的用法
1). a用于辅音发音开头的词前, 如:a book;
an用于元音发音开头的词前,如:an apple, an hour.
请区别:a useful machine, an umbrella, a “u”, an “h”。
2). a/an 用于单数可数名词前。
a book a boy a man a bird a dog an hour
3). 用于表示数量。He has a sister.
4).用于序数词前表“又,再”。Try it for a second time.
5).用于固定短语中:a few, have a good time
定冠词的用法
1).定冠词的最基本的用法是“特指”:表示某个或某些特定的人或物。
Do you know the girl in a red skirt? 你认识那个穿红裙子的女孩吗?
2).再次提到上文提到过的人或物,应该用定冠词the。例如:
Tom has an apple, The apple is big and red.
3).指谈话双方都知道的人或物。例如:
Let’s go and give it to the teacher.咱们去把它交给老师吧。
4).用于某些固定词组中。 例如:
in the morning / afternoon / evening 等。
5).用在形容词前表示一类人。
the old 老人 the young 年轻人the rich富裕的人
6).用在表示“姓”的复数名词前,表示一家人或夫妇二人。 例如:
The Whites are spending their holiday in England.
The Greens came to China two years ago .
7). 用在由普通名词构成的表示场所的专有名词前。
the Great Wall 长城 the Summer Place颐和园
the United States 美国 the Chinese People’s Liberation Army 中国人民解放军
8).用在序数词或形容词最高级前
The first thing I want to say is to listen carefully in class.
He is the tallest one in our class.
9).世界上独一无二的事物等(月亮、地球、天空、宇宙)
the globe太阳系 the universe 宇宙 the atmosphere大气层
The sun rises in the east. The earth goes round the sun.
10).在世纪,年代名词前用冠词。
in the 1980s 或 in the 1980’s 20世纪80年代
in the nineteenth century 二十世纪
11).在江河、山脉、湖泊、海洋、群岛、海峡、海湾运河前用the。
the Changjang River 长江 the West Lake 西湖 the Pacific Ocean 太平洋
12).在介词短语中常用定冠词the,如:in the box ,behind the chair。
零冠词的用法
1).在物质名词,抽象名词前不用冠词
The desk is made of wood. What is work? Work is struggle
2).国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:
England, China Mary Lilei Mr.Green
3).在星期、月份,季节等名词前;Sunday March summer winter
4).名词前有物主代词,指示代词,不定代词,名词所有格修饰时(this, my,that, those, these, her)
如:this morning my pen your watch whose bike 等
5). 在球类运动、一日三餐、学科和语言的名词前如:
have breakfast play chess play basketball
(注意 在乐器前必须加定冠词 如弹钢琴play the piano play the violin)
6).当by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;
by bus by train by car by air by bike by plane
(注意 如果用介词on 表示乘坐交通工具 必须用a 或an 来表示 如 in a bus on a bike 等)
7).有些个体名词不用冠词;如:
school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court 等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义;
go to hospital 去医院看病
go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)
物主代词
普通不定代词
复合不定代词
不定代词
反身代词
3.代词
物主代词(表示所属关系的代词)分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词
数
单 数
复 数
一人称
二人称
三人称
一人称
二人称
三人称
形容词性物主代词
my
your
his/her/it
our
your
their
名词性物主代词
mine
yours
his/her/its
ours
yours
theirs
This is my book.= This book is mine.
反身代词
单数
myself
yourself
himself/herself/itself
复数
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
常见反身代词的固定短语:
for oneself 替自己,为自己 by oneself 单独地,独自地
behave oneself 守规矩 hurt oneself 伤着自己
enjoy oneself 过的愉快 help oneself 自己用,随便吃
teach oneself 自学 say to oneself 自言自语
不定代词
普通不定代词(some, any;both., all;either, neither; many., much; each, every; few, little )
复合不定代词
somebody
anybody
nobody
everybody
someone
anyone
no one
Everyone
something
anything
nothing
everything
注意:(1)当句子的主语是指人的everyone, nobody, anyone等时,其反意疑问句的主语通常用代词they;当句子的主语是指物的everything, nothing, anything等时,其反意疑问句的主语通常用代词it.
Eg:1.Everybody is here, aren’t they?
2.Everything is ready, isn’t it?
基数词
4.数词
序数词
基数词
1.基数词表示数量。13~19的基数词都以-teen结尾,如:thirteen,nineteen等。20~90十位数的整数都以-ty结尾,如:twenty,ninety等。
2.表示两位数词时,十位与个位之间要加连字符。三位以上的数词,在百位数与后两位数之间,要用and连接。如:four hundred and ninety-seven。注意,千位数与百位数之间用逗号分开,如:five thousand,three hundred and twenty。
3.在表示一个具体的数目时,hundred,thousand,million都要用单数形式。如:several hundred,two thousand,ten million等。在表示大概数目时,则用hundreds of,thousands of,millions of。
4.数词与其他词构成复合形容词时,其中的名词要用单数形式。如:an eight-cent-stamp, a three-month-old baby。
序数词
1.序数词表示顺序,使用时一般前面要加定冠词。基数词变序数词有一定的规律,下面的口诀可帮助你记忆:
基变序有规律,123特殊记。 th要从4加起,8减t,9去e。 ty变成tie,ve要用f替。
若要变为几十几,只变个位就可以。
2.有时序数词前用不定冠词,表示“再一、又一”的意思。如:
Soon the Greens had a second child--a son.很快格林夫妇又有了一个孩子——一个儿子。
分数,小数和百分比
1.表示分数时,分子用基数词,分母用序数词。当分子大于1时,分母须用复数形式。如:
1/2上读作one half或a half, 1/4读作one fourth或a quarter,2/3读作two-thirds, 3 2/5读作three and two-fifths。
2.读小数时,小数点前的基数词与前面所讲的基数词读法完全相同,小数点读作“point”,小数点后只需将数字一一读出。如15.07读作fifteen point zero seven。
3.百分数的读法为:先读基数词,再读百分号。如5%读作five percent。
年份和日期
1.年份的读法为每两位数读一个词。如:
1950读作nineteen fifty 1800读作eighteen hundred 2000读作two thousand
2.日期的读法有两种
(1)先月后日,日子要读成序数词。如:9月29日可读作September (the) twenty-ninth
(2)先日后月,在月份之前加Of。 如:9月29日也可读作the twenty-ninth of September
(3)年月日同时出现,年代放在最后,年代前用逗号隔开。如:2005年2月1日可写成the first of February ,2005或February( the) first, 2005
时间和钟点
6:00读作six (o'clock)
9:45读作nine forty-five/a quarter to ten
2:15读作two fifteen/a quarter past two
编号的表达
1)事物名词(不加冠词)+基数词。如:Lesson One,Part Three,Channel Five,Gate Nine,,World War Ⅱ
2)定冠词+序数词+事物名词。如:the first lesson,the third part,the fifth channel,the ninth gate,the Second World War
加减乘除的英语表达
plus/and加,minus减,time/multiplied by乘,divided by除。如:
1)12 +8=? How much is twelve plus/and eight?
2)40—11=29, Forty minus eleven is/equals twenty nine.
3)3×6 =18, Three times six is/equals eighteen.
4)56÷7=? How much is fifty-six divided by seven?
时间介词(at, in, on)
5.介词 方位介词(between, over, above, among)
方式介词(by, without)
名词与介词的搭配
a bit of有一点儿 a couple of两个、几个
a kind of一种、一类 cover an area of占地面积
have pity on sb.怜悯某人 huge amounts of大量的
make friends with与……交朋友 make fun of拿……开玩笑
meet the needs of迎合……的需要 one after another一个接一个;连续地
play a trick on捉弄 the week after next下下周
动词与介词的搭配
agree with sb.同意某人的意见 apologize to sb. for
sth.为某事向某人道歉
arrive at/in a place到达某地 ask for请求、寻求
be covered with被……所覆盖 be made of由……制成
be made up of由……组成 belong to属于
break into破门而人、闯入 call on拜访
care for照顾、喜欢 carry out执行
check in办理登机 come across被理解;遇见
come from出生于、来自 come on跟我来、走吧
communicate with与……交 cut down砍倒
deal with= do with处理 depend on= rely on依靠、依赖
die of因……病而死 dream of梦见
dress up穿着、打扮 eat up= finish off吃光、喝完、吞噬
enter for报名参加 fall off从……跌落
fill in填充、填写 find out找出、查明、了解
get along/on with进展、与……相处 get in the way挡道
get in进入、收集 get on上车
get off下车 get rid of摆脱
get ready for为….作准备 get to到达
get tired of对……感到厌倦 go in for参加、从事于、酷爱 ,'^
go ahead先走、向前走;去吧 go for a swim去游泳
go on a diet实行节食 go over复习
go on with继续做某事 grow up长大、成长
hand in上交 hear from收到……的来信
hear of听说 help sb. with
sth.帮助某人做某事
hold on等等(别挂电话) hold up举起
hurry off匆忙离开 join.n参加、加入
keep... from使……不做 keep in touch with与……保持联系
keep off阻挡;不让接近 knock over撞倒、撞翻
later on过来;后来 laugh at嘲笑
learn.., from向……学习 leave for动身去
let out放出 line up整队;排成行
live on靠……为生 look after照顾;照料
look at看;观看 look for寻找
look forward to期待着 look like看上去像;显得
look out of从……朝外看 look up查寻;抬头看
make out辨认出 make up one's mind下决心
meet with遭遇 operate on sb.为……动手术
pay for付……钱 pick out拾起
play with玩弄 point at指向;指着
point out指出 praise sb. for sth.为某事表扬某人
prefer... to(比起……来)更喜欢 prepare for准备
protect... from保护……免受 pull down推倒
put off延期 put on穿;戴上;上演
put out伸出 put up举起;挂起
run after追捕;追踪 run away逃跑
search for搜寻;搜查 see off为……送行
sell out售完 set out/off for出发去……;起程去……
set up建立;设立. shake hands with与……握手
share with与……分享 show off炫耀
show sb around带某人参观 shut up住口
speed up加快速度 stop...from阻止……做
take away拿走 take care
of照料
take charge of负责;管理; take hold of抓住
take in吸入 take off脱掉(衣物等);起飞
take out取出 take part in参加
take up开始从事 talk about谈到
talk to/with与...谈话 tell... from区别;分辨
think of想起;想到 think over仔细考虑
throw away扔掉 tie up捆绑
try on 试穿 turn down(把音量)调低
turn into变成 turn off关掉(电灯、电视、收音机等)
turn on开,旋开(电灯、电视、收音机等) turn over翻车;翻阅;翻身
turn out结果是;证明是 wake up醒来;叫醒
wait for等待;等候 write down写下
work out算出;制定出
并列连接词
when
after
until
though
unless
if
6.连词
从属连接词
1).并列连词用来连接彼此并列的词、短语或句子。并列连词有and,or,but,so,for,nor等。
2).关联连词有both…and,either… or,neither…nor,not only…but also,as well as,as much as等。连接两个主语时,都遵循“就近原则”
3).两个并列连词不可以连用。如:
He tried hard.and but he failed to get the job.此句中的but应改为yet。因为and和but都是连词。
4).从属连词是用来引导从句,如宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句等。从属连词有that, if, unless, whether, who, whose, what, which, where, than, when, while, as, since, though, although, because, before, after, until, as soon as, now that, so...that, so that, as... as,(not) as/so…as 如:
If it snows tomorrow,we won't go on a
picnic.(If引导条件状语从句)
Could you tell me whose PC it is? (whose引导宾语从句)
The man who is talking to my class teacher is my father.(who引导定语从句)
7.形容词和副词
1. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
① 一般的比较级和最高级在形容词或副词后加-er或-est, 如:small --- smaller --- smallest
② 以不发音-e结尾的形容词或副词直接加 –r或 –st,如
large --- largest --- largest
③ 重读闭音节词尾是一个辅音字母的,需双写该辅音字母,再加-er或-est。
④ 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的形容词和副词,把“y”变“i”,再加 –er或-est. busy---busier---busiest happy---happier---happiest
但一些双音节及多音节形容词或副词前要加more和most,
如: slowly --- more slowly --- most slowly
difficult---more difficult---most difficult
beautiful---more beautiful---most beautiful
但还有一些不规则的变化: good / well---better---best many---more---most bad / ill / badly ---worse---worst little---less---least
far --- farther / further --- farther / furthest
2. 形容词和副词的等比句型
①as…as… 和……一样 I’m as tall as you.
② not as(so)…as 不和…… 一样(在否定句中常用so 来代替as)
如, I can’t run so fast as you.
在以上两个句型中形容词或副词一定要用原级。
3.形容词和副词的其它句型还有:
① 形容词/ 副词 比较级 + than 句型 ,在than 后面的人称代词 用主语和宾语均可。
He is older than I / me.但是如果人称代词后有动词时,则只能用主格形式。如,Tom found more red leaves than I did.
② “the + 比较级, the + 比较级” 结构表示两个变化一起发生。
如, The more you learn, the more you’ll know.
③ “more and more”结构(指两个形容词比较级用and 连接)表示持续不断的变化。 如: I’m getting thinner and thinner.
4.修饰形容词和副词的比较级的副词要用much, a lot, a little, a bit, far等,very不能和比较级连用。
如:The blouse I bought yesterday is a little less expensive. 昨天我买的衬衣比较便宜。
To play basketball is far more enjoyable to the boy. 打篮球对于男孩子来说要有趣得多。
5.形容词的一些搭配,
如: be glad / happy/ pleased to do 很高兴做某事
be sorry to do 很抱歉,很遗憾做某事 be sure to do 一定/相信会做某事 be ready to do 准备好做某事,乐于做某事 get ready to do 为……做好准备 等等。
实义动词
连系动词
动词:动词的分类
助动词
情态动词
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
现在进行时
现在完成时
过去进行时
过去完成时
过去将来时
8.动词及时态 动词的时态
语态
主动语态
动词的语态:主动语态和被动语态
动词的种类
1.实义动词:意义完全,能独立用作谓语。如:enable,watch,run,open等。
2.连系动词:是一个表示谓语关系的动词。它必须在后面接表语(通常为名词或形容词)。如:seem,look,smell,taste,sound,get,become,turn,be等。
3.助动词:本身没有词汇意义。不能单独用作谓语。在句中与实义动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气以及否定和疑问结构。如:do,does,did等。
4.情态动词:词义不完全。在句中不能单独作谓语,只能与实义动词一起构成谓语。如:can,may,must,need,ought to等。
动词的时态:
时态
常用的提示语
一般现在时
always,usually,sometimes,often,every,once a week,in the morning,in December,in spring,on Mondays等。
一般过去时
ago,just now,before 2005,yesterday,last Friday,once,the other day,those days,once upon a time,long before等。
一般将来时
tomorrow,the coming... ,in the future,next Tuesday,in two hours,some day,soon,before long,this evening等。
现在进行时
now,at the moment,look,listen,be quite,these days,still等。
过去进行时
this time yesterday,at that time,from 9 to 11 last Friday,when,while等。
现在完成时
since,for,already,yet,just,in the past few years/ months,in the last few weeks/months/days等。
过去完成时
by the end of last term/month/year,by yesterday,by 2004,by last Monday等。
过去将来时
大都出现在主句动词为一般过去时的宾语从句中。
动词的被动语态
英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。它的基本结构为:助动词be+及物动词的过去分词。所有的时态变化在助动词be上。以动词sing为例。
时态/语态
主动语态
被动语态
一般现在时
Jay sings many songs every year.
Many songs are sung by Jay every year.
一般过去时
Jay sang many songs last year.
Many songs were sung by Jay last year.
一般将来时
Jay will sing/ is going to sing many songs this year.
Many songs will be sung/are going to be sung by Jay this year.
现在进行时
Jay is singing an English song.
An English song is being sung by Jay.
过去进行时
Jay was singing a song just now.
A song was being sung by Jay just now.
现在完成时
Jay has sung lots of songs in the past
few years.
Lots of songs have been sung by Jay in
the past few years.
过去完成时
Jay had sung plenty of songs by last year.
Plenty of songs had been sung by Jay by last year.
过去将来时
Jay said he would sing more songs in the future.
Jay said more songs would be sung in the future.
情态动词的被动语态为:情态动词+助动词be+及物动词的过去分词。
can could
may might
must have to
dare need
shall should
will would
should ought to
9.情态动词
can 的用法:
① 表示能力 “能,会” 例如: He can speak a little Japanese.他会说一点日语。
② 表示请求或许可 “可以” 例如: Can I help you? 要我帮忙吗?
③ 表示猜测“可能” 例如: Where can she go now? 她可能到哪里去了呢?
may 的用法:
①表示请求或允许 “可以”“准许” 例如: May I go home,please?请问我可以回家吗?
② 表示可能性 “ 可能”、也许” 例如: I think it may rain this afternoon. 我想今天下午可能下雨。
注:might为may的过去式,但也可以代替may,语气较为婉转客气或更加不肯定。
例如: ① He might not come today.今天他也许不来了。(语气不肯定)
②You might also get a headache when you work too hard,当你工作太努力时,你也可能患头痛。
must的用法:
①表示义务、必要或命令 “必须、应该” 例如: You must come early tomorrow.你明天得早来。
② 表示推测时“肯定,一定” 例如: They must be at home.The light is on 他们肯定在家,灯亮着呢.
③ must not 禁止,不许 例如: You must not tell lies. 你不许撒谎。
注意: ①must开头的疑问句,其否定回答通常用 don't have to 或needn't 。而不用mustn't。
例如: ---Must I finish my homework first? 我必须先完成作业吗?
---No, you don't have to/ needn't. 不,你不必。
② can 和 must在 表推测时,can一般否定句中,而must 常用于肯定句中。
例如: ①It can not be Li Lei 那个人不可能是李磊 ② It must be Li Lei 那个人肯定是李磊。
need 的用法:
① 情态动词 “需要, 有必要”一般用于否定句或疑问句中。
例如: You needn't come here this afternoon.你今天下午不必来。
② 行为动词 “需要, 有必要” 可以用于各种句式中。
例如: ①You don't need to go now. 你不必现在就走。 ② I need to have a rest. 我需要休息一下。
③ Do we need to finish all the work today? 我们今天需要完成所有的工作吗?
情态动词表“需要”,没有人称 数之变。 其后直接加动词原形,多用疑问与否定。
以may(表许可或请求)开头的一般疑问句的肯定回答用may,否定回答用mustn't或can't。
表示“必须”时,must表示主观看法,have to强调客观需要。
ought to和should两者都表示应该,但是ought to比should语气强。
动词不定式
动名词
分词
10.非谓语动词
不定式
不定式的基本形式是to+动词原形,但有时省略to。不定式的否定形式是not+不定式。不定式在句子中不能单独作谓语,但可以做主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。
(1)作主语:动词不定式作主语的时常用形式主语it放在句子的开头,将真正的主语不定式放在句子的后面。
It is very easy to climb that small hill. 爬那个小山是非常容易的。
(2)作表语:Your job is to look after these babies. 你的工作是照看这些婴儿。
(3)作宾语:不定式作宾语时如果后面有宾语补足语,要把不定式放句未,宾语位置用it代替。
My teacher likes to play with the children. 我的老师喜欢和孩子们玩。
(4)作宾语补足语:常用于want, wish, ask, encourage,order, tell, know, allow, help, advise, wait for等动词或动词短语后。
The doctor asked him to take off his coat. 医生让他脱掉外衣。
(5)作定语:不定式作定语通常放在被修辞的名词或者代词的后面。例如:
Do you have anything to say for yourself? 你还有什么话要说吗?
(6)作状语:可以表示目的、结果、原因等。例如:
I came here to see your mother. 我来这里是看望你的妈妈。
注意:特殊疑问词+动词不定式:特殊疑问词who,what,which,when,where和how后面用动词不定式。例如:
I don’t know what to do next. 我不知道下一步该怎么办。
动名词
动名词在句子中可以作主语和宾语及定语等。例如:
Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. 看电视太多对你的眼睛有害。
动名词作表语和现在进行时的结构一样,但它们的性质不一样。例如:
My job is washing clothes. 我的工作是洗衣服。
现在分词和过去分词:
分词可以有现在分词和过去分词两种形式。现在分词是由动词原形+ing构成, 它既可以有动词的性质,后面可以跟状语和宾语。例如:
Going down town (= When I was going down town,) I met a friend.
我去市区时遇到一个朋友。
现在分词有形容词的性质,可以在句子中作定语和表语等成分。可以有比较级形式,也可以用very等副词修饰。例如:
Your father is a modest, understanding man. 你爸爸是一个谦虚并且能理解的人。
This story is very interesting. 这个故事非常有兴趣。
过去分词有规则变化和不规则变化两种形式,过去分词可以在句子中作定语、表语、状语等成分,和相关的名词是被动关系。
The glass is broken. 玻璃杯子坏了。
Have you read the novel written by your father? 你看到你爸爸写的小说了吗?
陈述句
感叹句
反意疑问句
祈使句
11.简单句
陈述句:
1.陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法(包括肯定和否定)的句子。通常用降调,句末用句号"."。
Tom has a new car.
The flower isn't beautiful.
2. 陈述句否定式的构成
(1) 如果肯定陈述句的谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词be,则只需在这些动词后加not即可构成否定式。
He is not playing the guitar.(否定)
We can't get thee before dark.(否定)
(2) 如果陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词,而其中又没有情态动词或助动词时,则需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加don't, doesn't或didn't。同时把该实义动词变为原形。
He doesn't play the violin well.(否定)
She didn't win the game.(否定)
(3) 如果句子是there be结构或谓语动词是have(有),除了be和have之后加not之外,句中如果有some要变为any。例如:
There is some water in the cup. →There is not any water in the cup.
He has some books. →He has not any books.
(4) 除not以外,否定词no, never, nothing, nobody, few等也可构成否定句。例如:
There is something wrong with his bike. →There is nothing wrong with his bike.
I have seen the film. →I have never seen the film.
what, how引导的感叹句
1. what引导的感叹句:
(1)what + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)
What a beautiful city it is!
What an interesting story she told!
(2)what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)
What expensive watches they are!
What terrible weather it is!
2.How引导的感叹句:
(1)How+形容词/副词+陈述句(主语+谓语)
How cold it is!
How hard he works!
(2)How+陈述句(主语+谓语)
How he loves his son!
How I miss you!
(3)How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)
How tall a tree it is!
(4)上述两种感叹句可以互相转换。例如:
What a clever boy he is!→How clever the boy is!
What a cold day it is!→How cold it is!
附加疑问句
反意的附加疑问句的规则是:当陈述部分为肯定句时,附加问句部分用否定形式;当陈述部分为否定句时,附加问句部分用肯定形式。
It’s colder today, isn’t it?
You’ve had an accident, have you?
1. 附加问句部分的主语多用代词,这个代词要与陈述部分的主语保持一致。如:
Joan bought you the gift, didn’t she?
①陈述部分如果是there be句型,附加问句部分用there充当主语。如:
There is a pen on the desk, isn’t there?
②陈述部分的主语如果是this, that, these, those,附加问句部分的主语分别用it或they。如:
This is a new computer, isn’t it?
These aren’t(转载自出国留学网http://www.liuxue86.com,请保留此信息。) banana
trees, are they?
2. 附加问句部分的主语前面多用助动词、be动词或情态动词,它们要与陈述部分的谓语保持一致,并且否定式常用缩略形式。如:
They went with you, didn’t they?
3. 陈述部分如果是复合句,且主句为I think / believe / imagine / expect结构时,附加问句部分的主语和动词应与从句保持一致。如:
I think John is very angry, isn’t he?
4. 陈述部分如果为否定转移句,附加问句部分的主语和动词应与从句保持一致,并把从句看成否定句。如:
I don’t think you can do these exercises alone, can you?
5. 回答附加疑问句时,不管问题的提法如何,若事实是肯定的,就用yes,若事实是否定的,就用no。如:
—He can’t swim, can he? 他不会游泳,是吗?
—Yes, he can. 不,他会。
—No, he can’t. 是的,他不会。
祈使句
1.祈使句
①祈使句用来表示请求、命令、建议、劝告、警告等。如:
Go and open the door.
②其主语一般是第二人称,但往往被省去。
③其谓语须用动词原形,否定结构是在动词原形前加don’t。如:
Don’t be late.
④句子末尾用句号或感叹号,通常用降调。为表示礼貌,句前或句末可加上please。如:
Be quiet, please. = Please be quiet.
⑤祈使句之后的附加疑问句:
●在肯定的祈使句之后,附加疑问句常用will you? / won’t you? / would you? / could you? / can you? / can’t you? 如:
Have dinner with us, will you? / won’t you? / would you?
●在否定的祈使句之后,附加疑问句常用will you? / can you? 如:
Don’t make a noise, will you? / can you?
●以let’s 开头的祈使句之后,附加疑问句常用shall we? 如:
Let’s go out at about six o’clock, shall we?
which
that
who
whom
whose
whose
12.定语从句中关系代词
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系词常有三个作用:1、引导定语从句 2、代替先行词 3、在定语从句中担当一个成分
1.关系代词引导定语从句时,可作主语、宾语、定语等句子成分。如:
代替人
代替物
代替人或物
主语
who
which
that
宾语
whom/who
which
that
定语
whose(=of whom)
whose(=of which)
1).This is the doctor who came from London.
2).The book which/that I am reading is written by Thomas Hardy.
3). The desk whose leg is broken is very old.
4). This is the room that/which Shakespeare was born in.
2.使用关系代词时应注意以下几点:
1).如果先行词是all, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词,关系代词一般只用that,不用which。
例如:All that are present burst into tears.
2).如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first,last,any,only,few,much,no,some,very等词修饰,关系代词常用that, 不用which。
例如:The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
3).which还有一种特殊用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中,which可以作主语,也可以作宾语或表语,多数情况下意思与and this相似。
例如:He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
4).先行词中既有人又有物时,关系代词应该用that。
例如:The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
5).“介词+关系代词”可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。此结构中的介词可以是in, on, about, from, for, with, to, at, of, without等,关系代词常常只可用whom或which,不可用that。
例如:The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.
像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词,在定语从句中一般不将介词与动词分开。
例如:This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
13.由特殊疑问词引导的从句做宾语从句时要用陈述语序
由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句---当从句是特殊疑问句时,要用特殊疑问词引导宾语从句,并且要把疑问的语序变为陈述的语序.
He asked them why they hadn't finished their homework .