新目标中考英语词类复习 26页

‎2010年新目标中考英语词类复习 复习难点：十大词类的句法功能 复习重点：十大词类的常考点 复习方式：熟记各词类的总结、教师提出重难点、强化细节知识的考查、近年在词类方面的命题去向、强化训练 I．词法 ‎ ‎ 英语中的词可以根据词义、语法功能和形式特征分为十大类，即名词(noun)、代词(pronoun)、形容词(adjective)、副词(adverb)、动词(verb)、数词(numeral)、冠词(article)、介词(preposition)、连词 ‎(conjunctions)和感叹词(interjection)。‎ ‎ 一、名词(n．) 表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词 ‎ (一)名词的分类 ‎ 名词分为普通名词和专有名词，其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词可用作单数，也可用作复数。‎ ‎ 可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体。如：boy，desk，cat，window)和集体名词(由若干 个体组成的集合体。如：family，class，police)。‎ ‎ 不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物。如：water，paper，silk，money)和抽象名词(表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念。如：work，happiness，music，difficulty，housework)‎ ‎ 专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如：Tom，the Great Wall，the Spring Festival，France，the United States)‎ ‎ (二)名词的数（考点）‎ ‎ 1．可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种：‎ ‎ (1)一般情况下，在词尾加s。‎ ‎ eg．book——books，dog——dogs，pen——pens，boy——boys ‎ 以轻辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为[s)，以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s读音为〔ｚ〕。‎ ‎ (2)以s，x，ch，sh结尾的词名词变复数时，要在词尾加es。‎ ‎ eg．beach——beaches，brush——brushes，bus——buses，box—boxes(es读音为〔ｉｚ〕‎ ‎ (3)以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的名词，先变y为i，再加es。‎ eg．city——cities，family——families，documentary——documentaries，country——countries，‎ strawberry——strawberries(ies读音为[iz])‎ ‎ (注：以“元音字母+y”结尾的词，直接在词尾加-s。eg．boys，holidays，days)‎ ‎ (4)以元音字母。结尾的名词，变复数时情况如下：‎ ‎ ①加es．tomato—tomatoes，potato—potatoes hero----heroes ‎ ②结尾是两个元音字母的加s，eg．Zoo—zoos，radio——radios ‎ ③某些外来词变复数时词尾加s，eg. piano—pianos ‎ ④一些名词的缩写形式变复数时，词尾加s，‎ eg．photo(photograph)——photos，kilo(kilogram)kilos ‎ ⑤zero变复数时，既可加s，也可加 es．zeros／zeroes ‎ (5)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时，先把f或fe变为v，再加es。‎ ‎ eg．wife——wives，leaf leaves，half——halves，knife—knives，thief--thieves(res读音为[vz]‎ ‎ (注意：roof的复数为roofs； scarf的复数为scarfs／scarves)‎ ‎ (6)有些名词由单数变复数时，不是在词尾加s或es，而是变换其中的字母，‎ eg．man——men，woman——women，policeman——policemen，Englishman——Englishmen，‎ Frenchman——Frenchmen， foot——feet， tooth——teeth， child——children，mouse—mice ‎ (7)还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。‎ ‎ eg．Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish ‎ (8)另一些名词本身即是复数形式，不可用作单数。‎ ‎ eg，people，police，trousers，pants，clothes，scissors ‎ 另外，①当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时，这个名词一般用单数。‎ ‎ eg．an apple tree，five apple trees，a girl friend，two girl friends，a twin sister ‎ 但是，当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时，就要用其复数形式。‎ ‎ eg．two men teachers，three women doctors ‎ ②可用“量词+of+名词复数”这一结构表示可数名词的数量。‎ ‎ eg.a room Of students，two boxes Of pencils ‎ 2．不可数名词一般没有复数形式，它的“量”的表示方式如下。（考点）‎ ‎ (1)表不定数量时，一般用much，(a)little，a lot of／lots of，some，any等词修饰。‎ ‎ eg，much money，a little bread ‎ (2)表确定数量时，一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如：two／three／…+量词复数十of+不可数名词。‎ ‎ eg．a bag Of rice，two glasses Of milk，four bottles Of water ‎ 3．有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词，但词义有所不同。‎ ‎ eg: fruit水果——fruits表示不同种类的水果；food食物——foods各种食品；fish鱼——fishes鱼的种类；drink饮料、酒——a drink一杯／一份饮料、一杯酒； cloth布——,a cloth桌布、抹布； sand沙——sands沙滩； tea茶——a tea一杯茶；chicken鸡肉——a chicken小鸡；orange橘汁——an orange橘子； glass玻璃——a glass玻璃杯，glasses眼镜； paper纸——a paper试卷、论文；wood木头——a wood小森林；room空间、余地——a room房间 ‎ (三)名词的所有格(表示人或物的所属关系) （难点）‎ ‎ (1)有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。‎ ‎ ①不是以s结尾的名词变成所有格时，在词尾加’s。‎ ‎ eg．Mike’s watch；Women’s Day ‎ ②以s结尾的名词变成所有格时，只加’。‎ ‎ eg．teachers’ office，students’ rooms ‎ ③两个或两个以上名词并列，表示共同所有，只需在最后一个名词后加’s。‎ ‎ eg．Tom and Mike’s room汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房)‎ ‎ ④两个或两个以上名词并列，表示分别所有，需在几个名词后都加’s。‎ ‎ eg. Mary’s and Jenny’s bikes玛丽和詹妮的自行车(表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车)‎ ‎ (2)无生命的事物的名词所有格常用of结构 ‎ eg．a map Of China，the beginning Of this game，the door Of the room ‎ (3)特殊形式 ‎ ①可用’s和of短语表示的名词所有格 ‎ eg．the boy’s name=the name Of the boy(男孩的名字)‎ ‎ the dog’s legs=the legs of the dog(狗的腿)‎ ‎ China’s population=the population Of China(中国的人口)‎ ‎ China’s capital=the capital of China(中国的首都)‎ ‎ ②双重所有格 ‎ eg．a fiend of my mother’s我妈妈的一个朋友 a picture of Tom’s汤姆的一张图片 练 习 一、写出下列词的复数 ‎ ‎1.book______ 2.bus ______ 3.orange _______‎ ‎4.baby______ 5.boy______ 6.my ________‎ ‎7.his_______ 8.knife______ 9.watch________‎ ‎10.sheep ______ 11. tooth _____ 12. leaf ____‎ ‎13.German__________ 14.Chinese_________‎ 二、选择正确的答案 ‎( )1.—Are those ______?‎ ‎---No, they aren’t. They’re _____.‎ A. sheep ; cows B. sheep ; cow C. sheeps ; cow D. sheeps ; cows ‎( )2.Mum, I’m quite thirsty. Please give me ____.‎ A. two orange B. two bottles of orange C. two bottles orange D. two bottles of oranges ‎( )3.I have got ___ news from my friend. Do you want to know?‎ A. a very good B. any C. a piece of D. two pieces ‎( )4.___ room is on the 5th floor.‎ A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy and Lily’s C. Lucy’s and Lily D. Lucy’s and Lily’s ‎( )5.Every morning Mr. Smith takes a ____ to his office.‎ A. 20 minutes’ walk B. 20 minute’s walk C. 20-minutes walk D. 20-minute walk ‎( )6.This is James Allan Green. We can call him ____.‎ A. Mr. Green B. Mr. Allan C. Mr. James D. James Green ‎( )7.Jack and Tom are ____.‎ A. good friends B. good friend C. a good friend D. good a friend ‎( )8.It’s only about ten ____ walk to the nearest post office.‎ A. minutes B. minute’s C. minutes’ D. minute ‎( )9.He often has ____ for breakfast.‎ A. two breads B. two piece of breads C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads ‎( )10.Mrs. Green has two ____. They’re very bright.‎ A. childs B. child C. children’s D. children ‎( )11.What did the headmaster say about Jim’s ______.‎ A. two months holiday B. two months’ holiday C. two-month holiday D. two month’s holidays ‎( )12.I won’t go there with you, for I have a lot of ____ to do.‎ A. works B. job C. work D. working ‎( )13.Li Lei is a friend of ___.‎ A. I sister B. my sister’s ‎ C. me sister D. my sister of ‎( )14.Have you read ____?‎ A. today’s B. today paper C. the today’s paper D. today’s paper ‎( )15.How many ___ are there in the room?‎ A. boxes B. box C. boxs D. boxxes ‎( )16.Many ____ have been built in our city since 1987.‎ A. factorys B. factories C. factoryes D. factorys ‎( )17.There are lots of ___ in the basket on the table .‎ A. tomatos B. tomato C. tomatoes D. tomatoss ‎( )18.The cat caught two ___ last night.‎ A. mouses B. mice C. mouse D. mices ‎( )19.Jack went to have two ___ pulled out yesterday afternoon.‎ A. tooths B. tooth C. teeth D. toothes ‎( )20.In our school there are fifty-five ___.‎ A. women teachers B. woman teachers ‎ C. women teacher D. woman’s teacher ‎( )21.The three ___ will be put into prison.‎ A. thiefs B. thief C. thieves D. thiefs’‎ ‎ 二、代词(pron．)代替名词，兼有名词和形容词的作用 ‎ 相互代词 each other，one another ‎ 指示代词 this，that，these，those ‎ 不定代词(不指明特定的人或事物的代词)each，every，both，all，either，neither，none，no，one，(a)few，(a)little，some，any，many，much，other，another ‎ 复合不定代词everybody，somebody，anybody，nobody，everyone，someone，anyone，no one，every-thing，something，anything, nothing ‎ 疑问代词 what，who，whom，which，whose ‎ 直接代词 疑问代词都可作连接代词，引导宾语从句．表语从句等。‎ ‎ 关系代词 who，whom，whose，that，which用引导定语从句。‎ ‎ （二)代词的用法 ‎ 1.人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词和指示代词的用法 ‎ （1）人称代词有主格和宾格之分，主格用来作主语，宾格用来作动词或介词的宾语等。‎ ‎ eg. She gaveｍｅa red apple．她给了我一个红苹果： (She作主语，me作动词宾语)‎ ‎ Kathy　is near him．凯西靠近他。(介词near的宾语)‎ ‎ 2，物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。‎ ‎ ①形容词性物主代词位于名词前：their　school，his backpack ‎ ②名词性物主代词相当干一个名词，在句中可作主语、宾语等，后面不能再接名词。‎ ‎ eｇIt isn’t　my　pen．→Mine(=my pen) is missing．(作主语)‎ ‎ I　left　my　pen　at　home．You　can　use　hers(=her　pen)，(作宾语)‎ ‎ ③"of+名词性物主代词”属双重所有格的一种形式。‎ ‎ eg.a cat of hers她的一条狗，a friend of yours你的一个朋友 ‎ (3)反身代词 ‎ ①反身代词在句中可作同位语，起强调作用，也可作动词或介词的宾语。‎ ‎ eg．A few days later，I myself had to go to Paris．(作同位语)‎ ‎ She bought herself a new bag．(作动词宾语)‎ ‎ He's not worried about himself．(作介词宾语)‎ ‎ ②带有反身代词的常用短语。‎ ‎ teach oneself自学 ‎ help oneself to随便吃些…吧 ‎ say to oneself自言自语．‎ ‎ learn．．．by oneself自学…‎ ‎ enjoy oneself过得愉快 ‎ leave one by oneself把某人单独留下 ‎ hurt oneself伤了自己 ‎ dress oneself自己穿衣服 ‎ come to oneself苏醒过来 ‎ (4)相互代词 ‎ ①表示相互关系，可用作动词或介词的宾语，用法区别不大。‎ ‎ eg．For years，the two sisters looked after one another(each other)．多年来姐妹俩互相照顾。‎ ‎ We should learn from each other． 我们应当互相学习。‎ ‎ ②可以用格表示所有关系：each other’s， one another’s互相的，彼此的 ‎ eg．They are looking at each other’s pictures．他们相互看对方的照片。‎ ‎ (5)指示代词 ‎ ①指示代词有单复数之分，既可指物，也可用于介绍人。‎ ‎ Eg This is an apple tree，and that is an orange tree．这是一棵苹果树，那是一棵桔子树。‎ ‎ These are my friends，and that is my sister．这些是我朋友，那个是我姐姐。‎ ‎ ②指示代词可用来指上文中提到的事情：‎ ‎ eg.Steve had a bad cold．This／That was why he didn’t come to school yesterday·‎ ‎ 2．不定代词的用法（考点，难点）‎ ‎ (1)each，every，both，all，either，neither，no，none的用法 ‎ ①each"每个／各个”(强调个体)，用于两者或两者以上。‎ ‎ eg．Two girls came and l gave an apple to each．来了俩姑娘，我给她们每人一个苹果。‎ ‎ Each of them has a nice ring．她们每人有一枚漂亮的戒指。‎ ‎ ②every"每个／各个”(强调全体)，用于两者以上。every常作形容词用。‎ ‎ eg．Everyday is important to us．每天对我们都很重要。‎ ‎ He has read every book(all the books) On the subject．他阅读了所有有关这个主题的书。‎ ‎ ③both表示两者“都”(强调全体)。‎ ‎ eg．Her parents are both doctors．她父母都是医生。‎ ‎ Both of them are doctors．他俩都是医生。‎ ‎ They both like potatoes．他俩喜欢吃土豆。‎ ‎ ④all“全体／大家／一切”用于三者以上，也可接不可数名词。‎ ‎ eg．That’s all for today．今天到此为止。‎ ‎ All of us are from China．我们都来自中国。‎ ‎ All the food is delicious．所有的食物都很好吃。‎ ‎ ⑤either“两者之一”，用于两者(强调个体)。‎ ‎ eg．The two coats are cheap，so you can choose either of them．那两件外套不贵，你可以随便挑一件。‎ ‎ ⑥neither“两个都不”，用于否定两者。‎ ‎ eg. Neither Of the books is／are so interesting.那两本书没一本好看的。‎ ‎ ⑦no(=not any／not a)“没有”可接可数名词单复数，也可接不可数名词。‎ ‎ eg.I have no brothers Or sisters．我没有兄弟姐妹.‎ ‎ A clock has no mouth，but it can talk． 钟表没有嘴，但能说话。‎ ‎ There is no fire without some smoke．有火就有烟。‎ ‎ ⑧none“没有一个人／物”用于否定三者或三者以上的可数名{司。‎ ‎ eg.None Of them has／have been to Japan．他们都没去过日本。‎ ‎ I like none of the books．这些书我全都不喜欢。‎ ‎ ⑨neither和none表示完全否定；all，both，each和every(含every的复合词)等与not连用时表示部分否定。‎ ‎ eg．I don’t know all of you．我不完全认识你们。‎ ‎ Not everyone Of us know how to go there．不是我们每个人都知道怎样去那儿。‎ ‎ (2)one，ones和no one的用法 ‎ one用来代替前面刚提到的一个东西或一个人，以免重复；复数ones用来代替前面提到的一些物或一些人；no one表示否定。‎ ‎ eｇ．——Would you please pass me the science book?给我递过那本科学方面的书好吗?‎ ‎ 一Which one?哪一本?‎ ‎ 一The one on my shelf．我书架上的那本。‎ ‎ No one has traveled farther than to the moon．没有人旅行远过月球。‎ ‎ (3)(a)few，(a)little；many，much；some，any的用法（考点，难点）‎ ‎ ①many(+复数名词)，much(+不可数名词)表示“许多/很多”。‎ ‎ eg．Many Of the students come from England．那些学生许多是从英国来的。‎ ‎ Thanks，it’s too much for me．谢谢，我承受不起。‎ ‎ ②few(+复数名词)，little(+不可数名词)表示“没多／很少”(表否定)。‎ ‎ eg，There were few people in the street last night．昨晚街上没什么人。‎ ‎ I am very worried that l have little time to finish　the　job．我担心，我几乎没有时间完成这份工作了。‎ ‎ ③a　few(+复数名词)，a　little(+不可数名词)表示“有一些／有几个”(表肯定)。‎ ‎ eg.I call see a few cakes and a little bread inthe fridge．我看到冰箱里有几块蛋糕和一些面包。注意：quite a few表示“相当多”‎ ‎ eg．There are quite a few students over there．那儿有相当多的学生。‎ ‎ ④some(+复数名词／不可数名词)，any(+复数名词／不可数名词)表示“有一些／有几个”(表肯定)。‎ ‎ eg．There are some birds in the tree．树上有些鸟。‎ ‎ There is some water in the bottle．瓶里有些水。‎ ‎ I don’t have any brothers Of sisters．我没有 ‎ Is there any tea in the cup?杯子里有茶吗?‎ ‎ ⑤.some一般用于肯定句，但在表示请求、建议。反问等的疑问句中，多用some。‎ ‎ eg: Would you like some beer?你要不要来点啤酒吗？‎ ‎ Why didn’t you buy some sweets?(You should have bought．．．)你怎么没买点糖果?‎ ‎ ⑥.any一般用于疑问句和否定句及条件从句 ‎ eg．There isn't any water left．没有剩下一点水。‎ ‎ If you have any questions， put up your hands。please．如果有问题，请举手。‎ ‎ ⑦：some+单数名词表示“某一个”，any+单数名词表示“随便哪一个”或“任何一个”。‎ ‎ eｇ．I'll catch up with you some day有一天我会赶上你的。‎ ‎ Come　any day you like．你哪天来都行。‎ ‎ Tom is taller than any other student in his class．汤姆比他班上其他任何一个学生都高。‎ ‎ ④one ,other, others, the others ,another等的用法 ‎ ‎ 1.○ ● one……the other ‎ 表示两个人或两件东西中的“一个…另一个”‎ ‎ eg. Mr Smith has two daughters.0ne is a teacher，the other is a nurse．‎ ‎ 2.○ ○○●○ one ………another 表示不定数目中的“一个”与“另—个”。‎ ‎ eg. I don’t want this One， please give me another．‎ ‎ 3.○ ●●● one ……the others 强调在一定范围中的“一个”与“其余的”。‎ ‎ eg. In Our school One Of the teachers is American，the Others are Chinese．‎ ‎4.○○○　●●●● some…… the others 表示许多人或物，不在一定范围中的“一部分”与“其余的全部”。‎ ‎ eg．Some students are reading，the others are drawing pictures．‎ ‎ ⑤others=other+名词；the　others＝the　Other+名词。‎ ‎ eg．Some students like traveling，others(other students) like watching TV at home．‎ ‎ ⑥another表示“再／又”时既可接单数名词，也可接数词+复数名词。‎ ‎ eg. He will be able to finish his work in another two hours．再过两个小时他就能完成他的工作。‎ ‎ (4)复合不定代词的用法 ‎ ①复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。‎ ‎ eg．Someone is knocking at the door．有人在敲门 ‎ ②修饰复合不定代词的形容词或其它词要放在其后，即定语后置。‎ ‎ eg．There is something important On today’s　newspaper．今天的报纸有些重要新闻。‎ ‎ ③复合不定代词变否定句时，要否定主语：‎ ‎ eg．Something　is　wrong．(变为否定句)‎ ‎ Something isn’t wrong.(错误)‎ ‎ Nothing is wrong．(正确)‎ ‎ ④Somebody，someone，something一般用于肯定句；anybody，anyone，anything一般用于否定句、疑问句及条件句。‎ ‎ eg．There is something new in the park．公园里有些新的景点。‎ ‎ Do you have anything interesting to tell us?你有什么有趣的事要告诉我们吗?‎ ‎ ⑤当somebody，someone等用于疑问句时，表示肯定、请求、建议或反问；anybody，anyone等用在肯定句中表示“任何人”。‎ ‎ eg．Is someone coming this afternoon?今天下午有客人来吗?‎ ‎ Anyone can make mistakes． 任何人都可能犯错误。‎ ‎ 3．疑问代词的用法。‎ ‎ (1)who／whom 谁(指人)．‎ ‎ ①作主语 eg. Who wants to go with him?‎ ‎ ②作宾语 eg．Who／Whom are you waiting for?(作介词for的宾语)‎ ‎ eg.Who／Whom do you want tomeet?(作动词meet的宾语)‎ ‎ ③作表语 eg．Who／Whom are they?‎ ‎ (2)whose谁的 ‎ ①作定语 eg． Whose pen is this?‎ ‎ ②作表语 eg． Whose is this pen?‎ ‎ (3)which哪一个，哪一些 ‎ ①作定语 eg．Which girl is Kathy?‎ ‎ ②作表语 eg． Which is the boy’s ball?‎ ‎ (4)what什么 ‎ ①作主主语 eg． What’s on the table?‎ ‎ ②作宾语 eg. What are you doing?‎ ‎ ③作表语 eg． What is he?‎ ‎ ④作定语 eg． What class are you in?‎ ‎ 4．关系代词的用法 ‎ 关系代词用来引起定语从句，它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词，另——方面又在从句中充当一个成分。‎ ‎ eg·This is the man who gave me the book． 这就是给我书的那个人。‎ ‎ The money that／which is on the table is mine． 桌上的钱是我的。‎ The money that／which my mother gave me is on the table． 我妈妈给我的钱在桌上。‎ 练 习 ‎( )1.____office is much smaller than ____.‎ A. Ours ; yours B. Our ; yoursC. Theirs ; our ‎( )2. “Help___ to some meat.”my uncle said to me .‎ A. themselves B. yourself C. yourselves ‎( )3. There are twenty teachers in our school. Eight of them are men teachers and ____ are women teachers.‎ A. others B. the others C. another ‎( )4.There isn’t ____ paper in the box. Will you go and get ____ for me ?‎ A. any ; some B. any ; any C. some ; any ‎( )5.There are many trees on ___ sides of the street.‎ A. both B. all C. each ‎( )6.___ of them has a dictionary and ____ one of them can look up words in it.‎ A. Each ; every B. Every; each C. Every; every ‎( )7. “When shall we meet, this afternoon or tonight?”‎ ‎“I don’t mind. ____ time is OK.‎ A. Either B. Every C. Neither ‎( )8.Would you like ___ cup of tea?‎ A. other B. the other C. another ‎( )9.The two friends were so pleased to see each other that they forgot _____.‎ A. other everything B. anything else C. everything else.‎ ‎( )10.____ of his parents is a teacher.‎ A. Both B. Neither C. None ‎( )11.The river is very dirty. ____ people go to swim in it.‎ A. Few B. A few C. Little ‎( )12.A friend of ____ came to see ____ yesterday.‎ A. his ; his B. he ; him C. his ; him ‎( )13.You can’t leave your baby by ___ at home.‎ A. herself B. himself C. itself ‎( )14. My father is very busy with his work. He has ___ time to have a rest.‎ A. little B. a little C. few ‎( )15.I have three skirts. One is red. ___ two are black.‎ A. another B. the other C. the others ‎( )16.Jack has ___ friends here. So he often feels lonely.‎ A. a little B. a few C. few ‎( )17.Who teaches ___ French?‎ A. we B. our C. us ‎( )18.The boys were all tired, but ___ of them stopped to have a rest.‎ A. any B. some C. none ‎ ‎( )19.Sorry, I can’t answer your question. I know ____ about the news.‎ A. a little B. little C. few ‎( )20.—Hello, Bill! Help ____ to a cake .‎ ‎—Thanks .‎ A. your B. yourself C. yourselves 三、形容词(adj．) 表示人和事物的特征，对名词起修饰和描绘作用 ‎(一)形容词的用法及位置 ‎ 1．形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语等，作定语时一般放在名词前。‎ ‎ Eg. She has short hair．(作定语)‎ ‎ Paul is tall．(作表语)‎ ‎ We must keep our room clean．(作宾补)‎ ‎ 2．形容词修饰不定代词时放在其后。‎ ‎ eg．She has something important to tell us．／‎ ‎ There’s nothing wrong in the sentence．‎ ‎ 四、副词(adv．) 表示动作特征或性状，主要修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子 ‎ ‎ ‎ (一)副词的种类、用法及位置 ‎ 1．副词的种类 ‎ (1)时间副词 ‎①表示大体时间：now，then，yesterday，today， tonight，before，just now，recently， ‎ ‎②表示频率：always，usually，often，sometimes．seldom，never ‎ ③其它作用：already，yet，late，early，soon，at once，immediately，atfirst，at last，finally ‎ (2)地点副词 ‎ ①表地点：here，there，home，abroad，upstairs，downstairs，anywhere，everywhere，nowhere，somewhere ‎ ②表位置关系(后接宾语时，用作介词)：above，below，round，around，down，up，in，out，inside，outside，across，back，along，over，away，near，off,past ‎ (3)方式副词 表示谓语动词“怎样地”，(此类副词大部分由形容词加ly构成)：‎ badly，bravely，gratefully，calmly，carefully，carelessly，nervously，proudly，patiently，politely，sadly，properly，rapidly，wrongly，suddenly ‎ (4)程度副词 多数用来修饰形容词或副词：much，(a)little，a bit，very，sO，too，enough，quite, rather，completely，terribly，deeply，nearly，almost，hardly ‎ (5)疑问副词 构成特殊疑问句：how，when, where，why ‎ (6)连接副词 连接主语、宾语或表语从句：how，when，where，why ‎ (7)关系副词 引导定语从句：when，where，why ‎ (8)其它性质的副词 对整个句子进行说明，一般用逗号与主句隔开：frankly(坦率地说，说真的)，generally(一般说来)，luckily(幸运地是)，first of all(首先)等。‎ ‎ 2．副词的用法及位置 ‎ (1)修饰动词作状语 ‎ ①多数位于动词之后，及物动词的宾语或介问的宾语之后。‎ ‎ eg．The farmers are working hard in the field．‎ ‎ She speaks English well．‎ ‎ The nurse looks after the babies carefully．‎ ‎ ②频度副词放在动词前，情态动词和助动词之后。‎ ‎ eg．He always goes to school On foot．‎ ‎ She was often late for school．‎ ‎ I have never been to Beijing·‎ ‎ (2)修饰形容词作状语，放在形容词前。‎ ‎ eg．He has a very nice watch．‎ ‎ The box is too heavy.‎ ‎ (3)修饰另一副词作状语，放在另一副词前。‎ ‎ eg．She paints quite well．‎ ‎ You speak too fast．I can’t understand you．‎ ‎ (4)作表语，放在系动词后。‎ ‎ eg．Is anybody in?‎ ‎ (5)作宾语补足语，放在宾语之后。‎ ‎ eg．I saw him out just now．‎ ‎ (6)作定语，放在名词之后。‎ ‎ eg．There is a man：here On vacation．‎ ‎ (7)疑问副词、修饰整个句子的副词以及perhaps，first，sometimes，finally等副词，一般放在句首。‎ ‎ eg．Finally，I finished the work．‎ ‎ Perhaps he’s watching TV at home．‎ ‎ (8)表示程度的副词一般放在被修饰词前，而enough则放在它所修饰的词后。‎ ‎ eg. He is old enough to go to school．‎ ‎ (三)形容词和副词的比较等级 ‎ 1．比较级、最高级的构成 ‎ (1)单音节和少数双音节词 ‎ ①一般在词尾加er或est ‎ great--greater——greatest，young——younger——youngest，slow→slower→slowest ‎ ②以e结尾的只加r或st ‎ nice——nicer----nicest，large——larger—largest．‎ ‎ ③以辅音字母加y结尾的，先变y为i，再加er或est heavy——heavier——heaviest， easy——easier——>easiest， busy——busier——busiest， ‎ funny——funnier——+funniest，early——earlier→earliest ‎④以重读闭音节结尾的词，先双写最末的一个辅音字母，再加er或est big——bigger——biggest， ‎ thin——thinner——>thinnest，fat—)fatter→fattest，fit—)fitter→fittest ‎ (2)多音节和部分双音节词，前加more为比较级，加(the)most为最高级 ‎ careful→more careful——most careful ‎ useful——more useful——most useful ‎ popular→more popular→most popular ‎ carelessly——more carelessly——most carelessly ‎ (3)不规则变化的词 ‎ good／well→better→best ‎ bad／ill／badly→worse→worst ‎ many／much→more→most ‎ little→less→least ‎ old→older／elder→oldest(指年龄大小)／eldest(指长幼顺序)‎ ‎ far→farther／further→farthest(指距离)／furthest(指程度)‎ ‎ 2．形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法 ‎ (1)形容词和副词比较级的用法 ‎ ①用于两者比较，表示“比…更…”：‎ ‎ “A+系动词+形容词比较级+than+B，‎ ‎ eg．I am two years older than my little sister．‎ ‎ “A+谓语动词+副词比较级+than+Ｂ：‎ ‎ eg． She gets to school earlier than the other students．‎ ‎ ②用于两者之间的同级比较，表示“…和…一样”：‎ ‎ “A+系动词+as+形容词原级+as+B，‎ ‎ eg.Bill is as funny as his father．‎ ‎ “A+谓语动词+as+副词原级+as+B”‎ ‎ eg.Lucy speaks Chinese as well as Lily.‎ ‎ ③表示甲在某方面不如乙：‎ ‎ “A+系动词+notas／so+形容i司原级+as十B”‎ ‎ eg．These books aren’t as interesting as those．‎ ‎ “A+助动词／情态动词+not+谓语动词+aS／SO+B”‎ ‎ eg．She didn’t sing sO well that night as she usually does．‎ ‎ ④表示某个范围内的两者相比：‎ ‎ “A十动词十the+比较级+of短语(比较范围)” eg．Penny is the taller of the two girls．Penny是这两个女孩中较高的一个。‎ ‎ ⑤表示“越来越…”：“比较级+and+比较级”‎ ‎ eg．In spring the days are getting longer and longer． 在春天，白天变得越来越长。‎ ‎ ⑥表示“越…越…”：“the+比较级…the+比较级”‎ ‎ eg．The mort：you practice using English，the better you’ll learn it 你英语练得越多，就会学得越好。‎ ‎ ①可以用much，far，even，a bit，a little，a lot等修饰比较级表示程度，但决不可用very修饰。‎ ‎ eg．Tom is a little taller than Mike．Tom比Mike稍高一点；‎ ‎ it is even colder today than yesterday。 今天甚至比昨天更冷 ‎ ⑧在比较级中，为了避免重复，可用that或those代替前面提到过的事情。‎ ‎ eg．The weather here is much hotter than that Ofour hometown．这儿比我的老家热得多。‎ ‎ The pants in this shop are a lot better than those in that shop.这家商店的裤子比那家商店的裤子质量好得多。‎ ‎ (3)形容词和副词最高级的用法 ‎ 对三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时用最高级。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the，副词最高级前可加the，也可省掉the；后面可带of／in短浯来说明比较范围：‎ ‎ “主语+系动词+the+形容词最高级+of短语／in短语”‎ ‎ eg．She is the youngest Of　all．‎ ‎ “A+谓语动词+(the)+最高级+of短语／in短语”‎ eg．Linda draws most carefully in her class．‎ 练 习 一、写出下列词的比较级和最高级 thin ____ ____ easy _____ ______‎ early ______ ______ new ______ ______‎ hot ______ ______ clever ______ _______‎ little _____ ______ late _____ ______‎ narrow______ ______fat _____ ______‎ many ______ _____ big _____ ______‎ dangerous__________ ___________‎ wonderful __________ ___________‎ careful __________ ____________‎ slowly __________ ____________‎ popular __________ ____________‎ 二、选择填空 ‎( )1.Which language is ____ , English, French or Chinese?‎ A. difficult B. the difficult C. more difficult D. the most difficult ‎( )‎2.Yangpu‎ ‎Bridge is one of ___ in the world A. bigger bridge B. the biggest bridge C. the biggest bridges D. bigger bridges ‎( )3.Tom is taller than Mike. But he is not ____ Mike.‎ A. strong as B. so strong as C. so strong D. as strong ‎( )4.Most of the people in Guangdong are getting ______.‎ A. more and rich B. more rich and more rich C. richer and richer D. rich and rich ‎( )5.This text is ____ easier and ____ interes- ting than that one.‎ A. more ; much B. much ; more C. more ; more D. much ; much ‎( )6.Which do you like ____, beef, pork or chicken? ‎ A. good B. well C. better D. best ‎( )7.Put on more clothes. It is snowing ___ outside. A. strongly B. heavy C. heavily ‎( )8.John drives as ___ as Tom.‎ A. carefully B. good C. nice D. fine ‎( )9.Is China larger than ____ in Africa.‎ A. any country B. any other country C. any countries D. all countries ‎( )10.My ___ brother is ___ than I.‎ A. elder, three years older B. older ; older C. older; three years elder D. elder ; elder ‎( )11.Li Mei is more beautiful than ___ in her class.‎ A. any girl B. any other girl C. all the girls D. any girls ‎( )12.This problem is ___ than that one.‎ A. ten times easy B. ten times easier C. ten times more easy D. ten time easier ‎( )13.This film is ___ interesting than that one.‎ A. more B. much C. very D. the most ‎( )14.There is ___ in today’s newspaper.‎ A. interesting nothing B. nothing interesting C. interested nothing D. nothing interested ‎( )15.The teacher asked all the students in the class to keep their eyes ____.‎ A. close B. to close C. closing D. closed ‎( )16.The fat man always says his meat looks ____ and sells _____.‎ A. good ; good B. well ; well C. good ; well D. well ; good ‎( )17.It seems that men are ____ making computers than women.‎ A. better at B. good at C. well in D. weak in ‎( )18.The word’s population is growing fast every minute, especially in some ___ countries A. west B. more developed C. east D. less developed ‎( )19.This bridge is not ___ long and wide ____ the one in my hometown.‎ A. so ; as B. very ; than C. too; as D. very ; as ‎( )20.I think the song in the film “Titanic” is ___ one of all the movie songs.‎ A. the most beautiful B. most beautiful C. much more beautiful D. a beautiful ‎( )21.Lin Tao is as ___ as Zhang Hua.‎ A. strong B. stronger ‎ C. strongest D. the strongest ‎( )22.Sara is ___ tired ___ move after the hard work.‎ A. very ; to B. quite ; to ‎ C. too ; to D. so ; that ‎( )23. Jack didn’t run ___ to catch the bus.‎ A. enough fast B. quickly enough C. enough slow D. slowly enough ‎( )24.The driver is very ___. He often drives his car _____.‎ A. careful ; careful B. carefully; carefully C. carefully ; careful D. careful ; carefully ‎( )25.Look! All the children are working ___ on the farm.‎ A. careful B. hard C. busy D. happy ‎( )26.The population of Shanghai is ___ than that of Xi’an.‎ A. smaller B. fewer C. much D. larger ‎ 五、冠词(art．)用在名词前，帮助说明其意义 ‎ 冠词分为不定冠词a／an和定冠词the，放在名词前、a／3n用在单数可数名词前(a用于辅音音素开头的词前，an用于元音音素开头的词前)。‎ ‎ 1．不定冠词 ‎ (1)不定冠词的用法 ‎ ①泛指—类人或物。‎ ‎ eg．This is a pencil case．‎ ‎ She’S a doctor．‎ ‎ ②指不具体的某个人或物。‎ ‎ eg.I met an old man On my way home．‎ ‎ ③用在序数词前，相当于another。‎ ‎ eg．There’s a third boy near the shop.‎ ‎ ④表示“每—(个)”，相当于every。‎ ‎ eg．They have music lessons twice a week．‎ ‎ ⑤固定搭配。‎ ‎ a lot Of，a lot，a little，a few，a glass Of，such a／an， have a word with，have a look，have a try，have a swim，a quarter，half an hour， three times a day，have a talk，give a talk，ten Yuan a kilo ‎ (2)不定冠词的位置 ‎ ①不定冠词—般放在所修饰的单数可数名词前。‎ ‎ eg，a bike，an egg ‎ ②当名词被such，what，many修饰时，不定冠词放在这些词之后。‎ ‎ eg．It took me half an hour to finish my homework．‎ ‎ He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door．‎ ‎ What a dangerous job it is!‎ ‎ Many a man has gone to the big cities for work．‎ ‎ ③当名词前的形容词前有so，how，too等词时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。‎ ‎ Eg. She was so nice a girl that she took the　blind man to the station．‎ ‎ How nice a film this is!‎ ‎ ④当名词前面有形容词和quite，rather，very时，不定冠词放在quite，rather之后，very之前。‎ ‎ eg．It is quite a good book．‎ ‎ That is rather a useful too1.‎ ‎ This is a very interesting story ‎ 2．定冠词的用法表示上文中所提到过的人或物。‎ ‎　 eg:l have two children，a boy and a girl．The boy's name is Mark．The girl’s name is Penny.‎ ‎ (2)特指某(些)人或物。‎ ‎ eg: The girl in a red dress comes from America．‎ ‎ (3)指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或物。‎ ‎ eg: My shoes are under the bed．‎ ‎ (4)用在形容最高级和部分比较级前。‎ ‎ eg Tom is the taller of the two boys．‎ ‎ (5)用在序数词前。‎ ‎ eg Monday is the second day of a week．‎ ‎ (6)用在世界上独一无二的事物前(如太阳、月亮、世界、地球、天空、宇宙等)。‎ ‎ cg The moon moves round the earth．‎ ‎ (7)用在某些形容词前，表示—类人或物。‎ ‎ the　rich(富人)，the poor(穷人)，the deaf(聋人)，the blind(盲人)，the dead(死者)，the wounded(伤员)‎ ‎ (8)用在姓氏复数前，表示“某某—家人”或“某某夫妇”。‎ ‎ eg．The Greens are having dinner at home．‎ ‎ (9)用在乐器前。‎ ‎ eg．play the piano／guitar／violin／drums．‎ ‎ (10)用于逢“十”‎的复数数词前，指某个世纪中的几十年代或人的大约年岁。‎ ‎ eg. In the 1970s，a highway was built to linkup the city with my hometown．‎ ‎ I think he is in the thirties．‎ ‎ (11)用在某些专有名词和习惯用语中。‎ ‎ the United Nations，the Great Wall，the Summer Palace，the Palace Museum，in the end，in the day，in the middle Of，all the time，in the east，by the way，On the way tO，the(more)．．．‎ ‎ the(more)…“越…越…”‎ ‎ 3．不用冠词的情况 ‎ (1)名词前有指示代词this，that，these，those时不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg．That girl is my friend．‎ ‎ (2)名词前有物主代词my，your，his her，their等时不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg．Lucy is her sister．‎ ‎ (3)名词前有whose，which，SO[1ie，any，each，every等代词时不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg．Which man is Mr Green?‎ ‎ Each student has a beautiful picture．‎ ‎ (4)复数名词表示一类人或物时不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg．Those young men are teachers，not students．‎ ‎ (5)物质名词表示种类时不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg．Snow is white．‎ ‎ (6)抽象名词表示一般概念时不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg．Does she like music?‎ ‎ (7)在球类运动和棋类游戏前时不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg．play basketball／soccer／chess ‎ (8)在三餐前不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg．have breakfast／lunch／supper／dinner ‎ (9)在人名、地名、节假日、星期、月份前不用。‎ ‎ Eg. Tina，China，Tian an men Square，Beijing University，New Year’s Day，Tuesday，January ‎ (10)在学科和节目名称前不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg．My favorite is English．‎ ‎ (11)在某些固定搭配中不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg．at noon， at work，at home，by bus, by air，On foot，from morning till night，at night，go to school，go to bed，at last ‎ 4.在有些词组中，用冠词和不用冠词意思有较大区别。‎ ‎ in hospital(在住院)；in the hospital(在医院)‎ ‎ in prison(在坐牢)；in the prison(在监狱里)‎ ‎ at table(吃饭，用餐)；at the table(在桌旁)‎ ‎ in front of(在某个范围之外的前面)；in the front of(在某个范围之外的前面)‎ ‎ go to college(上大学)；go to the college(去那所大学)‎ take place(发生)；take the place(代替)‎ ‎ 六、数词 ‎ (一)基数词 在英语中表示数目的词称为基数词。‎ ‎ 1．基数词的构成 ‎ (1)1-20‎ ‎ one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight，nine，ten，eleven，twelve，thirteen，fourteen，fifteen，sixteen，seventeen，eighteen，nineteen，twenty ‎ (2)21-99 先说“几十”‎，再说“几”，中间加连字符。‎ ‎ 23→twenty-three，34→thirty-four，45→forty—five，56→fifty-six，67→sixty-seven，78→seventy-eight，89→eighty-nine，91→ninety-one ‎ (3)101—999先说“几百”，再加and，再加末两位数或末位数；‎ ‎ 586→five hundred and eighty-six，803→eight hundred and three ‎ (4)l,000以上，先从右往左数，每三位数加一个“，”，第一个“，”前为thousand．第二个“，”前为 million，第三个“，”前为billion(美式)或thousand ,million(英式)，然后一节一节地表示。‎ ‎ 1，001→one thousand and one ‎ 9,785→nine thousand， seven hundred and eighty-five ‎ 18,423→eighteen thousand，four hundred and twenty-three ‎ 6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine ‎ 750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty, billion(美式) seven hundred and fifty thousand million(英式)‎ ‎ 2．基数词的用法 ‎ (1)作主语 ‎ eg．Four Of them come from Paris．‎ ‎ (2)作宾语 ‎ eg．一 How many books would you like?‎ ‎ 一I would like two．‎ ‎ (3)作表语 ‎ eg．Seven minus two is five．‎ ‎ (4)作定语 ‎ eg．There are three people in my family·‎ ‎ (5)作同位语 ‎ eg. You two will go swimming with us．‎ ‎ (6)表具体数字时，hundred，thousand，million用单数。‎ ‎ eg. There are six hundred students in our grade．‎ ‎ (7)表不确定的数字时，数词用复数。若带名词，再加of hundreds of(数百，成百上千的)，thousands of ‎(数干，成千上万的)，millions of(数百万)‎ ‎ eg，They arrived in two sand threes．他们三三两两地来了。‎ ‎ (8)表示“…十”‎的数词的复数可以表示人的岁数或年代。‎ ‎ eg. He is in his early thirties．他有三十来岁(31—34岁)：‎ ‎ This took place in the 1930s．这事发生在二十世纪三十年代；‎ ‎ (9)表示时刻 ‎ eg．I watch CCTV News at seven o’clock every evening.‎ ‎ (二)序数词 在英语中表示顺序、次序的词称为序数词。‎ ‎ 1，序数词的构成 ‎ (1)一般在基数词后加th eg．four→fourth，thirteen→thirteenth ‎（3）基数词变序数词的方法：‎ ‎ 基变序，有规律；词尾要加th。‎ ‎ 一二三，特殊记；词尾分别tdd。‎ ‎ 八去t ，九去e ；ve则以f替。‎ ‎ ty 则变作 ti ; 后面还有一个e。‎ ‎ 要是遇到几十几；只将个位变成序。‎ ‎ (2)不规则变化 ‎ one→first，two→second，three→third，five→fifth，eight→eighth，nine→ninth，twelve--~twelfih ‎ (3)以y结尾的十位整数，变y为ie再加th ‎ twenty→twentieth， forty→fortieth， ninety→ninetieth ‎ (4)从21后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。‎ ‎ twenty-first，two hundred and forty-fifth ‎ 2．序数词的用法 ‎ (1)序数词作定语时，一般要与定冠词或物主代词连用。‎ ‎ eg．Tom is their second son．‎ ‎ He is the first one to come here．‎ ‎ (2)序数词有时可与不定冠词连用，表示数量上"又—"，“再一”‎ ‎ eg: He tried a second time．他又试了—次.‎ ‎ Shall l ask him a third time?还要我再问他—次吗?我已问了他两次)‎ ‎ （3）序数词的缩写形式为：阿拉伯数字加上这个词的末尾两个字母。‎ ‎ 1st 2nd，3rd，4th，20th，21st，22nd，23rd ‎ (4表示年、月、日时，年用基数词，日用序数词。‎ ‎ ‎2005年8月15日：(英)15，8，2005=15th，August，2005；(美)8，15，2005=August 15th，2005‎ ‎ (三)基数词和序数词都可以用来给数字编号。‎ ‎ No．1(1号)，No．3bus(3路公共汽车)，Room 103，(103号旁间)‎ ‎ The first lesson=Lesson Two(第二课)‎ ‎ (四)分数词的表达 ‎ 分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母加s ‎ eg．1／3-one third；2／5-two fifths ‎ (五)数学运算的表达 ‎ eg．3+5=8 Three plus／and five is eight．‎ ‎ 9-2=7 Nine minus two is seven．‎ ‎ 6x5=30 Five times six is thirty ／six unutilized five is thirty．‎ ‎8÷2=4 Eight divided by two is four．‎ 练 习 ‎( )1.If you go out at night, you’ll be able to see ____ starts.‎ A. thousands of B. thousand of C. nine thousands of D. thousands ‎( )2.Monday is ___ day of the week.‎ A. first B. the first ‎ C. the second D. second ‎( )3.You’ve done it twice. Why not try ____ time? ‎ A. third B. the third C. a third D. once ‎( )4.Which is the____ month? It’s September.‎ A. nine B. nineth C. ninth D. ninety ‎( )5.December is ___ of the year.‎ A. the twelfth months B. the twelfth month C. the twelveth months D. twelve months ‎( )6.There are ___ floors in the building and he lives on the ____ floor.‎ A. eighteen, fifteen B. eighteenth, fifteenth C. eighteen, fiveteen D. eighteen, fifteenth ‎( )7.I was born ___, 1982.‎ A. on June 2rd B. in June 2nd C. on June two D. on June 2‎ ‎( )8.It’s ____ from our home to the zoo.‎ A. two and a half hours’ walk B. a half and two hours walk C. two hours and a half hour’s walk D. two and a half hour’s walk ‎( )9.What time is it now? It’s ___ to six.‎ A. quarter B. a quarter C. quarto C. a quarto ‎( )10.Will you be back in ____ ?‎ A. one or two minutes B. one minute or two C. two minutes or one D. two or one minute ‎( )11.Mary’s uncle went to France ____.‎ A. in his thirties B. on his thirties C. at his thirties D. about his thirties ‎( )12.The headmaster wrote a ___ report.‎ A. two thousand words B.two-thousand-words C. two-thousand words D. two-thousand-word ‎( )13.____of the apples in the fruit bowl are soft and sweet.‎ A. Two-third B. Second-third C. Two-thirds D. Second-thirds ‎( )14.We have learned about ____ these days.‎ A. several hundreds English words B. hundreds of English words C. hundred of English words D. several hundred English word ‎( )15.A UN report says that the word population will pass six billion by the end of ____ century.‎ A. twentieth B. twenty C. the twentieth D. the twentyth ‎ 七、介词 ‎ (一)表示时间的介词 ‎ (1)at ‎ ①接具体时间：eg．at six，at half past two，at ten to twelve ‎ ②表示“在…时刻”；eg: at noon，at midnight ‎ (2)in ‎ ①表示“在(某段时间段)之间”；‎ ‎ eg．in January，in a month，in spring，in 2005‎ ‎ ②在将来时中，表示“在某段时间之后”‎ ‎ eg．In ten years，I think I'll be a reporter．‎ ‎ (3)on ‎ ‎ 表示在具体的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上等。‎ ‎ eg. On Monday，On Tuesday afternoon，On May4th，On the morning of July 6th ‎ (三)固定搭配的介词 ‎ (1)动词+介词：look after，look at，look for，laugh at，listen to，hear from，turn On，turn off, wait for，worry about，think of，spend．．．On ‎ (2)介词十名词：by train，on foot，at the end of ,at last，in the end，in trouble，at table，at breakfast，‎ ‎ in hospital,in time，On time, On one’s way to，with pleasure ‎ (3)be+形容词+介词：be afraid of ,be good at，be good／bad for， be late for，be interested in，be angry, with，be full of，be sorry for ‎ 八、连词(conj.用来连接词与词或句与句 ‎ (1)并列连词(用来连接平行的词、词组或分句)‎ ‎ ①表并列关系：not only．．．but also，neither．．．nor，and ‎ ②表选择关系：or，either．．．or ‎ ③表转折关系：but，while ‎ ④表因果关系：for，so ‎ (2)从属连词(用来引导从句)‎ ‎ ①引导时间状语从句： after，before，when，while，as，until，till，since，as soon as ‎ ②引导原因状语从句：because，as，since ‎ ③引导目的状语从句：so that，in order that ‎ ④引导结果状语从句：so that，so…that，such．．．that ‎ ⑤引导比较状语从句：than，as…as ‎⑥引导宾语从句：that，if, whether 练 习 ‎( )1.___ the afternoon of May, we visited the old man. A. On B. At C. In ‎( )2.Many people work ___ the day and sleep ___ night. A. on ; at B. in ; in C. in ; at ‎( )3.He speaks Japanese best ____ the boy students. A. between B. with C. among ‎( )4.A wolf ___ a sheep skin is our dangerous enemy. A. with B. in C. on ‎( )5.Joan hopes to come back ___ three days.‎ A. after B. for C. in ‎( )6.They sent the letter to me ___ mistake.‎ A. by B. for C. with ‎( )7.He left home ___ a cold winter evening.‎ A. at B. on C. in ‎( )8.Shanghai is ____ the east of China.‎ A. in B. on C. to ‎( )9.____ my father’s help, I have finished my composition.‎ A. Under B. On C. with ‎( )10.He’s very strict ____ himself and he’s very strict ___ his work.‎ A. with ; in B. in ; with C. with ; with ‎( )11.I really can’t agree ____ you.‎ A. to B. on C. with ‎( )12.The shop won’t open ___ nine in the morning.‎ A. until B. at C. during ‎( )13.How about ___ the flowers now?‎ A. watering B. are watering C. watered ‎( )14.She spent all his money ___ books.‎ A. in B. with C. on ‎( )15.They are talking ___ low voices.‎ A. with B. in C. on ‎( )16.It’s very kind ___ you to help us.‎ A. for B. to C. of ‎( )17.What will you have ___ breakfast this morning?‎ A. with B. for C. by ‎( )18.A plane is flying ____ the city.‎ A. on B. over C. above ‎( )19.You are free to speak ___ the meeting.‎ A. at B. in C. on ‎( )20.Mr. Green will stay in China___ Friday.‎ A. to B. on C. till ‎( )21.It’s wrong to play tricks ___ other people.‎ A. on B. of C. with ‎( )22.Which color do you like? I prefer blue ___ red. A. for B. as C. to ‎( )23.The student will give us a talk ___ how to use our spare time.‎ A. for B. on C. in ‎( )24.I paid two hundred yuan ___ that kind of bicycle.‎ A. in B. for C. on ‎( )25.The doctor is very kind ___ his patients A. to B. on C. at ‎( )26.We can’t live ___ air.‎ A. in B. with C. without ‎( )27.The child was afraid ___ the strange sound. A. at B. for C. of ‎( )28.He was very angry ___ her for being late. A. for B. with C. at ‎( )29.What do you think ___ the play?‎ A. about B. like C. of ‎( )30.I think it’s the right way to work out the problem, but I am not sure _____ it.‎ A. do B. for C. of ‎( )31.Reading ___ the sun isn’t good ___ you A. under ; for B. in ; for C. in ; to ‎( )32.I won’t ask about it, I’m going to see it ____ my own eyes.‎ A. by B. for C. with ‎( )33.We go to school every day ____ Sunday. A. except B. without C. on ‎( )34.There is a small river ___ the two towns A. in B. between C. among ‎( )35.Li Lei sometimes falls asleep ___ the lesson. A. for B. through C. during ‎( )36.Mr. Black went to Paris ___ a few days.‎ A. for B. in C. after ‎( )37.They will leave ________ London next month.‎ A. to B. from C. for ‎( )38.Are you going to the zoo ___ bus or ___ my car?‎ A. on ; by B. by ; in C. on ; in ‎( )39.He woke up several times ___ the night A. in B. at C. on ‎( )40.No one can stop her ___ going away.‎ A. of B. from C. out of ‎( )41.What do you mean ___ “bao zhi”?‎ A. on B. with C. by ‎( )42.You’ll get a nice present ____ your parents____ your birthday.‎ A. from ; on B. for ; at C. frm ; in ‎( )43.Light comes in ____ the window.‎ A. from B. across C. through ‎( )44.There are many apples ___ the tree. A bird ___ the tree is picking an apple.‎ A. in ; on B. on ; in C. in ; at ‎( )45. “Who are you going to play ____?” “Grade Two.”‎ A. about B. by C. against ‎( )46. Don’t go ___ the street. The bus is coming.‎ A. cross B. across C. past ‎( )47.He lives ___ the twentieth floor ___ No. 154 Zhongshan Street.‎ A. on ; at B. in ; in C. on ; in ‎( )48.He found a piece of useful information ___ the Internet.‎ A. at B. on C. in ‎( )49.___ my surprise, he lost the game.‎ A. With B. To C. On ‎( )50.The blind man knows the money ___ touching and feeling it.‎ A. with B. by C. through ‎( )51. We traveled overnight to Paris and arrived _______ 5 o’clock ______ the morning.‎ A. on; in B. at; in C. at; on D. in; on ‎( )52. Where’s Lily? We are all here _______ her.‎ A. beside B. about C. except D. with ‎( )53. She sent her friend a postcard _______ a birthday present.‎ A. on B. as C. for D. of ‎( )54. Jack has studied Chinese in this school _______ the year of 2000.‎ A. since B. in C. on D. by ‎( )55. ---What is a writing brush, do you know?‎ ‎ ---It’s _______ writing and drawing.‎ A. with B. to C. for D. by ‎( )56. English is widely used ______ travellers and business people all over the world.‎ ‎ A. to B. for C. as D. by ‎( )57. ______ the help of my teacher, I caught up with the other students.‎ A. Under B. In C. With D. On ‎( )58. Hong Kong is ______ the south of China, and Macao is ______ the west of Hong Kong.‎ A. in; to B. to; to C. to; in D. in; in ‎( )59. ---You’d better not go out now. It’s raining.‎ ‎ ---It doesn’t matter. My new coat can keep ______ rain.‎ A. in B. of C. with D. off ‎( )60. Japan lies ______ the east of China.‎ A. to B. in C. about D. at ‎( )61. ---Will the foreigners have any problems talking with Chinese in 2008?‎ ‎ ---I don’t think so. Now ______ the young ______ the old can speak some English.‎ A. either…or B. not only… but also C. neither…nor D. both…or ‎( )62. We didn’t catch the train _______ we left late.‎ A. so B. because C. but D. though ‎( )63. Tom failed in the exam again _______ he wanted to pass it very much.‎ A. if B. so C. though D. as ‎( )64. I won’t believe that the five-year-old boy can read five thousand words ______ I have tested him myself.‎ A. after B. when C. if D. until ‎( )65. The book was so interesting that he had read it for three hours ______ he realized it.‎ A. when B. until C. after D. before ‎( )66. ---This dress was last year’s style.‎ ‎ ---I think it still looks perfect ______ it has gone out this year.‎ A. so that B. even though ‎ C. as if D. ever since ‎( )67. Hurry up, _______ you will miss the train.‎ A. and B. so C. however D. or ‎( )68. The mountain was ______ steep _____ few people in our city reached the top.‎ A. so…as B. so…that ‎ C. as…as D. too…to ‎( )69. ---Do you remember our pleasant journey to Xi’an?‎ ‎ ---Of course. I remember everything ______ it happened yesterday.‎ A. as soon as B. even though C. rather than D. as if ‎( )70. ______ you can’t answer this question, we have to ask someone else for help.‎ A. Although B. While ‎ C. Whether D. Since ‎ 九、动词(verb．)动词表示主语的动作或状态 ‎ (一)动词的种类。‎ ‎ (1)及物动词vt，其后接宾语。‎ ‎ eg．She wears a uniform．‎ ‎ (2)不及物动词vi，不接宾语。‎ ‎ eg :She can dance．‎ ‎ (3)连系动词like-v．接表语。‎ ‎ eg．They are nurses．‎ ‎ That sounds interesting.‎ ‎ His mother looks young.‎ ‎ If you keep milk for too long, it goes bad．‎ ‎ (4)助动词aux--V．接动词原形或分词(它无实在意思，只起语法作用)。‎ ‎ eg,　DO you like pandas?‎ ‎ He has gone to Australia．‎ ‎ She is looking at the cat．‎ ‎ (5)情态动词mod-v．接动词原形(它不能单独作谓语，有自己的意思，无人称和数的变化)。‎ ‎ Eg. He must go now．‎ ‎ You should clean the classroom after class．‎ ‎ (6)有些动词既可作及物动词，也可作助动词或不及物动词，be也可作助动词。‎ ‎ eg．I do my homework after class．(Vt．)‎ ‎ Do as you like．(Vi．)‎ ‎ She is a little bit quiet．(mod-v．)‎ ‎ She is swimming now．(aux-v．)‎ ‎ 二)情态动词的用法 ‎ (一)can，could，may的用法 ‎ l .can／could ‎ (1)表示具有某种能力，意为“能，能够，会”(could表过去)。‎ ‎ eg．I can sing English songs．‎ ‎ Lisa can’t speak Japanese．‎ ‎ She could swim when she was four years old．‎ ‎ (2)表示许：可、允许，意为“可以”。‎ ‎ eg．Can we watch TV now?‎ ‎ You can’t play computer games in the morning．‎ ‎ (3)表示请求某人做某事，意为“能，能够”(用could使晤气更委婉)。‎ ‎ eg．Can／Could you help me，please?‎ ‎ (4)表示推测“可能”，多用于否定句和疑问句中。(表肯定推测可用must，might，could等)‎ ‎ cg。it can’t be true．这不可能是真的。‎ ‎ Where can he have gone?他可能会去哪儿呢?‎ ‎ 2．may／might ‎ (1)表示许可、允许，意为“可以”，比can更正式。‎ ‎ eg. May l use your pen?我可以用你的钢笔吗?‎ ‎ May l ask you a question?我可以问你—个问题吗?‎ ‎ (2)表示推测“可能”，用于肯定句和否定句，不能用于疑问句。‎ ‎ eg．He　may be at home now．他可能现在在家。 ‎ ‎ She may not be there today．今天她可能不在那儿。‎ ‎ (二)can与be able to的区别 ‎ 1．两者都可以用来表示能力。‎ ‎ eg．I can／am able to mend the bike．‎ ‎ 2.can只有现在时(Can)和过去时(could)，而be able to可用于多种时态。‎ ‎ eg. I will be able to come back in another few months.‎ ‎ He hasn’t been able to get there before dark．‎ ‎ 3．can可以表示推测，但be able to不能。‎ ‎ eg．That Can't be Gina's dictionary．‎ ‎ 4．can与be able to；不能重复使用 ‎ eg．他能做好这件事。‎ ‎ He can be able to do is well．(X)‎ ‎ He can do it well．(√)‎ ‎ He is able to do it well．(√)‎ ‎ (三)must与have to的区别 ‎ 1.主客观方面不同。‎ ‎ must表“义务”或“强制”，表示主观的必要；在肯定句中must还可表推测，语气要比may肯定多。have to表“必须”或“不得不”，表示客观的必要。‎ ‎ eg．We must clean the room．(表示我们认为房间太脏了。)‎ ‎ We have to clean the room．(表示没有人替我们打扫房间等客观原因。)‎ ‎ He must beat home before supper。(他晚饭前一定在家。)‎ ‎ 2.人称和时态不同。‎ ‎ must无人称和时态的变化，一律用must十动词原形。have to后接动词原形，有人称、数和时态的变化，一般现在时的第三人称单数要用has to，过去时中要用had to，将来时中要用will have to。另外，have to还可与情态动词和助动词连用。‎ ‎ eg: Tom must practice his guitar every day．‎ ‎ The train has left．We'll have to wait for the next train．‎ ‎ 3．否定式及意义不同。‎ ‎ must not=mustn't“决不可／千万不可／务必不要”；don’t／doesn’t／didn’t／won’t+ have to“不必”‎ ‎ eg．We mustn’t tell jokes on him．我们千万不可与他开玩笑。‎ ‎ We don’t have to tell jokes on him．我们不必和他开玩笑。‎ ‎ 在对May I…? 作否定回答时用No， you　mustn’t／can’t．‎ ‎ eg. May　l go to the movies? NO，You mustn't ‎ 5．疑问式及回答不同。‎ ‎ Must+主语+动词原形+…? Yes，主语+ must．／NO，主语+needn’t．‎ ‎ 助动词+主语+have to+动词原形+…?‎ Yes，主语+助动词．／No，主语+助动词+not．‎ ‎ eg．Must l go now? Yes，you must．／NO，you needn’t ‎ Does she have to go to the doctor? Yes，she does．／NO，she doesn’t.‎ ‎ ‎ 练 习 一、写出下列各时态的构成，然后找出各时态所对应的时间状语，只写代号 ‎1、一般现在时：__________ _________‎ 时间状语 _______________________‎ ‎2、一般过去时 _________________‎ ‎ 时间状语_______________________‎ ‎3、一般将来时:___________ __________‎ ‎__________‎ 时间状语_____________________‎ ‎4、现在进行时_____________________‎ ‎ 时间状语_______________________‎ ‎5、 现在完成时____________________‎ ‎ 时间状语_______________________‎ ‎6、过去进行时_____________________‎ ‎ 时间状语_______________________‎ 提供的时间状语如下：‎ A. since she came in B. in two days ‎ C. when she came in D. next week ‎ E. often F. five days ago G. sometimes H. last year‎ ‎I.‎ look之后的句子 J. just ‎ K. at 4:30 yesterday L. so far ‎ M. for ten years N. since two years ago 二、用所给动词的适当形式填空 ‎1.Mother ________ (watch) TV every evening.‎ ‎2.We________(talk) when the teacher came in.‎ ‎3.He ________(go) to Beijing two days ago.‎ ‎4.He ________(leave) Chengdu in two days.‎ ‎5.Look! The boy________(play) football on the playground.‎ ‎6.My uncle ______(live) here for ten years.‎ ‎7.He often helps the old woman _______ (carry) water.‎ ‎8.Would you like to make a contribution to ________ (improve) our living conditions?‎ ‎9.Don’t forget ________(turn) off the lights before you go out.‎ ‎10.Please let the girls _____(go) first.‎ ‎11.They had great fun ________(play) football this afternoon.‎ ‎12.Do you enjoy ________(watch) TV?‎ ‎13.Would you like ______(have) a cup of tea?‎ ‎14.You can ______(go) there tomorrow.‎ ‎15.Would you mind my _____(open) the door?‎ ‎16.Please ask him _______(speak) more loudly ‎17.I’ll go fishing if it ____(be) fine tomorrow.‎ ‎18.He said his grandpa ________(be) dead for ten years.‎ ‎19.Tell the children __________(not play) in the street.‎ ‎20.Mr Zhu spent much time _________(help) me with my English.‎ ‎21.I’ll tell you as soon as he ____ (come) back.‎ ‎22.Each of us _____(want) to go to college.‎ ‎23.Thank you for ______(help) me.‎ ‎24.The teacher told us the earth ____(go) round the sun.‎ ‎25.My father is good at _____(fish).‎ ‎26.You’d better______(not talk) in class.‎ ‎27.The teacher stopped_______(talk) to us when we went into the office. ‎ ‎28.I saw her _______(cook) when I got home.‎ ‎29.Look! A woman with two children _____ (be) coming towards us.‎ ‎30.His family ___ not big, but the family ____ (be) interested in music.‎ ‎31.Two months _____(be) quite a long time.‎ ‎32.He asked if Tom ______(come) in two days ‎33.One of our teachers _____(be) a foreigner.‎ ‎34.The Greens ______(have) been to the Great Wall twice.‎ ‎35.He is practicing _______(speak) English with Mr. Green.‎ ‎36.This pair of glasses ___ mine. The glasses on the table ____ his (be).‎ ‎37.There ____ an apple, a pear and some bananas on the table. (be)‎ ‎38.______(read) in bed ___(be)bad your eyes.‎ ‎39.Hello, Jim! I ________ (not know) you we in Chengdu. I ______ (tell) you were still in London.‎ ‎40.It _______(say) that another bridge_______ (build) over the river next year.‎ ‎41. He left the room without _______ (say) goodbye.‎ ‎42. Many trees ________ (plant) in our school yard these years.‎ ‎43. The police _____ (be) trying to catch the thief.‎ ‎44. The family _____(be) spending the weekend together.‎ 三、选择填空 ‎( )1.—Must I turn off the light now?‎ ‎---No, you _______‎ A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. can’t ‎( )2.Our teacher told us the sun ____ in the east. A. rose B. rises C. is rising ‎( )3.He ___ back in a month.‎ A. will come B. come C. came ‎( )4.I ___ him before.‎ A. met B. had met C. have met ‎( )5.The teacher ____ to Japan this year. She’s now telling her pupils about it.‎ A. went B. has been C. has gone ‎( )6.It ____ hard when I got home yesterday.‎ A. rained B. is raining C. was raining ‎( )7.Why not ____ again?‎ A. to try B. try C. trying ‎( )8.He has finished ____ the letter.‎ A. writing B. to write C. wrote ‎( )9.It _____ every night.‎ A. happens B. is happened C. happened ‎( )10.The policeman told the children ____ in the street.‎ A. not play B. not to play C. don’t play ‎( )11.The box is too heavy for me ____.‎ A. to carry it B. to carry C. carrying it ‎( )12.Stop ____and listen to the teacher.‎ A. to read B. read C. reading ‎( )13.He is still looking for a house ____.‎ A. to live B. to live in C. to live in it ‎( )14.I heard her ___ when I passed her room just now. A. sing B. singing C. to sing ‎( )15.—May I go with you ?‎ ‎---No, you ______.‎ A. may not B. can not C. mustn’t ‎( )16.There are some ____ in the river.‎ A. air B. fish C. water.‎ ‎( )17.Sheep __ white and milk ___white, too.‎ A. is ; is B. is ; are C. are ; is ‎( )18.The class ___ going to see a film this afternoon.‎ A. am B. is C. are ‎( )19.Jim’s shoes ____ under the bed.‎ A. are B. is C. was ‎( )20.Three years ____ quite a long time.‎ A. is B. are C. were ‎( )21.The clothes are mine. Yours ____ under the bed.‎ A. is B. are C. were ‎( )22.There ___ a lot of news in today’s newspaper.‎ A. is B. are C. were ‎( )23.--Can you answer this question in English? No, I _____. ‎ A. needn't  B. mustn't  C. may not  D. can't ‎( )24. The teacher wanted us _____ Exercise 1, but you let me ______ Exercise 2. ‎ A.to do, do  B. to do, to do  ‎ C. do, to do  D. do, do  ‎ ‎( )25. Miss Green saw a wallet ______on the ground when she walked past the school gate. ‎ A. lie  B. lying  C. lies  D. to lie  ‎ ‎( )26.What have you done _____ the milk? I've just _____ it. ‎ A. with, eaten  B.for, eaten  ‎ C. with, drunk   D. for, drunk    ‎ ‎( )27.The radio _______ it will get warmer later.‎ A. says  B. speaks  C.talks  D. tells ‎( )28. You must be very tired. Why not _____ a rest?‎ A. stop having  B.stop to have  ‎ C.to stop having  D. to stop to have ‎ ‎( )29. Li Ping is young, but he _____ many places of interest in South China.‎ A.went to  B. has been in  ‎ C.has gone to   D. has been to ‎ ‎( )30. Mother told me _____ in the sun.‎ A. not read  B. don't read  ‎ C. read not  D. not to read   ‎ ‎( )31.Do you often see her ______ volleyball on the playground?‎ A. play  B. played  C. plays  D. to play      ‎ ‎( )32.Alice didn't hear what the teacher said just now,so she doesn't know how _______ the problem. ‎ A. do  B. did  C. to do  D. doing   ‎ ‎( )33.When the little boy ____someone coming upstairs,he stopped _____.‎ A. heard…crying  B. listened…to cry  ‎ C. heard…to cry  D. listened…cry ‎ ‎( )34.I ______ my ruler at home.Can I use yours,please? ‎ A. forgot  B. have forgotten  ‎ C. left  D. have left  ‎ ‎( )34.Jim _____ the good news to his classmates this morning.‎ A. spoke   B. told   C. said   D. talked