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新目标中考英语词类复习

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‎2010年新目标中考英语词类复习 复习难点:十大词类的句法功能 复习重点:十大词类的常考点 复习方式:熟记各词类的总结、教师提出重难点、强化细节知识的考查、近年在词类方面的命题去向、强化训练 I.词法 ‎ ‎ 英语中的词可以根据词义、语法功能和形式特征分为十大类,即名词(noun)、代词(pronoun)、形容词(adjective)、副词(adverb)、动词(verb)、数词(numeral)、冠词(article)、介词(preposition)、连词 ‎(conjunctions)和感叹词(interjection)。‎ ‎ 一、名词(n.) 表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词 ‎ (一)名词的分类 ‎ 名词分为普通名词和专有名词,其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词可用作单数,也可用作复数。‎ ‎ 可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体。如:boy,desk,cat,window)和集体名词(由若干 个体组成的集合体。如:family,class,police)。‎ ‎ 不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物。如:water,paper,silk,money)和抽象名词(表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念。如:work,happiness,music,difficulty,housework)‎ ‎ 专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如:Tom,the Great Wall,the Spring Festival,France,the United States)‎ ‎ (二)名词的数(考点)‎ ‎ 1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种:‎ ‎ (1)一般情况下,在词尾加s。‎ ‎ eg.book——books,dog——dogs,pen——pens,boy——boys ‎ 以轻辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为[s),以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s读音为〔z〕。‎ ‎ (2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es。‎ ‎ eg.beach——beaches,brush——brushes,bus——buses,box—boxes(es读音为〔iz〕‎ ‎ (3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加es。‎ eg.city——cities,family——families,documentary——documentaries,country——countries,‎ strawberry——strawberries(ies读音为[iz])‎ ‎ (注:以“元音字母+y”结尾的词,直接在词尾加-s。eg.boys,holidays,days)‎ ‎ (4)以元音字母。结尾的名词,变复数时情况如下:‎ ‎ ①加es.tomato—tomatoes,potato—potatoes hero----heroes ‎ ②结尾是两个元音字母的加s,eg.Zoo—zoos,radio——radios ‎ ③某些外来词变复数时词尾加s,eg. piano—pianos ‎ ④一些名词的缩写形式变复数时,词尾加s,‎ eg.photo(photograph)——photos,kilo(kilogram)kilos ‎ ⑤zero变复数时,既可加s,也可加 es.zeros/zeroes ‎ (5)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,先把f或fe变为v,再加es。‎ ‎ eg.wife——wives,leaf leaves,half——halves,knife—knives,thief--thieves(res读音为[vz]‎ ‎ (注意:roof的复数为roofs; scarf的复数为scarfs/scarves)‎ ‎ (6)有些名词由单数变复数时,不是在词尾加s或es,而是变换其中的字母,‎ eg.man——men,woman——women,policeman——policemen,Englishman——Englishmen,‎ Frenchman——Frenchmen, foot——feet, tooth——teeth, child——children,mouse—mice ‎ (7)还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。‎ ‎ eg.Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish ‎ (8)另一些名词本身即是复数形式,不可用作单数。‎ ‎ eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes,scissors ‎ 另外,①当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时,这个名词一般用单数。‎ ‎ eg.an apple tree,five apple trees,a girl friend,two girl friends,a twin sister ‎ 但是,当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时,就要用其复数形式。‎ ‎ eg.two men teachers,three women doctors ‎ ②可用“量词+of+名词复数”这一结构表示可数名词的数量。‎ ‎ eg.a room Of students,two boxes Of pencils ‎ 2.不可数名词一般没有复数形式,它的“量”的表示方式如下。(考点)‎ ‎ (1)表不定数量时,一般用much,(a)little,a lot of/lots of,some,any等词修饰。‎ ‎ eg,much money,a little bread ‎ (2)表确定数量时,一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如:two/three/…+量词复数十of+不可数名词。‎ ‎ eg.a bag Of rice,two glasses Of milk,four bottles Of water ‎ 3.有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但词义有所不同。‎ ‎ eg: fruit水果——fruits表示不同种类的水果;food食物——foods各种食品;fish鱼——fishes鱼的种类;drink饮料、酒——a drink一杯/一份饮料、一杯酒; cloth布——,a cloth桌布、抹布; sand沙——sands沙滩; tea茶——a tea一杯茶;chicken鸡肉——a chicken小鸡;orange橘汁——an orange橘子; glass玻璃——a glass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜; paper纸——a paper试卷、论文;wood木头——a wood小森林;room空间、余地——a room房间 ‎ (三)名词的所有格(表示人或物的所属关系) (难点)‎ ‎ (1)有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。‎ ‎ ①不是以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,在词尾加’s。‎ ‎ eg.Mike’s watch;Women’s Day ‎ ②以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,只加’。‎ ‎ eg.teachers’ office,students’ rooms ‎ ③两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有,只需在最后一个名词后加’s。‎ ‎ eg.Tom and Mike’s room汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房)‎ ‎ ④两个或两个以上名词并列,表示分别所有,需在几个名词后都加’s。‎ ‎ eg. Mary’s and Jenny’s bikes玛丽和詹妮的自行车(表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车)‎ ‎ (2)无生命的事物的名词所有格常用of结构 ‎ eg.a map Of China,the beginning Of this game,the door Of the room ‎ (3)特殊形式 ‎ ①可用’s和of短语表示的名词所有格 ‎ eg.the boy’s name=the name Of the boy(男孩的名字)‎ ‎ the dog’s legs=the legs of the dog(狗的腿)‎ ‎ China’s population=the population Of China(中国的人口)‎ ‎ China’s capital=the capital of China(中国的首都)‎ ‎ ②双重所有格 ‎ eg.a fiend of my mother’s我妈妈的一个朋友 a picture of Tom’s汤姆的一张图片 练 习 一、写出下列词的复数 ‎ ‎1.book______ 2.bus ______ 3.orange _______‎ ‎4.baby______ 5.boy______ 6.my ________‎ ‎7.his_______ 8.knife______ 9.watch________‎ ‎10.sheep ______ 11. tooth _____ 12. leaf ____‎ ‎13.German__________ 14.Chinese_________‎ 二、选择正确的答案 ‎( )1.—Are those ______?‎ ‎---No, they aren’t. They’re _____.‎ A. sheep ; cows B. sheep ; cow C. sheeps ; cow D. sheeps ; cows ‎( )2.Mum, I’m quite thirsty. Please give me ____.‎ A. two orange B. two bottles of orange C. two bottles orange D. two bottles of oranges ‎( )3.I have got ___ news from my friend. Do you want to know?‎ A. a very good B. any C. a piece of D. two pieces ‎( )4.___ room is on the 5th floor.‎ A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy and Lily’s C. Lucy’s and Lily D. Lucy’s and Lily’s ‎( )5.Every morning Mr. Smith takes a ____ to his office.‎ A. 20 minutes’ walk B. 20 minute’s walk C. 20-minutes walk D. 20-minute walk ‎( )6.This is James Allan Green. We can call him ____.‎ A. Mr. Green B. Mr. Allan C. Mr. James D. James Green ‎( )7.Jack and Tom are ____.‎ A. good friends B. good friend C. a good friend D. good a friend ‎( )8.It’s only about ten ____ walk to the nearest post office.‎ A. minutes B. minute’s C. minutes’ D. minute ‎( )9.He often has ____ for breakfast.‎ A. two breads B. two piece of breads C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads ‎( )10.Mrs. Green has two ____. They’re very bright.‎ A. childs B. child C. children’s D. children ‎( )11.What did the headmaster say about Jim’s ______.‎ A. two months holiday B. two months’ holiday C. two-month holiday D. two month’s holidays ‎( )12.I won’t go there with you, for I have a lot of ____ to do.‎ A. works B. job C. work D. working ‎( )13.Li Lei is a friend of ___.‎ A. I sister B. my sister’s ‎ C. me sister D. my sister of ‎( )14.Have you read ____?‎ A. today’s B. today paper C. the today’s paper D. today’s paper ‎( )15.How many ___ are there in the room?‎ A. boxes B. box C. boxs D. boxxes ‎( )16.Many ____ have been built in our city since 1987.‎ A. factorys B. factories C. factoryes D. factorys ‎( )17.There are lots of ___ in the basket on the table .‎ A. tomatos B. tomato C. tomatoes D. tomatoss ‎( )18.The cat caught two ___ last night.‎ A. mouses B. mice C. mouse D. mices ‎( )19.Jack went to have two ___ pulled out yesterday afternoon.‎ A. tooths B. tooth C. teeth D. toothes ‎( )20.In our school there are fifty-five ___.‎ A. women teachers B. woman teachers ‎ C. women teacher D. woman’s teacher ‎( )21.The three ___ will be put into prison.‎ A. thiefs B. thief C. thieves D. thiefs’‎ ‎ 二、代词(pron.)代替名词,兼有名词和形容词的作用 ‎ 相互代词 each other,one another ‎ 指示代词 this,that,these,those ‎ 不定代词(不指明特定的人或事物的代词)each,every,both,all,either,neither,none,no,one,(a)few,(a)little,some,any,many,much,other,another ‎ 复合不定代词everybody,somebody,anybody,nobody,everyone,someone,anyone,no one,every-thing,something,anything, nothing ‎ 疑问代词 what,who,whom,which,whose ‎ 直接代词 疑问代词都可作连接代词,引导宾语从句.表语从句等。‎ ‎ 关系代词 who,whom,whose,that,which用引导定语从句。‎ ‎ (二)代词的用法 ‎ 1.人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词和指示代词的用法 ‎ (1)人称代词有主格和宾格之分,主格用来作主语,宾格用来作动词或介词的宾语等。‎ ‎ eg. She gavemea red apple.她给了我一个红苹果: (She作主语,me作动词宾语)‎ ‎ Kathy is near him.凯西靠近他。(介词near的宾语)‎ ‎ 2,物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。‎ ‎ ①形容词性物主代词位于名词前:their school,his backpack ‎ ②名词性物主代词相当干一个名词,在句中可作主语、宾语等,后面不能再接名词。‎ ‎ egIt isn’t my pen.→Mine(=my pen) is missing.(作主语)‎ ‎ I left my pen at home.You can use hers(=her pen),(作宾语)‎ ‎ ③"of+名词性物主代词”属双重所有格的一种形式。‎ ‎ eg.a cat of hers她的一条狗,a friend of yours你的一个朋友 ‎ (3)反身代词 ‎ ①反身代词在句中可作同位语,起强调作用,也可作动词或介词的宾语。‎ ‎ eg.A few days later,I myself had to go to Paris.(作同位语)‎ ‎ She bought herself a new bag.(作动词宾语)‎ ‎ He's not worried about himself.(作介词宾语)‎ ‎ ②带有反身代词的常用短语。‎ ‎ teach oneself自学 ‎ help oneself to随便吃些…吧 ‎ say to oneself自言自语.‎ ‎ learn...by oneself自学…‎ ‎ enjoy oneself过得愉快 ‎ leave one by oneself把某人单独留下 ‎ hurt oneself伤了自己 ‎ dress oneself自己穿衣服 ‎ come to oneself苏醒过来 ‎ (4)相互代词 ‎ ①表示相互关系,可用作动词或介词的宾语,用法区别不大。‎ ‎ eg.For years,the two sisters looked after one another(each other).多年来姐妹俩互相照顾。‎ ‎ We should learn from each other. 我们应当互相学习。‎ ‎ ②可以用格表示所有关系:each other’s, one another’s互相的,彼此的 ‎ eg.They are looking at each other’s pictures.他们相互看对方的照片。‎ ‎ (5)指示代词 ‎ ①指示代词有单复数之分,既可指物,也可用于介绍人。‎ ‎ Eg This is an apple tree,and that is an orange tree.这是一棵苹果树,那是一棵桔子树。‎ ‎ These are my friends,and that is my sister.这些是我朋友,那个是我姐姐。‎ ‎ ②指示代词可用来指上文中提到的事情:‎ ‎ eg.Steve had a bad cold.This/That was why he didn’t come to school yesterday·‎ ‎ 2.不定代词的用法(考点,难点)‎ ‎ (1)each,every,both,all,either,neither,no,none的用法 ‎ ①each"每个/各个”(强调个体),用于两者或两者以上。‎ ‎ eg.Two girls came and l gave an apple to each.来了俩姑娘,我给她们每人一个苹果。‎ ‎ Each of them has a nice ring.她们每人有一枚漂亮的戒指。‎ ‎ ②every"每个/各个”(强调全体),用于两者以上。every常作形容词用。‎ ‎ eg.Everyday is important to us.每天对我们都很重要。‎ ‎ He has read every book(all the books) On the subject.他阅读了所有有关这个主题的书。‎ ‎ ③both表示两者“都”(强调全体)。‎ ‎ eg.Her parents are both doctors.她父母都是医生。‎ ‎ Both of them are doctors.他俩都是医生。‎ ‎ They both like potatoes.他俩喜欢吃土豆。‎ ‎ ④all“全体/大家/一切”用于三者以上,也可接不可数名词。‎ ‎ eg.That’s all for today.今天到此为止。‎ ‎ All of us are from China.我们都来自中国。‎ ‎ All the food is delicious.所有的食物都很好吃。‎ ‎ ⑤either“两者之一”,用于两者(强调个体)。‎ ‎ eg.The two coats are cheap,so you can choose either of them.那两件外套不贵,你可以随便挑一件。‎ ‎ ⑥neither“两个都不”,用于否定两者。‎ ‎ eg. Neither Of the books is/are so interesting.那两本书没一本好看的。‎ ‎ ⑦no(=not any/not a)“没有”可接可数名词单复数,也可接不可数名词。‎ ‎ eg.I have no brothers Or sisters.我没有兄弟姐妹.‎ ‎ A clock has no mouth,but it can talk. 钟表没有嘴,但能说话。‎ ‎ There is no fire without some smoke.有火就有烟。‎ ‎ ⑧none“没有一个人/物”用于否定三者或三者以上的可数名{司。‎ ‎ eg.None Of them has/have been to Japan.他们都没去过日本。‎ ‎ I like none of the books.这些书我全都不喜欢。‎ ‎ ⑨neither和none表示完全否定;all,both,each和every(含every的复合词)等与not连用时表示部分否定。‎ ‎ eg.I don’t know all of you.我不完全认识你们。‎ ‎ Not everyone Of us know how to go there.不是我们每个人都知道怎样去那儿。‎ ‎ (2)one,ones和no one的用法 ‎ one用来代替前面刚提到的一个东西或一个人,以免重复;复数ones用来代替前面提到的一些物或一些人;no one表示否定。‎ ‎ eg.——Would you please pass me the science book?给我递过那本科学方面的书好吗?‎ ‎ 一Which one?哪一本?‎ ‎ 一The one on my shelf.我书架上的那本。‎ ‎ No one has traveled farther than to the moon.没有人旅行远过月球。‎ ‎ (3)(a)few,(a)little;many,much;some,any的用法(考点,难点)‎ ‎ ①many(+复数名词),much(+不可数名词)表示“许多/很多”。‎ ‎ eg.Many Of the students come from England.那些学生许多是从英国来的。‎ ‎ Thanks,it’s too much for me.谢谢,我承受不起。‎ ‎ ②few(+复数名词),little(+不可数名词)表示“没多/很少”(表否定)。‎ ‎ eg,There were few people in the street last night.昨晚街上没什么人。‎ ‎ I am very worried that l have little time to finish the job.我担心,我几乎没有时间完成这份工作了。‎ ‎ ③a few(+复数名词),a little(+不可数名词)表示“有一些/有几个”(表肯定)。‎ ‎ eg.I call see a few cakes and a little bread inthe fridge.我看到冰箱里有几块蛋糕和一些面包。注意:quite a few表示“相当多”‎ ‎ eg.There are quite a few students over there.那儿有相当多的学生。‎ ‎ ④some(+复数名词/不可数名词),any(+复数名词/不可数名词)表示“有一些/有几个”(表肯定)。‎ ‎ eg.There are some birds in the tree.树上有些鸟。‎ ‎ There is some water in the bottle.瓶里有些水。‎ ‎ I don’t have any brothers Of sisters.我没有 ‎ Is there any tea in the cup?杯子里有茶吗?‎ ‎ ⑤.some一般用于肯定句,但在表示请求、建议。反问等的疑问句中,多用some。‎ ‎ eg: Would you like some beer?你要不要来点啤酒吗?‎ ‎ Why didn’t you buy some sweets?(You should have bought...)你怎么没买点糖果?‎ ‎ ⑥.any一般用于疑问句和否定句及条件从句 ‎ eg.There isn't any water left.没有剩下一点水。‎ ‎ If you have any questions, put up your hands。please.如果有问题,请举手。‎ ‎ ⑦:some+单数名词表示“某一个”,any+单数名词表示“随便哪一个”或“任何一个”。‎ ‎ eg.I'll catch up with you some day有一天我会赶上你的。‎ ‎ Come any day you like.你哪天来都行。‎ ‎ Tom is taller than any other student in his class.汤姆比他班上其他任何一个学生都高。‎ ‎ ④one ,other, others, the others ,another等的用法 ‎ ‎ 1.○ ● one……the other ‎ 表示两个人或两件东西中的“一个…另一个”‎ ‎ eg. Mr Smith has two daughters.0ne is a teacher,the other is a nurse.‎ ‎ 2.○ ○○●○ one ………another 表示不定数目中的“一个”与“另—个”。‎ ‎ eg. I don’t want this One, please give me another.‎ ‎ 3.○ ●●● one ……the others 强调在一定范围中的“一个”与“其余的”。‎ ‎ eg. In Our school One Of the teachers is American,the Others are Chinese.‎ ‎4.○○○ ●●●● some…… the others 表示许多人或物,不在一定范围中的“一部分”与“其余的全部”。‎ ‎ eg.Some students are reading,the others are drawing pictures.‎ ‎ ⑤others=other+名词;the others=the Other+名词。‎ ‎ eg.Some students like traveling,others(other students) like watching TV at home.‎ ‎ ⑥another表示“再/又”时既可接单数名词,也可接数词+复数名词。‎ ‎ eg. He will be able to finish his work in another two hours.再过两个小时他就能完成他的工作。‎ ‎ (4)复合不定代词的用法 ‎ ①复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。‎ ‎ eg.Someone is knocking at the door.有人在敲门 ‎ ②修饰复合不定代词的形容词或其它词要放在其后,即定语后置。‎ ‎ eg.There is something important On today’s newspaper.今天的报纸有些重要新闻。‎ ‎ ③复合不定代词变否定句时,要否定主语:‎ ‎ eg.Something is wrong.(变为否定句)‎ ‎ Something isn’t wrong.(错误)‎ ‎ Nothing is wrong.(正确)‎ ‎ ④Somebody,someone,something一般用于肯定句;anybody,anyone,anything一般用于否定句、疑问句及条件句。‎ ‎ eg.There is something new in the park.公园里有些新的景点。‎ ‎ Do you have anything interesting to tell us?你有什么有趣的事要告诉我们吗?‎ ‎ ⑤当somebody,someone等用于疑问句时,表示肯定、请求、建议或反问;anybody,anyone等用在肯定句中表示“任何人”。‎ ‎ eg.Is someone coming this afternoon?今天下午有客人来吗?‎ ‎ Anyone can make mistakes. 任何人都可能犯错误。‎ ‎ 3.疑问代词的用法。‎ ‎ (1)who/whom 谁(指人).‎ ‎ ①作主语 eg. Who wants to go with him?‎ ‎ ②作宾语 eg.Who/Whom are you waiting for?(作介词for的宾语)‎ ‎ eg.Who/Whom do you want tomeet?(作动词meet的宾语)‎ ‎ ③作表语 eg.Who/Whom are they?‎ ‎ (2)whose谁的 ‎ ①作定语 eg. Whose pen is this?‎ ‎ ②作表语 eg. Whose is this pen?‎ ‎ (3)which哪一个,哪一些 ‎ ①作定语 eg.Which girl is Kathy?‎ ‎ ②作表语 eg. Which is the boy’s ball?‎ ‎ (4)what什么 ‎ ①作主主语 eg. What’s on the table?‎ ‎ ②作宾语 eg. What are you doing?‎ ‎ ③作表语 eg. What is he?‎ ‎ ④作定语 eg. What class are you in?‎ ‎ 4.关系代词的用法 ‎ 关系代词用来引起定语从句,它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词,另——方面又在从句中充当一个成分。‎ ‎ eg·This is the man who gave me the book. 这就是给我书的那个人。‎ ‎ The money that/which is on the table is mine. 桌上的钱是我的。‎ The money that/which my mother gave me is on the table. 我妈妈给我的钱在桌上。‎ 练 习 ‎( )1.____office is much smaller than ____.‎ A. Ours ; yours B. Our ; yoursC. Theirs ; our ‎( )2. “Help___ to some meat.”my uncle said to me .‎ A. themselves B. yourself C. yourselves ‎( )3. There are twenty teachers in our school. Eight of them are men teachers and ____ are women teachers.‎ A. others B. the others C. another ‎( )4.There isn’t ____ paper in the box. Will you go and get ____ for me ?‎ A. any ; some B. any ; any C. some ; any ‎( )5.There are many trees on ___ sides of the street.‎ A. both B. all C. each ‎( )6.___ of them has a dictionary and ____ one of them can look up words in it.‎ A. Each ; every B. Every; each C. Every; every ‎( )7. “When shall we meet, this afternoon or tonight?”‎ ‎“I don’t mind. ____ time is OK.‎ A. Either B. Every C. Neither ‎( )8.Would you like ___ cup of tea?‎ A. other B. the other C. another ‎( )9.The two friends were so pleased to see each other that they forgot _____.‎ A. other everything B. anything else C. everything else.‎ ‎( )10.____ of his parents is a teacher.‎ A. Both B. Neither C. None ‎( )11.The river is very dirty. ____ people go to swim in it.‎ A. Few B. A few C. Little ‎( )12.A friend of ____ came to see ____ yesterday.‎ A. his ; his B. he ; him C. his ; him ‎( )13.You can’t leave your baby by ___ at home.‎ A. herself B. himself C. itself ‎( )14. My father is very busy with his work. He has ___ time to have a rest.‎ A. little B. a little C. few ‎( )15.I have three skirts. One is red. ___ two are black.‎ A. another B. the other C. the others ‎( )16.Jack has ___ friends here. So he often feels lonely.‎ A. a little B. a few C. few ‎( )17.Who teaches ___ French?‎ A. we B. our C. us ‎( )18.The boys were all tired, but ___ of them stopped to have a rest.‎ A. any B. some C. none ‎ ‎( )19.Sorry, I can’t answer your question. I know ____ about the news.‎ A. a little B. little C. few ‎( )20.—Hello, Bill! Help ____ to a cake .‎ ‎—Thanks .‎ A. your B. yourself C. yourselves 三、形容词(adj.) 表示人和事物的特征,对名词起修饰和描绘作用 ‎(一)形容词的用法及位置 ‎ 1.形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语等,作定语时一般放在名词前。‎ ‎ Eg. She has short hair.(作定语)‎ ‎ Paul is tall.(作表语)‎ ‎ We must keep our room clean.(作宾补)‎ ‎ 2.形容词修饰不定代词时放在其后。‎ ‎ eg.She has something important to tell us./‎ ‎ There’s nothing wrong in the sentence.‎ ‎ 四、副词(adv.) 表示动作特征或性状,主要修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子 ‎ ‎ ‎ (一)副词的种类、用法及位置 ‎ 1.副词的种类 ‎ (1)时间副词 ‎①表示大体时间:now,then,yesterday,today, tonight,before,just now,recently, ‎ ‎②表示频率:always,usually,often,sometimes.seldom,never ‎ ③其它作用:already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediately,atfirst,at last,finally ‎ (2)地点副词 ‎ ①表地点:here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere ‎ ②表位置关系(后接宾语时,用作介词):above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over,away,near,off,past ‎ (3)方式副词 表示谓语动词“怎样地”,(此类副词大部分由形容词加ly构成):‎ badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,proudly,patiently,politely,sadly,properly,rapidly,wrongly,suddenly ‎ (4)程度副词 多数用来修饰形容词或副词:much,(a)little,a bit,very,sO,too,enough,quite, rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly,almost,hardly ‎ (5)疑问副词 构成特殊疑问句:how,when, where,why ‎ (6)连接副词 连接主语、宾语或表语从句:how,when,where,why ‎ (7)关系副词 引导定语从句:when,where,why ‎ (8)其它性质的副词 对整个句子进行说明,一般用逗号与主句隔开:frankly(坦率地说,说真的),generally(一般说来),luckily(幸运地是),first of all(首先)等。‎ ‎ 2.副词的用法及位置 ‎ (1)修饰动词作状语 ‎ ①多数位于动词之后,及物动词的宾语或介问的宾语之后。‎ ‎ eg.The farmers are working hard in the field.‎ ‎ She speaks English well.‎ ‎ The nurse looks after the babies carefully.‎ ‎ ②频度副词放在动词前,情态动词和助动词之后。‎ ‎ eg.He always goes to school On foot.‎ ‎ She was often late for school.‎ ‎ I have never been to Beijing·‎ ‎ (2)修饰形容词作状语,放在形容词前。‎ ‎ eg.He has a very nice watch.‎ ‎ The box is too heavy.‎ ‎ (3)修饰另一副词作状语,放在另一副词前。‎ ‎ eg.She paints quite well.‎ ‎ You speak too fast.I can’t understand you.‎ ‎ (4)作表语,放在系动词后。‎ ‎ eg.Is anybody in?‎ ‎ (5)作宾语补足语,放在宾语之后。‎ ‎ eg.I saw him out just now.‎ ‎ (6)作定语,放在名词之后。‎ ‎ eg.There is a man:here On vacation.‎ ‎ (7)疑问副词、修饰整个句子的副词以及perhaps,first,sometimes,finally等副词,一般放在句首。‎ ‎ eg.Finally,I finished the work.‎ ‎ Perhaps he’s watching TV at home.‎ ‎ (8)表示程度的副词一般放在被修饰词前,而enough则放在它所修饰的词后。‎ ‎ eg. He is old enough to go to school.‎ ‎ (三)形容词和副词的比较等级 ‎ 1.比较级、最高级的构成 ‎ (1)单音节和少数双音节词 ‎ ①一般在词尾加er或est ‎ great--greater——greatest,young——younger——youngest,slow→slower→slowest ‎ ②以e结尾的只加r或st ‎ nice——nicer----nicest,large——larger—largest.‎ ‎ ③以辅音字母加y结尾的,先变y为i,再加er或est heavy——heavier——heaviest, easy——easier——>easiest, busy——busier——busiest, ‎ funny——funnier——+funniest,early——earlier→earliest ‎④以重读闭音节结尾的词,先双写最末的一个辅音字母,再加er或est big——bigger——biggest, ‎ thin——thinner——>thinnest,fat—)fatter→fattest,fit—)fitter→fittest ‎ (2)多音节和部分双音节词,前加more为比较级,加(the)most为最高级 ‎ careful→more careful——most careful ‎ useful——more useful——most useful ‎ popular→more popular→most popular ‎ carelessly——more carelessly——most carelessly ‎ (3)不规则变化的词 ‎ good/well→better→best ‎ bad/ill/badly→worse→worst ‎ many/much→more→most ‎ little→less→least ‎ old→older/elder→oldest(指年龄大小)/eldest(指长幼顺序)‎ ‎ far→farther/further→farthest(指距离)/furthest(指程度)‎ ‎ 2.形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法 ‎ (1)形容词和副词比较级的用法 ‎ ①用于两者比较,表示“比…更…”:‎ ‎ “A+系动词+形容词比较级+than+B,‎ ‎ eg.I am two years older than my little sister.‎ ‎ “A+谓语动词+副词比较级+than+B:‎ ‎ eg. She gets to school earlier than the other students.‎ ‎ ②用于两者之间的同级比较,表示“…和…一样”:‎ ‎ “A+系动词+as+形容词原级+as+B,‎ ‎ eg.Bill is as funny as his father.‎ ‎ “A+谓语动词+as+副词原级+as+B”‎ ‎ eg.Lucy speaks Chinese as well as Lily.‎ ‎ ③表示甲在某方面不如乙:‎ ‎ “A+系动词+notas/so+形容i司原级+as十B”‎ ‎ eg.These books aren’t as interesting as those.‎ ‎ “A+助动词/情态动词+not+谓语动词+aS/SO+B”‎ ‎ eg.She didn’t sing sO well that night as she usually does.‎ ‎ ④表示某个范围内的两者相比:‎ ‎ “A十动词十the+比较级+of短语(比较范围)” eg.Penny is the taller of the two girls.Penny是这两个女孩中较高的一个。‎ ‎ ⑤表示“越来越…”:“比较级+and+比较级”‎ ‎ eg.In spring the days are getting longer and longer. 在春天,白天变得越来越长。‎ ‎ ⑥表示“越…越…”:“the+比较级…the+比较级”‎ ‎ eg.The mort:you practice using English,the better you’ll learn it 你英语练得越多,就会学得越好。‎ ‎ ①可以用much,far,even,a bit,a little,a lot等修饰比较级表示程度,但决不可用very修饰。‎ ‎ eg.Tom is a little taller than Mike.Tom比Mike稍高一点;‎ ‎ it is even colder today than yesterday。 今天甚至比昨天更冷 ‎ ⑧在比较级中,为了避免重复,可用that或those代替前面提到过的事情。‎ ‎ eg.The weather here is much hotter than that Ofour hometown.这儿比我的老家热得多。‎ ‎ The pants in this shop are a lot better than those in that shop.这家商店的裤子比那家商店的裤子质量好得多。‎ ‎ (3)形容词和副词最高级的用法 ‎ 对三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时用最高级。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the,副词最高级前可加the,也可省掉the;后面可带of/in短浯来说明比较范围:‎ ‎ “主语+系动词+the+形容词最高级+of短语/in短语”‎ ‎ eg.She is the youngest Of all.‎ ‎ “A+谓语动词+(the)+最高级+of短语/in短语”‎ eg.Linda draws most carefully in her class.‎ 练 习 一、写出下列词的比较级和最高级 thin ____ ____ easy _____ ______‎ early ______ ______ new ______ ______‎ hot ______ ______ clever ______ _______‎ little _____ ______ late _____ ______‎ narrow______ ______fat _____ ______‎ many ______ _____ big _____ ______‎ dangerous__________ ___________‎ wonderful __________ ___________‎ careful __________ ____________‎ slowly __________ ____________‎ popular __________ ____________‎ 二、选择填空 ‎( )1.Which language is ____ , English, French or Chinese?‎ A. difficult B. the difficult C. more difficult D. the most difficult ‎( )‎2.Yangpu‎ ‎Bridge is one of ___ in the world A. bigger bridge B. the biggest bridge C. the biggest bridges D. bigger bridges ‎( )3.Tom is taller than Mike. But he is not ____ Mike.‎ A. strong as B. so strong as C. so strong D. as strong ‎( )4.Most of the people in Guangdong are getting ______.‎ A. more and rich B. more rich and more rich C. richer and richer D. rich and rich ‎( )5.This text is ____ easier and ____ interes- ting than that one.‎ A. more ; much B. much ; more C. more ; more D. much ; much ‎( )6.Which do you like ____, beef, pork or chicken? ‎ A. good B. well C. better D. best ‎( )7.Put on more clothes. It is snowing ___ outside. A. strongly B. heavy C. heavily ‎( )8.John drives as ___ as Tom.‎ A. carefully B. good C. nice D. fine ‎( )9.Is China larger than ____ in Africa.‎ A. any country B. any other country C. any countries D. all countries ‎( )10.My ___ brother is ___ than I.‎ A. elder, three years older B. older ; older C. older; three years elder D. elder ; elder ‎( )11.Li Mei is more beautiful than ___ in her class.‎ A. any girl B. any other girl C. all the girls D. any girls ‎( )12.This problem is ___ than that one.‎ A. ten times easy B. ten times easier C. ten times more easy D. ten time easier ‎( )13.This film is ___ interesting than that one.‎ A. more B. much C. very D. the most ‎( )14.There is ___ in today’s newspaper.‎ A. interesting nothing B. nothing interesting C. interested nothing D. nothing interested ‎( )15.The teacher asked all the students in the class to keep their eyes ____.‎ A. close B. to close C. closing D. closed ‎( )16.The fat man always says his meat looks ____ and sells _____.‎ A. good ; good B. well ; well C. good ; well D. well ; good ‎( )17.It seems that men are ____ making computers than women.‎ A. better at B. good at C. well in D. weak in ‎( )18.The word’s population is growing fast every minute, especially in some ___ countries A. west B. more developed C. east D. less developed ‎( )19.This bridge is not ___ long and wide ____ the one in my hometown.‎ A. so ; as B. very ; than C. too; as D. very ; as ‎( )20.I think the song in the film “Titanic” is ___ one of all the movie songs.‎ A. the most beautiful B. most beautiful C. much more beautiful D. a beautiful ‎( )21.Lin Tao is as ___ as Zhang Hua.‎ A. strong B. stronger ‎ C. strongest D. the strongest ‎( )22.Sara is ___ tired ___ move after the hard work.‎ A. very ; to B. quite ; to ‎ C. too ; to D. so ; that ‎( )23. Jack didn’t run ___ to catch the bus.‎ A. enough fast B. quickly enough C. enough slow D. slowly enough ‎( )24.The driver is very ___. He often drives his car _____.‎ A. careful ; careful B. carefully; carefully C. carefully ; careful D. careful ; carefully ‎( )25.Look! All the children are working ___ on the farm.‎ A. careful B. hard C. busy D. happy ‎( )26.The population of Shanghai is ___ than that of Xi’an.‎ A. smaller B. fewer C. much D. larger ‎ 五、冠词(art.)用在名词前,帮助说明其意义 ‎ 冠词分为不定冠词a/an和定冠词the,放在名词前、a/3n用在单数可数名词前(a用于辅音音素开头的词前,an用于元音音素开头的词前)。‎ ‎ 1.不定冠词 ‎ (1)不定冠词的用法 ‎ ①泛指—类人或物。‎ ‎ eg.This is a pencil case.‎ ‎ She’S a doctor.‎ ‎ ②指不具体的某个人或物。‎ ‎ eg.I met an old man On my way home.‎ ‎ ③用在序数词前,相当于another。‎ ‎ eg.There’s a third boy near the shop.‎ ‎ ④表示“每—(个)”,相当于every。‎ ‎ eg.They have music lessons twice a week.‎ ‎ ⑤固定搭配。‎ ‎ a lot Of,a lot,a little,a few,a glass Of,such a/an, have a word with,have a look,have a try,have a swim,a quarter,half an hour, three times a day,have a talk,give a talk,ten Yuan a kilo ‎ (2)不定冠词的位置 ‎ ①不定冠词—般放在所修饰的单数可数名词前。‎ ‎ eg,a bike,an egg ‎ ②当名词被such,what,many修饰时,不定冠词放在这些词之后。‎ ‎ eg.It took me half an hour to finish my homework.‎ ‎ He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door.‎ ‎ What a dangerous job it is!‎ ‎ Many a man has gone to the big cities for work.‎ ‎ ③当名词前的形容词前有so,how,too等词时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后。‎ ‎ Eg. She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station.‎ ‎ How nice a film this is!‎ ‎ ④当名词前面有形容词和quite,rather,very时,不定冠词放在quite,rather之后,very之前。‎ ‎ eg.It is quite a good book.‎ ‎ That is rather a useful too1.‎ ‎ This is a very interesting story ‎ 2.定冠词的用法表示上文中所提到过的人或物。‎ ‎  eg:l have two children,a boy and a girl.The boy's name is Mark.The girl’s name is Penny.‎ ‎ (2)特指某(些)人或物。‎ ‎ eg: The girl in a red dress comes from America.‎ ‎ (3)指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或物。‎ ‎ eg: My shoes are under the bed.‎ ‎ (4)用在形容最高级和部分比较级前。‎ ‎ eg Tom is the taller of the two boys.‎ ‎ (5)用在序数词前。‎ ‎ eg Monday is the second day of a week.‎ ‎ (6)用在世界上独一无二的事物前(如太阳、月亮、世界、地球、天空、宇宙等)。‎ ‎ cg The moon moves round the earth.‎ ‎ (7)用在某些形容词前,表示—类人或物。‎ ‎ the rich(富人),the poor(穷人),the deaf(聋人),the blind(盲人),the dead(死者),the wounded(伤员)‎ ‎ (8)用在姓氏复数前,表示“某某—家人”或“某某夫妇”。‎ ‎ eg.The Greens are having dinner at home.‎ ‎ (9)用在乐器前。‎ ‎ eg.play the piano/guitar/violin/drums.‎ ‎ (10)用于逢“十”‎的复数数词前,指某个世纪中的几十年代或人的大约年岁。‎ ‎ eg. In the 1970s,a highway was built to linkup the city with my hometown.‎ ‎ I think he is in the thirties.‎ ‎ (11)用在某些专有名词和习惯用语中。‎ ‎ the United Nations,the Great Wall,the Summer Palace,the Palace Museum,in the end,in the day,in the middle Of,all the time,in the east,by the way,On the way tO,the(more)...‎ ‎ the(more)…“越…越…”‎ ‎ 3.不用冠词的情况 ‎ (1)名词前有指示代词this,that,these,those时不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg.That girl is my friend.‎ ‎ (2)名词前有物主代词my,your,his her,their等时不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg.Lucy is her sister.‎ ‎ (3)名词前有whose,which,SO[1ie,any,each,every等代词时不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg.Which man is Mr Green?‎ ‎ Each student has a beautiful picture.‎ ‎ (4)复数名词表示一类人或物时不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg.Those young men are teachers,not students.‎ ‎ (5)物质名词表示种类时不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg.Snow is white.‎ ‎ (6)抽象名词表示一般概念时不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg.Does she like music?‎ ‎ (7)在球类运动和棋类游戏前时不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg.play basketball/soccer/chess ‎ (8)在三餐前不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg.have breakfast/lunch/supper/dinner ‎ (9)在人名、地名、节假日、星期、月份前不用。‎ ‎ Eg. Tina,China,Tian an men Square,Beijing University,New Year’s Day,Tuesday,January ‎ (10)在学科和节目名称前不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg.My favorite is English.‎ ‎ (11)在某些固定搭配中不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg.at noon, at work,at home,by bus, by air,On foot,from morning till night,at night,go to school,go to bed,at last ‎ 4.在有些词组中,用冠词和不用冠词意思有较大区别。‎ ‎ in hospital(在住院);in the hospital(在医院)‎ ‎ in prison(在坐牢);in the prison(在监狱里)‎ ‎ at table(吃饭,用餐);at the table(在桌旁)‎ ‎ in front of(在某个范围之外的前面);in the front of(在某个范围之外的前面)‎ ‎ go to college(上大学);go to the college(去那所大学)‎ take place(发生);take the place(代替)‎ ‎ 六、数词 ‎ (一)基数词 在英语中表示数目的词称为基数词。‎ ‎ 1.基数词的构成 ‎ (1)1-20‎ ‎ one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty ‎ (2)21-99 先说“几十”‎,再说“几”,中间加连字符。‎ ‎ 23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one ‎ (3)101—999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;‎ ‎ 586→five hundred and eighty-six,803→eight hundred and three ‎ (4)l,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二个“,”前为 million,第三个“,”前为billion(美式)或thousand ,million(英式),然后一节一节地表示。‎ ‎ 1,001→one thousand and one ‎ 9,785→nine thousand, seven hundred and eighty-five ‎ 18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three ‎ 6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine ‎ 750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty, billion(美式) seven hundred and fifty thousand million(英式)‎ ‎ 2.基数词的用法 ‎ (1)作主语 ‎ eg.Four Of them come from Paris.‎ ‎ (2)作宾语 ‎ eg.一 How many books would you like?‎ ‎ 一I would like two.‎ ‎ (3)作表语 ‎ eg.Seven minus two is five.‎ ‎ (4)作定语 ‎ eg.There are three people in my family·‎ ‎ (5)作同位语 ‎ eg. You two will go swimming with us.‎ ‎ (6)表具体数字时,hundred,thousand,million用单数。‎ ‎ eg. There are six hundred students in our grade.‎ ‎ (7)表不确定的数字时,数词用复数。若带名词,再加of hundreds of(数百,成百上千的),thousands of ‎(数干,成千上万的),millions of(数百万)‎ ‎ eg,They arrived in two sand threes.他们三三两两地来了。‎ ‎ (8)表示“…十”‎的数词的复数可以表示人的岁数或年代。‎ ‎ eg. He is in his early thirties.他有三十来岁(31—34岁):‎ ‎ This took place in the 1930s.这事发生在二十世纪三十年代;‎ ‎ (9)表示时刻 ‎ eg.I watch CCTV News at seven o’clock every evening.‎ ‎ (二)序数词 在英语中表示顺序、次序的词称为序数词。‎ ‎ 1,序数词的构成 ‎ (1)一般在基数词后加th eg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth ‎(3)基数词变序数词的方法:‎ ‎ 基变序,有规律;词尾要加th。‎ ‎ 一二三,特殊记;词尾分别tdd。‎ ‎ 八去t ,九去e ;ve则以f替。‎ ‎ ty 则变作 ti ; 后面还有一个e。‎ ‎ 要是遇到几十几;只将个位变成序。‎ ‎ (2)不规则变化 ‎ one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve--~twelfih ‎ (3)以y结尾的十位整数,变y为ie再加th ‎ twenty→twentieth, forty→fortieth, ninety→ninetieth ‎ (4)从21后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。‎ ‎ twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth ‎ 2.序数词的用法 ‎ (1)序数词作定语时,一般要与定冠词或物主代词连用。‎ ‎ eg.Tom is their second son.‎ ‎ He is the first one to come here.‎ ‎ (2)序数词有时可与不定冠词连用,表示数量上"又—",“再一”‎ ‎ eg: He tried a second time.他又试了—次.‎ ‎ Shall l ask him a third time?还要我再问他—次吗?我已问了他两次)‎ ‎ (3)序数词的缩写形式为:阿拉伯数字加上这个词的末尾两个字母。‎ ‎ 1st 2nd,3rd,4th,20th,21st,22nd,23rd ‎ (4表示年、月、日时,年用基数词,日用序数词。‎ ‎ ‎2005年8月15日:(英)15,8,2005=15th,August,2005;(美)8,15,2005=August 15th,2005‎ ‎ (三)基数词和序数词都可以用来给数字编号。‎ ‎ No.1(1号),No.3bus(3路公共汽车),Room 103,(103号旁间)‎ ‎ The first lesson=Lesson Two(第二课)‎ ‎ (四)分数词的表达 ‎ 分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于1时,分母加s ‎ eg.1/3-one third;2/5-two fifths ‎ (五)数学运算的表达 ‎ eg.3+5=8 Three plus/and five is eight.‎ ‎ 9-2=7 Nine minus two is seven.‎ ‎ 6x5=30 Five times six is thirty /six unutilized five is thirty.‎ ‎8÷2=4 Eight divided by two is four.‎ 练 习 ‎( )1.If you go out at night, you’ll be able to see ____ starts.‎ A. thousands of B. thousand of C. nine thousands of D. thousands ‎( )2.Monday is ___ day of the week.‎ A. first B. the first ‎ C. the second D. second ‎( )3.You’ve done it twice. Why not try ____ time? ‎ A. third B. the third C. a third D. once ‎( )4.Which is the____ month? It’s September.‎ A. nine B. nineth C. ninth D. ninety ‎( )5.December is ___ of the year.‎ A. the twelfth months B. the twelfth month C. the twelveth months D. twelve months ‎( )6.There are ___ floors in the building and he lives on the ____ floor.‎ A. eighteen, fifteen B. eighteenth, fifteenth C. eighteen, fiveteen D. eighteen, fifteenth ‎( )7.I was born ___, 1982.‎ A. on June 2rd B. in June 2nd C. on June two D. on June 2‎ ‎( )8.It’s ____ from our home to the zoo.‎ A. two and a half hours’ walk B. a half and two hours walk C. two hours and a half hour’s walk D. two and a half hour’s walk ‎( )9.What time is it now? It’s ___ to six.‎ A. quarter B. a quarter C. quarto C. a quarto ‎( )10.Will you be back in ____ ?‎ A. one or two minutes B. one minute or two C. two minutes or one D. two or one minute ‎( )11.Mary’s uncle went to France ____.‎ A. in his thirties B. on his thirties C. at his thirties D. about his thirties ‎( )12.The headmaster wrote a ___ report.‎ A. two thousand words B.two-thousand-words C. two-thousand words D. two-thousand-word ‎( )13.____of the apples in the fruit bowl are soft and sweet.‎ A. Two-third B. Second-third C. Two-thirds D. Second-thirds ‎( )14.We have learned about ____ these days.‎ A. several hundreds English words B. hundreds of English words C. hundred of English words D. several hundred English word ‎( )15.A UN report says that the word population will pass six billion by the end of ____ century.‎ A. twentieth B. twenty C. the twentieth D. the twentyth ‎ 七、介词 ‎ (一)表示时间的介词 ‎ (1)at ‎ ①接具体时间:eg.at six,at half past two,at ten to twelve ‎ ②表示“在…时刻”;eg: at noon,at midnight ‎ (2)in ‎ ①表示“在(某段时间段)之间”;‎ ‎ eg.in January,in a month,in spring,in 2005‎ ‎ ②在将来时中,表示“在某段时间之后”‎ ‎ eg.In ten years,I think I'll be a reporter.‎ ‎ (3)on ‎ ‎ 表示在具体的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上等。‎ ‎ eg. On Monday,On Tuesday afternoon,On May4th,On the morning of July 6th ‎ (三)固定搭配的介词 ‎ (1)动词+介词:look after,look at,look for,laugh at,listen to,hear from,turn On,turn off, wait for,worry about,think of,spend...On ‎ (2)介词十名词:by train,on foot,at the end of ,at last,in the end,in trouble,at table,at breakfast,‎ ‎ in hospital,in time,On time, On one’s way to,with pleasure ‎ (3)be+形容词+介词:be afraid of ,be good at,be good/bad for, be late for,be interested in,be angry, with,be full of,be sorry for ‎ 八、连词(conj.用来连接词与词或句与句 ‎ (1)并列连词(用来连接平行的词、词组或分句)‎ ‎ ①表并列关系:not only...but also,neither...nor,and ‎ ②表选择关系:or,either...or ‎ ③表转折关系:but,while ‎ ④表因果关系:for,so ‎ (2)从属连词(用来引导从句)‎ ‎ ①引导时间状语从句: after,before,when,while,as,until,till,since,as soon as ‎ ②引导原因状语从句:because,as,since ‎ ③引导目的状语从句:so that,in order that ‎ ④引导结果状语从句:so that,so…that,such...that ‎ ⑤引导比较状语从句:than,as…as ‎⑥引导宾语从句:that,if, whether 练 习 ‎( )1.___ the afternoon of May, we visited the old man. A. On B. At C. In ‎( )2.Many people work ___ the day and sleep ___ night. A. on ; at B. in ; in C. in ; at ‎( )3.He speaks Japanese best ____ the boy students. A. between B. with C. among ‎( )4.A wolf ___ a sheep skin is our dangerous enemy. A. with B. in C. on ‎( )5.Joan hopes to come back ___ three days.‎ A. after B. for C. in ‎( )6.They sent the letter to me ___ mistake.‎ A. by B. for C. with ‎( )7.He left home ___ a cold winter evening.‎ A. at B. on C. in ‎( )8.Shanghai is ____ the east of China.‎ A. in B. on C. to ‎( )9.____ my father’s help, I have finished my composition.‎ A. Under B. On C. with ‎( )10.He’s very strict ____ himself and he’s very strict ___ his work.‎ A. with ; in B. in ; with C. with ; with ‎( )11.I really can’t agree ____ you.‎ A. to B. on C. with ‎( )12.The shop won’t open ___ nine in the morning.‎ A. until B. at C. during ‎( )13.How about ___ the flowers now?‎ A. watering B. are watering C. watered ‎( )14.She spent all his money ___ books.‎ A. in B. with C. on ‎( )15.They are talking ___ low voices.‎ A. with B. in C. on ‎( )16.It’s very kind ___ you to help us.‎ A. for B. to C. of ‎( )17.What will you have ___ breakfast this morning?‎ A. with B. for C. by ‎( )18.A plane is flying ____ the city.‎ A. on B. over C. above ‎( )19.You are free to speak ___ the meeting.‎ A. at B. in C. on ‎( )20.Mr. Green will stay in China___ Friday.‎ A. to B. on C. till ‎( )21.It’s wrong to play tricks ___ other people.‎ A. on B. of C. with ‎( )22.Which color do you like? I prefer blue ___ red. A. for B. as C. to ‎( )23.The student will give us a talk ___ how to use our spare time.‎ A. for B. on C. in ‎( )24.I paid two hundred yuan ___ that kind of bicycle.‎ A. in B. for C. on ‎( )25.The doctor is very kind ___ his patients A. to B. on C. at ‎( )26.We can’t live ___ air.‎ A. in B. with C. without ‎( )27.The child was afraid ___ the strange sound. A. at B. for C. of ‎( )28.He was very angry ___ her for being late. A. for B. with C. at ‎( )29.What do you think ___ the play?‎ A. about B. like C. of ‎( )30.I think it’s the right way to work out the problem, but I am not sure _____ it.‎ A. do B. for C. of ‎( )31.Reading ___ the sun isn’t good ___ you A. under ; for B. in ; for C. in ; to ‎( )32.I won’t ask about it, I’m going to see it ____ my own eyes.‎ A. by B. for C. with ‎( )33.We go to school every day ____ Sunday. A. except B. without C. on ‎( )34.There is a small river ___ the two towns A. in B. between C. among ‎( )35.Li Lei sometimes falls asleep ___ the lesson. A. for B. through C. during ‎( )36.Mr. Black went to Paris ___ a few days.‎ A. for B. in C. after ‎( )37.They will leave ________ London next month.‎ A. to B. from C. for ‎( )38.Are you going to the zoo ___ bus or ___ my car?‎ A. on ; by B. by ; in C. on ; in ‎( )39.He woke up several times ___ the night A. in B. at C. on ‎( )40.No one can stop her ___ going away.‎ A. of B. from C. out of ‎( )41.What do you mean ___ “bao zhi”?‎ A. on B. with C. by ‎( )42.You’ll get a nice present ____ your parents____ your birthday.‎ A. from ; on B. for ; at C. frm ; in ‎( )43.Light comes in ____ the window.‎ A. from B. across C. through ‎( )44.There are many apples ___ the tree. A bird ___ the tree is picking an apple.‎ A. in ; on B. on ; in C. in ; at ‎( )45. “Who are you going to play ____?” “Grade Two.”‎ A. about B. by C. against ‎( )46. Don’t go ___ the street. The bus is coming.‎ A. cross B. across C. past ‎( )47.He lives ___ the twentieth floor ___ No. 154 Zhongshan Street.‎ A. on ; at B. in ; in C. on ; in ‎( )48.He found a piece of useful information ___ the Internet.‎ A. at B. on C. in ‎( )49.___ my surprise, he lost the game.‎ A. With B. To C. On ‎( )50.The blind man knows the money ___ touching and feeling it.‎ A. with B. by C. through ‎( )51. We traveled overnight to Paris and arrived _______ 5 o’clock ______ the morning.‎ A. on; in B. at; in C. at; on D. in; on ‎( )52. Where’s Lily? We are all here _______ her.‎ A. beside B. about C. except D. with ‎( )53. She sent her friend a postcard _______ a birthday present.‎ A. on B. as C. for D. of ‎( )54. Jack has studied Chinese in this school _______ the year of 2000.‎ A. since B. in C. on D. by ‎( )55. ---What is a writing brush, do you know?‎ ‎ ---It’s _______ writing and drawing.‎ A. with B. to C. for D. by ‎( )56. English is widely used ______ travellers and business people all over the world.‎ ‎ A. to B. for C. as D. by ‎( )57. ______ the help of my teacher, I caught up with the other students.‎ A. Under B. In C. With D. On ‎( )58. Hong Kong is ______ the south of China, and Macao is ______ the west of Hong Kong.‎ A. in; to B. to; to C. to; in D. in; in ‎( )59. ---You’d better not go out now. It’s raining.‎ ‎ ---It doesn’t matter. My new coat can keep ______ rain.‎ A. in B. of C. with D. off ‎( )60. Japan lies ______ the east of China.‎ A. to B. in C. about D. at ‎( )61. ---Will the foreigners have any problems talking with Chinese in 2008?‎ ‎ ---I don’t think so. Now ______ the young ______ the old can speak some English.‎ A. either…or B. not only… but also C. neither…nor D. both…or ‎( )62. We didn’t catch the train _______ we left late.‎ A. so B. because C. but D. though ‎( )63. Tom failed in the exam again _______ he wanted to pass it very much.‎ A. if B. so C. though D. as ‎( )64. I won’t believe that the five-year-old boy can read five thousand words ______ I have tested him myself.‎ A. after B. when C. if D. until ‎( )65. The book was so interesting that he had read it for three hours ______ he realized it.‎ A. when B. until C. after D. before ‎( )66. ---This dress was last year’s style.‎ ‎ ---I think it still looks perfect ______ it has gone out this year.‎ A. so that B. even though ‎ C. as if D. ever since ‎( )67. Hurry up, _______ you will miss the train.‎ A. and B. so C. however D. or ‎( )68. The mountain was ______ steep _____ few people in our city reached the top.‎ A. so…as B. so…that ‎ C. as…as D. too…to ‎( )69. ---Do you remember our pleasant journey to Xi’an?‎ ‎ ---Of course. I remember everything ______ it happened yesterday.‎ A. as soon as B. even though C. rather than D. as if ‎( )70. ______ you can’t answer this question, we have to ask someone else for help.‎ A. Although B. While ‎ C. Whether D. Since ‎ 九、动词(verb.)动词表示主语的动作或状态 ‎ (一)动词的种类。‎ ‎ (1)及物动词vt,其后接宾语。‎ ‎ eg.She wears a uniform.‎ ‎ (2)不及物动词vi,不接宾语。‎ ‎ eg :She can dance.‎ ‎ (3)连系动词like-v.接表语。‎ ‎ eg.They are nurses.‎ ‎ That sounds interesting.‎ ‎ His mother looks young.‎ ‎ If you keep milk for too long, it goes bad.‎ ‎ (4)助动词aux--V.接动词原形或分词(它无实在意思,只起语法作用)。‎ ‎ eg, DO you like pandas?‎ ‎ He has gone to Australia.‎ ‎ She is looking at the cat.‎ ‎ (5)情态动词mod-v.接动词原形(它不能单独作谓语,有自己的意思,无人称和数的变化)。‎ ‎ Eg. He must go now.‎ ‎ You should clean the classroom after class.‎ ‎ (6)有些动词既可作及物动词,也可作助动词或不及物动词,be也可作助动词。‎ ‎ eg.I do my homework after class.(Vt.)‎ ‎ Do as you like.(Vi.)‎ ‎ She is a little bit quiet.(mod-v.)‎ ‎ She is swimming now.(aux-v.)‎ ‎ 二)情态动词的用法 ‎ (一)can,could,may的用法 ‎ l .can/could ‎ (1)表示具有某种能力,意为“能,能够,会”(could表过去)。‎ ‎ eg.I can sing English songs.‎ ‎ Lisa can’t speak Japanese.‎ ‎ She could swim when she was four years old.‎ ‎ (2)表示许:可、允许,意为“可以”。‎ ‎ eg.Can we watch TV now?‎ ‎ You can’t play computer games in the morning.‎ ‎ (3)表示请求某人做某事,意为“能,能够”(用could使晤气更委婉)。‎ ‎ eg.Can/Could you help me,please?‎ ‎ (4)表示推测“可能”,多用于否定句和疑问句中。(表肯定推测可用must,might,could等)‎ ‎ cg。it can’t be true.这不可能是真的。‎ ‎ Where can he have gone?他可能会去哪儿呢?‎ ‎ 2.may/might ‎ (1)表示许可、允许,意为“可以”,比can更正式。‎ ‎ eg. May l use your pen?我可以用你的钢笔吗?‎ ‎ May l ask you a question?我可以问你—个问题吗?‎ ‎ (2)表示推测“可能”,用于肯定句和否定句,不能用于疑问句。‎ ‎ eg.He may be at home now.他可能现在在家。 ‎ ‎ She may not be there today.今天她可能不在那儿。‎ ‎ (二)can与be able to的区别 ‎ 1.两者都可以用来表示能力。‎ ‎ eg.I can/am able to mend the bike.‎ ‎ 2.can只有现在时(Can)和过去时(could),而be able to可用于多种时态。‎ ‎ eg. I will be able to come back in another few months.‎ ‎ He hasn’t been able to get there before dark.‎ ‎ 3.can可以表示推测,但be able to不能。‎ ‎ eg.That Can't be Gina's dictionary.‎ ‎ 4.can与be able to;不能重复使用 ‎ eg.他能做好这件事。‎ ‎ He can be able to do is well.(X)‎ ‎ He can do it well.(√)‎ ‎ He is able to do it well.(√)‎ ‎ (三)must与have to的区别 ‎ 1.主客观方面不同。‎ ‎ must表“义务”或“强制”,表示主观的必要;在肯定句中must还可表推测,语气要比may肯定多。have to表“必须”或“不得不”,表示客观的必要。‎ ‎ eg.We must clean the room.(表示我们认为房间太脏了。)‎ ‎ We have to clean the room.(表示没有人替我们打扫房间等客观原因。)‎ ‎ He must beat home before supper。(他晚饭前一定在家。)‎ ‎ 2.人称和时态不同。‎ ‎ must无人称和时态的变化,一律用must十动词原形。have to后接动词原形,有人称、数和时态的变化,一般现在时的第三人称单数要用has to,过去时中要用had to,将来时中要用will have to。另外,have to还可与情态动词和助动词连用。‎ ‎ eg: Tom must practice his guitar every day.‎ ‎ The train has left.We'll have to wait for the next train.‎ ‎ 3.否定式及意义不同。‎ ‎ must not=mustn't“决不可/千万不可/务必不要”;don’t/doesn’t/didn’t/won’t+ have to“不必”‎ ‎ eg.We mustn’t tell jokes on him.我们千万不可与他开玩笑。‎ ‎ We don’t have to tell jokes on him.我们不必和他开玩笑。‎ ‎ 在对May I…? 作否定回答时用No, you mustn’t/can’t.‎ ‎ eg. May l go to the movies? NO,You mustn't ‎ 5.疑问式及回答不同。‎ ‎ Must+主语+动词原形+…? Yes,主语+ must./NO,主语+needn’t.‎ ‎ 助动词+主语+have to+动词原形+…?‎ Yes,主语+助动词./No,主语+助动词+not.‎ ‎ eg.Must l go now? Yes,you must./NO,you needn’t ‎ Does she have to go to the doctor? Yes,she does./NO,she doesn’t.‎ ‎ ‎ 练 习 一、写出下列各时态的构成,然后找出各时态所对应的时间状语,只写代号 ‎1、一般现在时:__________ _________‎ 时间状语 _______________________‎ ‎2、一般过去时 _________________‎ ‎ 时间状语_______________________‎ ‎3、一般将来时:___________ __________‎ ‎__________‎ 时间状语_____________________‎ ‎4、现在进行时_____________________‎ ‎ 时间状语_______________________‎ ‎5、 现在完成时____________________‎ ‎ 时间状语_______________________‎ ‎6、过去进行时_____________________‎ ‎ 时间状语_______________________‎ 提供的时间状语如下:‎ A. since she came in B. in two days ‎ C. when she came in D. next week ‎ E. often F. five days ago G. sometimes H. last year‎ ‎I.‎ look之后的句子 J. just ‎ K. at 4:30 yesterday L. so far ‎ M. for ten years N. since two years ago 二、用所给动词的适当形式填空 ‎1.Mother ________ (watch) TV every evening.‎ ‎2.We________(talk) when the teacher came in.‎ ‎3.He ________(go) to Beijing two days ago.‎ ‎4.He ________(leave) Chengdu in two days.‎ ‎5.Look! The boy________(play) football on the playground.‎ ‎6.My uncle ______(live) here for ten years.‎ ‎7.He often helps the old woman _______ (carry) water.‎ ‎8.Would you like to make a contribution to ________ (improve) our living conditions?‎ ‎9.Don’t forget ________(turn) off the lights before you go out.‎ ‎10.Please let the girls _____(go) first.‎ ‎11.They had great fun ________(play) football this afternoon.‎ ‎12.Do you enjoy ________(watch) TV?‎ ‎13.Would you like ______(have) a cup of tea?‎ ‎14.You can ______(go) there tomorrow.‎ ‎15.Would you mind my _____(open) the door?‎ ‎16.Please ask him _______(speak) more loudly ‎17.I’ll go fishing if it ____(be) fine tomorrow.‎ ‎18.He said his grandpa ________(be) dead for ten years.‎ ‎19.Tell the children __________(not play) in the street.‎ ‎20.Mr Zhu spent much time _________(help) me with my English.‎ ‎21.I’ll tell you as soon as he ____ (come) back.‎ ‎22.Each of us _____(want) to go to college.‎ ‎23.Thank you for ______(help) me.‎ ‎24.The teacher told us the earth ____(go) round the sun.‎ ‎25.My father is good at _____(fish).‎ ‎26.You’d better______(not talk) in class.‎ ‎27.The teacher stopped_______(talk) to us when we went into the office. ‎ ‎28.I saw her _______(cook) when I got home.‎ ‎29.Look! A woman with two children _____ (be) coming towards us.‎ ‎30.His family ___ not big, but the family ____ (be) interested in music.‎ ‎31.Two months _____(be) quite a long time.‎ ‎32.He asked if Tom ______(come) in two days ‎33.One of our teachers _____(be) a foreigner.‎ ‎34.The Greens ______(have) been to the Great Wall twice.‎ ‎35.He is practicing _______(speak) English with Mr. Green.‎ ‎36.This pair of glasses ___ mine. The glasses on the table ____ his (be).‎ ‎37.There ____ an apple, a pear and some bananas on the table. (be)‎ ‎38.______(read) in bed ___(be)bad your eyes.‎ ‎39.Hello, Jim! I ________ (not know) you we in Chengdu. I ______ (tell) you were still in London.‎ ‎40.It _______(say) that another bridge_______ (build) over the river next year.‎ ‎41. He left the room without _______ (say) goodbye.‎ ‎42. Many trees ________ (plant) in our school yard these years.‎ ‎43. The police _____ (be) trying to catch the thief.‎ ‎44. The family _____(be) spending the weekend together.‎ 三、选择填空 ‎( )1.—Must I turn off the light now?‎ ‎---No, you _______‎ A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. can’t ‎( )2.Our teacher told us the sun ____ in the east. A. rose B. rises C. is rising ‎( )3.He ___ back in a month.‎ A. will come B. come C. came ‎( )4.I ___ him before.‎ A. met B. had met C. have met ‎( )5.The teacher ____ to Japan this year. She’s now telling her pupils about it.‎ A. went B. has been C. has gone ‎( )6.It ____ hard when I got home yesterday.‎ A. rained B. is raining C. was raining ‎( )7.Why not ____ again?‎ A. to try B. try C. trying ‎( )8.He has finished ____ the letter.‎ A. writing B. to write C. wrote ‎( )9.It _____ every night.‎ A. happens B. is happened C. happened ‎( )10.The policeman told the children ____ in the street.‎ A. not play B. not to play C. don’t play ‎( )11.The box is too heavy for me ____.‎ A. to carry it B. to carry C. carrying it ‎( )12.Stop ____and listen to the teacher.‎ A. to read B. read C. reading ‎( )13.He is still looking for a house ____.‎ A. to live B. to live in C. to live in it ‎( )14.I heard her ___ when I passed her room just now. A. sing B. singing C. to sing ‎( )15.—May I go with you ?‎ ‎---No, you ______.‎ A. may not B. can not C. mustn’t ‎( )16.There are some ____ in the river.‎ A. air B. fish C. water.‎ ‎( )17.Sheep __ white and milk ___white, too.‎ A. is ; is B. is ; are C. are ; is ‎( )18.The class ___ going to see a film this afternoon.‎ A. am B. is C. are ‎( )19.Jim’s shoes ____ under the bed.‎ A. are B. is C. was ‎( )20.Three years ____ quite a long time.‎ A. is B. are C. were ‎( )21.The clothes are mine. Yours ____ under the bed.‎ A. is B. are C. were ‎( )22.There ___ a lot of news in today’s newspaper.‎ A. is B. are C. were ‎( )23.--Can you answer this question in English? No, I _____. ‎ A. needn't  B. mustn't  C. may not  D. can't ‎( )24. The teacher wanted us _____ Exercise 1, but you let me ______ Exercise 2. ‎ A.to do, do  B. to do, to do  ‎ C. do, to do  D. do, do  ‎ ‎( )25. Miss Green saw a wallet ______on the ground when she walked past the school gate. ‎ A. lie  B. lying  C. lies  D. to lie  ‎ ‎( )26.What have you done _____ the milk? I've just _____ it. ‎ A. with, eaten  B.for, eaten  ‎ C. with, drunk   D. for, drunk    ‎ ‎( )27.The radio _______ it will get warmer later.‎ A. says  B. speaks  C.talks  D. tells ‎( )28. You must be very tired. Why not _____ a rest?‎ A. stop having  B.stop to have  ‎ C.to stop having  D. to stop to have ‎ ‎( )29. Li Ping is young, but he _____ many places of interest in South China.‎ A.went to  B. has been in  ‎ C.has gone to   D. has been to ‎ ‎( )30. Mother told me _____ in the sun.‎ A. not read  B. don't read  ‎ C. read not  D. not to read   ‎ ‎( )31.Do you often see her ______ volleyball on the playground?‎ A. play  B. played  C. plays  D. to play      ‎ ‎( )32.Alice didn't hear what the teacher said just now,so she doesn't know how _______ the problem. ‎ A. do  B. did  C. to do  D. doing   ‎ ‎( )33.When the little boy ____someone coming upstairs,he stopped _____.‎ A. heard…crying  B. listened…to cry  ‎ C. heard…to cry  D. listened…cry ‎ ‎( )34.I ______ my ruler at home.Can I use yours,please? ‎ A. forgot  B. have forgotten  ‎ C. left  D. have left  ‎ ‎( )34.Jim _____ the good news to his classmates this morning.‎ A. spoke   B. told   C. said   D. talked