黄冈中考英语 154页

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  • 2021-05-13 发布

黄冈中考英语

  • 154页
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词汇的分类和构词法 一、复习要点阐述 ‎  我们学习的语言的每一篇文章都是由句子构成的。每一个句子都是由或多或少的词构成的。单词是语言构成的最基础内容,教英语的老师通常会说“一个学生记住的词汇是与他的英语成绩成正比。”这句话说明了一件事,就是词汇量的重要性。就像我们自己的国语中文,一个孩子从小到大,在日常生活中记住了大量的词汇,所以运用起来很自如。如何能记好英语的单词及其他们的用法,了解英语的词类和构词法对于一个考生来说是很重要的。所以在今天的专题中,我们将复习英语的词类和初中阶段我们所要掌握的几种构词法,使同学们对英语的词类及其简单的用法有一定的了解,并能正确的使用词汇。‎ 二、要点复习的策略及技巧 ‎(一)英语的词类 ‎  英语中的词类根据其语法功能分为名词、冠词、代词、数词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词、动词十类。根据意义又可以分为实词和虚词。实词指具有实际意义并能单独作句子成分的词。这些词是名词、数词、代词、形容词、副词和动词六类。虚词指没有实际意义或实际意义不明显、不能在句子中单独作句子成分的词。这些词是冠词、介词、连词和感叹词四类。‎ ‎  下面我们就词汇的分类、名称、作用及例词列表。‎ 分类 词类 英语名称 句子成分 例词 全称 简称 实 词 名词 noun n.‎ 主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语、补足语 Lily莉莉(女孩名),childhood童年,hair头发,visitor访问者,beauty漂亮 代词 pronoun pron.‎ 主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语 I我,we我们,their他(她、它)们的,none没有一个,which哪一个,who谁,whatever无论什么 数词 numeral num.‎ 主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语、补足语 one一个,ninth第九,60%百分之六十 形容词 adjective a.或 adj.‎ 表语、定语、状语、补足语 clever聪明的,pretty漂亮的,popular流行的,interesting有趣的 副词 adverb ad.或 adv.‎ 表语、状语、补足语 curiously好奇地,bravely勇敢地,straight径直地,hard努力地 动词 verb v.‎ 谓语 decide决定,like喜欢,borrow借,change改变 虚 词 冠词 article art.‎ ‎ ‎ a, an不定冠词,the定冠词 介词 preposition prep.‎ ‎ ‎ in在……里,before在……前面,beyond超过、在……外面 连词 conjunction conj.‎ ‎ ‎ and同、和、与,when当……时候,until直到……为止,if如果,once一旦 感叹词 interjection int.‎ ‎ ‎ oh啊、噢,ah啊,aha啊哈,alas啊呀,hurrah好哇 ‎  从上面的表格中我们简要地讲解了英语十大词类的基本用法。同学们可以仔细的体会一下此表的内容。这将有助于你们对句子和文章的理解。‎ ‎(二)构词法 ‎  语言的基本要素之一是词汇。在语言发展的最初阶段,人们使用的是少量而简单的词汇,这些词汇只表示日常简单的事物和概念,构成语言最基本的词,称为原生词,也叫基本词或词根词。英语里的原生词大都是单音节的。如:sun, man, head, foot, fish, see, run等,其数量是有限的。随着社会的发展与进步,语言的扩充与融合使语言变得复杂,原有的原生词已不够用,人们便创造了一些新词来表示新有的事物与概念,按照语言一定的规律创造新词的方法,就是我们所说的构词法。在初中阶段我们学习了下列构词法,了解了这些构词法,我们对词的用法就更方便一些。‎ ‎1.合成法:由两个或两个以上的单词合成的词叫合成词,这种构成新词的方法叫合成法。合成法常见的有如下几种:‎ ‎(1)合成名词 ‎①名词/代词+名词 woman-doctor 女医生(的)  chairman 主席      postman 邮递员 girl friend 女朋友     boy friend 男朋友     flowerbed 花坛 spaceship 宇宙飞船     police-officer 警官 ‎②形容词+名词 blackboard 黑板       supermarket 超级市场  greenhouse 温室 ‎③动词的-ing形式+名词 dining room 餐厅      drinking water 饮用水  sewing machine 缝纫机 running water 自来水    washing machine 洗衣机  writing desk 写字桌 walking stick 拐杖     writing paper 信纸 ‎④名词+动词的-ing形式 shoe-making 制作鞋子   letter-writing 写信   handwriting 书法 dressmaking 做裙子    story-telling 讲故事  central heating 中央供暖 注意:合成词的构成方式有3种:‎ ‎①词与词之间加连字符“-”;‎ ‎②词与词合成一个词;‎ ‎③词与词分开;‎ 另外,有的词用连词符与不用连字符有所不同。如:‎ a woman doctor   women doctors a woman-doctor   women-doctors ‎(2)合成形容词 ‎①形容词/数词+名词+-ed blue-eyed 蓝眼睛的   five-storeyed 五层楼的    warm-hearted 热心的 ‎②名词+动词的-ed形式,这种-ed也可以理解为动词的过去分词。‎ man-made 人工制作的   snow-covered 被雪覆盖的 handmade 手工的     home-made 家庭制作的    grass-covered 被草覆盖的 ‎③名词+形容词 ice-cool 冰冷的     grass-green 草绿的 snow-white 雪白的    top-heavy 头重脚轻的 ‎④形容词/数词+名词 full-time 全日的     part-time 业余的、兼职的 second-hand 二手的    first-class 一流的 ‎⑤形容词+动词的-ing形式 good-looking 样子好看的  hardworking 努力工作的 ‎⑥副词+动词的-ed形式 well-received 受到欢迎的  newly-founded 新修建的 ‎(3)其他合成词 ‎①合成代词 everybody 每个人    everyone 每个人   everything 一切事情 anyone 任何人      anybody 任何人    anything 任何事情 ‎②合成介词 outside 在……外面      inside 在……里边   throughout 遍及 within 在……范围之内     without 在……之外   upon 在……之上 ‎2.派生法:派生法又叫词缀法,是指在一个单词前或后加上词缀,构成新词的方法。‎ ‎(1)前缀 ‎①否定前缀 un-+形容词 unhappy 不高兴的     unlucky 不走运的     unkind 不和善的 unimportant 不重要的   unknown 不知名的     unusual 不同寻常的 unthinkable 不可思议的  unbelievable 不可相信的  unpleasant 令人不愉快的 unable 不能够的      untrue 不是真的 注意:一般来说前缀不会改一个词的词性,但会改变词义。‎ un-+副词 unusually 不同寻常地    unhappily 不高兴地    unluckily 不走运地 un-+动词 uncover 揭开        unlock 开锁 untie 解开         undress 脱下衣服 im-+形容词 impossible 不可能的    improper 不恰当的    impolite 不礼貌的 mis-+动词 misunderstand 误解     misspell 误拼      miswrite 写错 dis-+动词 dislike 不喜欢        disagree 不同意 discover 发现         disappear 消失 ‎  注意:由un-+形容词构成的词除了unknown, unseen, unfit等词之外,其他词都可加-ly变为副词(个别形容词词尾需要变动),否定前缀在初中学了四种,un, im, mis和dis,这四个前缀的中文是“不……”。‎ ‎②非否定前缀 en-+形容词或名词 enable 使能够         enrich 使变富 enlarge 使扩大    encourage 使充满勇气 ‎(2)后缀 ‎  后缀是指加在一个词的尾部以构成新的词缀。常用后缀大约有96个,大致可分五类。‎ ‎①构成表示人的名词的后缀 动词+-er表示人 traveller 旅行者     reader 读者        keeper 看护人 hunter 猎人        worker 工人       driver 司机 listener 听众       discoverer 发现者    reporter 记者 speaker 讲话者      winner 获胜者      leader 领导人 swimmer 游泳运动员    owner 主人        weaver 编织者 buyer 购买者       runner 赛跑运动员     ruler 尺子、统治者 名词+-er表示人或物 villager 村民      farmer 农民        cooker 炊具 prisoner 犯人      lawyer 律师 形容词+-er表示人 foreigner 外国人    stranger 陌生人      southerner 南方人 动词+-or表示人 actor 男演员      inventor 发明者、发明家  governor 政府官员 visitor 来访者     director 导演       operator 操作员、接线员 conductor 乘务员、导体 sailor 水手、航海员 名词(动词)+-ess表示女性 actress 女演员     authoress 女作者     tigress 母老虎 waitress 女服务员   tailoress 女裁缝 名词+-cian表示人 mathematician 数学家  politician 政治家、政客  musician 音乐家 名词+-ese表示人 Chinese 中国人     Portuguese 葡萄牙人    Cantonese 广东人 Japanese 日本人    Taiwanese 台湾人     Vietnamese 越南人 名词+-an表示人 American 美国人    Austrian 奥地利人     Australian 澳大利亚人 Canadian 加拿大人   Hungarian 匈牙利人    Italian 意大利人 Indian 印度人     Russian 俄国人、俄罗斯人 名词(或-al结尾的形容词)+-ist表示人 artist 艺术家     novelist 小说家      violinist 小提琴家 naturalist 自然学家  scientist 科学家      communist 共产主义者 physicist 物理学家  pianist 钢琴家       socialist 社会学家 typist 打字员 ‎②构成抽象名词与集体名词的后缀 动词+-ment movement 运动    judgment 判断       announcement 口头通知 government 政府   agreement 同意、协议   treatment 对待 动词+-ion/-sion/-ation/-cation operation 手术    congratulation 祝贺   invention 发明 decision 决定    invitation 邀请      celebration 庆祝 action 行动     pollution 污染      examination 考试、检查 pronunciation 发音 名词/形容词+-ship friendship 友谊     leadership 领导、领导职位   hardship 艰难 名词+-hood boyhood 男孩童年时代   childhood 儿童时代 girlhood 女孩童年时代  neighborhood 附近、邻居 形容词/动词+-th truth 真理       depth 深度      warmth 温暖 length 长度       youth 年轻人、年轻  wealth 财富 width 宽度       growth 成长 形容词/名词+-dom wisdom 智慧        kingdom 王国 动词+-ing building 建筑物、楼房   dancing 舞蹈 feelin g感觉        meeting 会议、会见 形容词+-ness kindnes s和蔼       sickness 疾病       selfishness 自私 happiness 幸福      weakness 虚弱、缺点    carefulness 细心 illness 疾病       brightness 明亮      correctness 正确 darkness 黑暗       carelessness 粗心     usefulness 有用 ‎③形容词后缀 名词/动词+-able-/-ible horrible 可怕的       comfortable 舒适的 terrible 糟糕的       enjoyable 愉快的 名词+-al/-ial/-ual natural 自然的       managerial 管理的 musical 音乐的       spiritual 精神上的 名词+-ic/-ical electric 电的       scientific 科学的   chemical 化学的 plastic 塑料的       medical 医学的     physical 物理的、身体的 名词+-ish foolish 愚蠢的      childish 孩子气的   womanish 女人气的 名词/动词+-ful wonderful 精彩的     hopeful 有希望的   thankful 充满感激的 beautiful 美丽的     careful 仔细的    useful 有用的 名词/动词+-less homeless 无家的     careless 粗心的    useless 无用的 harmless 无害的     endless 没有止境的   hopeless 没有希望的 名词/形容词+-ly friendly 友好的    brotherly 兄弟般的   weekly 每周的 lively 活泼的     motherly 母亲般的    monthly 每月的 lovely 可爱的     lonely 孤单的 名词+-en wooden 木制的        golden 金子般的、金色的 woolen 羊毛制的       earthen 土制的 名词+-ern eastern 东方的       northern 北方的 western 西方的       southern 南方的 名词+-y cloudy 多云的        shiny 发光的     rainy 多雨的 lucky 幸运的        hilly 多丘陵的    healthy 健康的 foggy 多雾的        noisy 噪音大的    dirty 脏的 angry 生气的        smoky 多烟的     sunny 阳光明媚的 windy 多风的        snowy 多雪的     salty 多盐的 funny 滑稽的        sleepy 想睡觉的    dusty 布满灰尘的 easy 容易的        thirsty 饥渴的     hungry 饿的 sandy 多沙的 名词+-ous/-ious dangerous 危险的    famous 著名的  serious 严峻的、严肃的、认真的 动词+-ant/-ent pleasant 愉快的     excellent 优秀的 动词+-ed excited 感到兴奋的    tired 疲劳的      surprised 吃惊的 learned 博学的      interested 感兴趣的   pleased 高兴的 动词+-ing interesting 令人感兴趣的 exciting 令人兴奋的  surprising 令人吃惊的 moving 打动人的      tiring 令人疲劳的   amusing 有趣的 ‎④副词后缀 形容词+-ly roughly 粗糙地     sadly 悲伤地      certainly 当然 firmly 稳固地     suddenly 突然      lately 最近 simply 简直      terribly 糟糕地     shyly 害羞地 usually 通常      quietly 轻轻地     fairly 公平地、相当 excitedly 兴奋地    seriously 严肃地    freely 自由地 wholly 全部地     possibly 可能      easily 容易地 carefully 仔细地    fully 完全地       silently 沉默地 smartly 敏捷地     curiously 好奇地    coldly 冷冷地 highly 高度地     probably 可能      impossibly 不可能 busily 繁忙地     finally 最终      scientifically 科学地 ‎⑤动词后缀 形容词/名词+-en deepen 加深       tighten 使变紧     blacken 使变黑 darken 使变暗      broaden 加宽      weaken 使变弱 redden 使变红      brighten 使变亮     widen 加宽 sharpen 使变尖      whiten 使变白      sweeten 使变甜 ‎⑥数词后缀 thirteen 十三      fourteen 十四      fifteen 十五 sixteen 十六      seventeen 十七      eighteen 十八 nineteen 十九 基数词+-ty twenty 二十       thirty 三十       forty 四十 fifty 五十       sixty 六十        seventy 七十 基数词+-th fourth 第四      fifth 第五        sixth 第六 seventh 第七     eighth 第八        ninth 第九 ‎3.转化法 ‎  不用借助构词词缀,把一个单词从一种词类转化成另一种词类的方法称之为转化法。由于词类转化的结果,英语中就形成了大量外形相同但词类不同的词,即同形异类词。转化法主要有如下几种类型。‎ ‎(1)名词转化为动词 e-mail—to e-mail 寄电子邮件 dust—to dust the desk 掸掉桌子上的灰尘 film—to film this story 拍摄这个故事 ship—to ship the goods 用船运送货物 train—to train the passengers 用火车运乘客 ‎(2)形容词转化为动词 slow—to slow down 慢下来 dry—to dry your ham s擦干手 wrong—to wrong sb. 冤枉某人 free—to free the slaves 解放奴隶 narrow—to narrow the street 使街道变窄 ‎(3)动词转化为名词 to dress—a beautiful dress 一件漂亮的裙子 to smell—a terrible smell 难闻的气味 to love—love of one’s country 对祖国的热爱 to taste—a good taste 很好的味道 to doubt—without any doubt 毫无疑问 to guide us—a local guide 当地的向导 ‎(4)形容词转化为名词 daily—China Daily 中国日报 final—a maths final 数学期未考试 native—a native 本民族人 chemical—dangerous chemicals 危险的化学药品 ‎4.缩写和简写 ‎  缩略法是把原有的词汇通过缩短,在读音和写法方面呈现新的形式。这种构词方式用得很普遍,特别是近几年来,随着科学技术的飞速发展,产生了很多新的缩略词。缩略法主要有如下几种。‎ ‎(1)剪切法:剪切法是指从某个词的完整形式中删除一个或更多音节,由此构成新词的方法。‎ ‎①剪切原词的开始部分 bicycle—cycle 自行车         taxicab—cab 出租车 airplane/aeroplane—plane 飞机     telephone—phone 电话 ‎②剪切原词的中间部分 examination—exam 考试         taxicab—taxi 出租车 photograph—photo 图片         laboratory—lab 实验室 ‎③剪切原词的中间部分 foot/ feet—ft 脚   Greek—G K希腊   year—yr 年 half—hf 半      yard—yd 码     continued—contd 继续 ‎(2)混成法 ‎  混成法是指由两个词混合或紧缩而成为一个复合词的方法。这种复合词都保留了原来两个词的一部分,其后半部分表示主体,前半部分表示属性。‎ breakfast+lunch→brunch 早晨和中午之间的饭 smoke+fog→smog 浓烟 motor+hotel→motel 汽车旅馆 boat+motor→botor 电动船 news+broadcast→newscast 新闻广播 television+broadcast→telecast 电视广播 cheese+hamburger→cheeseburger 放有干酪的肉饼 beef+hamburger→beefburger 煎牛肉饼 European+television→Eurovision 欧洲电视网 ‎  今天复习了词类和构词法,相信对你们理解所学的单词有一个新的了解,并有助于你们记单词。但记单词是一个方面,更重要的是当一个词出现时,你应该知道该使用怎样的形式。‎ ‎  下面我们来做些练习印证一下。‎ 三.典例剖析 例题1.The _______(swim) of our school got many prizes in the competition. We all feel _______(pride) of them.(四川中考题)‎ 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题主要考查词性的变化。首先译这两个句子,学校的游泳选手在比赛中得了很多奖,我们都为他们感到“骄傲”。第一个空格,给了一个动词swim,而这个空格需要的是名词,根据动词加后缀-er变成名词的规则,把swim变成名词,swim是以重读闭音节结尾,而且词尾只有一个辅音字母,所以双写m加er,变成了swimmer。又因为是学校的选手,并且后面一句话中有一个“them”,说明选手不只一个,所以这里除了把swim变成名词之外,还要加上s。第二个空格pride是名词,而feel后要用形容词,以便构feel/ be proud of“以……为荣”。所以把pride改为proud。‎ 答案:swimmers, proud 例题2._______(luck), modern machine can help people with eye problems in less developed countries.‎ 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题考查形容词和副词的用法。这里luck要修饰句子的动词,说明整个动词的程度,出题人设置了二个陷阱,第一luck是名词要加后缀变成形容词lucky,再把lucky变成副词,辅音字母加y结尾的形容词变成副词时,改y为i,再加ly。此题的中文意思是“幸运的是现代化的机械帮助欠发达的国家的人治愈了眼病”。‎ 答案:Luckily 例题3.Though it was raining _______(hard), the policeman was still standing at the crossing.(北京东城中考题)‎ 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题考查形容词和副词的用法。一般说来形容词变成副词时要加ly,但并不是所有的形容词变成副词时都要加ly,hard这个词既是形容词又是副词。命题人的陷阱在于有一个单词“hardly”,hardly不是hard加ly的副词,而是另外一个副词“几乎不……”。所以这里还是用hard。有的同学会问,可不可以改为heavily,heavily也可以形容雨、雪下得大,但这里最好用hard。因为出题人给了一个词,只得根据这个词来变,不能扔掉它。‎ 答案:hard 冲刺练习 根据句子的意义,用所给单词的正确形式填空。‎ ‎1.It is one of the highest _______(build) in this city.‎ ‎2.Liu Yutian is the first person to walk the whole _______(long) of the Great Wall.‎ ‎3.I don’t know how to make the problem much _______(easy).‎ ‎4.This baby just has three _______(tooth).‎ ‎5.He was one of the _______(run) who won the race.‎ ‎6.Look at the sun. Today is a _______(sun) day.‎ ‎7.The students are enjoying _______(them) on the beach.‎ ‎8.I’m afraid he’s made the wrong _______(decide) on that matter.‎ ‎9.Mrs Brown became _______(worry) when she heard the news about her son.‎ ‎10.Tony got the _______(two) place in the maths exam last month.‎ ‎11.There is a _______(cut) machine in the middle of the workshop.‎ ‎12.The wind blew _______(heavy) on the evening of Christmas Day.‎ ‎13.Let’s have ten _______(minute) rest first, then we’ll go on collecting the litter.‎ ‎14.Li Hua won the first place in the sports meet. He is the _______(proud) of our class.‎ ‎15.Three Japanese _______(climber) were trapped on the mountain last Tuesday.‎ ‎16.The TV play is so _______(interest) that I want to see it again.‎ ‎17.Look! How _______(happy) the children are dancing!‎ ‎18.The room next to mine is always _______(noise).‎ ‎19.Don’t open your books. Please keep them _______(close).‎ ‎20.The dictionary is very _______(help) to my study.‎ ‎21.I’m going to give my sister some _______(beauty) flowers for her graduation.‎ ‎22.The weather here is very fine. We have a lot of _______(sun) every day.‎ ‎23.Among all his _______(invent), that is the most important one in his life.‎ ‎24.A form was given Maggie to fill in her _______(person) information.‎ ‎25.China is a _______country while America is a _______ country.(develop)‎ 冠词 一、复习要点阐述 ‎  在上一个专题我们谈到了英语词汇的十大词类,名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、感叹词、动词、介词、冠词、连词。今天我们就复习英语词类中的冠词。冠词历来是令人头疼的一个词类,它有时候用,有时候又不用,所以我们通常要求学生大量地背诵课文和对话,强调利用语感来记冠词的用法。但是在我们初中的课本已经学完的时候,我们有必要归纳一下冠词的基本用法,这样你在做题时就有依据,就心中有数,为什么我选用这个冠词。‎ 二、要点复习策略及技巧 ‎  冠词顾名思义,戴在头上的帽子,冠词就是名词头上的帽子。冠词有三个,a, an和the。a, an称为“不定冠词”,the称为定冠词。从这个名称中你可以体会到不定冠词是指不特定的事物,而定冠词是指特定的事物。这是一个大前提。‎ ‎1.不定冠词a, an的用法 ‎  不定冠词a, an与one有差不多的意思。为什么说有差不多的意思呢。因为one通常强调数目“一”,而a, an并不特别强调数目,它们通常表示“一”,但也通常表示名词是不特指的、特定的。a用在辅音音素前,注意不是辅音字母前。如:‎ ‎  a university一所大学    a one-eyed horse ‎  上面两个用法中u的读音为[ju:],是以辅音读音开头的。one读[wQn],也是辅音读音开头的。‎ ‎  注意an用元音音素前,不是元音字母前。如:‎ an hour 一个小时        an honest boy 一个诚实的男孩 an important meeting 一次重要的会议 ‎  上面二个用法中,hour中h没有读音。honest中h也没有读音,important中i读的是[i]。所以一定不要以字母是元音还是辅音为基准。再来看看我们的26个字母。‎ ‎  从上面你可以体会得到,a, an的基本位置。下面我们归纳初中阶段,a, an的基本用法。‎ ‎(1)表示类属中的“任何一个”‎ ‎  用来列举此类人或事物中的任何一个都具有某种能力或某种特征。‎ e.g.A parrot can talk like a person, but it can’t think like a person.‎ 鹦鹉可以像人一样说话,但不能像人一样思考。‎ A child should have more free time to think.‎ 孩子应当有更多的自由时间进行思考。‎ ‎(2)表示泛指的某人、某物 ‎  用来指某人或某物,不明确指出具体的人或物,只说明大体情况。‎ e.g.My father bought me a nice present, but I don’t know what it is.‎ 我爸爸给我买了一件很好的礼物,可我不知道是什么。‎ An English-English dictionary is very necessary for me.‎ 英语词典对我来说非常有必要。‎ ‎(3)表示微弱的one的概念 ‎  a/an和one同源,但有时意义差别较大。a/an泛指同类事物中的“任何一个”;one则强调数目概念,表示“一个”,不是“两个、三个”。‎ e.g.There is going to be an English lecture tomorrow. ‎ 明天将有一场英语讲座。‎ ‎—Can a robot do such work?‎ ‎ 机器人能做这种工作吗?‎ ‎—No, only people can do it.‎ ‎ 不能,只能靠人来做。‎ ‎—Can one child finish the job?‎ ‎ 这件事一个孩子能干得了吗?‎ ‎—No, at least two children can.‎ ‎ 干不了,至少得两个。‎ ‎(4)表示数量中的“一”。用在数词中,表示“一”。‎ e.g.A hundred and more people attended this meeting. ‎ ‎100多人参加了这次会议。‎ Are you leaving at a quarter to six tomorrow morning?‎ 你明天5:45就出发吗?‎ ‎(5)表示单位量词的“每一”。指某种人或事物中的任何一个,或表示“每一”的概念。‎ e.g.Take three pills a day and you’ll get better soon.‎ 每天吃三片药,你很快就会好的。‎ We have a music class once a week.‎ 我们每周上一次音乐课。‎ ‎  注意:“每周两次”可有如下表达方法:twice a week, twice each week, twice every week, twice per week。不可以说twice an week。另外,吃药的每天也不能换为one day。‎ ‎(6)用于集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词前 ‎① 用于集体名词前 e.g.I was put in a large class this term. ‎ 这个学期我被编入一个大班。‎ The Turners are a musical family. ‎ 特纳一家是音乐世家。‎ ‎② 用于物质名词前。物质名词如coffee, food, tea, fruit, fog, rain, snow, wind等,在表示“一种、一杯、一场”之意时,常加不定冠词。‎ e.g.A heavy rain fell yesterday. ‎ 昨天下了一场大雨。‎ I would like a coffee and two beers. ‎ 我想要一杯咖啡和两瓶啤酒。‎ ‎③ 用于抽象名词前 e.g.I am not sure I’ll win, but I’ll have a try. ‎ 我不知道能否赢,但我要试试。‎ Music is really a great pleasure. ‎ 音乐的确是一种很好的娱乐。‎ ‎④用于专有名词前 e.g.He is a Chinese and now is working as a doctor in Japan.‎ 他是华人,现在在日本当医生。‎ I remember he came here on a Sunday and left soon.‎ 我记得他某个星期天来过,不过很快就走了。‎ A John called during your absence.‎ 你不在时一个叫约翰的来过电话。‎ ‎(7)不可数名词前加不定冠词 ‎  ①不可数名词如education(教育),history(历史),knowledge(知识),population(人口),time(时间),world(世界)等,在表述其某一部分或某一方面的内容、概念时,前面常加不定冠词。‎ e.g.have a long history 拥有悠久的历史 receive a good education 接受良好的教育 a knowledge of English and computer 对英语和计算机知识的掌握 have a population of 1 billion 有10亿人口 a long time/ while 很长一段时间 ‎  ②用于部分动词短语中。具有动作意义的名词在与动词have, take, make, give, let out等构成短语表示一种短暂性的动作时,此名词前的不定冠词一般不可缺少,表示“做一做”。‎ e.g.have a look/walk/break/try/bath/go/swim 看一看/散步/休息一下/试一试/洗澡/试一试/游泳 give a whistle/laugh/smile/shout ‎ 吹口哨/笑/微笑/大喊 take a rest/walk/break/bath ‎ 休息一下/散步/休息一下/洗澡 make a choice/decision/plan/study ‎ 做出选择/做出决定/制订计划/研究一下 ‎(9)用于同源宾语前。在同源宾语中,与动词“同源”的名词前一般要加不定冠词。‎ e.g.sleep a sound sleep 睡得很香 die a glorious death 光荣牺牲 fight a hard fight 进行艰苦的斗争 smile an attractive smile 笑得迷人,‎ dream a sweet dream 做了一个甜美的梦 lead /have/ live a happy and peaceful life 过着幸福、安详的生活 ‎(10)不定冠词的习惯用法 与时间和方式有关的短语 as a rule 通常         in a word 总之 as a result 因此        in a moment 立刻 in a hurry 急匆匆地       once in a while 偶尔 a moment ago 一会儿前      all of a sudden 突然 half an hour 半个小时      for a time 暂时、一度 once upon a time 从前      twice a week 每周两次 in a loud voice 大声地     with a smile 微笑着 as a matter of fact 事实上   after a while 一会儿后 a day or two ago 一两天前    after a time 一段时间之后 at a high speed 以高速度    just a minute/ moment 一会儿 in a special way 以特殊的方式 与一些常用动词构成搭配 get a cold 感冒          pay a visit 拜访 take a seat 坐下          get in a word 插话 make a living 谋生         make a face 做鬼脸 make a mistake 犯错误       make an effort 努力 make an apology 道歉        make a speech 做演讲 make it a rule 形成制度      give a lecture 举行讲座 catch a bad cold 患重感冒     do a good deed 做好事 go out for a walk 出外散步     have a good time 过得愉快 keep an eye on 照看、密切注视    make a promise 许诺 take an interest in 对……感兴趣  take a message for 为某人捎口信 have a match/ meeting 比赛/ 开会  lend/ give sb. a hand 给别人帮忙 have a cold/ cough/fever/headache/pain 感冒/咳嗽/发烧/头疼/疼痛 ‎2.定冠词的用法 ‎  定冠词the与this/ that/ these/ those同源,在辅音前读[TE],在元音前或强读作[TI],意为“这、那、这些、那些”等。‎ ‎(1)表示特定的人或物 ‎  这种用法可以表示上文提到过的或谈话双方明确的人或物。特指某人或事物。以区别于同类中的其他人或事物。‎ e.g.Is this the book that you are looking for? ‎ 这就是你正要找的书吗?‎ Would you mind turning up the radio a little? I can’t hear it clearly.‎ 你把收音机的音量调大一点好吗?我听不清楚。‎ ‎(2)表示某类属的全体。the常用于单数名词前,代表一类人或事物。‎ e.g.Do you know who invented the computer?‎ 你知道是谁发明了计算机吗?‎ The cat, like the dog, is liked by many people.‎ 猫和狗一样受到很多人喜爱。‎ ‎(3)表示地球、宇宙中的独一无二的事物。世界上独一无二的东西很多,这里所指的独一无二主要是指各种天体及世界上比较有影响力的物体。‎ e.g.Man is now studying and using the sun.‎ 人类正在研究和利用太阳。‎ Man traveled to the moon scores of years ago.‎ 几十年前人类就登上了月球。‎ ‎(4)表示地点、方位、时间。用于表示具体的地点、方位、具体的时间或某天的一部分等。‎ e.g.on the left 在左边       to the right 朝右边 in the east 在东方       from the west 从西方 on the right 在右边      in/at the end 在末尾 in the afternoon 在下午    in the morning 在早晨 in the centre 在……中央    in the middle of… 在……中间 in/ at the beginning 在开始 We have friends all over the world. ‎ 我们的朋友遍及世界。‎ My parents live in the country. ‎ 我的父母住在乡下。‎ 特别提示:‎ ‎①在表示季节的名词前一般不用冠词。‎ ‎  in spring 在春天  in autumn在秋天(美国用in the fall,the不可省略)‎ ‎②但如果特指具体某年的某个季节,需用冠词。‎ ‎  in the spring of the year 2004  2004年的春天 ‎③ 有时如果出现对称的方位或时间时,冠词往往可省略或不用。‎ day after day 日复一日     day by day 一天天地,逐渐 from (the) east to (the) west 从东到西 ‎(5)用于比较级、最高级所修饰的名词和序数词前。有形容词比较级或最高级修饰的名词和序数词前,常用the,表示特指。‎ e.g.Maths is the most difficult subject and English is the easiest, I think.‎ 我认为数学是最难的科目,而英语是最容易的。‎ Which story is the more interesting (story) of the two? ‎ 这两个故事哪一个更有趣?‎ He is always the first to come and the last to leave. ‎ 他总是第一个来最后一个走。‎ 用法比较:‎ 序数词前面也可用不定冠词。但意义与用定冠词不同。‎ e.g.I have failed twice, but I’ll try a third time.‎ 我失败两次了,我还要试一次。(强调再一次)‎ March is the third month of a year.‎ 三月是一年中的第三个月。(强调次序)‎ ‎(6)用于“越……越……”结构中。在“越……越……”的句型中,the是不可少的。‎ e.g.The more we get together, the happier we’ll be.‎ 我们相处的时间越多,就越幸福。‎ The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you’ll make.‎ 你越仔细出的错就越少。‎ ‎(7)用于形容词或分词前。有些形容词或分词前面加上the可表示一类人或事物。‎ e.g.The rich should help the poor. ‎ 富人应当救助贫穷的人。‎ The old are easy to catch cold. ‎ 老年人容易感冒。‎ The new is to take the place of the old. ‎ 新生事物最终会替代陈旧事物。‎ ‎(8)用于乐器前。在演奏的乐器前常用the。‎ e.g.The boy of no more than 4 can play the piano very beautifully.‎ 这个仅四岁的男孩钢琴弹得很好。‎ Shall we dance to the guitar? ‎ 我们可以随着吉他跳舞吗?‎ ‎(9)用于集体名词、物质名词、专有名词前 ‎① 用于集体名词前。定冠词用于集体名词前,表示复数概念。‎ e.g.The museum is open to the public. ‎ 博物馆向公众开放。‎ The people in this country are kind and ready to help.‎ 这个国家的人民善良而又乐于助人。‎ ‎② 用于物质名词前。定冠词可用于不可数的物质名词前。‎ e.g.The iron is harder than the stone. ‎ 铁比石头硬。‎ We don’t want the air to be dirty. ‎ 我们不想让空气污浊不清。‎ ‎③ 用于专有名词前。普通名词构成的专有名词前往往要加the。‎ e.g.The English are fond of climbing.‎ 英国人喜欢爬山。‎ The Thames runs through London.‎ 泰晤士河穿过伦敦。‎ The Browns are all living in China. ‎ 布朗全家都住在中国。‎ Every day many children go to the London Zoo.‎ 每天都有很多儿童到伦敦动物园去。‎ Do you like to read the New York Times? ‎ 你喜欢读《纽约时报》吗?‎ The WTO was founded in 1995. ‎ 世界贸易组织成立于1995年。‎ ‎(10)定冠词的习惯用法 ‎① 常用定冠词的地名、组织名 the US 美国           the UK 英国 the Great Wall 长城       the West Lake 西湖 the Yellow River 黄河      the UN 联合国 the Summer Palace 颐和园     the WTO 世界贸易组织 the Taiwan Straits 台湾海峡   the Changjiang River 长江 the Palace Museum 故宫博物馆   the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山 the History Museum 历史博物馆 ‎② 常用定冠词的习惯短语 与时间相关的短语:‎ all the time 一直           in the past 在过去 in the day 在白天           the next day 第二天 the day before yesterday 前天     at the same time 同时 in the middle of 在……的中间     in the morning 在上午 in the ‎1990’‎s/ 1990s 在20世纪90年代  at the age of 在……岁数时 at the beginning/ end of 在……开始/ 结束时 all the year round 一年到头 与地点相关的短语:‎ at the foot of 在……的脚下       in the sky 在天空中 in the front of 在……的前边       in the world 在世界上 on the way to 在去……的路上       in/ on the street 在街道上 in/ on/ to the east of 在……的东部   at the back of 在……的后边 on the right/ left 在……的右边/ 左边  ‎ in the middle of 在……的中间 at/ in/ on the corner of 在……的角上 at the top/ bottom of 在……的项/ 底部 at the beginning/ end of 在……的开头/ 结尾 on the ground/ playground 在地上/ 在操场上 其他固定短语:‎ tell the truth 说实话        make the bed 铺床 all the same 完全一样        go to the cinema 看电影 by the way 顺便问一下        in the darkness 在黑暗中 break the law 触犯法律        in the form of 以……的形式 just the same 完全一样        listen to the radio 听收音机 in the habit of 有做……的习惯    make the best use of 充分运用 with the help of 在……的帮助下   join the army/ league 参军、入团 on/ over/ through the radio 从收音机上 at the top of one’s voice 以某人最高的声音 under the leadership of 在……的领导下 put sb. to the trouble of doing sth. 使某人陷入做某事的麻烦之中 ‎3.零冠词的用法 零冠词主要用于以下几种情况:‎ ‎(1)物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词前。一般说来在物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词前不用任何冠词。‎ e.g.Money is not everything. ‎ 金钱不是万能的。‎ Music can bring people pleasure. ‎ 音乐可以带给人乐趣。‎ Philip has lived in China for years.‎ 菲利浦住在中国多年了。‎ ‎(2)泛指的复数可数名词前。复数可数名词可以表示类别泛指,这时名词前不用冠词。‎ e.g.Young people like to read books.‎ 年轻人喜欢读书。‎ Trees can help clean the air.‎ 树木可以帮助净化空气。‎ Tigers sometimes can be very kind.‎ 老虎有时也很善良。‎ 特别提示:‎ The cat can catch the mouse.  猫能捕鼠。‎ Cats are loved by many people. 猫被很多人喜爱。‎ A cat has sharp eyes at night.  夜间猫有很敏锐的眼睛。‎ The cats here don’t like fish.  这里的猫不喜欢鱼。‎ ‎  前三句中的a cat, cats, the cat都可表示泛指意义的“猫”,但之间略有区别。a cat突出强调猫这类动物中的任何一个,cats突出强调猫这一群体,the cat是与其他类动物相对照而言的。第四句中的the cats是特指。‎ ‎(3)时间、节日、季节等名词前。在日期、月份、季节、节日等名词前一般不用冠词。‎ e.g.January 1 is New Year’s Day. ‎ 元月一日是元旦。‎ I have visited many cities since September 2006.‎ 自2006年9月以来我已走访了很多城市。‎ Spring is the best season of the year. ‎ 春天是一年中最好的季节。 ‎ 特别提示:当谈论具体的季节或日期时常用定冠词。‎ e.g.I don’t like the spring of Beijing. It’s too sandy.‎ 我不喜欢北京的春天,沙太多了。‎ The 29th Olympic Games will be held in Beijing in the summer of 2008.‎ 第二十九届奥运会将于2008年的夏天在北京举行。‎ ‎(4)三餐、球类运动的名词前 e.g.What do you usually have for lunch?‎ 你午餐经常吃什么?‎ Do you like to play football or baseball?‎ 你喜欢踢足球还是打棒球?‎ ‎(5)表示学科、语言的名词前 e.g.I like physics though it’s a bit difficult. ‎ 尽管物理有点难,我还是喜欢它。‎ English is one of the most important languages. ‎ 英语是最重要的语言之一。‎ ‎(6)表示独一无二的职位、头衔、称呼的名词前 e.g.Mr Smith, head of the group,will plan for the whole trip.‎ 小组的组长史密斯先生将全面制定这次旅行的计划。‎ Wendy was made monitor for this month. ‎ 温迪当选这个月的班长。‎ Doctor, I’m not feeling myself today. ‎ 大夫,我今天感觉有些不舒服。‎ ‎(7)man泛指人类时。man在泛指人类时前面不加冠词。‎ e.g.Man can save the earth; man can destroy the earth.‎ 人类能够拯救地球,人类也能够毁灭地球。‎ Man can’t live without water or air.‎ 没有水和空气人类将不能生存。‎ ‎(8)名词前有某些限定词时。名词前如果出现this, that, these, my等限定词时,其前不能再加冠词。‎ e.g.This is my address. Let’s keep in touch. ‎ 这是我的地址,咱们保持联系吧。‎ I’d like some books about cars and toys. ‎ 我想买些关于汽车和玩具的书。‎ Bill’s camera is like mine. ‎ 贝尔的照相机和我的相似。‎ 用法比较:‎ I have been ill for the last week.‎ 我已经病了一星期了。(指从过去某个时间一直延续到说话时的一周)‎ I was ill last week. ‎ 我上周病了。(指这个星期以前的一个星期)‎ ‎(9)名词在介词后表示抽象概念时。介词后的名词表示抽象概念时,名词前通常不用冠词。‎ e.g.I don’t go to middle school; I’m at college. ‎ 我不是上中学,而是上大学。‎ Did you go there by train or by bus? ‎ 你是坐火车去的还是乘公共汽车去的?‎ He is still in hospital. ‎ 他仍在住院。‎ ‎(10)单数名词相对应使用时。介词或连词连接的两个相同、相对或关系密切的单数名词常不用冠词。‎ day by day 天天         father and son 父与子 step by step 逐渐地       little by little 渐渐地 hand in hand 手拉手       face to face 面对面地 husband and wife 夫妇      side by side 肩并肩地 day and night 日日夜夜      day after day 日复一日 man and woman 男人和女人     one by one 一个接一个地 all day and all night 整日整夜  heart and soul 全心全意地 shoulder to shoulder 肩并肩地  arm in arm 胳膊挽着胳膊 from time to time 时不时地    time and time again 反复地 women and children 妇女和儿童 常用必背:‎ 下列不可数名词前不用不定冠词:‎ advice 建议   baggage 行李   change 零钱   money 钱 progress 进步  traffic 交通   news 新闻    information 信息 luggage 行李  ice 冰      fun 乐趣     energy 能量 work 工作    luck 运气    health 健康   wealth 财富 music 音乐   nature 大自然  industry 工业  equipment 仪器 weather 天气  technology 技术 homework 家庭作业 furniture 家具 ‎(11)习惯用法 ‎①与时间、地点、方式或状态有关的一些词组中使用零冠词。‎ at night 在晚上     at first 起初   at last 最终 in hospital 住院    on time 按时    in time 及时 at work 在上班     in fear 恐惧地   on foot 步行 in surprise 惊讶    in fact 事实上   at home 在家里 in thought 思考中    in town 在城里   at school 在上学 in silence 静静地    at noon 在中午   in fight 正在交战 at table 正在吃饭    on fire 正燃烧着  at college 在上大学 with pride 自豪地   for example 例如   go to college 上大学 go to bed 上床睡觉   at dinner 在吃饭   in trouble 处在麻烦中 after school 放学后  go to school 上学   at breakfast 在吃早餐 in excitement 兴奋地 in danger 在危险中  with satisfaction 满意地 at war 处于战争状态  by hand/machine 手工/机器制作 with pleasure 高兴地、乐意地in ink/pen/pencil 用墨水/钢笔/铅笔 by bus/car/taxi/water/plane/train ‎ 乘坐公共汽车/汽车/出租车/船/飞机/火车 ‎②在一些动词短语中,习惯上运用零冠词。‎ set fire to 放火      catch fire 着火 lose weight 减肥      take part in 参加 take office 就职      watch TV 看电视 take care of 照顾      pay attention to 注意 keep…in mind 牢记     have sports 进行运动 ask for trouble 找麻烦   come back to life 苏醒 ask for advice 征求建议  ask for help 寻求帮助 come to/ into power 掌权  catch sight of (无意中)看见 sentence sb. to death 判处死刑 learn /know…by heart 背诵 keep in touch with 与……保持联系 take pride in 以……为豪 catch/get/take/lay/seize hold of 抓住 do good/harm/wrong to 对……有好处/害处/冤枉 have difficulty/trouble in doing sth.  做某事有困难/麻烦 ‎③as/though引导的让步状语从句中,如果前置的是名词,名词前用零冠词。‎ e.g.Child as/ though she is, she plays the violin perfectly.‎ 尽管是个孩子,但她小提琴拉得很好。‎ ‎④有些一人兼多个身份的情况,只在第一个名词前加冠词,其他几个不再加冠词。‎ e.g.A teacher and writer will come to visit our school next Monday.‎ 下周一一个老师兼作家要来参观我们学校。‎ ‎⑤系动词turn后如有名词通常使用零冠词,但名词前有形容词修饰时则要加冠词。‎ e.g.I hoped to become a pianist, but I turned teacher.‎ 我本想成为一名钢琴家,可最终成了教师。‎ 注意:如若指不同的人则两个名词前需要分别加上冠词。‎ a clerk and a writer 一个职员和一个作家 用法比较:‎ at table 在吃饭       at the table 在桌子旁 at school 上学       at the school 在学校 by day 白天         by the day 按日计算 in office 执政       in the office 在办公室内 take place 发生       take the place of 取代 in place of 取代      in the place of 在……的位置上 in charge of 掌管      in the charge of 在……掌管之中 in future 今后,将来    in the future 将来 go to bed 上床睡觉      go to the bed 朝床边走去 in front of 在……的前面  in the front of 在……的前面部分 a number of 大量的,很多  the number of ……的数量 have a word with 与……交谈 have words with 与……吵架 in hospital/prison 住院/坐牢 in the hospital/prison 在医院/在监狱里 go to church/college/hospital/prison/school 做礼拜/上大学/住院/坐牢/上学 go to the church/college/hospital/prison/school 到教堂去/到大学去/到医院去/到监狱去/到学校去 ‎  总而言之,冠词的用法有一定的依据。但大部分都是一种习惯用法,所以多记是唯一的法宝。‎ 三、典例剖析 例题1.There’s _______“h” in the word“hour”.(宁夏中考题)‎ A.a            B.an C.the           D.不填 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题考查不定冠词a, an的用法。命题人设置的陷阱是h这个辅音字母的读音是[eitF],它是以元音读音开头的字母,所以首先译这句话的中文“hour这个单词中有一个h”。确定用a或an,根据读音以元音音素开头,选择答案B。‎ 例题2._______number of students have gone to Shanghai.(山西中考题)‎ A./            B.The C.A            D.An 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题主要考查学生是否熟悉the number of和a number of的用法区别。在英语中,用the和a时的用法通常意思不大一样,the number of是“……的数量(数目)”,谓语要用单数形式。而a number of是“许多,一群”,谓语要用复数形式。因为后面的谓语用的是have gone,说明要用a number of。本题中文意思是“许多学生到上海去了”。‎ 答案:C 例题3.London is _______capital of ______ England.‎ A.a; the         B.a; a C.the; the        D.the; /‎ 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题考查泛指和特指的冠词以及零冠词的用法。London是英国的首都,这个首都就是特指的、特定的,故用定冠词the,而England是一个国家的专有名词,前面不用任何冠词,故不填。‎ 答案:D 冲刺练习 ‎1.After _______supper, he stayed at _______ home and played _______ violin(小提琴).‎ A.the, /, the          B./, /, the C./, the, /           D.a, the, the ‎2.Today is _______Sunday. It is _______ first day of _______week.‎ A./, a, the           B./, the, a C.the, a, /           D.a, /, the ‎3.The boys and girls often play _______volleyball in _______ afternoon.‎ A./, an             B.the, an C./, the             D.a, the ‎4.‎_______Changjiang River is _______ longest in _______ China, and one of _______ longest rivers in _______ world.‎ A.The, the, /, /, the      B./, the, /, the, /‎ C.The, the, /, the, the     D./, a, /, the, the ‎5.There is _______orange tree behind _______ house.‎ A.an, the            B.a, a C.the, the            D.an, /‎ ‎6.‎_______Summer‎ ‎Palace is one of _______ most beautiful parks in the world.‎ A.The, /             B./, the C.The, a             D.The, the ‎7.I only stayed there for _______, and then went to London.‎ A.a hour and a half       B.a hour and half C.an hour and a half       D.an hour and an half ‎8._______Greens go to England once _______ year.‎ A.The, a            B.The, the C.The, /            D./, a ‎9.Don’t give up, you may try for _______third time.‎ A.a              B.the C.an              D./‎ ‎10.The boy is _______American. He comes from _______ United States of _______America.‎ A.an, an, an         B.an, the, an C./, a, /           D.an, the, /‎ ‎11.—_______Greens are going to the park this Saturday.‎ ‎—Why don’t we go for _______ walk?‎ A./, a            B.A, a C.The, a           D.An, /‎ ‎12.We usually have a trip in _______spring. But in _______spring of 2002, we didn’t.‎ A.the, the          B./, /‎ C./, the           D.The, /‎ ‎13._______sun can’t be seen at _______ night.‎ A.A, a            B.A, /‎ C.the, a           D.The, /‎ ‎14.A friend of mine was in _______ hospital. We went to _______ hospital to see him.‎ A./, /            B.the, th eC./, the           D./, a ‎15.There’s _______“u”and _______“s”in the word“US”.‎ A.a, a            B.a, an C.an, an           D.an, a ‎16.He is in _______. We must help him.‎ A.the danger         B.danger C.troubles          D.the troubles ‎17._______elephant is much stronger than _______ horse.‎ A.The, the          B.A, an C.An, a            D.An, /‎ ‎18.You should learn English _______step by _______ step.‎ A./, /             B.the, the C.a, a            D./, the ‎19.—Where’s _______ nearest post office?‎ ‎—It’s over there, just around the corner.‎ A.a              B.an         C.the ‎20.They had _______ wonderful train ride to Chengdu before they went on to _______ Mount‎ ‎Emei by bus.‎ A.a, the            B./, the C.a, /             D.the, a 名词 一、复习要点阐述 ‎  在上一专题中我们复习了冠词的用法。在今天这一专题中我们将复习名词,我们将从以下几个方面来复习名词:‎ ‎  1.可数名词 ‎  2.不可数名词 ‎  3.名词的格 ‎  4.名词的修饰语 ‎  5.专有名词 ‎  6.名词的句子成份 二、要点复习的策略及技巧 ‎1.可数名词 ‎  名词是人们认识事物所使用的基本词汇,它主要用来指明人或事物的具体的名称,也可以用来指抽象的概念。如book(书),teacher(教师),snow(雪),Beijing(北京)、home(家)等等。分为普通名词和专有名词,普通名词指一类人、事物、物质,这些名词一般不用来专门指某一具体的事物,普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词,我们现在首先看的是可数名词。‎ ‎  英语中能用1,2,3等数字进行计算的词便是可数名词,可数名词一般是个体名词,如a boy(一个男孩),集体名词a family(一个家庭),可数名词在句子中必须有头或是有尾,头就是a,one,an或物主代词;尾就是复数形式,也就是说,可数名词在句子中不用单数就要用复数。我们先复习规则复数形式变化形式。‎ 特别提示:‎ 在遵循一般规则的同时,也有一些例外的情况:‎ ‎(1)以-f或-fe结尾直接加-s的名词常见的有:‎ belief—beliefs 信念     chief—chiefs 首领 grief—griefs 悲伤      gulf—gulfs 海湾 proof—proofs 证据      roof—roofs 屋顶 handkerchief有两种复数形式:handkerchiefs和handkerchieves。‎ ‎(2)以-o结尾的部分名词复数形式有两种,既可加-s也可加-es。‎ cargo—cargos/cargoes 货物     motto—mottos/mottoes 箴言 volcano—volcanos/volcanoes 火山  zero—zeros/zeroes 零 ‎(3)以辅音字母加-y结尾的专有名词复数形式直接加-s。如:Marys,Henrys等。‎ ‎(4)有些字母用复数时需要加-’s。这一点平时很少见,应该特别留意一下。‎ e.g.There are three a’s in the word“banana”.‎ 在banana这个词中有三个a。‎ 不规则复数形式 有些可数名词的复数形式没有规则。不规则复数形式主要有如下几种情况:‎ 特殊的复数形式 英语中有很多名词的复数形式非常特殊,主要有如下几种情况:‎ ‎(1)集体名词:集体名词不能运用具体的数字修饰,下面的集体名词,不能用a,one,two等修饰,只能在其前加the表示“全体……”。‎ the police  警察(指全体警察)‎ the English  英国人(指全体英国人)‎ the French  法国人(指全体法国人)‎ the Swiss  瑞士人(指全体瑞士人)‎ 特别提示:‎ ‎“某国人”的表达法:‎ a Chinese—two Chinese     a Japanese—two Japanese an Australian—two Australians a Frenchman—two Frenchmen 既可以说I’m Chinese.也可以说I’m a Chinese.‎ 可以说I’m English.或I’m an English boy.但不可以说I’m an English.在初中阶段我们所学的类似的词就是English和French.‎ 有些集体名词在改变表达方式后可以用具体数字修饰。‎ a policeman 一位警察         two policewomen 两位女警察 two English girls 两个英国女孩    two French boys 两个法国男孩 ‎(2)复合名词 a woman teacher—women teachers 女教师 an Englishman—Englishmen 英国男子 a grown-up—grown-ups 成人 a passer-by—passers-by 过路人 a brother-in-law—brothers-in-law 内兄、内弟、小叔、大伯 注意:‎ ‎  man,woman作定语修饰复数时,需变为复数形式。而girl,boy作定语修饰复数时则不变。‎ ‎  two men doctors  两位男医生 ‎  three girl students  三名女学生 ‎(3)同时具有两种复数形式:有的名词当具有不同的含义时,其相应的复数形式也不相同。‎ ‎①penny ‎  penny有两种复数形式,当作“便士”的价值讲时复数为pence,当作“便士”的个数讲时复数为pennies。‎ two pence 两便士        four pennies 四个便士 ‎②work works表示工厂时,无单复数变化,但表示“著作”时单数为work,复数为works。‎ a work by Lu Xun  一部鲁迅的作品 two works by Lu Xun  两部鲁迅的作品 a chemical works  一家化工厂 two chemical works  两家化工厂 ‎③fish ‎  fish指“鱼”的条数时,其复数形式为fish,作“鱼"的种类讲时复数为fishes。指餐桌上的“鱼肉”时为不可数名词。‎ ‎  two fish  两条鱼      two different fishes  两种鱼 ‎④people people作“人们”讲时是集体名词,作“民族”讲时其复数形式为peoples。‎ two people  两个人two peoples  两个民族 people和person的区别:‎ people本身是集体名词,作复数用。“一个人”的表达法为:a person,不可以说a people。“三个人”可表达为three people或three persons,前者常指群体,后者常指个体。另外people作“民族”讲时是可数名词。‎ ‎(4)只有复数形式,没有单数形式:有些词只有复数形式,但不能被具体数字修饰。‎ trousers  裤子clothes  衣服 shorts  短裤goods  商品 glasses  眼镜socks  短袜 注意:这类名词不能用具体的数字修饰。如不能说two trousers,但可以说many trousers,two pairs of trousers等。‎ ‎2.不可数名词 ‎  英语中不可数名词的形式比较复杂,在不同的语境下,有些不可数名词表示不同的概念,从而表现出可数与不可数的区别。‎ ‎(1)常见的不可数名词:不可数名词一般只有单数形式,没有复数形式。专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词在一般情况下为不可数名词。如:‎ 专有名词:BBC  英国广播公司 ‎     Mark Twain  马可·吐温 ‎     the West Lake  西湖 物质名词:milk  牛奶     gas  汽油 ‎     light  光     wind  风 抽象名词:fun  乐事     kindness  善良 ‎     happiness 幸福 ‎     progress 进步 ‎  注意:因为汉语的数是用量词来表达的,而英语中常用名词的复数形式来表达数,故只凭汉语中对某一名词数的概念无法判断此词在英语中是否可数。如汉语中表达“一则消息”,而英语中需要用a piece of news表示,而不是a news。‎ ‎①有些不可数的物质名词有复数形式,但表达不同意义。‎ tea 茶—a tea 一杯茶—two teas 两杯茶—teas 不同种类的茶 beer 啤酒—a beer 一杯啤酒—two beers 两杯啤酒 coffee 咖啡—a coffee 一杯咖啡 food 食品—foods 各种各样的食品 fruit 水果—fruits 各种各样的水果 glass 玻璃—a glass 一个玻璃杯—glasses 眼镜、玻璃杯 ‎②有些物质名词的复数形式有特殊的含义。‎ rains  大量的雨水、多场雨     snows  大量的雪、雪堆、多场雪 winds  多场风           waters  大片水域 sands  沙堆、沙丘         woods    树林 专有名词:专有名词一般视为不可数名词,有时也可用作可数名词,前面可用a/an,也可有复数形式。‎ How I wish to be a Thomas Edison.‎ 我是多么想成为一个托马斯·爱迪生式的人物啊!‎ A Dick is asking to see you.‎ 一个叫狄克的人要求见你。‎ 抽象名词:抽象名词表示具体事物时,变为可数名词,前面可用a/an,也可有复数形式,表示“某种人或事”。常见的这类名词有:‎ pity 遗憾的人或事物        death  死者 pleasure 令人感到高兴的人或事  success 成功的人或事 failure 失败的人或事       comfort 令人感到安慰的人或事 surprise 令人感到惊讶的人或事   worry 令人感到烦恼的人或事 beauty 美人或美丽的事物      wonder 令人感到疑惑的人或事物 envy 令人羡慕的人或事       shock  令人感到吃惊的人或事 trouble 令人感到麻烦的人或事    regret 令人感到遗憾的人或事 joy 令人高兴的人或事物       danger 令人感到危险的人或事 shame 令人感到可耻的人或事物   honor 令人感到荣耀的人或事 Mary is a great honor to our class.‎ 玛丽是我们全班的骄傲。‎ What a surprise you gave us all.‎ 你把我们大家吓了一跳。‎ 常用必背:‎ 常见的不可数名词有:‎ ‎③不可数名词如果一定要表示单数或复数形式时,要借助于可数名词,构成of结构。‎ a cup of tea  一杯茶 two cups of tea  两杯茶 a piece of bread  一块面包 four pieces of bread  四块面包 a bag of rice  一袋子米 two kilos of rice  两公斤米 a piece of music  一段乐曲 a piece of chalk  一支粉笔 a piece of news  一则新闻 a piece of paper  一张纸 a piece of cloth  一块布 a piece of work  一份工作 a piece of meat  一块肉 a piece of bread  一块面包 a piece of advice  一条建议 an article of daily use  一件日用品 a bit of bread  一点面包 ‎△ 这时词的变化,全在前面的可数名词上。‎ ‎④可以修饰不可数名词的词和短语:‎ a little  有一些 little  几乎没有 a bit of  有一点 much  很多 a good deal of  很多 a great deal of  很多 some  一些 any  一些(用于否定句和疑问句)‎ plenty of  大量的,充足的 如:some sugar  一些糖 a little water  一点水 enough time  足够的时间 ‎⑤注意不可数名词在句子中谓语用单数形式。如:‎ There is(be) some milk in the glass.‎ ‎3.名词的格 ‎  名词的格分为主格、宾格和所有格。名词的主格和宾格相同,一般就是名词本身。名词的所有格是表示名词的所属关系的形式,名词所有格的构成有’s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格三种形式。‎ ‎(1)’s所有格:‘s所有格形式在英语中是构成名词所有关系时最常用的形式。‎ ‎  ‘s所有格的构成 构成 读音 示例 一般情况下在名词词尾加’s 在清辅音后读[s]‎ Dick’s hobby迪克的爱好 Philip’s part-time job菲利浦的兼职工作 在浊辅音或元音后读[z]‎ Mary’s wishes玛丽的心愿 Bob’s backpack鲍勃的背包 在等音素后读 the bus’s mirror公共汽车的镜子,Marx’s advice on how to study English马克思关于如何学习英语的建议 若名词已有以-s或-es结尾的复数词尾,直接在其后加撇号’‎ 保持原单词的读音不变 my parents’ hope我父母的希望 these factories’ workers这些工厂的工人们 不以-s结尾的复数名词直接在其后加’s 与名词复数词尾的读音相同 children’s time孩子们的时间 men’s clothes男子服装 ‎’s所有格形式的特殊用法 ‎①两人或多人共有一样东西时,只变化最后一个名词的词尾,如果为各自所有,各个名词的词尾都要变化。‎ John and Susan’s father  约翰和苏珊的父亲(两个人共同的父亲)‎ 请比较:John's and Susan's fathers.(两个人的不同的父亲)‎ North Korea‎’s, Japan’s and America’s problems 朝鲜、日本和美国各自的问题 ‎②表示时间、距离、国家、地点、自然现象、拟人等无生命的名词的所有格也有’s的形式 表示时间:two days’ trip  两天的旅行 ‎     today’s newspaper  今天的报纸 表示距离:two hours’ walk  两小时的徒步路程 ‎     ten minutes’ drive  十分钟的车程 表示国家:China’s weather  中国的天气 ‎     South Korea’s problems  韩国的问题 表示地点:the city’s parks  城市的公园 ‎     Beijing’s streets  北京的街道 表示自然现象:the earth’s air  地球的大气the moon’s light  月光 表示拟人:the world’s people  世界人民the cat’s feeling  猫的情感 ‎③有时为了避免重复,如果一个被名词所有格修饰的词在上文已经提到过,或两个名词所有格所修饰的词相同,往往可以省略第二个所有格后的名词。‎ It’s not Jane’s mistake, but Jack’s (mistake).‎ 这不是詹妮的错,而是杰克的错。‎ Whose handwriting is better, Mike’s (handwriting) or Alice’s(handwriting)?‎ 谁的书法更漂亮,迈克的还是艾丽斯的?‎ ‎④表示店铺、医院、学校、住宅及公共建筑时,名词所有格后常常不出现它所修饰的名词。‎ at the tailor’s (shop) 在裁缝店  at the barber’s (shop) 在理发店 at the doctor’s (office) 在医院  at the butcher’s (shop) 在肉铺 at Tom’s (home) 在汤姆家     at the Greens’ (home) 在格林家里 I’m planning to go to my uncle’s (home) this summer vacation.‎ 今年暑假我计划去我叔叔家。‎ Goods are cheap but good at Johnson’s (shop).‎ 约翰逊商店的商品既便宜又好。‎ ‎⑤含有else的’s。‎ ‎  else常用于不定代词、疑问代词或疑问副词后,表示“另外的、其他的”。其属格形式为else’s。‎ The e-dictionary is not mine. It’s someone else’s.‎ 这个电子词典不是我的,是别人的。‎ Who else’s book is this? (who else’s=whose else)‎ 这本书是另外什么人的呢?‎ 常用必背:‎ 英语中可用’s或’表示的节日:‎ Children’s Day  儿童节     Teachers’ Day  教师节 Women’s Day  妇女节       Mother’s Day  母亲节 Father’s Day  父亲节      New Year’s Day   新年 ‎(2)of所有格:“名词+of+名词”便构成了of所有格。这种所有格有以下几种用法。‎ 用于无生命的东西 Beijing‎ is the capital of China.‎ 北京是中国的首都。‎ The problem of the Americans is taxes.‎ 美国人的问题就是税收。‎ 用于名词化的词 The life of the poor is the biggest problem in this country.‎ 穷苦人的生活是这个国家最大的问题。‎ 注意:‎ 有生命的名词’s所有格和of所有格有时可以互换。‎ the girl’s name=the name of the girl 这个女孩的名字 ‎(3)双重所有格:把of所有格和’s所有格结合在一起表示所有关系的结构就构成了名词的双重所有格。主要有如下两种用法:‎ ‎  特定人的不特定的所有关系 ‎  双重所有格带有’s所有格的名词必须是一个明确限定的指人的名词,同时of前面的名词必须不确指。‎ a cousin of my father’s  我父亲的一个堂弟 several friends of mine  我的几个朋友 a friend of hers/his/theirs/ours  她/他/他们/我们的一个朋友 表达特殊的情感 ‎  有时双重所有格所修饰的名词与指示代词或形容词连用时,往往带有赞赏、厌恶、不满等感情色彩。‎ That car of yours is really splendid.‎ 你的那辆车确实很好。‎ Look at that picture, the picture of a pretty girl’s.‎ 看看那张画,就是那张漂亮小姑娘的画。‎ 用法比较:‎ a picture of Jack’s和a picture of Jack的区别 前者指杰克所拥有的一张照片(照片上可能有他本人);后者指为杰克拍的一张照片。‎ a friend of my father’s与a friend of my father的区别 前者强调是我爸爸多个朋友中的一个;后者强调是朋友关系,不是其他关系。这种用法在初中阶段可以不记。用的较少,重点记前一种用法。‎ ‎4.名词的修饰语 ‎(1)只修饰可数名词的修饰语 在英语中只能修饰可数名词的词或短语主要有:‎ few 很少几个、几乎没有      a few  有几个 several 有几个          many  很多 a great/good many 很多      a number of  若干 a large/great number of 大量的 (large/great) numbers of  大量的 ‎  如:several toys几个玩具,a few cars几辆汽车,many students很多学生,a number of problems若干问题。‎ ‎(2)只修饰不可数名词的修饰语:只修饰不可数名词的词或短语主要有:‎ little 很少、几乎没有       a little  有一些     much  一些 a good/great deal of 很多     a bit of  有一点 如:little knowledge 几乎没有多少知识 a great deal of waste 大量的废物。‎ ‎(3)既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的修饰语 既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的修饰语常见的有:‎ some 一些     a lot of 很多    lots of  很多 plenty of 充足的  enough  足够的   most  大多数的 ‎  如:some sugar一些糖,some problems一些问题;enough oil足够的石油,enough jobs足够的工作。‎ ‎5.专有名词 表示具体的人名、事物、地名、机构、月份和节日等的名词称为专有名词。‎ Green 格林(姓)            Monica 莫尼卡(女名)‎ Chicago Bulls 芝加哥公牛队      December 十二月 the Internet 因特网         the Changjiang River 长江 Macao 澳门              the WTO 世贸组织 the University of London 伦敦大学  Christmas Day  圣诞节 Thanksgiving Day 感恩节       Mother’s Day  母亲节 特别提示:‎ ‎  专有名词的第一个字母必须大写,但其中的虚词如冠词、介词等(a/an/the/in/for…)的第一个字母一般不大写。如:the United Nations联合国,the People’s Republic of China中华人民共和国。‎ ‎  当所有字母大写时,冠词、介词等也需要大写,如:THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。‎ ‎6.名词的句子成份 ‎  名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、表语、同位语、称呼语、状语、定语等。‎ 作主语 Wisdom usually grows out of failure.‎ 智慧通常是在失败中增长的。‎ Confidence is the core of one making success.‎ 信心是一个人取得成功的关键。‎ 作动词的宾语 Children demand love in the course of their growth.‎ 孩子在成长过程中需要爱。‎ I like English songs but my brother doesn’t.‎ 我喜欢英文歌曲,可我弟弟不喜欢。‎ 作介词的宾语 Some are after money, some are after power, but all are after happiness.‎ 有的人追求钱财,有的人追求权力,但所有的人都追求幸福。‎ The cell phone is taking an important part in modern life.‎ 手机在现代生活中正起着重要的作用。‎ 作宾语补足语 We are making our school a beautiful garden.‎ 我们正努力使校园变成一个美丽的花园。‎ We all find Beth a good liar.‎ 我们都发现贝丝是个善于撒谎的人。‎ 作表语 Heavy traffic is a big problem in most cities.‎ 交通拥挤是大多数城市的一个大问题。‎ Happiness is the true value of life.‎ 幸福是生活真正的价值。‎ 作同位语 These seats are for us students, but those are for the teachers.‎ 这些位子是我们学生的,那些是老师的。‎ Albert Einstein is a famous scientist, a scientist who is respected by the whole world.‎ 爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家,一位受全世界人民尊敬的科学家。‎ 作称呼语 Will you please step this way, Mr Smith?‎ 请这边走,史密斯先生。‎ Monica, won’t you come in?‎ 莫尼卡,你怎么不进来?‎ 作状语 We usually don’t have classes on Sundays. ‎ 星期天我们通常不上课。‎ We walked three miles before we lost our way.‎ 我们走了三英里就迷路了。‎ 作定语 In the south of China, there grow many banana trees.‎ 在中国的南方生长着很多香蕉树。‎ Sorry, I am a chemistry teacher, not an English teacher.‎ 对不起,我是化学老师,不是英语老师。‎ 三、典例讲解 例1.(湖北中考题)How many ________ were lost in the fire!‎ A.life     B.lives      C.lifes 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题考查名词的单数和复数问题,根据问题中的动词were得知此题应该用名词的复数形式,而life这个名词属于以f,fe结尾的名词,改f,fe为ve再加s,注意这里的lives读[laivz]。‎ 答案:B 例2.(湖北中考题)We will have a ________ holiday, What about going to West Lake?‎ A.two day        B.two-day C.two-days        D.two day’s 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题考查复合名词作定语,复合名词作定语时,通常不用复数形式,中间用连字符号。当然如果不用连字符号也可以用名词的所有格形式,此题的命题陷阱在选项D上,选项D two day’s,如果是two days’就可以选用,同学们一定要注意所有格符号的位置。‎ 答案:B 例3.(河北中考题)I have ________ to do this evening.‎ A.a lot of works    B.many work C.a lot of work     D.some works 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题主要考查work这个词的用法,work当“工作”讲时是不可数名词(当然当作著作讲时是可以加s的),所以A选项不能选用;B选项many不能修饰不可数名词,也不能选用;D选项,work加了s,也不能选用,只能用C选项。a lot of可以修饰可数名词,也可以修饰不可数名词,此题中文“今天晚上我有许多工作要做”。‎ 答案:C 形容词和副词 一、复习要点阐述 今天我们复习形容词和副词,主要复习以下几个方面。‎ A.形容词 ‎1.形容词的基本功能及其在句子中的位置。‎ ‎2.形容词的比较等级的构成。‎ ‎3.形容词原级的用法。‎ ‎4.形容词比较级的用法。‎ ‎5.形容词的最高级的用法。‎ ‎6.使用形容词时的易混知识。‎ B.副词 ‎1.副词的用法。‎ ‎2.副词的位置。‎ ‎3.副词的比较等级的构成及用法。‎ ‎4.副词的易混知识。‎ ‎5.形容词怎样变成副词。‎ 二、要点复习的策略及技巧 ‎(一)形容词的基本功能及其在句子中的位置 ‎  说明人或事物的特征、性质或状态,常用来修饰名词或不定代词的词叫形容词。‎ ‎1.形容词作定语,放在名词之前,不定代词之后。‎ e.g.The beautiful girl is my sister.‎ 那个漂亮的女孩是我的妹妹。‎ I have something important to tell you.‎ 我有重要的事情要告诉你。‎ ‎2.作表语,放在系动词之后。‎ e.g.Our school is big and clean.‎ 我们的学校又大又干净。‎ I felt terrible this morning.‎ 我今天早上感到不舒服。‎ ‎3.作宾语补足语,放在宾语之后。‎ e.g.You must keep your eyes closed.‎ 你必须闭上眼睛。‎ I find it hard to travel around the big city.‎ 我发现在这个大城市旅行很难。‎ ‎4.某些形容词放在定冠词之后,变成名词,表示一类人。常见词有good/bad,rich/poor,young/old,deaf/blind,black/white,living/dead等。‎ e.g.The rich should help the poor.‎ 富人应该帮助穷人。‎ The young should be polite to the old.‎ 年轻人应该对老年人有礼貌。‎ ‎(二)形容词比较等级的构成:原级、比较级和最高级 规则变化 类别 构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级 单音节词和少数双音节词 一般直接加-er,-est long tall longer taller longest tallest 不发音的e结尾时加-r,-st late large later larger latest largest 辅音字母加y结尾时把y变i,再加-er,-est easy happy easier happier easiest happiest 重读闭音节结尾并且只有一个辅音字母时,双写最后的辅音字母,再加-er,-est big hot bigger hotter biggest hottest 多音节词和部分双音节词 在原级前加more,most careful beautiful more careful more beautiful most careful most beautiful 在原级前加less,least important useful less important less useful least important least useful 不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good/well(身体好的)‎ better best many/much more most bad/ill worse worst little less least far farther(较远)‎ further(进一步)‎ farthest(最远)‎ furthest(最大程度)‎ old older elder(较年长的)‎ oldest eldest(最年长的)‎ 注意:不规则变化的比较级和最高级要背熟。‎ ‎(三)形容词原级用法 ‎1.说明人或事物自身的特征、性质和状态时用形容词原级。‎ e.g.The flowers in the garden are beautiful.‎ 这花园里的花很美。‎ ‎2.有表示绝对概念的副词very,so,too,enough,quite等修饰时用形容词原级。‎ e.g.The boy is too young.‎ 这男孩太小了。‎ Math is very difficult.‎ 数学很难。‎ ‎3.表示A与B在某一方面程度相同或不同时用形容词原级。‎ ‎(1)肯定句中的结构:“A…+as+形容词原级+as+B”‎ e.g.English is as interesting as Chinese.‎ 英语和语文一样有趣。‎ Xiao Ming is as tall as Jim.‎ 小明和吉姆一样高。‎ ‎(2)否定句中的结构:“A…+as/so+形容词原级+as+B”‎ e.g.This book isn’t as new as that one.‎ 这本书不如那本书新。‎ I am not so careful as Lucy.‎ 我没有露西仔细。‎ ‎(3)表示“A是B的……倍”时,用“A…+倍数+as+形容词原级+as+B”结构。(一次:once,两次:twice,三次以上:数字+times)‎ e.g.Our school is three times as big as theirs.‎ 我们学校是他们学校的三倍。‎ This table is twice as long as that one.‎ 这张桌子是那张桌子的两倍长。‎ ‎(四)形容词比较级用法 ‎1.表示两者进行比较时用形容词比较级,最明显的提示词是than,其结构为“A…+比较级+than+B”。‎ e.g.Li Lei’s room is bigger than mine.‎ 李雷的房间比我的大。‎ This mooncake is nicer than that one.‎ 这块月饼比那块好吃。‎ 注意:为了避免重复,在从句中常用the one,that,those等词来替代前面出现过的名词。其中the one替代可数名词单数形式,the ones或those替代可数名词复数形式,that替代不可数名词。‎ e.g.The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Guangzhou in winter.‎ 北京的天气比广州的天气冷。‎ ‎2.有表示程度的副词a little,a bit,a few,a lot,much,even,still,far,rather,any等修饰时,用形容词比较级。‎ e.g.I feel even worse now.‎ 我现在觉得更难受了。‎ It is much colder today than before.‎ 今天比以前冷得多。‎ ‎3.表示两者之间进行选择“哪一个更……”时,用句型“Which/Who is+形容词比较级,A or B?”表示。‎ e.g.Who is taller, Li Ming or Wang Tao?‎ 李明和王涛哪一个高一些?‎ Which sweater is more beautiful, the yellow one or the pink one?‎ 哪一件毛衣更漂亮,黄色还是粉红色的?‎ ‎4.表示“几倍于……”时,用“倍数+比较级+than”表示。‎ e.g.I am three years older than you.‎ 我比你大三岁。‎ ‎5.表示“两者之间最……一个(of the two)”时,常用“the+比较级”结构。‎ e.g.Mary is the taller of the twins. ‎ Mary是双胞胎中的高个子。‎ ‎6.表示“越来越……”,用比较级重叠结构,即“比较级+and+比较级”,多音节词和部分双音节词时用“more and more+形容词原级”。‎ e.g.It’s getting warmer and warmer in spring.‎ 春天天气变得越来越暖和。‎ Our hometown is becoming more and more beautiful.‎ 我们的家乡越来越漂亮了。‎ ‎7.表示“越……就越……”时,用“the+比较级,the+比较级”结构。‎ e.g.The more we get together, the happier we’ll be.‎ 我们越是在一起,就越开心。‎ ‎(五)形容词最高级用法 ‎1.表示三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时,用最高级形式。形容词最高级前必须加定冠词the,句末常跟一个in/of短语来表示范围。‎ e.g.He is the strongest of the three boys.‎ 在三个男孩子中,他是最强壮的。‎ Shanghai‎ is the biggest city in China.‎ 上海是中国最大的城市。‎ ‎2.表示在三者或三者以上的人或物进行选择时,用“Which/Who is+the+最高级,A,B or C?”结构。‎ e.g.Which city is the most beautiful, Beijing, Shanghai or Fuzhou?‎ 哪个城市最漂亮,北京,上海还是福州?‎ ‎3.表示“最……的……之一”时,用“one of the+形容词最高级”结构,该形容词后面的名词要用复数形式。‎ e.g.Zhou Jielun is one of the most popular singers.‎ 周杰伦是最受欢迎的歌星之一。‎ ‎4.形容词最高级前面可以加序数词,表示“第几最……”。‎ e.g.The Changjiang River is the first longest river in China. ‎ 长江是中国第一大长河。‎ ‎5.形容词最高级前面可以有物主代词,指示代词,名词所有格等修饰,但此时不能再用定冠词the。‎ e.g.This is our last lesson today.‎ 这是我们今天的最后一节课。‎ Yesterday was his busiest day.‎ 昨天是他最忙的一天。‎ ‎6.形容词比较级结构可以表示最高级含义。‎ e.g.Li Lei is the tallest student in his class.‎ 李雷是班上最高的学生。‎ ‎=Li Lei is taller than any other student in his class.‎ 李雷比班上其他任何一个学生都高。‎ ‎=Li Lei is taller than the other students in his class.‎ 李雷比班上其他所有的学生都高。‎ ‎=Li Lei is taller than anyone else in his class.‎ 李雷比班上其他任何人都高。‎ ‎(六)使用形容词时易混知识 ‎1.-ing形容词和-ed形容词 ‎-ing形容词 ‎-ed形容词 例句 surprising令人惊讶的 surprised感到惊讶的 This is a surprising story.‎ I am surprised at the news.‎ interesting有趣的 interested感兴趣的 I have an interesting book.‎ He is interested in science.‎ exciting令人兴奋的 excited感到兴奋的 Have you heard of the exciting news?‎ We are excited about the traveling.‎ pleasing令人愉快的 pleased感到愉快、满意的 This is a pleasing trip.‎ The teacher is pleased with our performance.‎ frightening令人恐惧的 frightened感到恐惧的 This is a frightening story.‎ We are frightened of the ghost.‎ moving令人感动的 moved受感动的 Titanic is a moving film.‎ We are moved by Hong Zhanhui deeply.‎ tiring使人疲倦的 tired感到疲倦的 The speech is very tiring.‎ Are you tired of it?‎ fascinating迷人的 fascinated着迷的 What a fascinating voice!‎ Many boys are fascinated by computer games.‎ 表示主动意义,多指事物对人的影响,一般修饰事物。‎ 表示被动意义,多指人对事物的感受,主语一般是人,常用于“sb.+-ed形容词+介词”结构。‎ We are all interested in the interesting story.‎ ‎2.比较的对象不能相互包容 牢记下列结构:‎ 比较级+than+any other+单数名词 all (the) other+复数名词 any one/anybody else any of the other+复数名词 the rest of+复数名词或不可数名词 注意:在同一范围内进行比较时,必须把主体排除在被比较的范围之外。‎ e.g.China is larger than any other country in Asia.‎ 中国比亚洲其他任何一个国家都大。‎ ‎(同一范围内,只能和其他对象进行比较)‎ China‎ is larger than any country in Africa.‎ 中国比非洲的任何一个国家都大。‎ ‎(不同范围内,可以和其他任意一个对象进行比较)‎ ‎3.在两者进行比较“表示A不如B”时,多音节和部分双音节形容词除使用“not…as/so+形容词原级+as”结构外,还可使用“less+形容词原级+than”结构。‎ e.g.I am not as careful as Lily. 我没有Lily仔细。‎ ‎=I am less careful than Lily.‎ ‎4.许多形容词加-ly可以构成副词,但有些-ly结尾的词不是副词,而是形容词。‎ friendly(友好的)lonely(孤独的,孤单的)lovely(可爱的,有趣的)‎ likely(有希望的)daily(日常的)lively(有生气的,活泼的)‎ 上面我们复习了形容词,下面我们复习副词,副词分为“①时间副词,如yesterday(昨天);②地点副词,如inside(在里面);③方式副词,如quickly(快地);④程度副词,如very(很);⑤疑问副词,如when(什么时候);⑥关系副词,如why(为什么)。关系副词用来引导定语从句。有些知识如时间、地点,是非常明显的东西,只需要提一下。今天我们主要复习以下几个方面:‎ 副词用法 ‎(一)副词是用来说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词,主要修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子。‎ ‎1.作状语,用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词和句子。‎ e.g.Please listen to me carefully.‎ 请你认真地听我讲。‎ The boy is too young.‎ 这男孩太小了。‎ Luckily, he was not badly hurt.‎ 幸运地,他伤得不是太重。‎ ‎2.作表语,表示方位上的变化。‎ e.g.My father will be back in a week.‎ 我父亲一周后回来。‎ ‎3.作宾语补足语。‎ e.g.Let him in, please.‎ 请让他进来。‎ ‎(二)副词的位置 ‎1.一般作状语时放在谓语动词之后。如果谓语动词带有宾语,副词则放在宾语后面。‎ e.g.We all study hard.‎ 我们努力学习。‎ He is drawing a horse carefully.‎ 他在认真地画一匹马。‎ ‎2.频度副词作状语时放在be动词或助动词、情态动词之后,行为动词之前。‎ e.g.He is always late for school.‎ 他总是上学迟到。‎ I often go to see my grandparents on Sunday.‎ 我经常星期天去看望祖父母。‎ ‎3.某些副词是为了强调上下句的衔接,放在句子之前。‎ e.g.Suddenly he had a good idea.‎ 突然他想出了一个办法。‎ ‎4.enough修饰形容词和副词时,要放在所修饰词之后。‎ e.g.The boy is old enough to go to school.‎ 这孩子够大了能去上学。‎ He got up early enough to catch up the train.‎ 他起得足够早能赶上火车。‎ ‎(三)副词比较等级用法 ‎1.副词的比较级、最高级的变法和形容词的比较级、最高级变法基本相同。刚才我们已经讲过。‎ ‎2.在两者进行比较“表示A不如B”时,部分双音节和多音节副词除使用“not…as/so+副词原级+as”结构外,还可使用“less+副词原级+than”结构。‎ e.g.Bill didn’t do his homework as carefully as Jim. ‎ Bill做作业没有Jim认真。‎ ‎=Bill did his homework less carefully than Jim.‎ ‎3.副词最高级前一般不加定冠词the。‎ e.g.Lin Tao did best in English of all.‎ 林涛是所有人中英语最好的。‎ ‎4.副词比较级不规则变化表 原级 比较级 最高级 well(好地)‎ better best badly worse worst little less least much more most far farther farthest further furthest ‎(四)副词易混知识清单 ‎1.how long,how soon,how often how long“多久,多长时间”,是对一个持续的时间段提问,常用“for+段时间”和“since+点时间”回答。‎ how soon“多快,多久以后”,是对一个短暂性动词提问,用于一般将来时句子中,常用“in+段时间”回答。‎ how often“多长时间一次”,对频度提问,常用“once,twice,three times a week”等回答。‎ how far“多远”,对距离提问。‎ e.g.—How long have you lived in Beijing?‎ ‎—你住在北京多久了?‎ ‎—For ten year.——十年了。‎ ‎—How soon will your father come back?‎ ‎—你父亲多久以后回来?‎ ‎—He will come back in a week.‎ ‎—他一周后回来。‎ ‎—How often do you play football?‎ ‎—你多长时间踢一回足球?‎ ‎—Once a week.‎ ‎——周一次。‎ ‎—How far is it from here to your home?‎ ‎—这离你家有多远?‎ ‎—Only 200 meters away.‎ ‎—只有‎200米远。‎ ‎2.hard/hardly hard“努力地,辛苦地”;“剧烈地,猛烈地”是程度副词。‎ hardly“几乎不”,是否定副词。‎ e.g.We should study hard as students.‎ 作为学生,我们应该努力学习。‎ I can hardly catch up with you, can you walk slowly?‎ 我几乎赶不上你了,你能走慢一点吗?‎ ‎3.much too/too much much too“非常,极其,太”much和too都是副词,much修饰too,用以加强语气,中心词是too,much too修饰形容词或副词原级。‎ too much“太多”,中心词是much,too修饰much,以加强语气,too much修饰不可数名词。与too many相对,但too many修饰可数名词。‎ e.g.The skirt is much too dear.‎ 这裙子太贵了。‎ Please don’t eat too much ice-cream, it’s bad for your health.‎ 不要吃太多的冷激凌,它对身体不好。‎ There are too many people in the supermarket.‎ 超市里人太多了。‎ ‎4.too/also/either too一般不用于否定句,常放在句尾。‎ also用于肯定句和疑问句,常放在be动词或助动词之后,行为动词之前。‎ either用于否定句,常放在句尾。‎ e.g.You are a student, I am a student, too.‎ 你是学生,我也是学生。‎ They are also students.‎ 他们也是学生。‎ I don’t like the film, either.‎ 我也不喜欢这部电影。‎ ‎5.too, enough, so too“太,很”,用于“too…to”结构,表示否定意义“太……而不能……”。‎ enough“足够”,用于“形容词/副词原级+enough to…”结构,表示“足够……能……”。‎ so“如此”,用于“so…that…”结构,表示“如此……以致……”。‎ e.g.The man is too old to look after himself.‎ 这人年纪太大了不能照顾自己。‎ The boy runs fast enough to win the game.‎ 这男孩跑得足够快能赢。‎ The camera is so expensive that I can’t afford it.‎ 照相机太贵了,我买不起。‎ ‎6.already/yet already常用于肯定句。‎ yet常用于否定句和疑问句句尾。‎ e.g.I have already finished my homework.‎ 我已经完成了家庭作业。‎ Have you finished your homework yet?‎ 你完成了你的家庭作业吗?‎ I haven’t had lunch yet.‎ 我还没有吃午餐呢。‎ ‎(五)形容词怎样变成副词 一般说来形容词就是形容词,副词就是副词,但也有很多形容词可以加ly来构成副词。‎ heavy——heavily           loud——loudly ‎ careful——carefully         clear——clearly beautiful——beautifully       happy——happily true——truly            luck——luckily quick——quickly          bad——badly 同学们特别要注意副词修饰行为动词这一点。如:‎ He is very ________(careful).‎ He does everything ________(carefully)‎ 第一句中是作表语,用adj. careful;第二句中修饰行为动词does用adv. carefully.‎ hard 努力——hardly 几乎不      late迟的,晚的——lately 近来 deep 深——deeply 深深地       near靠近——nearly 差不多 wide 宽——widely 广泛地      high高的——highly 高度地 close 靠近的——closely 密切地   free免费的——freely 自由地 二、典例剖析 例1.She played the piano ________ than we had thought.‎ A.successful       B.successfully C.more successful     D.more successfully(广东中考题)‎ 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题考查两点,一是此处用形容词还是副词,第二用原级还是比较级,首先根据“than”得知要用比较级,排除A、C答案;由于句子中的谓语动词played是行为动词,所以确定要用副词。本题的意思是“他弹钢琴比我们原来想的要成功得多”。‎ 答案:D 例2.Tom studies ________ but his sister ________ studies.‎ A.hard,hard       B.hardly,hardly C.hard,hardly      D.hardly,hard(云南中考题)‎ 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题第一个陷阱是hard和hardly的区别,通常我们会认为hard的副词是hardly,事实上hard既是adj.又是adv.,而hardly是另外一个adv.,中文是“几乎不……”。hard作为adv.时,通常在修饰的动词之后,而hardly通常在动词之前,译这句中文“Tom学习努力,而他的妹妹则几乎不学习。”同根副词意义有别的。‎ 答案:C 例3.—What do you think of the football match?‎ ‎—Wonderful. They have played ________.‎ A.best           B.better C.worse          D.worst(天津市中考题)‎ 解题技巧:‎ ‎  这题设置的陷阱是出题人把一个关键的提示词than before省略了。要求同学们仔细地阅读这段小对话,根据中文“你认为这场足球赛怎么样?很精彩,他们踢得好多了(比以前)。”排除C、D答案。‎ 答案:B 冲刺练习 ‎1.—He is slow in studying. I wonder how he could get good results in the exam.‎ ‎—No wonder he is always ________.‎ A.lively           B.hard-working C.kind-hearted        D.helpful ‎2.It has a strange smell in your room. You’d better keep the window ________.‎ A.open            B.opens C.closes           D.closed ‎3.—What does your cousin look like now?‎ ‎—Oh, he is much ________ than before.‎ A.strong           B.stronger C.strongest          D.too strong ‎4.Will you please speak ________? I’m afraid I can’t follow you.‎ A.loudly           B.pleasantly C.slowly           D.easily ‎5.—Who’s ________ basketball player in China now? It is Yao Ming?‎ ‎—No. It’s Sun Mingming.‎ A.tall            B.taller C.the tallest         D.the taller ‎6.The busier he is, the ________ he feels.‎ A.happily          B.happy C.happier          D.more happy ‎7.Amy makes fewer mistakes than Frank. She does her homework ________.‎ A.more carefully      B.more carelessly C.more careful       D.more careless ‎8.Mr. Smith always has ________ to tell us.‎ A.some good pieces of news  ‎ B.some pieces of good news C.some good piece of news D.some piece of good news ‎9.Do you believe some special dogs can do things ________ man?‎ A.as good as        B.as well as C.as soon as        D.as careful as ‎10.I don’t like this kind of TV shows because they’re ________?‎ A.boring          B.wonderful C.interesting        D.beautiful ‎11.In winter the day is ________ than it is in summer.‎ A.short           B.shorter C.shortest         D.the shortest ‎12.The old man is looking at his granddaughter ________. He has not seen her for a long time.‎ A.happy           B.happily C.happier          D.the happiest ‎13.Mary felt ill on Monday, and ________ the following day, so she went to see a doctor.‎ A.badly           B.worse C.worst           D.more ill ‎14.The fish smells ________. You mustn’t eat it.‎ A.nice           B.heavy C.quick           D.terrible ‎15.It is ________ to work out this problem. You needn’t ask the teacher.‎ A.enough easy        B.easily enough C.easy enough        D.very easily ‎16.Beijing, the capital of China, is one of ________ cities in the world.‎ A.the biggest        B.bigger C.much bigger        D.big ‎17.Don’t worry. Your grandma will get ________.‎ A.well and well       B.better and better C.well and better      D.good and well ‎18.—Do you like the two skirts?‎ ‎—The yellow one is good, but the green one looks ________.‎ A.nicer           B.nice C.best            D.good ‎19.________ you work, ________ you will do.‎ A.Harder;better       B.The harder;the worse C.Hardest;best       D.The harder;the better ‎20.Though he has studied ________ at maths for months, he can still ________ make progress.‎ A.hard;hard        B.hardly;hardly C.hard;hardly       D.hardly;hard 代词 一、复习要点阐述 ‎  今天我们复习代词,我们从下面几个方面来复习它们:‎ ‎  近五年中考对代词的考查重点在不定代词、物主代词、反身代词和关系代词,以单项选择题、填词题和完型填空题、任务型阅读题的形式出现,预计2009年命题趋势除了用于以上题型外,有可能增加在情景交际中考查各类代词的基本用法。不定代词考查几乎是历年的常考题,所以同学们一定要弄清楚不定代词所指的确切含义及应用场合,今天我们将重点复习不定代词。代词复习的内容如下:‎ ‎1.常见的代词分类;‎ ‎2.人称代词,物主代词,反身代词 ‎3.不定代词 二、常见的代词分类 ‎  英语中的代词分为九类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词、关系代词和连接代词。‎ ‎  常见的代词分类如下表所示:‎ 分类 例词 人称代词 I,we,you,he,she,it,them 物主代词 my,your,his,her,our,their,mine,hers,theirs,ours 反身代词 myself,yourself,ourselves,itself,themselves 指示代词 this,that,these,those 相互代词 each other,one another 疑问代词 who,whom,whose,which,what 不定代词 all,some,any,much,many,few,little 关系代词 who,whom,whose,that,which,as 连接代词 who,whom,whose,which,what ‎  △关系代词在定语从句中我们将在复习他们,连接代词在宾语从句中我们将会复习他们,在复习时我们会较为详细的讲解其它代词,同学们在复习时要仔细领会。‎ ‎1.人称代词 ‎(1)人称代词的概念与形式 ‎  人称代词是表示“我(们)”、“你(们)”、“他(们)”、“它(们)”的词。人称代词不仅指人,也可指物,有人称、数和格的变化。‎ ‎(2)人称代词的功能 ‎  人称代词有主格和宾格之分,主格形式在句中作主语、表语等成分,宾格形式在句中作动词宾语、介词宾语、同位语等,有时也作表语。‎ e.g.Alice will be graduated pretty soon. She will find a job in another city.‎ 爱丽斯马上就要毕业了,她将在另一个城市找一份工作。(she作主语)‎ I love climbing. It keeps me fit.‎ 我喜欢爬山,它使我保持健康。(it作主语)‎ ‎—Who took away all the books here?‎ 谁把这里的书都拿走了?‎ ‎—It’s I/me.是我。(I/me作表语。在口语中作表语常用代词宾格)‎ We, us three will be able to fulfill the task.‎ 我们,就我们三人能出色完成这项任务。(us作we的同位语)‎ 注意:宾格形式在口语中表示强调时,也可用作主语。例:Me believe you!我相信你!‎ ‎(3)人称代词的用法 ‎① it的用法:it原则上用来代物或动物的第三人称,有时也代前面提到的事物。‎ e.g.The dog is very strong. It's mine.‎ ‎  那只狗很强壮,是我的狗。‎ ‎② we,you,they的特殊用法:在英语中we,you和they都可泛指人们,译为“我们”、“你们”、“他们”。‎ e.g.We all make mistakes.‎ 我们每个人都犯错误。(we泛指人们)‎ They say that everyone can make mistakes.‎ 人们说每个人都可能犯错误。(they泛指人们)‎ You should make every effort over whatever deserves your efforts.‎ 人们应尽最大努力做值得做的事情。(you泛指人们)‎ ‎③ she,he等的特殊用法 A.she可以用来代指国家、船只、大地、月亮等。‎ e.g.China will always do what she has promised to do.‎ 中国总会按照自己的承诺去做任何事情的。(she代指国家)‎ Titanic was the greatest ship of the time but she sunk down to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean.‎ 泰坦尼克号是当时最好的船,但它沉到大西洋海底了。(she代指船只)‎ B.男主人常用she/her she代指自己的爱车、宠物等。‎ e.g.Would you please take care of my little parrot? She needs good care.‎ 你能不能照顾一下我的鹦鹉?她需要好好照顾。(she代指鹦鹉)‎ ‎—Your car looks smart. When did you buy it?‎ 你的车看起来很精致。你什么时候买的?‎ ‎—I bought her a week ago.‎ 一周前买的。(her代指车)‎ C.女主人常用he/his代指自己的爱车、宠物等。‎ e.g.My car still runs perfectly. He has been working for me a dozen years.‎ 我的车依然运行良好。他已为我工作12年了。(He代指the car)‎ D.在寓言故事中,温柔、善良的动物(鹿、猫、熊猫、小鸟等)常用she代替,凶猛、粗野的动物(老虎、狮子、狼、熊、狐狸等)常用he代替。‎ e.g.Panda Lily is a new member of the circus. She needs time to get used to the new life.‎ 熊猫丽丽是马戏团的新成员。她需要时间适应新的生活。(she代指Panda Lily)‎ The fierce tiger came at the monkey when the monkey quickly escaped him into the thick trees.‎ 凶猛的老虎向猴子扑来,而猴子却快速逃到茂密的树林里去了。(him代指the tiger)‎ ‎④ 人称代词需要注意的几点 A.主格I在句中的任何位置都必须大写。‎ e.g.Mum suggests that I should cheer up when meeting with setbacks.‎ 妈妈建议我在遇到挫折时应振奋起来。‎ B.在英语中如果出现多个人称代词,是单数并列时需要按照“你”、“他/她”、“我”的顺序排列;复数并列时则按照“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的顺序排列,即单数并列为you,he/she(him/her) and I(me);复数并列为we(us),you and they(them)。如果需承担责任,说话者则把I(me)或we(us)放在第一位。‎ e.g.You, she and I should work together and play together.‎ 你、我和她应当共同工作、一起玩耍。‎ I and Li Ming broke the window.‎ 我和李明把窗户打碎了。‎ C.人称代词单独使用时,常用宾格而不是主格。‎ e.g.—I’d like to stay here for another week.‎ 我还想再在这里呆一周。‎ ‎—Me too.我也是。‎ ‎—You are supposed to help Jack.‎ 你应该帮助杰克。‎ ‎—Why me?为什么是我?‎ 注意:人称代词用于as和than之后,如果把as和than看作介词,此时往往用宾格;如果看作连词,则往往用主格。‎ e.g.She speaks Japanese as well as me/I.‎(此时口语中常用me。)‎ She speaks Japanese as well as I do.‎ 她日语说得和我的一样好。(此时把as作为连词。)‎ ‎2.物主代词 ‎(1)物主代词的概念与形式 ‎  物主代词是表示所有关系的代词,是人称代词的属格形式。与人称代词一样,也分第一人称、第二人称和第三人称,每个人称分单数和复数,物主代词可分为形容词性的物主代词和名词性的物主代词。‎ ‎(2)物主代词的作用和用法 ‎①形容词性物主代词 ‎  形容词性的物主代词相当于形容词,置于名词之前,其人称、数、性取决于它们所指代的名词或代词。形容词性的物主代词主要用作定语。‎ e.g.I was searching for my glasses while they turned up right under my nose.‎ 我正到处找眼镜,结果发现就在我眼皮底下。‎ Monica usually tried her best to make us understand her lectures.‎ 莫尼卡通常尽力让我们理解她的讲座。‎ ‎②名词性物主代词 ‎  名词性物主代词相当于名词,不能用于名词之前,其形式取决于它们所指代的名词或代词。名词性的物主代词在句中作主语、表语、宾语或与of连用作定语。‎ e.g.Yours goes wrong, so I’ll have to take his.‎ 你的坏了,我只好用他的了。(Yours作主语,his作宾语。)‎ This book is yours. Where’s mine?‎ 这本书是你的,我的在哪里?‎ ‎(yours相当于your book,作表语;mine相当于my book,作表语)‎ 特别提示:one’s own短语表示强调,意为“完全属于自己的”、“自己的”。‎ e.g.Children should have their own free time(=free time of their own).‎ 孩子们应该有自己的自由时间。‎ I won’t believe anything unless I see it with my own eyes(=eyes of my own).‎ 除非我亲眼看见,否则我不会相信任何事情的。‎ ‎3.反身代词 ‎(1)反身代词的概念与形式 表示“我(们)自己”、“你(们)自己”、“他/她/它(们)自己”的代词称为反身代词。第一、二人称的反身代词由形容词性物主代词加-self或-selves构成,第三人称的反身代词由人称代词的宾格加-self或-selves构成。‎ ‎(2)反身代词的作用和用法 ‎①反身代词的作用 ‎  反身代词的基本含义是通过反身代词指代主语,使动作的发出者把动作反射回到动作的发出者本人。因此,反身代词与它所指代的名词或代词形成互指美系,在人称、数、性上保持一致。在句中作宾语、同位语、表语等。‎ e.g.Maria hurt herself while rescuing the child.‎ 玛丽亚在救孩子时伤了自己。(作宾语)‎ I’m not myself today.‎ 我今天不大舒服。(作表语)‎ I’m afraid I can’t help you, you’ll have to do it yourself.(作you的同位语)‎ 我恐怕不能帮你了,你得自己做。‎ I myself made the mistake about your address.(作I的同位语)‎ 我自己把你的地址搞错了。‎ ‎②反身代词的用法 A.反身代词作同位语,用来加强名词或代词的语气,表示“由自己”、“亲自”、“本人”等意思。通常跟在名词、代词之后,但也可位于句尾。此时的反身代词应重读。‎ e.g.I want the manager himself, not his secretary.‎ 我要见经理本人,而不是他的秘书。‎ He worked out the problem himself.‎ 他自己做出了那道题目。‎ B.反身代词常和for,of,in,by等介词搭配,构成固定短语。‎ for oneself  亲自     of oneself  自动 in oneself 本身固有     by oneself  独自 e.g.Think for yourself and you’ll get the answer.‎ 独立思考一下你会找到答案的。(for yourself亲自)‎ The computer can shut off of itself.‎ 计算机会自动关闭。(of itself自动地)‎ Jim is not bad in himself, but he is a little shy.‎ 吉姆本人并不坏,可有点害羞。(in himself本质上)‎ You shouldn’t leave the child by himself at home.‎ 你不应把孩子独自留在家里。(by himself独自,相当于alone)‎ 常用必背:‎ 常用的由反身代词构成的短语:‎ say to oneself 心里想       seat oneself 坐下 devote oneself to 致力于     teach oneself 自学 help oneself to 随便吃、随便用  enjoy oneself 过得快活 absent oneself from 没做、没去  dress oneself 自己穿衣服 talk/speak to oneself 自言自语  hide oneself 把自己藏起来 ‎4.不定代词 ‎(1)不定代词的概念与形式 不明确指代某个(些)人、某个(些)事物的代词叫做不定代词。不定代词可以代替名词和形容词没有主格和宾格之分,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。‎ 不定代词的分类如下表所示:‎ 普通不定代词 some,any,one,none somebody,anybody,nobody,someone,anyone,no one something,anything,nothing 个体不定代词 each,other,another,either,neither,half everybody,everyone,everything 数量不定代词 all,both,many,much,few,little,a few,a little,a lot,lots,a great deal,a great many,other,others,another,the other ‎(2)不定代词的作用和用法 ‎①all,both的用法 A.all和both均可表示“全部都”,all指三个或三个以上的人或物,both仅指两个人或物。all of/both of后为名词时,of可省略,但为宾格代词时不可省略。‎ e.g.All (of) the people here love peace.‎ 这里所有的人都热爱和平。‎ Both (of) my parents are non-smokers.‎ 我父母都不抽烟。‎ My brother and my sister both live abroad.‎ 我的哥哥和姐姐都在国外生活。‎ She invited both of us to her birthday party.‎ 她邀请我们两个参加她的生日宴会。‎ B.all,both作主语同位语时应位于实义动词之前,系动词、助动词或情态动词之后。‎ e.g.My parents both like coffee very much.‎ 我父母都很喜欢咖啡。‎ You should all hand in your work by tomorrow.‎ 明天你们必须都把作业交上。‎ C.在简略答语中,不可置于句尾。‎ e.g.—Were all the poems written by Emerson?‎ 这些诗都是爱默生写的吗?‎ ‎—Yes, they all were.‎ 是的,都是。‎ 注意:all指事物的整体或抽象概念时当作单数,指人时当作复数。‎ e.g.All is going perfectly.‎ 一切进展顺利。‎ All are here. So let’s get started.‎ 所有人都到齐了,咱们开始吧。‎ 特别提示:下列all的用法都是正确的:‎ all money 所有的钱       all of it 所有的 all people 所有的人      all the money 所有的钱 all of the money 所有的钱   all the people 所有的人 all of the people 所有的人  all of them 他们中所有的人 ‎② one的用法 ‎  不定代词one指代可数名词,既可指人,也可指物。one既可以单独使用,也可以放在可数名词单数的前面作定语。其复数形式为ones,所有格形式为one’s,反身代词为oneself。‎ A.单独使用,泛指“人”、“一个人”、“人们”。这种用法中可以出现one’s和oneself与之呼应。‎ e.g.One should do one’s/his best at all times.‎ 一个人无论何时都应尽最大努力。‎ One should take care of oneself/himself.‎ 一个人应当照顾好自己。‎ B.表示具体的“一个人”或“一个事物”。‎ e.g.Miss Gao is a maths teacher, one who is both strict and kind.‎ 高小姐是一位数学老师,一位既严格又和蔼的老师。‎ This is the one you’re looking for.‎ 这就是你要找的那一个。‎ C.one替代上文已出现过的单数可数名词,ones代替复数名词,以避免重复。‎ e.g.I prefer red roses to white ones.‎ 我喜欢红玫瑰胜过白玫瑰。‎ Miss Green is a strict but kind teacher, one who cares for every pupil.‎ 格林小姐是一位严格但很和善的老师,是一位关心每一位学生的老师。‎ I don’t like this cell phone, the one you just showed me.‎ 我不喜欢这部手机,就是你刚才给我看的那一部。‎ The students in your class are livelier than the ones in my class.‎ 你们班的学生比我们班的学生要活泼。(the ones在这里等同于those)‎ 注意:当one前面有形容词修饰时,形容词前必须有冠词或代词。‎ the best one  最好的 a nice one  一个好的 her last one  她的最后一个 用法比较:it与one it和one都可以代替上文出现过的名词,但二者是有区别的。it往往指上文出现过的特定的事物,即同一事物,而one则代替与前面事物同属一类的事物,并不是指同一个事物。‎ e.g.The electrical fan is new, but it doesn’t work well.‎ 这台电扇是新的,但不好用。(指同一台电扇)‎ This electrical fan doesn’t work well. I’ll try a new one.‎ 这台电扇不好用,请给我换一台新的。(不是同一台电扇)‎ ‎③none的用法 不定代词none通常相当于名词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。意为“没有人”、“没有东西”。既可代替可数名词的单数形式,也可代替不可数名词,还可代替复数。‎ e.g.I shouted at the children, but none would stop talking.‎ 我对着孩子喊,但没有一个人愿意停止谈论。‎ I like none of these pictures.‎ 这些画我都不喜欢。‎ I wanted more milk, but none was left.‎ 我想再要一些牛奶,但是一点儿都没有了。 ‎ ‎④each,every的用法 e.g.They both came on time, but each left ahead of time.‎ 他们两个按时到达,但都提前离开了。(作主语)‎ Tokyo‎ and London are two large cities. I really love each.‎ 东京和伦敦是两个大城市。两个城市我都喜欢。(作宾语)‎ We send each other an e-mail each week.‎ 我们每周给对方发一封电子信件。(作定语)‎ Every student needs to be careful with their studies.‎ 所有的学生学习时都需要细心。(作定语)‎ Each of us hopes to have free weekends.‎ 我们每一个人都希望有自己的周末。(作主语)‎ 特别提示:‎ each作同位语时,谓语动词应和主语保持一致。‎ e.g.We each have received a gift from the teacher.‎ 我们每一个人都收到了老师的礼物。‎ every可与-one,-body,-thing等合成不定代词everyone,everybody,everything等。‎ e.g.Everything should be checked before we leave.‎ 我们离开之前所有的东西都要检查一下。‎ ‎⑤some,any的用法 A.一般情况下,肯定句中用some,否定句、疑问句和条件句中用any。但some有时也用于疑问句,表示说话者的肯定语气。any有时也可用于肯定句中,表示“任何一个”,“任何一些”;not (…) any相当于no。‎ e.g.Would you like some coffee with milk?‎ 你想喝点加牛奶的咖啡吗?(表明说话者的礼貌及肯定语气)‎ Any normal child can pick up a language very quickly.‎ 任何正常的儿童学习一门语言都非常快。‎ I don’t know any person here.(=I know no person here.)‎ 这里的人我一个也不认识。‎ B.“some/any of+…”结构作主语时,谓语动词需要根据of后面的名词单复数而定。‎ e.g.Some of the food has gone bad.‎ 有些食品变质了。‎ Some of them agree, and some of them don’t.‎ 他们中有些人同意,有些不同意。‎ I don’t think any of them are coming.‎ 我认为他们没人会来。‎ C.some和any既可以修饰或代替可数名词单数、复数,也可修饰或代替不可数名词。some修饰可数名词单数时,意为“某一”。‎ e.g.Will you please give me some advice?‎ 给我提一些建议好吗?(修饰不可数名词)‎ Some people are out of work and some find work.‎ 一些人失业了,又有一些人找到了工作。(修饰可数名词复数)‎ Some person is downstairs asking to see you.‎ 楼下有一个人找你。(修饰可数名词单数)‎ Have you any work to do?‎ 你有活干吗?(修饰不可数名词)‎ 注意:some不能代替可数名词的单数形式。‎ ‎⑥other,another的用法 形容词性 名词性 意义 other(girls)‎ others 泛指另外“一些”‎ another(girl)‎ another 泛指另外“一个”‎ another(one,two,three)‎ ‎ ‎ 泛指另外“一个、两个、三个”‎ the other(girl)‎ the other 特指另外“一个”‎ the other(girls)‎ the others 特指另外“一些”‎ the other(one,two,three)‎ ‎ ‎ 特指另外“一个、两个、三个”‎ e.g.Hold it in this hand, not the other(hand).‎ 用这只手拿着,而不是用那只手。‎ There are only four story books left. You can take three and I’ll take the other.‎ 只剩下四本故事书,你可以拿走三本,剩下的一本我拿走。‎ There are ten kinds of flowers in my garden. Three are from Egypt, two are from Canada, and the others are from the US.‎ 我家花园有十种花,其中三种产自埃及、两种产自加拿大,另外的所有花产自美国。‎ There are five foreign students our class. Two of them are British and the other three are American.‎ 我们班有五个外国学生,其中两个是英国人,剩下的三个是美国人。‎ If you don’t like this one, try another.‎ 如果你不喜欢这一个,请再试一个。‎ You’ll have to go another two miles (two other miles) before you get there.‎ 你得再走两英里才能到那儿。‎ ‎⑦either,neither的用法 e.g.Either of the plans is very practical.‎ 这两个计划,都很可行。‎ ‎—Which of the two rooms would you like, sir?‎ 先生,这两个房间你喜欢哪一个?‎ ‎—Oh, neither.‎ 噢,两个都不喜欢。‎ Can you write with either hand?‎ 你左右手都能写字吗?‎ ‎⑧many,much的用法 ‎  many和much是表示数量的不定代词,在句中既可充当名词的作用,也可充当形容词的作用,可作主语、宾语、定语等,意思为“许多”、“大量”。many修饰或代替可数名词,而much修饰或代替不可数名词。‎ e.g.Many hands make light work.‎ 人多好办事。‎ Sorry, I’m afraid I can’t go with you. I’ve got much work to do.‎ 对不起,恐怕不能和你去了,我手头有很多工作要做。‎ Many don’t agree to this plan.‎ 有很多人不同意这个计划。‎ 注意:many作主语时谓语动词用复数,much作主语,谓语动词用单数。many和much后面可以加of短语,此时many和much相当于名词。‎ e.g.Much of the work has been finished.‎ 这项工作的大部分已完成。‎ Many of my friends live abroad.‎ 我的很多朋友住在国外。‎ 特别提示:‎ many,much前可有as,so,too,how等进行修饰。‎ e.g.There are too many mistakes in your diary.‎ 你的日记中有太多错误。‎ So many people are waiting for the bus.‎ 好多人在等公共汽车。‎ ‎⑨little,a little,few,a few的用法 A.little,a little,few,a few e.g.I have been Cairo a few times.‎ 我去过开罗几次。‎ Jane has few bad habits, while her brother has many.‎ 简的坏习惯很少,然而她弟弟却有很多不良习惯。‎ Please add a little sugar to the coffee.‎ 请给咖啡加点糖。‎ We usually have little rain in spring.‎ 我们这里春天几乎不下雨。‎ Susan looks a little fatter than before.‎ 苏珊看上去比以前胖了一些。‎ 特别提示:‎ ‎  little的比较级和最高级分别为less,least;few的比较级和最高级分别为fewer,fewest。‎ e.g.Jim spends less time on maths, but he is much better at it.‎ 吉姆在数学上用时间较少,却学得很好。‎ Who made the fewest mistakes?‎ 谁犯的错误最少?‎ B.not a little,quite a little,not a few,quite a few ‎  not a little意为“很多”,相当于much。not a few意为“很多”,相当于many。quite a little的意思和用法与not a little相同,quite a few的意思和用法与not a few相同。‎ e.g.We needn’t hurry. There’s not a little/quite a little time left.‎ 我们没有必要着急,还剩下很多时间。‎ You’ve made not a few/quite a few mistakes.‎ 你出了很多错误。‎ C.only/just a little与only/just a few only/just a little意为“仅一点点",相当于a little;only/just a few意为“仅几个”,相当于a few。‎ e.g.I know only/just a little Japanese.‎ 我只懂一点日语。‎ Every year, I send out many cards, but receive only/just a few.‎ 每年我寄出很多贺卡,但收到很少。‎ ‎⑩复合不定代词 由some-,any-,every-,no-与-one,-body,-thing构成的不定代词称为复合不定代词。复合不定代词如下表所示:‎ A.some-类复合不定代词主要用于肯定句中,any-类复合不定代词主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件句。当some-类复合不定代词用于否定句、疑问句和条件句时,表示肯定的意义。当any-类用于肯定句时表示“任何”之意。‎ e.g.There is somebody who wants to speak to you.‎ 有人要同你讲话。‎ I haven’t seen anybody around here that I can turn to for help.‎ 在这周围,我没找到任何能帮助我的人。‎ ‎(anybody作宾语,用于否定句,表示“任何人”)‎ Does someone here know Lily’s telephone number?‎ 有人知道莉莉的电话号码吗?‎ ‎(someone用于疑问句,表明说话者期待着肯定的答复)‎ B.由-one和-body构成的不定代词可以相互换用,只是前者较文雅。‎ e.g.Someone/Somebody seems to have been here. ‎ 似乎有人来过这里。‎ Everybody’s/Everyone’s business is nobody’s/no one’s business.‎ 事关大家无人管。‎ C.复合不定代词后可加由-’s构成所有格。‎ e.g.There’s somebody’s bag left in the classroom.‎ 有人的书包落在教室里了。‎ It’s anybody’s plan, not mine.‎ 谁知这是谁的计划,反正不是我的。‎ D.复合不定代词后常加else表示“另外……的”。‎ e.g.I cannot finish the work on time. Can someone else come to help me out?‎ 我不能按时完成这项工作了,有另外的人能帮助一下吗?‎ There’re already five people included in our group. Does anyone else would prefer to join?‎ 我们组已经有五个人了,还有想加入的吗?‎ 特别提示:‎ ‎  形容词修饰复合不定代词,应将形容词置于其后。在需要强调的时候,偶尔将形容词置于复合不定代词之前。但初中阶段最好不记这种用法,了解一下就可以了。‎ e.g.There’s nothing important in today’s newspaper.‎ 今天报纸上没有什么重要的新闻。‎ If you want to get successful something, you are to work twice as hard.‎ 如果你确实想获得某些成功,就应该加倍努力。‎ E.no one,none e.g.No one in our class failed the maths exam.‎ 我们班没有人在数学考试中不及格。(强调没有一个不及格,no one的语气强烈)‎ None of them believed his story.‎ 他们都不相信他的故事。(强调全部都不)‎ ‎—How many of you have been to the Three Gorges Dam?‎ 你们中有多少人去过三峡?‎ ‎—None.一个没有。‎ ‎—Who knows the answer to this question?‎ 谁知道这个问题的答案?‎ ‎—No one.没人知道。‎ Greg has made lots of money, but he would prefer to spend none on books.‎ 格雷格挣了很多钱,但他一点也不愿花在书上。‎ 用法比较:‎ ‎  everyone与every one的用法比较 ‎  everyone指“每个人”、“人人”,只指人;every one指“每个”、“个个”,既可指人,也可指物。指人时everyone比every one常用。everyone后不能跟of短语,而every one后可加of短语。‎ e.g.Every one of us loves peace.‎ 我们每一个人都热爱和平。‎ Everyone/Every one seeks love and happiness.‎ 每个人都追求爱和幸福。‎ I like all the pictures, every one.‎ 我喜欢每一张照片。‎ ‎  代词中最难掌握的就是不定代词,上面我们详细的复习了初中阶段的不定代词及其用法,同学们要比较并记住它们。‎ 三、典型例题讲解 例题1.(南京市中考题)—The story is amazing. It’s the most interesting story I’ve ever read.‎ ‎—But I’m afraid It won’t be liked by ________.‎ A.everybody          B.somebody C.anybody           D.nobody 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题考查不定代词的用法,A是“每一个人”;B是“某人”;C是“任何一个人”(含包括第一个说话的人);D是“没有人”,根据句子的意思应选择“A”。中文是“我恐怕不是每一个人都喜欢这个故事。”‎ 答案:A 例题2.(浙江宁波市中考题)—Would you like chicken noodles or beef noodles?‎ ‎—________. I’d like tomato noodles.‎ A.Either           B.Neither C.Both            D.None 解题技巧:‎ ‎  在问句中提到了两种面条,chicken noodles and beef noodles,但答句中选择了另外一种面条,A选项是“两种面条,任何一种都行”,B选项是“两种面条我都不要”,C选项是“两条面条我都要”,D选项不用于两者。‎ 答案:B 例题3.—(浙江温州市中考题)Who broke the window?‎ ‎—________. A strong wind broke it last night.‎ A.Somebody          B.Anybody C.Nobody           D.Everybody 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题考查复合不定代词的用法,选择这两个句子。“谁把窗户打破了?________,昨天晚上一阵狂风打破的。”就知道用Nobody。‎ 答案:C 冲刺练习 ‎1.________ is watching TV. Let’s turn it off.‎ A.Somebody         B.Anybody C.Nobody          D.Everybody ‎2.Don’t worry. He’s got much food. You can share ________.‎ A.some of mine       B.some of yours C.some of his        D.some of hers ‎3.—Do you like talking with your friends on the telephone or mobile phone?‎ ‎—________. I enjoy using QQ.‎ A.Either          B.Neither C.None           D.Both ‎4.—Is this your bicycle, David?‎ ‎—No, it’s not ________. It’s Helen’s.‎ A.his           B.yours C.mine           D.hers ‎5.No one helped Millie. She did it all by ________.‎ A.myself         B.herself C.himself         D.yourself ‎6.—John, someone in your class phoned you this morning.‎ ‎—Oh, who was ________?‎ A.he           B.she C.it           D.that ‎7.—Hey, Sally! I’m Cindy. Don’t you remember me?‎ ‎—Yeah. I remember you very well. We were ________ on the swim team last year.‎ A.neither        B.both C.all          D.either ‎8.People everywhere celebrate the New Year. ________ is a time to say goodbye to the past and to think about new beginnings.‎ A.That          B.It C.This          D.Such ‎9.We have ________ rain this spring. The trees and grass don’t grow well.‎ A.little         B.a little C.a few         D.few ‎10.Your digital watch is quite nice. Where did you buy ________? I want to buy ________, too.‎ A.one;one        B.it;it C.it;one        D.one;it ‎11.Bill is in the classroom, doing ________ homework.‎ A.he           B.him C.his          D.himself ‎12.I have two boxes. One is big, ________ is small.‎ A.another        B.others C.other         D.the other ‎13.—Nobody knows ________ he was after he graduated from Beijing University.‎ ‎—But I was once told he was a doctor working in a far-away village.‎ A.what          B.who C.where         D.how ‎14.On ________ sides of the street are a lot of colourful flowers.‎ A.each          B.both C.either         D.all ‎15.—The box looks so big. Can I help you?—No, thanks, ________ in it. It’s empty.‎ A.Nothing        B.Everything C.Anything        D.Something ‎16.—Who’s your English teacher?‎ ‎—Miss Gao. She teaches ________ English very well.‎ A.our          B.us C.ours          D.we ‎17.—Mum, Mary bought a parrot yesterday, Could you please buy ________ for me?‎ ‎—Sure, But you must take good care of it.‎ A.one          B.this C.it           D.that l8.—Who helped you with your English?‎ 一________! I learned it all by myself.‎ A.Nobody         B.Anybody C.Somebody        D.Everybody ‎19.—________ is your maths teacher?‎ ‎—The one in red.‎ A.What          B.Where C.Which         D.How ‎20.—What’s in the box?‎ ‎—It’s empty. There is ________ in it.‎ A.none          B.no one C.nothing        D.something 动词的各种形式和分类 复习要点阐述 ‎  动词的语法现象较为复杂,难度较大,是中考中重点考查的知识之一,了解动词的各种形式以及动词的分类,特别是注意动词的语法意义,不同的词形和固定搭配用法是非常重要的,可以说英语是由许许多多的搭配用法而组成的。今天我们这个专题中将复习动词的各种形式和分类。通过这种复习,使同学们明白在初中阶段动词的用法的原因。我们主要复习归纳以下的内容:‎ ‎1.动词的各种形式;‎ ‎2.动词的种类 ‎  (1)实义动词 ‎  (2)联系动词 ‎  (3)情态动词和助动词 ‎3.动词短语 一、动词的各种形式 ‎  英语动词有五种基本形式,即动词原形、一般现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。‎ ‎  规则动词的五种形式如下表所示(以动词walk,like,stop,play为例):‎ 原形 第三人称单数 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 walk walks walked walked walking like likes liked liked liking stop stops stopped stopped stopping play plays played played playing ‎1.一般现在时第三人称单数的构成 ‎  动词的一般现在时第三人称单数的构成如下表所示:‎ ‎2.规则动词过去式、过去分词的构成 ‎  规则动词过去式、过去分词的构成如下表所示:‎ 特别提示:‎ ‎  travel的过去式和过去分词英国写法为travelled,travelled,而美国写法为traveled,traveled。在英语中这样的动词还有quarrel等。‎ ‎  发音规则:‎ ‎  动词第三人称单数的发音规律与名词的复数形式发音规律是一致的。‎ ‎  动词的过去式和过去分词发音规律为:‎ ‎  ‎ ‎  ③现在分词的构成 ‎  现在分词的构成如下表所示:‎ 规则 动词原形 现在分词 一般情况下直接加-ing ask,study,stand asking,studying,standing 以不发音的e结尾的动词,去掉e再加-ing come,take,write,become coming,taking,writing,becoming 以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,要双写辅音字母再加-ing sit,begin,run,stop sitting,beginning,running,stopping 少数以ie结尾的动词,先变ie为y,再加-ing die,lie,tie dying,lying,tying 以oe,ee,ye结尾的动词,直接加-ing see,agree seeing,agreeing ‎  常用必背:‎ ‎  在变为现在分词时须双写最后一个字母的常用动词有:‎ begin 开始   cut 切割  dig 挖     drop 掉     forget 忘记 get 使、得到  hit 击中  let 让     prefer 更喜欢  put 放 run 跑     sit 坐   shop 买东西  stop 停止    swim 游泳 refer 参考 ‎  以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,去掉y加-ies变为第三人称单数形式,加-ied变为过去式和过去分词的常用动词有:‎ ‎  carry 携带  copy 抄     cry 哭   fry 油煎  hurry 快走 ‎  spy 侦探   study 学习   try 试    tidy 整理  worry 担忧 二、动词的种类 ‎  根据不同的分类方式,动词可分为不同的类型。根据动词的句法功能可以将动词分为状态动词和动作动词;根据意义可将动词分为限定动词和非限定动词两种。‎ ‎  具体分类如下表所示:‎ 根据 句法 功能 分类 限定动词 ‎(实义动词)‎ 主动词 实义动词 laugh 连系动词 be,become,turn,get 助动词 基本助动词 be,do,have,will 情态动词 can,may,must 非限定动词 ‎(非谓语动词)‎ 不定式 to write,to walk,to laugh v.-ing形式 writing,walking,laughing v.-ed形式 written,walked,laughed 根据 词汇 意义 分类 状态动词 状态词 be,love,have,remain,keep 仪态词 stand,lie,sit 动作动词 持续性动词 live,work,walk,stay,study 终止性动词 die,finish,leave,come,go,run ‎1.实义动词 ‎  实义动词是指具有完整意义,可以单独作谓语的动词,主要表示主语的动作、状态和品质。实义动词也可与助动词相结合表示更加复杂的动词意义。实义动词主要包括及物动词和不及物动词两类。‎ ‎(1)不及物动词 ‎  不及物动词指的是后面不能跟宾语的动词。在英语中大多数动词既可作及物动词,又可作不及物动词。纯不及物动词很少。‎ ‎  常见的不及物动词有:‎ ‎  apologize 道歉     appear 出现      arrive 到达 ‎  come 来        go 去         run 跑 ‎  walk 走        die 死        fall 掉 ‎  flow 流淌       happen 发生      rise 升起、站起 ‎  stay 呆、留      sit 坐        lie 躺 ‎  stand 站        cry 哭        swim 游泳 e.g.Let's go.  我们走吧! ‎ ‎(2)及物动词 ‎  能跟宾语的动词称为及物动词。可分为跟单宾语的及物动词、跟双宾语的及物动词、跟复合结构的及物动词等。‎ ‎  ①常见的只跟单宾语的及物动词 accept 接受      borrow 借         bury 埋 cover 覆盖      defeat 挫败        discover 发现 enjoy 喜欢      excite 使激动       interest 使感兴趣 please 使高兴     put 放           worry 担心 surprise 使凉讶    forget 忘记        guess 猜测 love 热爱       use 运用 e.g.Don’t forget to wake me up at six tomorrow morning.‎ 别忘了明天早晨六点叫醒我。‎ You can borrow one book at a time from the library.‎ 在图书馆一次只能借一本书。‎ ‎②常见的跟双宾语的及物动词 A.指人的间接宾语在指物的直接宾语后面需加to的动词:‎ bring 带来    give 给       hand 递 pass 递      pay 付款      post 寄 promise 答应   read 读       return 返还 sell 卖      show 表现     teach 教 tell 告诉     wish 祝愿     offer 提供 e.g.I returned him the storybook.(可变为I returned the storybook to him.)‎ 我已把故事书还给他了。‎ B.指人的间接宾语在指物的直接宾语后需加for的动词:‎ buy 买        choose 选择      draw 画 find 发现       keep 保持       make 使 order 点菜      paint 油漆       save 救护 e.g.I’ll find you another chance.(可变为I’ll find another chance for you.)‎ 我会再给你找机会的。‎ C.指人的间接宾语在指物的直接宾语后既可加to也可加for的动词:‎ do 做      play 表演       read 读 get 得到    sing 唱歌       bring 带来 e.g.I’ll get you some tea.(可变为I’ll get some tea to/for you.)‎ 我给你取些茶。‎ ‎③常见的跟宾语补足语的及物动词 A.可跟形容词或形容词短语作宾补的动词有:‎ believe 相信     drive 驱赶;使 find 发现       get 使 keep 使保持      leave 留下 make 使        push 推 set 使         consider 认为 cut 切        dye 染 declare 宣布     imagine 想象 judge 判断      paint 漆 e.g.We all believe him honest and kind.‎ 我们都相信他诚实、善良。‎ 注意:这类动词只跟一个宾语意义上不完整,宾语后必须再加上一个成分(宾语补足语),其意义方可完整。‎ B.可跟名词短语作宾补的动词有:‎ call 叫       name 命名        make 使变为 wish 祝愿      consider 认为      find 找到 keep 使       choose 选择       elect 选举 e.g.We consider him a strange person.‎ 我们认为他是一个奇怪的人。‎ C.可跟带to不定式结构作宾补的动词有:‎ advise 建议      allow 允许     ask 要求 expect 期望      invite 邀请     get 使 order 命令      tell 告诉      teach 教 wish 希望       warn 警告 e.g.Mother often tells me to make friends carefully.‎ 妈妈经常告诫我交朋友要小心。‎ D.可跟“to be+名词或形容词作宾补”的动词有:‎ believe 认为      conside r认为 feel 感觉        find 发现 imagine 想象      know 知道 suppose 猜测      understand 理解 prove 证明       declare 宣布 e.g.I believe what you said to be true.‎ 我相信你所说的是真的。‎ 注意:这些结构中的to be也可省略。‎ E.可跟不带to的不定式作宾补的动词有:‎ have 使         make 使 let 让          see 看见 notice 注意       feel 感觉 watch 注意看      look at 看 listen to 听      observe 观察 discover 发现 注意:我们通常给学生讲的原则是记住这些词后加动词原形。‎ e.g.What made you think of that?‎ 什么使你想起那件事的?‎ Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn.‎ 保罗不必被逼着学习。‎ F.可用-ing形式作宾补的动词有:‎ see 看见        hear 听见       keep 使 catch 抓住       find 发现       have 让 watch 注意看      smell 闻到      look at 看 listen to 听      observe 观察     discover 发现 get 使         have 使 e.g.Can you hear someone playing the piano next door?‎ 你能听见隔壁有人弹钢琴吗?(v.-ing形式作宾补)‎ The boy was last seen playing by the riverside.(v.-ing形式作主补)‎ 人们最后一次看见这小男孩时他在河边玩耍。‎ G.可跟-ed形式作宾补的动词有:‎ have 使        get 使       make 使 find 发现       feel 感觉      see 看见 hear 听见       think 认为     watch 注意看 e.g.I couldn’t make myself heard by all the listeners.‎ 我无法使所有听众都能听见我。‎ H.可跟as/for等引起的介词短语作宾补的动词有:‎ regard 看做       consider 认为      choose 选为 use 当作……用     keep 把……当作 e.g.You can keep this book as your own.‎ 你可以留着这本书自己用。‎ She is considered as the best dancer.‎ 她被认为是最好的舞蹈演员。‎ I.可跟副词作宾补的动词有:‎ ask 叫、让     get 使          find 发现 let 让       drive 开车送       show 领 see 看见      invite 邀请        order 命令 e.g.Can I ask Bob in?‎ 我可以让鲍勃进来吗?‎ Show the visitor in, please.‎ 请把客人带进来。‎ J.可跟介词短语作宾补的动词有:‎ have 使      get 使        make 使 find 发现     feel 感觉      see 看见 hear 听见     notice 注意到    keep 保持 e.g.Don’t have children at home all day. Give them time to play outdoors.‎ 不要让孩子老呆在家里,给他们出外玩耍的时间。‎ Keep all these books on the shelf and take them when necessary.‎ 把所有的书放在书架上,用时随时拿。‎ ‎2.连系动词 ‎  连接主语和表示主语身份、性质、状态的动词称为连系动词。‎ ‎  表状态的连系动词 be 是        look 看上去       seem 似乎 appear 看上去显得  smell 闻起菜       taste 尝起来 sound 听起来     feel 感觉        sit 坐 stand 站       lie 躺         keep 保持 stay 保持 e.g.She is kind and honest.‎ 她诚实而又善良。‎ The park looks very beautiful.‎ 这个公园看起来很漂亮。‎ She always keeps silent whenever I see her.‎ 不管我什么时候看见她,她总保持沉默。‎ Stand still and I’ll take a picture of you.‎ 请站稳,我给你照相。‎ 表转变或结果的连系动词 become 变得     get 变得     grow 长得 turn 变得      go 变得      come 成为 fall 变为      prove 证明 e.g.Children fall asleep easily.‎ 孩子们入睡快。‎ After graduation, she turned nurse.‎ 毕业后她当了护士。‎ The weather is becoming warmer and warmer as the spring is coming.‎ 春天来了,天气变得越来越暖和。‎ He went blind at the age of seven.‎ 他七岁失明。‎ ‎3.持续性动词和终止性动词 持续性动词 持续性动词又称延续动词,表示一种可以持续的行为过程或状态。常见的有:‎ drink 喝      eat 吃        fly 飞 have 有       keep 保持      know 知道 lie 躺       live 住        play 玩 rain 下雨     read 读        run 跑 sing 唱      sleep 睡觉      smoke 抽烟 snow 下雪     stand 站       talk 说 wait 等      walk 走        wear 穿 work 工作     write 写       sit 坐 终止性动词 终止性动词又称非持续性动词,表示行为或过程是短暂瞬间完成的。常见的有:‎ admit 承认       arrive 到达      begin 开始 borrow 借       buy 买         break 打破 close 关闭      come 来         die 死 fall 倒        go 走         hit 击中 join 加入       jump 跳        leave 离开 lose 丢        marry 结婚       open 打开 put 放         start 开始       stop 停 常用的持续性动词与终止性动词的对照:‎ 释义 终止性动词 持续性动词 买 借 到达 得知,获悉 穿 放 结婚 了解 回来 离开 站起来 躺下 坐下 buy borrow arrive learn put on put marry get to know come back leave stand up lie down sit down have keep stay know wear lie be married know be back be away stand lie sit ‎  持续性动词与终止性动词的用法区别 ‎(1)持续性动词可用表示一段时间的状语修饰,而终止性动词不可以。‎ e.g.How long can I keep the book?(请比较这里的借不用borrow)‎ 这本书我可以借多长时间?‎ They will work here till next Friday.‎ 他们要在这里工作到下周五。‎ 注意:在现在完成时中我们将详细地复习终止性动词变成持续性动词的用法。因为在初中阶段我们学习终止性动词和持续性动词主要用于现在完成时,考点也在现在完成时中。所以上表同学们应熟记。‎ ‎(2)有时,终止性动词也能同表示一段时间的时间状语搭配。这种表示一段时间的状语,实质上是表示一段时间内的某个时间“点”。‎ e.g.The play will start in half an hour.‎ 演出半个小时后开始。‎ The fire broke out during the night.‎ 火灾是夜间发生的。‎ ‎(3)终止性动词一般不跟while引导的时间状语从句连用。‎ e.g.While I came home she was cooking dinner.(×)‎ When I came home she was cooking dinner.(√)‎ 我到家时,她正在做饭。‎ ‎(4)持续性动词表示一时的动作,可以在该动词前加get/begin/come。‎ e.g.When did you get to know him?‎ 你什么时候认识他的?‎ They began to see that they had made a serious mistake.‎ 他们开始认识到自己犯了一个大错误。‎ ‎(5)终止性动词的否定式可以同表示一段时间的状语搭配。但这里只是了解一下,在初中阶段的考试中,最好还是考虑持续性时间用持续性动词。‎ e.g.We didn’t find our seats till the play had begun.‎ 我们直到演出开始才找到位子。‎ We haven’t come here for ages.‎ 我们多年没来这里了。‎ The rain hasn’t stopped since three hours ago.‎ 这雨下了三个小时了。‎ ‎4.情态动词 ‎  本身有各种意义,但不能单独作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语,表示说话人的语气和情态,这样的动词称为情态动词。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。‎ ‎  常用的情态动词有can,could,may,might,will, would, should,ought to, must,need, dare, used to等。‎ ‎(1)can/could的用法 can/could的各种形式如下:‎ ‎①表示能力 A.表示一般的能力,指过去、现在无论什么时候想做就能做到的能力。‎ e.g.I can peak several languages very well besides Russian and Korean.‎ 除了俄语和韩语外,我还能流利地说几种语言。‎ I couldn’t speak well until I was five years old.‎ 我直到五岁才说话流利。‎ B.当人们现在决定将来的可能性时,常常用can。‎ e.g.We are too busy now, but we can talk about your matter later.‎ 现在我们太忙,我们可以以后讨论你的问题。‎ We can talk about this matter 1ater on in my home.‎ 我们可以稍后在我家讨论这个问题。‎ 注意:‎ 当表达将来的能力时一般用will be able to,而不用can。‎ e.g.If I have fulfilled my present work tomorrow, I’ll be able to join your traveling.‎ 如果我明天能完成目前的任务,我就能参加你们的旅行。‎ 用法比较:‎ can与be able to A.can与be able to表示过去时间泛指的能力时,二者通用。‎ e.g.I was able to/could swim well when I was only six years old.‎ 我六岁时便能很好地游泳。‎ B.指过去某时或某个时刻设法做成某事不用could用was/were able to。‎ e.g.I could hardly understand her Japanese, but I was able to read her face.‎ 我几乎不懂她说的日语,但我却读懂了她的表情。‎ C.be able to有更多的时态。‎ e.g.Will you be able to camera the lecture tomorrow?‎ 你明天能把讲座录下来吗?‎ I’m sorry I haven’t been able to answer your letter in time.‎ 真对不起我没能及时给你回信。‎ ‎②表示可能性 A.表达“理论上的可能性”,即事件或情况可能发生但并不涉及是否真的会发生。有时指一时的情况,常常译为“有时候会”。‎ e.g.It can be very hot in North China in summer.‎ 夏季华北地区会很热。‎ Driving on these snowy roads can be very dangerous.‎ 在这些积雪的路上开车有时会很危险。‎ In winter in North China, the temperature can be below‎-40℃‎.‎ 冬天在华北,温度有时候会低于‎-40℃‎。‎ B.在否定和疑问句中,can表达可能性,有惊异、怀疑、不相信之意,这时can与could没有时间上的差异,只是could的语气更委婉、客气。‎ e.g.It couldn’t be Dad. He won’t be back this time of evening.‎ 不可能是父亲,他不可能晚上这个时候回来。‎ How can that be true? I can’t believe my eyes and ears.‎ 那怎么可能是真的?我真不敢相信我的眼睛和耳朵。‎ C.can/could have done表示对过去发生的事情的推测。can have done主要用于疑问句和否定句中。‎ e.g.Mary can’t have gone to school, for it was Sunday.‎ 因为是星期天玛丽不可能去了学校。‎ She could have told Jim yesterday about the delay of the party.‎ 她昨天可能告诉吉姆晚会推迟的事了。‎ ‎③表示许可 A.征求许可 用could比用can更加迟疑不决,当没有把握得到允许或需要委婉表达时用could。‎ e.g.Can I watch TV for a while, Mum? I have been studying for the coming examinations for a whole day.‎ 妈妈,我可以看一会儿电视吗?我已经为将要到来的考试学了一整天了。‎ Could I take this seat, sir, if you don’t mind?‎ 先生,如果你不介意,我可以坐这个位子吗?‎ B.给予许可 当表示允许别人做什么事时,用can而不用could。‎ e.g.—Could I use your cellphone for a while? 我可以用一会儿你的手机吗?‎ ‎—Yes, of course you can.好的,当然可以。‎ C.表示提议和请求 ‎  在语气上,could没有can肯定,使提议或请求听起来更加客气,更含有尊重之意。这种用法常见于陈述句和疑问句中。‎ e.g.I could/can do the paper work for you, if you are too busy.‎ 如果你太忙,我来为你写这些东西。‎ Could/Can you make some room for me, please?‎ 你能否为我腾出一点地方来?‎ ‎(2)may/might的用法 ‎  may/might的各种形式如下表所示:‎ ‎①表示许可 ‎  may和might表示“许可”比can和could更正式。might含有试探和犹豫不决的意思。表示给予许可时用may不用might;may not用来表示拒绝或禁止。‎ e.g.May/Might I have a few words with your manager, please?‎ 我可以和你的经理谈一谈吗?‎ I think you may drive my car, but be careful.‎ 我想你可以开我的车,不过得小心。‎ Students may not stay out after midnight.‎ 学生不准午夜后在外逗留。‎ 注意:‎ ‎  might一般不表示过去,但是在间接引语中可作may的过去式,转述已经给予的许可。在引出间接引语的动词过去式之后,may改为might。‎ e.g.Father said that I might play football before supper.‎ 爸爸说我可以在晚饭前踢足球。‎ He explained that he might be late due to the traffic.‎ 他解释说由于交通他可能会来晚。‎ ‎②表示可能性 ‎  may和might常用来表示将要发生或正在发生的可能性。might不是may的过去式,它所表示的可能性比may所表示的可能性(现在或将来的可能性)小一些。may不用于提问是否可能的疑问句。‎ e.g.We may go camping this Saturday.‎ 本周六我们可以去露营。‎ Peter might phone. If he does, could you ask him to ring later?‎ 彼得或许会打电话。如果他打电话的话,能否告诉他晚些时候再打?‎ may not与cannot/can’t的区别 may not指“可能不”,而cannot指“不可能”。‎ e.g.He may come or may not come. I’m not too sure about that.‎ 他可能来,也可能不来。我拿不准。‎ He can’t believe your so-called excuses.‎ 他不可能相信你的所谓的理由。‎ ‎③may表示祝愿 e.g.May you all succeed in whatever you do!‎ 祝你诸事成功!‎ May you have a good time flying over the Pacific to Australia!‎ 祝你飞越太平洋到达澳大利亚的旅途快乐。‎ ‎(3)must,have to的用法 ‎  must的否定形式为must not,其缩略形式为mustn’t[5mQsnt]。have to的各种形式如下:‎ ‎①表示义务 A.两者都表示义务,但意思不尽相同。must多表示依谈后人或听话人而定的义务,即主观的,have to多表示来自“外界”压力的义务,即客观的。‎ e.g.I’m afraid I must look back upon the way I’ve just been on.‎ 恐怕我得回顾一下我刚刚走过的路。‎ The children have to get up early to catch the first bus.‎ 孩子们不得不早起赶早班车。‎ B.must仅表示现在或将来的义务,讲述过去要用had to。must可以用在引出间接引语的动词过去式之后。‎ e.g.I had to leave early this morning because I had a parent-teacher association to attend.‎ 我今天早晨得早走,因为我得去参加家长会。‎ Doctors told me I must burn my fat.‎ 医生告诉我必须得减肥。‎ C.must的否定式表示“禁止、不允许”之意;have to的否定式表示“不必”。‎ e.g.All these exhibits mustn’t be touched, but the ones over there can.‎ 这些展品不能动,不过那边那些可以。‎ You don’t need to/don’t have to/needn’t tell him the truth if you don’t want to.‎ 如果你不想告诉他真相,你没有必要告诉他。‎ 注意:‎ have to在英国口语中常用have got to代替。这种用法了解一下即可。‎ e.g.You haven’t got to make your child attend so many classes.‎ 你没必要让孩子参加那么多班。(否定形式为haven’t。)‎ Have you got to leave so early?‎ 你必须这么早就走吗?(一般疑问形式将have提到主语前。)‎ Who has got to be blamed for this accident?‎ 这个事故该责备谁?(特殊疑问句who作主语语序不变。)‎ ‎②must表示推论 ‎  must在肯定句中表示对一件事非常有把握的推测。在否定句或疑问句中,要用can’t和can。‎ e.g.Mary must have some problems. She keeps crying.‎ 玛丽肯定有点不舒服,她老是哭。‎ What do you think this letter can mean?‎ 你认为这封信意味着什么?‎ It can’t be Father. He hasn’t returned from work.‎ 那不可能是爸爸。他上班还没回来。‎ ‎③must表示偏要、偏偏 ‎  在疑问句中must可以用来表示一个人较强烈的感情。‎ e.g.Why must you find another job while you have got one?‎ 你已有一份工作,为什么偏偏再找一份?‎ Why must it rain on Sunday?‎ 偏要在星期天下雨,讨厌!‎ ‎④must have done ‎  可以表示对过去发生的事情的推测或对是否已完成的事情进行推测。在疑问句和否定句中要用can和can’t。‎ e.g.When I called Jane, there was no answer. She must have been out.‎ 我去叫简,没人应。她肯定出去了。‎ You must have read this book, for you are so familiar with the details of it.‎ 你肯定读过这本书,因为你对它的细节很熟悉。‎ She can’t have gone away, for her money belt still sits on her desk.‎ 她不可能出远门了,她的钱包还在桌子上呢。‎ shall,should和ought to的用法 ‎①shall的用法 ‎  shall作情态动词的各种形式与作助动词的形式相同。‎ A.征求对方的意见或请求 用于第一、第三人称的疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或请求。‎ e.g.Shall I change into the evening dress for your party?‎ 我可以穿晚礼服参加你的晚会吗?‎ Shall we put off the sports meet until next month?‎ 我们能否将运动会推迟到下个月?‎ Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow?‎ 汤姆明天可以和我一起去吗?‎ Henry is waiting outside. Shall he come in, sir?‎ 亨利正在门外等着,可以让他进来吗,先生?‎ 注意:‎ shall作为情态动词和助动词的意义差别很大,一定要根据句意、上下文进行理解和使用。‎ B.表示许诺、警告等 用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方的许诺、命令、警告、威胁等。‎ e.g.You shall get an answer from me by tomorrow.‎ 到明天你就会得到我的答复。‎ Tell Jerry that he shall get a gift if he is nice.‎ 告诉杰瑞如果他表现好的话,他就会得到一份礼物。‎ You shall be punished for what you’ve done.‎ 你应为你所做的受到处罚。‎ C.表示“应”、“必须”‎ 用于第三人称,在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定中“应”、“必须”。‎ e.g.No reader shall take a book out of the library without the librarian’s permission.‎ 不经管理员同意,读者不准把书带出图书馆。‎ The National Party Congress shall be held every five years.‎ 党的全国代表大会每五年举行一次。‎ Those belonging to our club shall wear uniforms.‎ 我们俱乐部的成员应该穿统一制服。‎ ‎②should的用法 should作情态动词时的各种形式与作助动词时的形式相同。‎ A.表示征求意见 作为shall的过去式,用于第一、第三人称,多用在间接引语中,以征求对方的意见。‎ e.g.Mr. Lee asked if he should get his visa tomorrow.‎ 李先生问明天能否可以拿到签证。‎ B.表达义务、职责等 e.g.I think today’s children should really learn to respect their elders.‎ 我认为今天的孩子应当好好学习尊敬长辈。‎ C.要求对方给自己提出意见 用来提供帮助、提出建议,要求对方给出意见。‎ e.g.How do you think I should deal with all kinds of rumors?‎ 你认为我应如何应对各种各样的谣言?‎ Should I help you with the community affairs?‎ 我可以帮你做一些社区事务吗?‎ D.表示说话人的特殊情感 表示说话人的特殊感情,如惊奇、愤怒、失望等。‎ e.g.It’s surprising that Mary should love such a person as Jack.‎ 玛丽竟然爱像杰克这样的人,真是奇怪。‎ It’s unthinkable that the boy should sing such a beautiful song.‎ 这孩子竟能唱这么好的歌,真令人难以置信。‎ E.表示可能性 表示很大的可能性,常译为“按道理说应该”。‎ e.g.It should be Mike who has taken away all the materials.‎ 准是麦克拿走了所有的材料。‎ It’s already 10. She promised to come by 10. She should be here at any moment.‎ 已经10点了,她答应10点之前来的。她随时都可能来到。‎ F.should have done表示“本该”‎ e.g.You should have invited me to the party yesterday. I had expected you to.‎ 昨天你应邀请我来参加宴会的。我本预料你会的。‎ Jim shouldn’t have done all the work within one day. There was still time.‎ 吉姆本不该把所有的工作一天全做完的。当时还有时间。‎ ‎③ought to的用法 ‎  ought to的否定形式为ought not to或oughtn’t[5Ctnt] to,其一般疑问句形式是将ought置于主语前。‎ A.表示职责和义务,提出要求,及人们应该去做正确的事或好事。‎ e.g.Humans ought to stop polluting nature.‎ 人类应停止污染大自然了。‎ You ought to make an apology to Joan.‎ 你应该向琼道歉。‎ 用法比较:‎ ought to与should ought to与should用法差别细微。should多表达自己的主观看法;ought to则多反映客观情况,在谈到法律、义务和规定(或要使自己的意见听起来像义务和法律一样有力)时使用。‎ e.g.You should/ought to go and see Mary some time.‎ 你应该找个时间去看看玛丽。‎ We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don’t think we will.‎ 我们应该明天去看看玛丽,可我认为不行。‎ B.表示很大的可能性。‎ e.g.The seats ought to be enough for all the guests.‎ 这些座位应该够所有的客人坐了。‎ C.与动词不定式的完成式连用,表示本来该做某事而没做。‎ e.g.You are late. You ought to have arrived five minutes earlier.‎ 你来迟了。你本该早来五分钟的。‎ You oughtn’t to have taken the city map. I’m familiar with each part.‎ 你本没必要带城市地图的,我对这里的每一个地方都很熟悉。‎ ‎(5)will,would的用法 ‎①表示意愿 表示自愿做或主动提出做什么,如意志、愿望或决心等。would用于过去的情况。‎ e.g.—Can someone help me?‎ 有人能帮一下忙吗?‎ ‎—I will.‎ 我来帮你。‎ Mary said she would arrange everything for him.‎ 玛丽说她会为他安排好一切。‎ 注意:作情态动词的will,would与作助动词的will,would的形式相同但意义差别很大。‎ ‎②表示请求 与you连用表示请求或要求,用won’t you加强邀请的语气。would比will更客气、委婉。‎ e.g.Will you come this way, please?‎ 你能走这条路吗?‎ Won’t you come in and take a seat? We’ve already started the class.‎ 你怎么不进来找个位子坐下?我们已经上课了。‎ Would you open the window, please? I feel it is a little stuffy in here.‎ 你愿意打开窗户吗?我感到这里有点儿闷。‎ ‎③will表示规律性的“注定会”‎ e.g.People will die without air or water.‎ 人离开水和空气将会死的。‎ You will regret forever if you lose this golden chance.‎ 错过这次大好机会,你注定会懊悔的。‎ ‎④表示习惯或特性 will用于现在,would用于过去,带有主观性。‎ e.g.This old man is strange. He will sit for hours without saying anything.‎ 这位老人很奇怪。他会坐几个小时而不说话。‎ We would sit around Grandpa after supper, listening to his stories.‎ 过去晚饭后我们总会坐在爷爷周围,听他讲故事。‎ ‎(6)used to的用法 ‎  used的发音为[ju:st],表示“过去常常、过去是”,没有人称和数的变化,可以与过去的时间状语连用。其否定形式为usedn’t[5ju:snt] to或didn’t use[ju:s] to。其一般疑问句形式是将used提到主语前或用Did…use[ju:s] to的结构形式。‎ e.g.He used to work in a hospital, didn’t he/usedn’t he?‎ 他过去曾在一家医院工作,是不是?‎ He didn’t use to be so careless.‎ 他过去没这么粗心。‎ Did she use to be a clerk?‎ 她过去是职员吗?‎ 用法比较:‎ ‎  would与used to表示“过去总……”的用法区别 ‎  would用于过去时,带有主观性,仅表示动作,不表示状态;used to具有客观性,着眼于与现在的对比,可与过去的时间状语连用。‎ e.g.She would feel lost whenever she got into trouble.‎ 一遇到困难,她总是感到失落。‎ He would phone me on Sundays.‎ 他总是星期天打电话给我。‎ I used to be very fond of music when I was young.‎ 我年轻时很爱听音乐。‎ ‎(7)be to的用法 ‎①表示事先同意安排或计划要做的事。‎ e.g.We are to discuss the report next Wednesday.‎ 我们将在下周三讨论这个报告。‎ John and Mary are to be married in September.‎ 约翰和玛丽准备九月结婚。‎ ‎②表示“必须”,相当于should和ought to。‎ e.g.You are to finish your homework before you watch TV.‎ 你得先完成作业才能看电视。‎ The magazines and newspapers are not to be taken out of the reading room.‎ 这些杂志和报纸不准带出阅览室。‎ The medicine is to be taken three times a day after meals.‎ 这种药每天饭后吃三次。‎ ‎③用于第一人称的疑问句中,表示询问对方该如何办。‎ e.g.Are we to gather under the big clock at the station at ten o’clock?‎ 我们得上午十点在车站的大钟下集合吗?‎ Where am I to fix up the tent, opposite the rock or just under the tree?‎ 我该在哪里搭起帐篷,在岩石的对面还是在树下?‎ ‎④在if条件句中,表示意图,相当于“想要、打算”。‎ e.g.If we are to be at the station by 9 o’clock, we must leave right now.‎ 如果我们要想在9点之前赶到那里,我们现在必须就走。‎ If you are to succeed, you must redouble your efforts.‎ 如果你想成功,就必须加倍努力。‎ ‎⑤be to have done表示“本打算干”。‎ e.g.I was to have seen him last Wednesday but he did not come.‎ 我本来上周三就能见到他的,可他没来。‎ ‎⑥用来表示目的。‎ e.g.The prize was to honor him for his great discoveries.‎ 这个奖品是为他的重大发现而奖给他的。‎ ‎⑦作表语,表示主语的工作、性质等状况。‎ e.g.Your work this afternoon is to take care of these children.‎ 你今天下午的工作就是照顾好这些孩子。‎ My idea is to lay aside all the affairs right today.‎ 我的观点就是今天把所有的事情都放一下。‎ ‎(8)be about to的用法 ‎  be about to如同will,shall,be going to一样,也能表达将来时间。但是be about to与它们有一个重要的区别,就是它表达的是最近的将来,意思相当于be on the point of doing或be just going to,意为“即将,马上”。‎ e.g.Don’t walk around. We are about to have dinner.‎ 不要到处走动了,我们马上准备吃饭了。‎ I was about to speak, but Mary spoke first.‎ 我正要讲话,但玛丽先开口说了。‎ Frank was about to leave when he noticed a large packet on the floor.‎ 弗兰克正要离开,这时他注意到地板上有一个大包。‎ He was about to dive when he saw the shark.‎ 他正要潜入水中,这时他看到了鲨鱼。‎ 注意:‎ be about to不与具体的时间状语连用。‎ We are about to start off at six.(×)‎ We are starting off at six.(√)‎ We will start off at six.(√)‎ ‎(9)had better的用法 ‎  主要用来表示劝告或建议,had better后直接跟动词原形。had better和汉语的“你最好……”意义略有不同,you’d better是一种“命令”口气,含有“我说了,你得听”的味道,故下级对上级、晚辈对长辈不适宜用这种结构。‎ e.g.You’d better try it again if you fail this time.‎ 如果你这次失败了,你最好再试一次。‎ I’m afraid you’d better have a good rest to save energy for tomorrow’s work.‎ 恐怕你最好休息一下,为明天的工作积蓄点力量。‎ 特别提示:‎ had better的否定式和疑问式:‎ e.g.You had better not quarrel with your neighbors whatever happens.‎ 不管发生了什么,你最好不要和邻居吵闹。‎ Had I better not tell anyone about today’s discussion?‎ Hadn’t I better tell anyone about today’s discussion?‎ Had I not better tell anyone about today’s discussion?‎ 我最好不把今天所讨论的内容告诉任何人吗?‎ ‎(10)need的用法 ‎①用作情态动词 ‎  need作情态动词时,对疑问句的肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn’t。‎ e.g.—Need I tell him everything that’s happened to his parents?‎ 我需要告诉他有关他父母发生的一切吗?‎ ‎—Yes, you must./No, you needn’t.‎ 是的,需要。/不,没必要。‎ You needn’t be told twice about one thing.‎ 同一件事不必告诉你两遍。‎ ‎②作实义动词 ‎  need作实义动词时,有人称和数的变化,后面要跟带to的不定式,其否定式、疑问式同普通动词的变化一样。‎ e.g.I need to go to Beijing this Sunday to attend a book fair。‎ 这个星期天我有必要去北京参加一个书展。‎ ‎—Do I need to leave my telephone number and address?‎ ‎—我有必要把电话和地址留下吗?‎ ‎—Yes, you need to.(No, you don’t need to.)‎ 是的。/不必。‎ ‎③needn’t have done表示本没有必要做而做了。‎ e.g.I actually needn’t have bought so much wine—only three guests came.‎ 其实我当初没必要买这么多酒,只来了三个客人。‎ need作情态动词和实义动词的用法区别:‎ ‎(11)dare的用法 ‎①作情态动词 情态动词dare多用于疑问句、否定句、条件句中。‎ e.g.Dare he tell them what he knows?‎ 他敢告诉他们他所知道的吗?‎ I’m afraid you dare not/daren’t do such a thing.‎ 我恐怕你不敢做这样的事。‎ You will be punished if you dare break the rules。‎ 如果你敢违反规定,就会受到处罚。‎ 注意:‎ I dare say已成为习惯说法,它的意思由于经常使用已经弱化为“也许、我想”。‎ e.g.It will rain this afternoon, I dare say.‎ 我想今天下午会下雨。‎ ‎②作实义动词,有人称和数的变化,肯定式中要跟带to的不定式,而在否定式或疑问式中的不定式符号to可要可不要。‎ e.g.I suppose he dares to tell the manager the truth.‎ 我想他敢告诉经理事实的真相。‎ This student doesn’t dare (to) raise any question in class.‎ 在课堂上这个学生不敢提出任何问题。‎ Do you dare (to) drive a car on such a crowded road?‎ 你敢在这么拥挤的街道上开车吗?‎ ‎5.助动词 ‎  助动词的特征:助动词本身没有意义,只是帮助实义动词完成某些语法功能,如表示时态、语态,构成否定句、疑问句、简略答语等。助动词主要有be,do,have,shall,will等。‎ 助动词 功能 例句 be 构成进行时态 I am studying in Canada now.‎ 我现在正在加拿大学习。‎ 构成被动时态 The glass was broken by Annie.‎ 玻璃是被安妮打碎的。‎ 构成系表结构 She is nice and kind.‎ 她很善良。‎ have 构成完成时态 We have known each other for years.‎ 我们相互认识多年了。‎ do 构成疑问句、否定句 Do you love music?‎ 你喜欢音乐吗?‎ I didn’t know you were coming.‎ 我不知道你要来。‎ 加强语气 She does love pop music.‎ 她的确喜欢流行音乐。‎ 代替主要动词 She dances as well as I do.‎ 她跳舞和我一样好。‎ shall用于第一人称 构成一般将来时态 I shall leave for Canada tomorrow.‎ 明天我要去加拿大。‎ will用于各种人称 They will go on a picnic next Sunday.‎ 他们下星期天去野餐。‎ ‎(1)be的用法 ‎  be用作助动词和其他连系动词一样,有各种变化形式。主要变化形式如下表所示:‎ ‎  助动词be的各种缩略形式如下表所示:‎ ‎①与现在分词构成各种进行时态 e.g.We are playing an interesting game.‎ 我们在做一个有趣的游戏。‎ I was having dinner when my friend phoned me from Australia.‎ 我朋友从澳大利亚打来电话时我在吃饭。‎ ‎②与过去分词构成被动语态 e.g.You are wanted on the phone, Miss Green.‎ 你的电话,格林小姐。‎ The work has already been finished.‎ 工作已经做完了。‎ This kind of machine is not made in Japan.‎ 这种机器不是日本制造的。‎ ‎③与其他代词构成系表结构 e.g.She is the only one who will listen to you.‎ 她是仅有的一个能听进去你说话的人。‎ They are not from the States, but from Canada.‎ 他们不是美国人,而是加拿大人。‎ ‎(2)have的用法 ‎  助动词have的各种形式如下表所示:‎ ‎    助动词have与过去分词构成各种完成时态。 ‎ e.g.Have you ever been to Mexico?‎ 你到过墨西哥吗?‎ I haven’t heard from her since she left China.‎ 自她离开中国后我就未收到过她的来信。‎ I had read this book long before it reached China.‎ 在来到中国之前很久我就读过这本书了。‎ ‎(3)do的用法 ‎  助动词do的各种形式如下表所示:‎ e.g.I like coffee, but my parents don’t.‎ 我喜欢咖啡,但我父母不喜欢。‎ Do you often carry a camera?‎ 你经常带着照相机吗?‎ I didn’t know you were coming until Friday.‎ 直到星期五我才知道你要来。‎ She doesn’t know my telephone number.‎ 她不知道我的电话号码。‎ 注意:助动词do,does可以构成一般现在时的否定式、疑问式;did可以构成一般过去时的否定式、疑问式。‎ ‎(4)will,would,shall,should的用法 ‎  助动词will,shall用来构成一般将来时,would,should用来构成过去将来时;shall,should主要用于第一人称,will,would常用于一切人称。其主要形式如下表所示:‎ ‎①will用于一般将来时态的各种人称 e.g.We’ll meet at the same place we did last time.‎ 我们将在上次见面的地方相会。‎ Will the new film be played next week?‎ 这部新电影将在下周放映吗?‎ Some boys won’t join in the get-together tomorrow.‎ 一些男孩子明天将不参加聚会。‎ ‎②would用于过去将来时态的各种人称,主要用于宾语从句和间接引语。‎ e.g.They said it would be fine the next day.‎ 他们说第二天天气会好的。‎ My parents phoned me that they would come soon.‎ 我父母打电话告诉我说他们很快就会来。‎ ‎③shall用于一般将来时态的第一人称 e.g.I shall let you know as soon as I get the news.‎ 我一得到消息就告诉你。‎ Perhaps I shall pay a visit to England this summer.‎ 或许今年夏天我将去英格兰旅行。‎ We shan’t be coming back today.‎ 今天我们回不来了。‎ ‎④should用于过去将来时态的第一人称,这里不是情态动词。‎ e.g.We thought we should never see you again.‎ 我们原以为再也见不到你了。‎ The BBC weather report this morning said that we should have rain.‎ BBC今天早晨的天气预报说会有雨。‎ 特别提示:‎ ‎  will,would,shall,should除了表示单纯的将来时间以外,更多的是用作情态动词。‎ ‎  shall,should用于第一人称表示单纯的将来时,在现代英语中分别用will,would代替。‎ 三、短语动词 ‎1.短语动词的结构 ‎  短语动词由动词、介词、副词通过一定的结合而构成,主要有如下六种:‎ ‎  动词+副词。注意动词加副词这种结构中,it, them作宾语,放在副词之前。 ‎ put on  穿上、上演    pick out  选出来    break in  打断 put aside  放在一边   put away  收拾起来   give in  屈服 turn in  上交      ring up  打电话    run away  跑掉 put down  放下、写下  go back  回去     throw away  扔掉 think over  认真思考  go by  走过去     go ahead  开始干 go about  四处走动   look around  环顾   turn off  关闭 break out  爆发    set up  搭起、创建   give up  放弃 find out  查出     look through  仔细浏览 go on  继续 动词+介词 ask for  请求    break into  破门而入   care for  喜欢 care about  关心   look after  照顾     get off  下车 depend on  依靠   think of  考虑      die from  死于 believe in  信任   listen to  听      look at  看 go over  复习    arrive at  到达     arrive in  到达 work on  从事    laugh at  嘲笑 begin with  以开始        go through  从……穿过 do without  没有……也行     come across  偶然碰到 动词+副词+介词 go in for  从事、参加       look forward to  盼望 catch up with  赶上、超过     go on with  继续 do away with  废除掉       add up to  加起来总共 break away from  躲开、脱离    keep out of  使……不进入 get along with  与……相处、进展  get on with  进展、与……相处 动词+名词+介词 catch hold of  抓住        pay attention to  注意 take part in  参加        make use of  利用 get rid of  处理         catch sight of  突然发现 take the place of  替代     take notice of  注意到 take pride in  以……为豪    show interest in  对……表现出兴趣 be+形容词+介词 be fond of  喜欢        be afraid of  害怕 be famous for  以……出名    be sure about/of  对……有把握 be good at  擅长于……     be good for  对……有好处 be good to  对……友好     be ready for  为……做好准备 be active in  在……方面积极  be proud of  以……为豪 动词+名词 take place  发生        keep watch  值班 take aim  瞄准         lose heart   灰心 特别提示:‎ 很多“动副”和“动介”结构相当于一个及物动词。‎ call on = visit 拜访     care for = like 喜欢   go by = pass 经过 keep on = continue 继续   bring up = educate 教育  set out = start 开始 ring up = telephone 打电话 ‎2.短语动词的及物性 ‎(1)及物的短语动词 ‎①“动词+介词”结构一般是及物动词,后面常常带宾语。‎ look at 看      laugh at  嘲笑      work at  努力工作 know about 了解    think about  思考、认为  ask for  要求得到 send for 派人去请   pay for  为……付钱   come from  来自 learn from 向……学习 talk of  谈起      come into  进入 happen to 对……发生了 live on  以……为生 ‎②大部分“短语动词”可用作及物动词 set up  建立、创建    let out  泄露    try on  试穿 find out  查出      turn on  打开    put on  穿上、上演 feed on  以……为食   turn off  关掉    work out  计算出 give up  放弃      eat up  吃光     hold up  举起 turn over  打翻 注:这些短语中带的宾语是it,them时,通常放在副词之前。‎ ‎③“动词+其他词+介词”常用作及物动词 catch up with  赶上   take care of  照顾 be fond of  喜欢     make use of  利用 ‎(2)不及物的短语动词 ‎①部分“动词+副词”结构用作不及物动词 come on 加油    come along 一起来     move on  继续转移 fall behind 落后  grow up 长大       set out  出发 set off 出发    stay up 熬夜       look back  回头看 come up 出现    be in 在家        be out  不在家 be over 结束    go ahead 前进、进行    go out  出去 Look out! There’s danger ahead.‎ 当心!前面危险。‎ 四.典例剖析 例题1.—Look at the boy running on the ground? Is it Davis?‎ ‎—It ________ be him. I saw him go into the teachers’ office just now.(黄冈中考题)‎ A.must          B.can’t C.could         D.might 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题主要考查情态动词的用法。有一点同学们心中要清楚,表示肯定的推测用情态动词“must+be”,表示否定的推测用情态动词“can’t+be”。根据题意“看操场上跑步的那个男孩,是David吗?”不可能是他。“刚才我看见他到老师的办公室去了。”得知是否定的推测。答案是can’t be。‎ 答案:B 例题2.Smoking is bad for your health. You’d better ________.(乌兰察布中考题)‎ A.take it out       B.take out it C.give it up        D.give up it 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题考查动词加副词这种短语带宾语的用法,在这次专题复习中,我们复习了这种动词短语。由于动词后面的词是副词,所以当宾语是代词“it,them”时,通常将宾语放在副词之前。根据题意“吸烟对你的健康有害,你最好戒掉它。”“戒掉”用give up。‎ 答案:C 例题3.—What do you think of the music, Fred?‎ ‎—It ________ wonderful.(台州中考题)‎ A.smells         B.looks C.tastes         D.sounds 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题考查联系动词的用法,根据题意“你认为这音乐怎么样,Fred?这音乐听起来很美。”“听起来”用sounds。‎ 答案:D 冲刺练习 ‎1.—Listen! Helen is singing in the next room.‎ ‎—It ________ be Helen. She has gone to Beijing.‎ A.can’t        B.mustn’t C.may          D.should ‎2.—Let’s go to the supermarket by taxi.‎ ‎—We ________ take a taxi. It’s not far from here.‎ A.can’t        B.needn’t C.couldn’t       D.mustn’t ‎3.John, you needn’t do your work today. You ________ do it tomorrow if you’re tired.‎ A.must         B.may        C.can’t ‎4.—Could I go to the movie this weekend, Dad?‎ ‎—Yes, you ________. But you have to come back before nine.‎ A.shall         B.must C.need          D.can ‎5.When traffic lights are red, we ________ stop and wait.‎ A.may          B.can C.must          D.might ‎6.The dish ________ delicious. I can’t wait to eat it.‎ A.feels         B.sounds C.smells         D.tastes ‎7.—May I ________ Snow White and Seven Dwarves from your shelf?‎ ‎—I am sorry. I ________ it to Ann yesterday.‎ A.lend;borrowed    B.use;lend C.borrow;lent     D.look;borrowed ‎8.The conductor helped an old man ________ the bus and said to him,“Don’t ________ until the bus stops at the next bridge.”‎ A.get off;get on    ‎ B.get on;get off C.get into;get out of  ‎ D.get on;get of ‎9.I’m ________ Helen. Have you seen her?‎ A.looking up     B.looking after C.looking at     D.looking for ‎10.The room is so dirty. ________ we clean it?‎ ‎—Of course.‎ A.Will        B.Would C.Can         D.Shall ‎11.—Can you mend a TV set?‎ ‎—No, I ________.‎ A.mustn’t      B.can’t C.may not       D.needn’t ‎12.Tony, the ice is thin. You ________ skate on it.‎ A.may         B.must C.mustn’t      D.needn’t ‎13.—Can I help you?‎ ‎—Yes. I’d like to ________ the blue skirt.‎ A.look for      B.put on C.wait for      D.try on ‎14.—Whose book is it?‎ ‎—It ________ be Tom’s. There is his name on the cover.‎ A.must        B.may C.need        D.will ‎15.—I always feel tired.‎ ‎—You ________ do more exercise to make you stronger.‎ A.can         B.may C.could        D.should ‎16.He is working in the office now. He ________ be playing football with his friends on the playground.‎ A.can’t       B.may not C.won’t       D.mustn’t ‎17.We all know that his father ________ swim very well.‎ A.must        B.shall C.can         D.may ‎18.Yesterday it rained heavily when school was over. We ________ stay in our classroom.‎ A.should       B.must C.had to       D.could ‎19.—________ I take some photos in the hall?‎ ‎—Yes, you ________.‎ A.Could;need     B.Could;may C.May;can       D.May;may ‎20.My sister ________ kind to all her friends.‎ A.be         B.are C.am         D.is 动词的时态 复习要点阐述 ‎  今天我们复习动词的时态,英语的时态是同学们学习英语的难点。今天我们复习如下的内容:‎ ‎  初中阶段学习的时态:‎ ‎  1.一般现在时。‎ ‎  2.现在进行时。‎ ‎  3.一般过去时。‎ ‎  4.过去进行时。‎ ‎  5.一般将来时。‎ ‎  6.过去将来时。‎ ‎  7.现在完成时。‎ ‎  8.过去完成时。‎ ‎  初中阶段所学的英语的时态有8种。英语的时态有很强的表达能力,能使句子的意思明确,能显示细微的差异,能使句子生动逼真。但它们又是相当灵活,在不同的时间中,要用不同的形式,这是与中文大不相同的地方。‎ ‎1.一般现在时:一般现在时是描述经常性、反复性的动作、性质或状态的时态。‎ ‎  (1)一般现在时的时间 ‎  ①often ‎  ②usually ‎  ③always ‎  ④seldom ‎  ⑤sometimes ‎  ⑥every+时间 ‎  ⑦次数+时间 ‎  ⑧on+时间 ‎  ⑨in+时间 ‎  ⑩没有时间,但表示客观存在的事实 ‎  (2)一般现在时动词的形式主要用动词原形表示,但如果主语是单数第三人称时,则在动词后加s或es,变成否定句和疑问句时,又将s、es去掉,还为原形。‎ ‎  ①be动词的一般现在时的构成 ‎  否定式和疑问否定式如下表所示:‎ 肯定式 疑问式 否定式 疑问否定式 I am a teacher.‎ Am I a teacher?‎ I am not./I’mnot a teacher.‎ Am I not a teacher?‎ He/ She is a teacher.‎ Is he/ she a teacher?‎ He/ She is not/ isn’t a teacher.‎ Is he/ she not a teacher? 或Isn’t he /she a teacher?‎ It is Mary.‎ Is it Mary?‎ It is not /isn’t Mary.‎ Is it not Mary?/ Isn’t it Mary?‎ We/ You/ They are teachers.‎ Are we/ you/ they teachers?‎ We/ You/ They are not/aren’t teachers.‎ Are we/ you/ they not teachers?或Aren’t we/ you/ they teacher?‎ ‎  ②其他实义动词的一般现在时的构成 ‎  其他实义动词一般现在时的构成如下表所示(以动词work为例)‎ 肯定式 疑问式 否定式 疑问否定式 I work.‎ Do I work?‎ I don’t work.‎ Do I not work?或Don’t I work?‎ He/ She /It works.‎ Does he/ she /it work?‎ He/ She/ It does not/doesn’t work.‎ Does he/ she/ it not work?或 Doesn’t he/ she/ it work?‎ We/ You/ They work.‎ Do we/ you/ they work?‎ We/ You/ They do not/ don’t work.‎ Do we/ you/ they not work?或Don’t we/ you/ they work?‎ 特别提示:‎ ‎  have(has)在表示“有”时,否定形式为haven’t(hasn’t)或have not(has not),变为疑问句时可直接把have(has)放在句首也可借助于助动词do(does)。当不表示“有”的意思时,其否定句和疑问句只能加助动词do(does)构成。‎ e.g.Has she any experience in teaching piano lessons?(√)‎ Does she have any experience in teaching piano lessons?(√)‎ 她有教钢琴的经验吗? ‎ Had you a good time going hiking yesterday?(×)‎ Did you have a good time going hiking yesterday?(√)‎ 你昨天徒步旅行玩得开心吗?‎ ‎  上面我们列举了一般现在时的时间和动词的形式,在上述时间中,动词就要用到表格中的形式。‎ e.g.My sister ______(watch) TV every day.‎ 因为“every day”,所以填“watches”。‎ He ______(teach) English.‎ 因为没有时间说明他的职业,所以填teaches。‎ 注意:在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来的动作。‎ e.g.We won’t go to the park if it rains tomorrow.‎ 如果明天下雨,我们将不去公园。‎ When I grow up, I will go to America.‎ 我长大后要去美国。‎ ‎2.现在进行时 ‎  现在进行时的构成:现在进行时的构成如下表所示(以动词work为例)‎ 肯定式 I am working.‎ We/ You/ They are working.‎ He/ She/ It is working.‎ 疑问式 Am I working?‎ Are we/ you/ they working?‎ Is he/ she/ it working?‎ 否定式 I am not working.‎ We/ You/ They are not working.或We/ You/ They aren’t working.‎ He/ She/ It is not working.或He/ She/ It isn’t working.‎ 疑问否定式 Am I not working?‎ Are we/ you/ they not working?或Aren’t we/ you/ they working?‎ Is he/ she/ it not working?或Isn’t he/ she/ it working?‎ ‎  现在进行时的基本用法 ‎①表示说话时正在进行、尚未完成的动作或状态。‎ e.g.The telephone is ringing. Would you answer it, please?‎ 电话在响,你能否接一下?‎ Now watch carefully and see what is happening in the experiment.‎ 现在仔细观察,看在实验中发生着什么现象。‎ What are you doing now, Bob? Grandma is asking to see you.‎ 鲍勃,你在干什么?奶奶要见你。‎ 常与现在进行时连用的时间状语有:‎ now 现在 right now 现在 at present 目前 at this moment 就现在 these days 这些天  look 瞧  listen 听  Where is+人称? ‎ ‎②表示现阶段正在进行的动作,虽然此时此刻动作不一定正在进行。‎ e.g.George is working on a new book about stories in schools.‎ 乔治在写一本关于校园故事的新书。‎ I am helping my Dad on the farm this summer vacation.‎ 这个暑假我将在农场上给爸爸帮忙。‎ I am now visiting Guangzhou this week. ‎ 我本周在广州访问。‎ ‎③表示此时此刻某一动作不断地重复。‎ e.g.The boy is jumping with great joy at the sight of his mother.‎ 看到妈妈,小男孩高兴得不停地跳。‎ Someone is knocking at the door. It might be the postman.‎ 有人在敲门。可能是邮递员。‎ ‎④在时间、条件等状语从句中代替将来进行时。‎ e.g.If I am sleeping when he comes, wake me up, please.‎ 他来时如果我在睡觉,请叫醒我。‎ ‎⑤与副词always, usually, forever等连用,表达说话者的某种感情或对某一心理的生动描述。‎ e.g.I’m missing you very much. It’s a long time since we last met.‎ 我很想念你。自从咱们上次见面以来已有很长时间了。‎ We’re looking forward to seeing you again. ‎ 我们都盼望着再见到你。‎ She is always thinking of others instead of herself.‎ 她总是为别人而不是为自己着想。(赞扬)‎ Why are you always coming late for class? You are close to being suspended.‎ 你怎么总是上学迟到?你快被开除了。(批评)‎ ‎    这种用法同学们只是了解一下,要用现在进行时,还应该用现在进行时的时间。‎ ‎⑥进行时态用于瞬间动词。往往表示“即将……”,常与表示将来的时间状语连用。‎ ‎  这类动词有:come, go, leave, start. begin, stop, arrive, stay, return, take等。我们通常用这些动词的进行时,表示将要发生的动作。‎ e.g.Are you staying in Guangzhou for a week? ‎ 你将在广州呆一周吗?‎ I am taking my daughter to the Central Park this Saturday.‎ 这个周六我将带女儿去中央公园。‎ They’re leaving for Beijing tomorrow.‎ 明天他们将离开这里去北京。‎ The girl is going to Beijing next week.‎ 那个女孩下个星期将去北京。 ‎ 不用于现在进行时的动词 ‎①表示人的内心感觉、态度情感等的描述性动词。‎ 常用的该类动词有:‎ love 爱   like 喜欢  hate 恨   know 知道  mind 介意 wish 但愿  need 需要  agree 同意  think 认为 want 想要  believe 相信 forget 忘记 remember 记住 understand 明白 e.g.Are you knowing Nancy well?(×)‎ Do you know Nancy well?(√)‎ 你和南希很熟吗?‎ I am forgetting your phone number.(×)‎ I forget your phone number.(√)‎ 我忘了你的电话号码。‎ We are needing your help.(×)‎ We need your help.(√)‎ 我们需要你的帮助。‎ ‎3.一般过去时 一般过去时的构成 ‎①be动词的一般过去时的构成 be动词的一般过去时的构成如下表所示:‎ 肯定式 疑问式 否定式 疑问否定式 I was a teacher.‎ Was I a teacher?‎ I was not a teacher.‎ Was I not a teacher?‎ He/ She was a teacher.‎ Was he/ she a teacher?‎ He/ She was not/ wasn’t a teacher.‎ Was he/ she not a teacher?或Wasn’t he /she a teacher?‎ It was Mary.‎ Was it Mary?‎ It was not /wasn’t Mary.‎ Was it not Mary?/ Wasn’t it Mary?‎ We/ You/ They were teachers.‎ Were we/ you/ they teachers?‎ We/ You/ They were not/ weren’t teachers.‎ Were we/ you/ they not teachers?或Weren’t we/‎ ‎ you/ they teachers?‎ ‎②其他实义动词的一般过去时的构成 其他实义动词的一般过去时的构成如下表所示(以动词work为例)‎ 肯定式 疑问式 否定式 疑问否定式 I worked.‎ Did I work?‎ I did not/ didn’t work.‎ Did I not work?或Didn’t I work?‎ He/ She /It worked.‎ Did he/ she /it work?‎ He/ She/ It did not/didn’t work.‎ Did he/ she/ it not work?或Didn’t he/ she/ it work?‎ We/ You/ They worked.‎ Did we/ you/ they work?‎ We/ You/ They did not/ didn’t work.‎ Did we/ you/ they not work?或Didn’t we/ you/ they work?‎ 一般过去时的基本用法 ‎①表示过去完成的事或存在的状态。‎ 这种情况常与表示过去的时间状语a minute ago, yesterday, last week, an hour ago, just now, during the night, in those days, in 2006等连用。‎ e.g.Tom suddenly fell ill yesterday and had to stay home for another day.‎ 昨天汤姆突然病了,只好再在家里呆一天。‎ She looked very well when I last saw her.‎ 上次我见到她时,她看上去气色很好。‎ I received a strange phone call yesterday. What a day I had!‎ 昨天我接到一个奇怪的电话。真是倒霉的一天。‎ The person you are looking for went away just now. ‎ 你要找的那个人刚走。‎ 特别提示:‎ ‎  过去时有时也和与现在关系较为密切的时间状语连用,如this morning, this afternoon连用。也就是我们通常说的一天分为三大块时间,this morning, this afternoon, this evening。其中this morning, this afternoon通常用“一般过去时”,而this evening通常用“一般将来时”。‎ e.g.Did you see my watch this morning?‎ 今天早晨你看见我的手表了吗?‎ 一般过去时不与now连用,但可与just now连用。‎ e.g.Mr. Bell called just now telling you not to worry about him.‎ 贝尔先生刚才打来电话告诉你不要为他担心。‎ 常用必背:‎ 常与一般过去时连用的时间状语有:‎ just now 刚才      last night 昨天晚上   the other day 前几天 at that moment 在那时  a few days ago 几天前  yesterday 昨天 last year 去年      at that time 当时    in 2002 在2002年 in the old days 在过去的岁月里 ‎②表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常与always, usually, often, sometimes, never等时间状语连用。(请注意一定要用过去的时间)‎ e.g.I always got up too late, and never had enough time for breakfast last year.‎ 去年我总是起床很晚,从来没有足够的时间吃早饭。‎ ‎③表示过去特定时间一次完成的具有先后顺序的几个动作时,常用过去时,此时一般不出现表示过去的时间状语,需要通过情景断定。‎ e.g.I got up early, washed my face, had a quick breakfast and hurried to school.‎ 我早早起了床,洗完脸,迅速吃完早饭,就匆忙上学去了。‎ Tom was late. He opened the door quietly, moved in and walked carefully to his seat.‎ 汤姆来晚了。他悄悄打开门进去,小心翼翼地走到自己的座位上。‎ ‎④追述逝去的人或事,常用过去时。‎ e.g.The book was written by Mr. Liang Shiqiu. ‎ 这本书是梁实秋先生写的。‎ Lei Feng set a good example to the people throughout the world.‎ 雷锋为全世界的人树立了一个好榜样。‎ ‎⑤表示过去将来的动作。‎ 在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中,表示过去将来的动作。‎ e.g.She said she would come if I promised to wait for her.‎ 她说如果我答应等她,她会来的。‎ I didnt’know she would come until yesterday. ‎ 直到昨天我才知道她要来。‎ ‎⑥since从句一般用一般过去时。‎ e.g.You haven’t changed much since we last met.‎ 自从上次我们见面以来,你变化不大。‎ It’s three years since he went abroad.‎ 他出国三年了。‎ It’s a long time since he was ill.‎ 他病好很长时间了。‎ I haven’t found any job since I was out of work.‎ 自我失业以来,我一直没找到工作。‎ ‎4.过去进行时 ‎(1)过去进行时的构成:过去进行时的构成如下表所示:‎ 肯定式 疑问式 否定式 疑问否定式 I /He /She/ It was working.‎ Was I/ he/ she/ it working?‎ I/ He/ She/ It was not working.或I/ he/ she/ it wasn’t working.‎ Was I /he/ she /it not working?或Wasn’t I/ he/ she /it working?‎ We/ You/ They were working.‎ Were we/ you/ they working?‎ We/ You/ They were not working.或We/ You/ They weren’t working.‎ Were we/ you/ they not working?或Weren’t we/ you/ they working?‎ ‎(2)过去进行时的时间 ‎  ①then 那时候 ‎  ②at that time 那时候 ‎  ③‎ ‎  ④at+点钟+过去的时间 ‎  ⑤when+过去时的主句 ‎  ⑥while连接的两个过去的动作 e.g.What were you doing this time yesterday?‎ 昨天这个时候你在干什么?‎ They were watching TV at 7 yesterday evening.‎ 昨天晚上7点钟他们在看电视。‎ 注意:‎ ‎  He/ She /It was…不可缩略为He’s, She’s, It’s。He’s是He is或He has的缩略形式,She’s是She is或She has的缩略形式,It’s是It is或It has的缩略形式。‎ ‎5.一般将来时 ‎  一般将来时的构成:一般将来时的构成如下表所示(以动词work为例):‎ 肯定式 疑问式 否定式 疑问否定式 I /We shall work.‎ Shall I/ we work?‎ I/ We shall not work.‎ Shall I/ we not work?‎ I/ We /You/ They/ He/ She/ It will work.‎ Will I /we/ you/ they/ he/ she/ it work?‎ I/ We/ You/ They/ He/ She/ It will not work.‎ Will I /we/ you/ they/ he/ she/ it not work?‎ ‎  英语口语中,常常为了说话的方便和简洁而使用动词的缩略形式。一般将来时的肯定缩略式为:‎ ‎ ‎ ‎  否定疑问缩略式为:‎ ‎  Shan’t I/ We…? Won’t I/ we/ you/ they/ he/ she/ it…?‎ ‎  一般将来时的基本用法: ‎ ‎  “will/shall+动词原形”表示一个将要发生的动作或状态。在书面语中,主语是I或we时,常用shall,也可用will。在口语中,will可用于各种人称,而shall的用法范围较窄,且越来越有被will替代的趋势。‎ e.g.It’ll soon be Christmas and the New Year. ‎ 很快就到圣诞节和新年了。‎ I will/shall see you tomorrow and talk about the new plan.‎ 明天我去找你谈谈有关新计划的事:‎ We will/shall come to ask Miss Chen for help.‎ 我们要找陈老师帮忙。‎ He’lllose the job if he doesn’t work hard.‎ 如果他不努力,他会失去这份工作。‎ Nobody will do such a job with so little pay.‎ 没人会做工资这么少的工作。‎ 常用必背:‎ 常与一般将来时连用的时间状语有:‎ next time下次          tomorrow 明天      next year 明年 tomorrow evening 明晚     before long 不久后   in the future 将来 the day after tomorrow 后天  this afternoon 今天下午 一般将来时的其他表达法:‎ ‎  除了will/shall结构可以表示将来之外,以下几种形式也是表示将来时态常用的结构。‎ ‎①be going to表示将来:be going to结构在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排要做的事,必然或很可能发生的事,也用来表示自然现象。‎ e.g.I’m going to gather some materials about Picasso.‎ 我打算搜集一些有关毕加索的材料。‎ It’s going to be a fine day for surfing tomorrow.‎ 明天将会是冲浪的好天气。‎ ‎②be doing表示将来。‎ ‎  常用于这种结构的动词有go, come, leave, start, begin, run, leave, stay, do, take等。这种用法往往指安排好要做的事情,很少变更。‎ e.g.I’m doing my experiment tomorrow.‎ 明天我要做实验。‎ She’s leaving early tomorrow morning.‎ 明天她很早就出发。‎ ‎③be to do表示将来。‎ 这种结构表示计划中约定的或按职责、义务和要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。‎ e.g.The president is to visit China next week. ‎ 总统下周来访问中国。‎ The meeting is to take place early tomorrow. ‎ 会议明天一早召开。‎ 用法比较:‎ be going to与will/ shall ‎  be going to指当前的、已计划过或思考过的意图和打算,will/ shall表示未事先思考或未计划过的意图;be going to还可表示客观迹象表明马上要发生,而will则表明说话者的观点、主观意识。另外will/ shall还可作情态动词用,表示感情色彩。‎ e.g.It will be Christmas soon. ‎ 很快就是圣诞节了。(强调将来的状态)‎ I am going to listen to music. ‎ 我打算听听音乐。(现在的打算,指向将来)‎ I’ll answer the door. ‎ 我去开门。(未经事先考虑的意图)‎ I’m going to see him tomorrow.‎ 我打算明天去看他。(事先经过思考)‎ Look at the clouds. There is going to be a storm.‎ 看看这些云彩,暴风雨要来了。(客观迹象)‎ I hope it will be warm tomorrow.‎ 我希望明天会暖起来。(主观意愿)‎ ‎6.过去将来时 ‎  过去将来时的构成:过去将来时的构成如下表所示:‎ 肯定式 疑问式 否定式 疑问否定式 I /We shall /would work.‎ Would/ Should I/ we work?‎ I/ We shall/ would not work.‎ Would/ Should I/ we not work?‎ You/ They/ He/ She/ It would work.‎ Would you/ they/ he/ she /it work?‎ You/ They/ He/ She/ It would not work.‎ Would you/ they/ he/ she /it not work?‎ 其缩略形式如下表所示:‎ 肯定式 否定式 I’d/ We’d/ You’d/ They’d/ He’d/ She’d/ It’d I’d/ We’d/ You’d/ They’d/ He’d/ She’d/ It’d not work.‎ I/ We/ You/ They/ He/ She /It wouldn’t work或I/ We shouldn’t work.‎ ‎  过去将来时的基本用法:‎ ‎  ①过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。这种时态主要用于宾语从句或间接引语中。‎ e.g.Last week he promised that he would come, but he hasn’t arrived until now.‎ 上周他答应来的,可到现在都还没到。‎ He said that he would wait for me at the gate.‎ 他说他将在大门口等我。‎ ‎7.现在完成时 ‎  (1)现在完成时的构成:现在完成时的构成如下表所示:‎ ‎(2)现在完成时的时间 ‎① already 已经 ‎② yet 已经 ‎③ just 刚刚 ‎④ before 从前 ‎⑤ recently 最近 ‎⑥ once 曾经 ‎⑦ ever 曾经 ‎⑧ never 从来没有 ‎⑨ since+时间 ‎⑩ for+时间 ‎⑾ in the past/ last few years 在最近几年里 ‎⑿ ever since then 从那时起一直到现在 ‎(3)使用现在完成时需注意的问题:‎ ‎  ①现在完成时和一般过去时的区别。‎ ‎  两者所表示的动作都发生在过去,但现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系、对现在产生的影响、结果等,所以不能与表示过去的时间状语连用;一般过去时只表示过去的事实,不表示与现在的关系,可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。‎ e.g.—Have you seen the TV play?‎ 你看过这部电视剧吗?‎ ‎—Yes, I have.‎ 是的,看过。‎ ‎—When did you see it?‎ 你什么时候看的?‎ ‎—I saw it sometime last year.‎ 我是去年的某个时候看的。‎ ‎②瞬间动词的完成时。‎ ‎  瞬间动词的肯定式通常不能与表一段时间的for短语、since短语或从句等连用,因为瞬间动词不能表示延续状态,它只能用现在完成时表达“已经做了”或“还没有做”,而不能表达“做了多久”。‎ e.g.I have joined the Youth Volunteers for five years.(×)‎ I joined the Youth Volunteers five years ago.(√)‎ 或I have been a member of the Youth Volunteers for five years.(√)‎ 我是五年前加入青年志愿者队伍的。‎ ‎△初中所学的常用瞬间动词如下:‎ ‎①leave→have been away ‎②die→has been dead ‎③buy→have had ‎④borrow→have kept ‎⑤open→have been open ‎⑥close→have been closed ‎⑦begin→have been on ‎⑧finish→have been over ‎⑨arrive→have been+地点 ‎⑩come→have been+地点 ‎⑾go→have been+地点 ‎8.过去完成时 过去完成时强调的时间和动词是过去之前的过去。‎ ‎(1)动词的结构:had+过去分词 ‎(2)过去完成时的时间 ‎  ①by+过去的时间 ‎  ②by the end of+过去的时间 ‎(3)过去完成时的其它用法 ‎①用于when的主句、条件:从句的动作过了,主句的动作在从句的动作之前。‎ e.g.They had already had supper when I got home.‎ 我到家时他们已经吃过了晚饭。‎ ‎②用于before的主句 e.g.Before I went to bed, I had read a newspaper.‎ 我睡觉之前看了一张报纸。‎ ‎③用于after的从句 e.g.After I had finished my homework, I helped my mother with housework.‎ ‎  我做完作业后,帮助妈妈做了家务活。‎ ‎  △综上所述,我们明白了在英语中,动词的形式通常是随时间的变化而变化,但只要明确在各种时间中动词的形式,这一难题也就不难。下面我们来做几个练习题。‎ ‎1.My mother often _______(watch) TV at home.‎ ‎2.My mother _______(watch) TV yesterday.‎ ‎3.My mother _______(watch) TV this time yesterday.‎ ‎4.My mother _______(watch) TV now.‎ ‎5.My mother _______(watch) TV tomorrow evening.‎ ‎6.My mother _______(watch) TV for 2 hours.‎ ‎7.My mother said that she _______(watch) TV by nine yesterday evening.‎ ‎8.My mother said that she _______(watch) TV next week.‎ 答案:‎ ‎1.watches ‎2.watched ‎3.was watching ‎4.is watching ‎5.‎ ‎6.has watched ‎7.had watched ‎8.would watch 典例剖析 例题1.—Hasn’t Betty come yet?‎ ‎—No, and I _______for her for nearly 2 hours.(武汉市中考题)‎ A.wait             B.waited C.have waited         D.had waited 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题主要考查现在完成时和过去完成时的区别,for加时间通常用完成时态,但由于第一句问句用的是现在完成时,所以后面用现在完成时,说明wait这个动作还要持续下去。‎ 答案:C 例题2.—I phoned you at seven yesterday evening. But nobody answered.‎ ‎—I _______in the park nearby.(山东烟台市中考题)‎ A.walk            B.walked C.am walking         D.was walking 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题的命题陷阱在于第二句根本没有出现时间,所以看题时,要看问句的时间“at seven yesterday evening”,此句是回答这个时间的问题,所以用过去进行时。‎ 答案:D 例题3.—China’s 24th science research team _______at Changchang station on Jan, 5, 2008.‎ ‎—Wonderful! Our scientists _______ a lot in this field already.(哈尔滨中考题)‎ A.has arrived, improved    ‎ B.arrived, has improved C.arrived, have improved 解题技巧:‎ ‎  第一句中因为有具体的过去了的时间,所以用过去式。第二句中因为有already,所以用现在完成时。‎ 答案:D 冲刺练习 ‎1.When they got to the station, the bus ________ already________.‎ A.has; left          B.left; /‎ C.had; left           D.was; leaving ‎2.The two friends ________each other since 1985.‎ A.didn’t see         B.don’t see C.haven’t seen         D.won’t see ‎3.Just now John ________to see you.‎ A.come             B.came C.is coming           D.will come ‎4.Since I ________you last time, I ________very lucky in everything.‎ A.saw; am           B.saw; have been C.see; have been        D.would see; was ‎5.He ________to meet us, but he didn't see us.‎ A.goes             B.went C.has gone           D.would go ‎6.Where have you been? Your sister ________you just now.‎ A.has asked for         B.asks for C.asked for           D.had asked for ‎7.Could you take a message for him when he ________?‎ A.comes back         B.will come back C.is coming back        D.come back ‎8.No matter how fast you ________, you ________ able to catch the last bus.‎ A.have run; will not be   B.run; are not going to be C.will be running; will be  D.run; will not be ‎9.I don’t know if he ________tomorrow. If he ________, please let me know.‎ A.will come; comes      B.will come; will come C.comes; comes        D.comes; will come ‎10.Do you know what city on Hainan Island the Smiths ________ to?‎ A.fly            B.are flying C.flies            D.flying ‎11.—Who dances best in your class?‎ ‎—Lucy ________.‎ A.dances          B.is C.does            D.has ‎12.Your trousers are on the chair, please ________.‎ A.put it on         B.put them on C.put on them        D.wear them ‎13.She has bought some cloth. She ________herself a dress.‎ A.makes          B.is going to make ‎ C.would make        D.had made ‎14.While Jim ________, his sister is writing.‎ A.reads          B.has read C.is reading        D.read ‎15.It ________ every day so far this week.‎ A.rains          B.has rained C.had rained        D.will rain ‎16.It was five o’clock. He ________a letter to his friend.‎ A.writes          B.was writing C.will write         D.wrote ‎17.From then on they ________ along very well with each other.‎ A.got           B.have got C.had got          D.were getting ‎18.By the time he ________from America, his daughter ________ school.‎ A.had returned; finished  B.returned; had finished C.returned; finished     D.would return; finished ‎19.Look! A dog ________this way.‎ A.was coming         B.is coming C.came            D.comes ‎20.Lucy ________ great progress in the last three years.‎ A.made           B.had made C.has made          D.were making 动词的被动语态和非谓语动词 复习要点阐述 今天我们复习动词的语态和非谓语动词,我们主要复习如下的内容:‎ 一.动词的被动语态。‎ 二.动词不定式。‎ 三.动名词。‎ 四.分词。‎ 一.动词的被动语态 ‎  语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语之间的具体关系,分为主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动词的执行者。在初中阶段我们所学的句子绝大部分都是主动语态。今天我们主要复习被动语态,被动语态表示主语不是动作的执行者,而是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。‎ ‎(一)被动语态的构成 ‎1.被动语态的基本结构:be+动词过去分词 ‎2.各种时态的主动被动语态结构(以动词do为例)‎ 时态 主动语态 被动语态 例句 主动语态 被动语态 一般现在时 do/ does am/ is/ are+done We clean the classroom.‎ The classroom is cleaned by us.‎ 一般过去时 did was/ were+done He made the kite.‎ The kite was made by him.‎ 现在进行时 am/ is/are+doing am/ is/ are+being done She is watering flowers.‎ Flowers are being watered by her.‎ 现在完成时 have/has+done have/ has+been done Jim has finished the work.‎ The work has been finished by Jim.‎ 一般将来时 will/ shall/ be going to +do will/ shall/ be going to+be done They will plant trees tomorrow.‎ Trees will be planted by them tomorrow.‎ 过去进行时 was/ were+doing was/ were+being+done She was writing a letter this time yesterday.‎ A letter was being written by her this time yesterday.‎ 过去完成时 had+done had+done Jim had finished the work.‎ The work had been finished by Jim.‎ 过去将来时 would/ should/ be going to+do would/should/ be going to+do He said he would made a kite.‎ He said a kite would be made by him.‎ 含有情态动词 can/ may/ must+do can/may/must+be+done I can find him.‎ He can be found by me.‎ ‎(二)被动语态的用法 被动语态中主语是动作的承受者,主要用于下列几种情况 ‎1.不知道动作的执行者是谁。‎ e.g.This watch is made in China.‎ 这块手表是在中国制造的。‎ ‎2.没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。‎ e.g.More trees must be planted every year.‎ 每年必须有更多的树被种植。‎ ‎3.需要强调或突出动作的承受者时。‎ e.g.Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world.‎ 世界上越来越多的人说汉语(强调汉语的使用广泛)。‎ ‎4.动作的发出者不是人时。‎ e.g.Many houses were washed away in the flood.‎ 很多房屋在洪水中被冲走了。‎ ‎(三)主动语态和被动语态的转换 ‎1.主动语态变被动语态:‎ ‎  (1)要将主动句里的宾语成分变为被动句中的主语成分,若主动句中的宾语是人称代词,要将宾格变主格。‎ ‎  (2)把主动句中的主语变为被动句中的宾语,主格变宾格,并由by引导。‎ ‎  (3)谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。‎ ‎  ‎ e.g.We asked him to sing an English song.‎ 我们让他唱一首英语歌。‎ He was asked to sing an English song by us.‎ 他被我们要求唱一首英语歌。‎ ‎2.带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态 ‎  谓语动词带双宾语时,既可以将间接宾语转化成主语,也可接直接宾语转化成主语。若将间接宾语转化成主语,则保留直接宾语;若将直接宾语转化成主语则保留间接宾语,且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to或for。‎ e.g.She gave me a book. (变为被动语态)→‎ I was given a book. (间接宾语me改为主语)‎ A book was given to me. (育接宾语a book改为主语)‎ ‎3.短语动词变为被动语态 ‎  许多由不及物动词构成的短语动词,相当于及物动词,可以有宾语,也可以有被动语态。注意:短语动词是一个不可分割的整体,在变为被动语态时,不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。‎ e.g.We should speak to old men politely. (变为被动语态)→‎ Old men should be spoken to politely. (to不可省略)‎ ‎4.带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态 ‎  宾语加上宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。变被动语态时,只把宾语变为被动句主语,宾语补足语保留在原处,成为主语补足语。‎ e.g.I heard Jane playing the piano in her room.(变为被动语态)→‎ Jane was heard playing the piano in her room.‎ ‎5.被动语态后动词形式的选择 ‎  主动句中在感官动词see、hear、watch、feel、notice等使役动词, 也称为感官动词,let、make、here等动词后跟省略to的不定式,变为被动句时,应加上不定式符号to。‎ e.g.He makes the girl stay at home.(改为被动结构)→‎ The girl is made to stay at home.‎ Last Sunday we heard them sing Peking Opera in the theatre.(改为同义句)→‎ They were heard to sing Peking Opera in that theatre last Sunday.‎ 四句话:①主语变成宾语;‎ ‎    ②宾语变成主语;‎ ‎    ③动词一分为二;‎ ‎    ④时态体现在be动词上。‎ ‎(四)被动语态的一些特殊的运用形式 ‎1.主动结构表被动意义 ‎(1)open、lock、write、read、sell、clean、wash、cut、burn、drive等词作不及物动词时,它们的主语为物,可用主动语态表被动意义。‎ e.g.This kind of pen writes very smoothly.‎ 这种笔写起来很流畅。‎ This kind of shirt sells well here.‎ 这种样式的衬衫在这很好卖。‎ ‎(2)look、sound、taste、smell等系动词主动结构表被动意义。‎ e.g.Uniforms look ugly on us. ‎ 我们穿着制服很难看。‎ Mooncakes taste delicious. ‎ 月饼吃起来很好。‎ ‎(3)be worth doing中,doing表被动意义。‎ e.g.This book is worth reading. ‎ 这本书值得一读。‎ ‎(4)want/ need/ require+doing相当于want/ need/ require+to be done。to be done表不定式的被动结构。‎ e.g.My bike needs repairing.= My bike needs to be repaired.‎ 我的自行车需要修理。‎ ‎(五)不用被动语态的情况 ‎1.主动句的宾语是each other或反身代词时,不能用于被动语态。‎ e.g.The man introduced himself as Mr. White. (主动语态)‎ 那个人自我介绍说他是怀特先生。‎ Himself was introduced as Mr. White.(误)‎ They help each other study English. (主动语态)‎ 他们互相帮助学习英语。‎ Each other is helped study English. (误)‎ ‎2.当主动句的谓语动词是表状态的及物动词时,不能用于被动语态。‎ e.g.We will have a meeting.‎ 我们将开一个会。‎ ‎3.主动语态的宾语是动词不定式或-ing形式时,不能用作被动语态的主语。‎ e.g.My brother enjoys watching TV.‎ He asked to have a try.‎ 他请求试一次。‎ ‎  注意:解答被动语态题目时,首先要判断主语和动作的关系,如果主语是动作的执行者,则用主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者,则用被动语态。‎ 二.动词不定式 ‎  英语中有些动词既表示动作,但又不能作谓语使用,这种动词称为“非谓语动词”。非谓语动词有三种:①动词不定式;②-ing形式(称为动名词和现在分词);③过去分词。我们先复习动词不定式。‎ ‎1.不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”,或省略to用动词原形。在句中使用时不能作谓语,但可以和自己的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。‎ e.g.The mother wants her to read English every day.‎ 母亲要她的儿子每天读英语。‎ My mother asked me not to read in bed.‎ 我的母亲要求我不要躺在床上看书。‎ ‎2.不定式的句法作用:‎ 动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的作用,它可以作主语、宾语、宾补和状语。‎ ‎(1)作主语 动词不定式作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语放在句末,It+be+形容词+(for sb.)+动词不定式 e.g.To learn English well is useful.→‎ It’s useful to learn English well.‎ It’s important for us to protect environment.‎ 注:当在kind, good, nice, clever等表示人的品质的形容词后,不用for而用of。‎ e.g.It’s very kind of you to help me.‎ 你帮助我真是太好啦。‎ It’s very clever of you to do like that.‎ 你那样做真是太聪明啦!‎ ‎(2)作宾语 e.g.He wants to go out with her.‎ 他想和她一起出去。‎ 注:①一些谓语动词后只能用不定式作宾语,常见的这类词是表示命令、打算或希望,如:would like, want, wish, hope, decide, plan, expect等。‎ e.g.Would you like to see a film this evening?‎ 你今晚想去看电影吗?‎ ‎②在find, think后跟不定式作宾语时,常用it代替,而将真正的宾语放在句末。‎ e.g.I find it easy to read English every day.‎ 我发现每天读英语很简单。‎ ‎(3)宾语补足语:动词不定式作宾补时,它与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。‎ e.g.Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.‎ 露丝要他关小收音机.(他关小收音机)‎ ‎  注:动词不定式在使役动词make, let和感官动词see, watch, hear, feel等词后作宾补时,常省去不定式符号to。had better, would rather后的不定式也不带to,help后的不定式可带to,也可不带to。‎ e.g.Her mother makes her do homework every evening.‎ 她母亲要她每天晚上都写作业。‎ Let’s see the dolphins. ‎ 我们去看海豚吧。‎ I hear her sing every day. ‎ 我听见她每天都唱歌。‎ You’d better do homework first.‎ 你最好先做作业。‎ 但make, see, hear等词在被动语态中,其后的不定式要带to。‎ e.g.She was heard to speak English.‎ 有人听到她说英语。‎ ‎(4)作定语 动词不定式作定语时,应放在名词之后,它与名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。‎ e.g.I have a lot of homework to do.‎ 我有许多家庭作业要做。(做家庭作业)‎ There is nothing to worry about. ‎ 没什么要担心的。‎ ‎(5)作状语 e.g.Mrs. Wang went to Shanghai to see her daughter. (目的)‎ 王女士去上海看望她的女儿。‎ We’re glad to meet you here. (原因)‎ 我们很高兴在这里见到你。‎ He is too tired to work on. (结果)‎ 他太累了,不能继续工作了。‎ ‎3.不定式的否定形式是在不定式前加not。‎ e.g.They told us not to play basketball too long.‎ 他们告诉我们不要打太长时间的篮球。‎ You’d better not go to bed late. ‎ 你最好不要睡觉太晚。‎ ‎4.不定式常和疑问词what, which, when, where, how连用,相当于一个宾语从句。‎ e.g.The teacher is telling the students what to do.‎ 老师正告诉同学们做什么。‎ He didn’t know where to go.‎ 他不知道去哪里。(where to go=where he should go)‎ 三.动名词 ‎  动名词由“动词原形+ing”构成,它具有名词和动词的特征,它起名词的作用,在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语,它也可以有自己的宾语和状语。‎ ‎1.作主语 e.g.Seeing is believing. ‎ 眼见为实。‎ Eating too much is bad for your health.‎ 吃太多对健康不好。‎ ‎2.作宾语,动名词可作动词宾语,也可作介词宾语。‎ e.g.I like playing basketball. ‎ 我喜欢打篮球。(动词宾语)‎ Thank you for listening. ‎ ‎(介词宾语)谢谢收听。‎ 注:有些动词或句型只能用动名词。‎ ‎(1)enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事 e.g.I enjoy reading English loudly. ‎ 我喜欢大声读英语。‎ ‎(2)mind doing sth.和mind sb’s doing sth.  介意做某事,反对做某事 e.g.It’s hot. Would you mind opening the window?‎ 天很热。你介意打开窗户吗?‎ Would you mind my smoking here?‎ 我在这吸烟你介意吗?‎ ‎(3)stop sb. from doing sth.和prevent sb. from doing sth.  阻止某人做某事 ‎  Today, the forests have almost gone, people must ________ down many trees.(′03安徽)‎ A.stop to cut      B.stop from cutting C.be stopped to cut   D.be stopped from cutting 答案:D ‎(4)practice doing sth.  练习做某事 e.g.We should practice speaking English as often as possible.‎ 我们应该尽可能经常地练习说英语。‎ ‎(5)finish doing sth.  完成做某事 Before 2008 we will finish _______the Olympic Park. (′05北京)‎ A.build         B.built C.building        D.to build 答案:C ‎(6)feel like doing sth.  想要做某事 e.g.He should do his homework now. But he doesn’t feel like doing it.‎ 他现在应该做作业,但他不想做。‎ ‎(7)be used to doing sth.  习惯做某事(=get used to doing sth.)‎ e.g.He is used to getting up at six every day.‎ 他习惯于每天六点起床。‎ ‎(8)spend…(in)doing sth.  花费时间做某事 e.g.Every day I spend three hours doing homework.‎ 我每天花三个小时做作业。‎ ‎(9)be worth doing sth.  值得做某事 e.g.The book is worth reading.‎ 这本书值得读。‎ ‎(10)have fun doing sth.和have a good time doing sth.  尽情做某事,作某事很快乐 e.g.They had fun climbing the mountain last Sunday.‎ 他们上周日爬山,玩的很愉快。‎ ‎(11)have trouble/ problem/ a hard time doing sth.  做某事很困难 e.g.He had a hard time speaking English in front of the class.‎ 他很难在全班同学面前说英语。‎ ‎(12)thank sb. for doing sth. 因某事感谢某人 e.g.Thank you for joining us.‎ 感谢你加入我们。‎ 四.分词 ‎  分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。它们起形容词和副词的作用,在句中作定语,宾补,状语和表语。现在分词-ing,有主动、进行之意,过去分词-ed,有被动、完成之意。注意他们都有不规则形式。‎ ‎1.作定语分词与中心词之间有动宾关系 e.g.China is a developing country. Japan is a developed country.‎ 中国是一个发展中国家,日本是一个发达国家。‎ The boy named John is from America.‎ 那个叫约翰的男孩来自美国。‎ ‎2.作宾语补足语 e.g.I saw her watching TV last night.‎ 昨晚我看见她在看电视(现在分词)。‎ You should have your hair cut.‎ 你该理发了。(have sth. done叫别人为你做某事)‎ ‎3.作状语 e.g.While watching TV, he smiled from time to time.‎ 看电视时,他不时地笑。‎ They woke up the other family members, calling“Merry Christmas!”‎ 他们喊着“圣诞快乐”,叫醒家里其他人。‎ ‎4.作表语 e.g.We are excited about the news.‎ 我们对那个新闻感到兴奋。‎ The news is exciting.‎ 那个新闻令人兴奋。‎ We are interested in the interesting story.‎ 我们对那个有趣的故事很感兴趣。‎ 现在分词表示“令人……的”,主语一般是物;过去分词表示“感到……的”,主语一般是人。‎ e.g.He is surprised to hear the news. (过去分词)‎ 他听到那个消息很惊奇。‎ The news is surprising.(现在分词)‎ 那个消息令人惊奇。‎ 易混知识清单一动词后接不定式和动名词的区别 ‎  有些动词后可接不定式作宾语,也可接动名词作宾语,但意义不同,要注意区分(有些词如like, hate, love, start, begin等后接不定式和动名词意义差别不大)‎ stop to do sth.  停下来去做某事 stop doing sth.  停止做某事 Stop talking, please.  请不要讲话。‎ Stop to think about it for a moment.  停下来想一想。‎ remember to do sth.  记住要做某事(动作未发生)‎ remember doing sth.  记得曾做过某事(动作已发生)‎ e.g.I remember posting your letter.‎ 我记得把你的信寄出去了。(信已寄出)‎ Please remember to post my letter.‎ 请记住把我的信寄走。(信尚未寄出)‎ forget to do sth. 忘记未做某事(动作未发生)‎ forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事(动作已发生)‎ e.g.I forgot to bring my homework.‎ 我忘记带作业了。(没带作业)‎ I forgot bringing my homework.‎ 我忘记已把作业带来了。(作业已带来)‎ try to do sth. 努力去做某事 try doing sth. 试着去做某事 e.g.He tried speaking English to us.‎ 他试着用英语和我们谈话。‎ Please try to do better next time. ‎ 下次设法做得更好些。‎ go on to do sth. 做完一件事,接着改做另外一件事 go on doing 继续不停地做某事 e.g.Go on to do the other exercise after you finish this one.‎ 做完这个练习题后,接着做另一个练习题。‎ Go on doing the exercise after a short rest.‎ 休息一会儿之后,我们继续做练习。‎ allow doing sth. 允许做某事 allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事 e.g.We don’t allow smoking here. ‎ 我们不许在此吸烟。‎ We don’t allow students to go out on school days.‎ 我们不允许学生在校期间外出。‎ 易混知识清单二动词不定式作宾补和动名词作宾补的区别 ‎  see, watch, hear, find, feel等感官动词,后接不定式作宾补时,表示动作的全过程已结束或存在的事实,接动名词作宾补时表动作的一部分正在进行。‎ ‎(1)I saw him cross the road. ‎ 我见他过了马路。‎ ‎(2)I saw him crossing the road. ‎ 我见他正在过马路。‎ ‎(3)I heard someone enter the room. ‎ 我听见有人进了房间。‎ ‎(4)I heard someone singing.‎ 我听见有人在唱歌。‎ ‎(5)I felt something hit me off the back.‎ 我感到有东西打了我一下。‎ ‎(6)Can you feel the train slowing down?‎ 你能感觉到火车在慢下来吗?‎ 易混知识清单三need, require, want后跟不定式和动名词的区别 当need, require, want作“需要”解时,后加动名词主动式等于不定式的被动式。‎ e.g.The window needs cleaning.→‎ The window needs to be cleaned. 那个窗户需要被清洗。‎ 易混知识清单四不定式是不及物动词时,作定语不能省去介词 e.g.Weihai is a good place to live in. ‎ 威海是一个居住的好地方。‎ I don’t have enough time to study for the test, so I have something to worry about.‎ 因为我没有足够的时间为考试而学习,所以我有些担心。‎ ‎  今天我们复习了动词的非谓语形式,意在加深同学们对所学业知识的印象,其实英语的非谓语动词在很大的程度上都是英语中短语动词的搭配用法。因此,多读、多背、多记、多听是学习英语的至胜法宝。可以说,任何语言、语感是很重要的,在语感的基础上弄清楚语法,是一种最好的学习方式。‎ 典例剖析 例题1.—Are you afraid of _______ at home , Linda?‎ ‎—No, I’ve grown up.(兰州中考题)‎ A.alone          B.being alone C.lonely          D.being lonely 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题属于一种难以判断的题型,首先确定alone和lonely是adj.,而be afraid of后要接名词或用动词加-ing的形式,排除A、C选项。根据中文“林达,你一个人呆在家里害怕吗?”,排除选项D。‎ 答案:B 例题2.—There’s nobody here. Let’s play football.‎ ‎—No, we can’t. My father often tells me _______ in the street. It’s dangerous..(长沙课改中考题)‎ A.to play         B.don’t play     C.not to play 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题考查不定式的用法。首先找到动词tells,就知道tell sb. to do sth.,排除B答案。再根据中文“这样做很危险。”排除选项A。‎ 答案:C 例题3.I had a bad cold. The doctor asked me _______ in bed.(北京中考题)‎ A.staying          B.to stay       C.stays 解题技巧:‎ ‎  找到句中的动词asked,联想ask sb. to do sth.是一种搭配用法。‎ 答案:B ‎ 冲刺练习 ‎1.Listen! Can you hear a baby _________?‎ A.cry           B.to cry C.crying          D.cries ‎2.We want _________ a trip to Hainan this summer vacation.‎ A.take          B.takes C.taking         D.to take ‎3.His father often warns him _________ alone in the river.‎ A.to swim not       B.not to swim C.to not swim       D.swim not to ‎4.His wish is _________ a scientist.‎ A.to become        B.become C.became         D.becoming ‎5.—We’ll do what we can _________ English well this term.‎ ‎—It’s high time for you to work hard.‎ A.study          B.to study C.be studied       D.be studying ‎6.There are so many beautiful clothes in the shop. I can’t decide _________.‎ A.to but what       B.to buy which C.which to buy them    D.which to buy ‎7.I’m going to practice _________ the violin at home.‎ A.play          B.to play C.played         D.playing ‎8.When they got to the park, they saw some children _________games.‎ A.playing         B.played C.to play         D.plays ‎9.Do you know the best way _________English well?‎ A.learn          B.learned C.to learn        D.learning ‎10.Noise can make us _________upset, sad or boing.‎ A.feel          B.feeling C.felt          D.feels ‎11.Both my friend and I want _________ something for the old lady who lives alone.‎ A.doing          B.to do C.done          D.do ‎12.I wanted to go to the cinema with Tony, but I had a composition _________.‎ A.to write        B.writing C.wrote          D.write ‎13.My teacher told us _________ in the exam.‎ A.to cheat        B.not to cheat C.to cheat not      D.to not cheat ‎14.To keep healthy, you’d better _________ too much meat.‎ A.don’t eat       B.not eat C.not to eat       D.not eating ‎15.My sister enjoys _________TV in her spare time.‎ A.watching        B.to watch C.watches         D.watched ‎16.Would you please _________me the way to the nearest bank? I’m new here.‎ A.to tell         B.tell C.tells          D.telling ‎17.It is going to rain in the afternoon. You’d better _________an umbrella with you.‎ A.to take         B.take C.taking         D.took ‎18._________ TV too much is bad to children’s health.‎ A.To watch        B.Watching C.Watch          D.Watched ‎19.I want to buy a new pen _________.‎ A.to write        B.write C.to write with      D.writing ‎20.I shall always remember _________ you for the first time.‎ A.meeting         B.to meet C.meet          D.meets 句子的类型和句子的结构 复习要点阐述 ‎  今天我们要复习的内容是句子的类型和句子的种类。今天我们复习如下的内容:‎ ‎  △句子的类型 ‎  1.陈述句 ‎  2.感叹句 ‎  3.疑问句 ‎  4.祈使句 ‎  这一部分是我们今天重点复习的内容。‎ ‎  △句子的结构 ‎  1.简单句 ‎  2.并列句 ‎  3、复合句 ‎  这一部分有的内容我们今天只作简单的介绍,如复合句,因为复合句我们在后面要分专题进行复习。‎ 要点复习的策略及技巧 ‎  句子的类型。句子的类型是根据说话人的语气来划分的,按照使用目的和交际功能分为陈述句、感叹句、疑问句和祈使句。中考侧重考查学生的综合运用能力,对陈述句、感叹句、疑问句、祈使句的考查近几年的中考中屡见不鲜,特别是反意疑问句和祈使句在具体语境中的灵活运用更为突出。它们主要以单项选择、句型转换、完型填空、交际运用等形式出现,预计明年中考还会考查此类内容。因此我们应该知道陈述句的肯定式和否定式,注意疑问词的意思和用法重点,掌握反意疑问句、否定祈使句、Let开头的祈使句、加强语气的祈使句、How和What引导的感叹句的用法。今天我们先复习这些内容。‎ 常考知识清单一 ‎  陈述句:用来陈述一件事或表示一种看法,包括我们平常所说的肯定句和否定句。(应该称为肯定式和否定式)。句末通常用句号,读降调。‎ 一.陈述句的肯定式:‎ ‎  结构为:主语+谓语+其它 ‎  That boy always helps others.‎ ‎  那个男孩经常帮助别人。‎ ‎  I went to the cinema yesterday.‎ ‎  昨天我去电影院了。‎ 二.陈述句的否定式:‎ ‎1.be的否定式 ‎(1)be用作系动词时:主语+be+not+表语+其他 e.g.She is not a teacher. ‎ 她不是一个老师。‎ Tom was not at home yesterday. ‎ 昨天汤姆不在家。‎ ‎(2)be用作助动词,用于be doing/ be going to do/ be done等时态或被动语态中:主语+be+not+V-ing或p.p+其他。‎ e.g.Jim isn’t playing football. ‎ 吉姆没有正在打篮球。‎ The sweater isn’t made of wool.‎ 这件毛衣不是羊毛做的。‎ ‎2.情态动词的否定式:‎ e.g.Man can’t live without water.‎ 人类没有水不能活。‎ ‎3.除not外,其他否定词也可以构成否定式 ‎(1)用no表示,no=not any/ a e.g.He has no sister. =He doesn’t have any sisters. ‎ 他没有姐妹。‎ ‎(2)never 绝不,从来不 e.g.I have never seen such a man. ‎ 我从没见过这样的一个人。‎ ‎(3)little, few 几乎没有 e.g.There are few students in the classroom.‎ 教室里几乎没有学生。‎ ‎(4)no one/ nobody 没有人 e.g.Nobody is interested in the book. ‎ 没有人对这本书感兴趣。‎ ‎(5)nothing 什么也没有 e.g.There is nothing wrong with you. ‎ 你没有什么问题。‎ ‎(6)neither of…  没有什么人(常用于两者都不)‎ none of…   没有任何人,什么都没有 e.g.Neither of them has ever been to Beijing.‎ 他们两个都没有去过北京。‎ ‎(7)seldom(很少),hardly(几乎不)‎ e.g.I seldom go to hospital. ‎ 我很少去医院。‎ I can hardly say a word. ‎ 我几乎不能说一句话。‎ ‎(8)too…to 太……以致于不能……‎ e.g.He is too late to catch the bus.‎ 他来的太迟而不能赶上汽车。‎ ‎(9)行为动词的否定式借助于doesn’t, don’t, didn’t。‎ e.g.He doesn’t do housework at home.‎ 这个男孩在家不做家务。‎ 常考知识清单二 ‎  感叹句:用来表达人的特殊情感的句子,可以表达人的喜、怒、哀、乐等感情色彩。感叹句可以是一个单词、一个不定式、一个短语构成的独立句,也可以由what和How来引出,句末常用“!”。‎ 一.What引导的感叹句 ‎(1)What+a(an)+形容词+可数名词的单数形式+主语+谓语!‎ e.g.What a beautiful girl she is!‎ 她是一个多么漂亮的女孩呀!‎ ‎(2)What+形容词+可数名词的复数形式+主语+谓语!‎ e.g.What important jobs they have done!‎ 他们做着多么重要的工作呀!‎ ‎(3)What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语!‎ e.g.What fine weather it is!‎ 多么好的天气呀!‎ 二.How引导的感叹句 ‎(1)How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语!‎ e.g.How interesting the dog is!‎ 多么有趣的狗呀!‎ ‎(2)How+形容词+a/ (an)+可数名词的单数形式+主语+谓语!‎ e.g.How useful a subject they are learning!‎ 他们正学的科目多么有用呀!‎ ‎(3)How+主语+谓语!‎ e.g.How time flies!‎ 时间过得真快呀!‎ 三.一些特殊形式 ‎(1)在陈述句、祈使句或疑问句句尾加感叹号变成感叹句,表示某种强烈的感情。‎ e.g.He runs so fast! ‎ 他跑得真快呀!‎ Do read it carefully! ‎ 一定要仔细阅读!‎ ‎(2)用一个词或词组表示强烈的感情的句子也是感叹句。‎ e.g.Wonderful! 好极了!‎ Look out! 小心!‎ Great! 太棒了!‎ ‎(3)以there, here等副词开头的感叹句。‎ e.g.There she is! ‎ 她在那儿!‎ There goes the bell! ‎ 铃响了!‎ 四.注意 ‎  如何判断用what还是用how ‎  方法一:凡是有a, an开头的,多用what;‎ ‎  方法二:凡是形容词直接加名词多用what;‎ ‎  方法三:其他一般用how。‎ 常考知识清单三 ‎  疑问句:用以提问的句子叫疑问句,句末用问号。疑问句有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。‎ 一.一般疑问句 ‎  一般疑问句表示询问事物或某情况是否属实,需要对方给予肯定(Yes)或否定(No)回答,读时用升调,它的基本结构为①be+主语+其他(?)②助动词(或情态动词)+主语+谓语(动词原形)+其他(?)使用一般疑问时应特别注意问句与答句在人称、数和时态上的一致。‎ ‎  对一般疑问句作肯定回答时,通常是:Yes,主语+be/ 助动词/ 情态动词;作否定回答时,通常是:No,主语+be/ 助动词/ 情态动词+not,not一般要与前面的词语构成缩略形式。‎ e.g.Are you a doctor?‎ 你是医生吗?‎ Yes, I am. 是的,我是。‎ No, I’m not. 不,我不是 Do you like playing football?‎ 你喜欢踢足球吗?‎ Yes, I do. 是的,我喜欢。‎ No, I don’t.不。我不喜欢。‎ ‎  注意:一般疑问句通常是怎么问,怎么答,即用什么词提问,用什么词回答,但有时例外。我们来看下列情况。‎ ‎1.情态动词must提问时否定回答用needn’t或don’t have to。‎ e.g.Must I go now? 我现在必须走吗?‎ Yes, you must. 是的,你必须。‎ No, you needn’t. 不,你不必。(或No, you don't have to)‎ ‎2.用其他词语替换Yes或No,而使语气客气委婉。‎ e.g.—Can you come and go to the park with me? ‎ 你能与我一起去公园吗?‎ ‎—I’m afraid not. I have a lot of work to do.‎ 恐怕不行,我还有很多工作要做。‎ ‎3.否定的一般疑问句通常是以be,情态动词或助动词与not的缩略形式开头,往往表示惊讶、赞叹、怀疑等语气。对否定的一般疑问句作简略回答时也用Yes或No,其汉语意思与其原意正好相反。‎ e.g.Don’t you hear of that?‎ ‎(表示惊讶)你没有听说过吗?‎ Yes, I do. 不,我听说过。‎ No, I don’t. 是的,我没有听说过。‎ 二.特殊疑问句 ‎  用疑问词引导的疑问句叫做特殊疑问句。回答时不能用yes或no,读降调。‎ ‎  疑问词有疑问代词、疑问副词以及疑问词组。‎ ‎1.疑问代词:可以对主语、表语、宾语提问,有what(对“物”提问),who(对“人”提问),which(哪一个),whose(谁的),whom(宾格“谁”)。‎ ‎(1)—Who is your teacher?  谁是你的老师?‎ ‎  —Miss Gao is my teacher.  高小姐是我的老师。‎ ‎(2)—What does your father do?  你的爸爸是干什么的?‎ ‎  —He is a doctor.   他是一个医生。‎ ‎2.疑问副词:用于对状语提问。有When(何时),Where(何地),Why(为什么)和How(怎么样)等。‎ ‎(1)—When did you come here?  你什么时候来到这儿?‎ ‎—In 2005.   在2005年。‎ ‎(2)—Where are you from?  你来自哪里?‎ ‎—I’m from Japan.   我来自日本。‎ ‎3.疑问词组:How soon, How long, How far, How often, …‎ e.g.—How often do you have an English party?你们多久开一次英语聚会。‎ ‎—Once a month.一月一次。‎ ‎4.特殊否定疑问句,一般有劝告,建议,责备等意味。‎ e.g.—Why don’t you go to the zoo?‎ ‎—Why not go to the zoo?‎ 为什么不去动物园?‎ 三.选择疑问句 ‎  提出两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方选择一种情况回答的问句叫选择疑问句。选择疑问句的两种或两种以上的情况用or连接,回答时不能用yes或no,要用一个完整的句子或基省略形式。语调一般是前升后降。选择疑问句可以分为一般选择疑问句和特殊选择疑问句两种。‎ ‎1.一般选择疑问句:一般疑问句+or+被选择的部分?‎ e.g.—Do you like apples or pears? 你喜欢苹果还是梨。‎ ‎—I like pears. 我喜欢梨。‎ ‎2.特殊选择疑问句:特殊疑问句+A or B?‎ e.g.—Which would you like better, tea or coffee?‎ 你比较喜欢哪个,茶还是咖啡。‎ ‎—I like coffee.  我喜欢咖啡。‎ 四.反意疑问句 ‎  反意疑问句是附在陈述句之后,对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问。附加问句部分要与前面陈述句用逗号隔开,句末用问号。如果陈述部分是肯定结构,附加部分就用否定结构,否则反之。此问句可用Yes或No来回答。附加部分的主语须用代词,并与前句主语一致,谓语动词在人称、数和时态上也要一致。‎ ‎  反意疑问句的重点在于其附加问句的主语和谓语这两个部分,因而对此知识点命题自然重点放在附加问句主语和谓语的确定上,这是考点命题的基本指导思想。不过,由于对反意疑问句作出回答的特殊性及易错性,考查反意疑问句的回答方式也常会出现在中考英语试卷中,而且由于对反意疑问句作回答与语境或情景联系较紧,所以此考查方式越来越受到命题人的青睐。‎ ‎(一)反意疑问句主语及谓语的确定 ‎  反意疑问句主语与谓语时确定应以陈述部分的主语和谓语为依据,尤其要注意一些特殊的情况,同时,简略问句部分的主语一般应用人称代词,而动词若为否定形式则一般应用缩略形式。‎ ‎1.陈述部分含有never, few, little, nothing, nobody, no, hardly, none, too…to等表示否定意义的词时,其附加问句应用肯定形式。‎ e.g.There are few people in the room, are there?‎ 房间里几乎没有人,是吗?‎ She is too young to go to school, is she?‎ 她太小而不能去上学,是吗?‎ ‎2.陈述句部分是“There be…”结构时,疑问部分用“be there”。‎ e.g.There is a tree in front of the building, isn’t there?‎ 建筑物前有一棵树,是吗?‎ ‎3.当陈述部分的主语为指事(物)的不定代词something, anything, everything等时,附加问句的主语应用it。‎ e.g.Something is wrong with your computer, isn’t it?‎ 你的电脑出毛病了,是吗?‎ ‎4.陈述部分的主语为指人的不定代词somebody, anybody, everybody等时,附加问句的主语可用he或they,但不可用it。‎ e.g.Somebody wants to see you, doesn’t he(don’t they)?‎ 有人要见你,是吗?‎ ‎5.陈述部分主语为this, that等时,附加部分主语应用it。类似地,陈述部分主语为these, those等时,附加部分主语应用they。同时,陈述部分为肯定形式时,附加问句部分应用否定形式,反之亦然。‎ e.g.This is a beautiful picture, isn’t it?‎ 这是一幅美丽的图画,是吗?‎ Those aren’t apple trees, are they?‎ 那些不是苹果树,是吗?‎ ‎6.当陈述部分动词为have(has)时有下列几种情况:‎ ‎(1)have在一般现在时中表示“有”之意,附加问句部分谓语可用have或用助动词do。‎ e.g.Tom has a new watch, doesn’t he(hasn’t he)?‎ 汤姆有块新表,是吗?‎ ‎(2)have to表示“不得不”“必须”之意时,附加问句部分谓语应用助动词do。‎ e.g.Kate has to help her mother at home, doesn’t she?‎ 凯特不得不在家帮她的妈妈,是吗?‎ ‎(3)have表示“吃、喝、玩、度过”等意时,其附加问句的谓语应用助动词do。‎ e.g.They have a good time in Beijing, don’t they?‎ 他们在北京玩得很愉快,是吗?‎ ‎(4)had better“最好”之意,当其用在陈述部分时附加问句谓语动词应用had。‎ e.g.We’d better stop talking, hadn’t we?‎ 我们最好停止说话,好吗?‎ ‎(5)have在完成时中,其附加问句谓语动词应用have。‎ e.g.Lucy has ever been to Japan, hasn’t she?‎ 露西曾经去过日本,是吗?‎ ‎7.陈述部分含有need时,如果need用作行为动词,则附加问句动词应用do,如果need用做情态动词,则附加问句应用need。‎ e.g.We need to arrive in Shanghai at 7: 00, don’t we?‎ 我们需要在7点到达上海,是吗?‎ We needn’t leave at once, need we?‎ 我们不必马上离开,是吗?‎ ‎8.陈述部分含有情态动词must时,有下列几种情况:‎ ‎(1)must表示“必须”之意,附加问句谓语用needn’t。‎ e.g.They must come on time, needn’t they?‎ 他们必须准时到,是吗?‎ ‎(2)must表示“应该”之意,附加问句谓语用mustn’t。‎ e.g.We must study hard, mustn’t we?‎ 我们应该好好学习,是吗?‎ ‎(3)must表示推测,“一定,想必”之意,附加问句部分谓语动词的确定应根据must后面的动词。‎ e.g.That man must be Mr. Wang, isn’t he?‎ 那个人想必是王先生,是吗?‎ ‎9.陈述部分为I(am)形式时,附加问句部分应该用aren’t I。‎ e.g.I’m right, aren’t I?‎ 我是对的,是吗?‎ ‎10.肯定的祈使句的附加问句可用will you或won’t you,否定的祈使句的附加问句用will you。‎ e.g.Listen to me carefully, will you? (或won't you?) ‎ 仔细听我说,好吗?‎ Don’t play with fire, will you?‎ 不要玩火,好吗?‎ ‎11.以let’s开头的祈使句,附加问句应用shall we;而以let us开头的祈使句,附加问句应用will you。‎ e.g.Let’s go to the park, shall we?‎ 让我们去公园,好吗?‎ Let us help you, will you?‎ 让我们来帮你,好吗?‎ ‎12.陈述句部分若为主从复合句,疑问部分的主语通常与主句的主语一致。‎ e.g.She said he would come tomorrow, didn’t she?‎ 她说他明天会来,是吗?‎ He told us how to get to the farm, didn’t he?‎ 他告诉我们怎样到农场,是吗?‎ ‎  注意:若主句的主语是第一人称I/ we,其谓语动词又是think, suppose, expect, believe, imagine等,疑问部分的主语一般与从句的主语一致。(应特别注意否定的转移)‎ e.g.I think he is a good student, isn’t he?‎ ‎(二)反意疑问句的答语 ‎  对反意疑问句作回答时,如果答案肯定则用yes,后跟肯定形式的简略回答方式;若答案否定则用no,后跟否定形式的简略回答方式。即其回答与一般疑问句的回答方式完全一致。‎ ‎  特别注意有时要根据具体的语境确定好回答应为肯定形式还是否定形式。‎ ‎(1)—Lucy skates very well, doesn’t she?‎ 露西滑冰非常好,是吗?‎ ‎—Yes, she is. 是的,她是。‎ ‎(2)—You don’t like the man, do you?‎ ‎—你不喜欢这个人,是吗?‎ ‎—No, I don’t.‎ 是的,我不喜欢。‎ 常考知识清单四 祈使句 一.祈使句的结构及用法 ‎  祈使句表示命令、请求、建议或劝告等等。主语通常省略谓语动词,用原形,句末用感叹号或句号,读降调。‎ ‎1.肯定的祈使句 ‎(1)句型:动词原形(省略主语)。‎ e.g.Come in!  进来!‎ Be quiet!  安静!‎ ‎(2)有时为了加强语气,可以在动词之前加do,表示“务必。一定”。‎ e.g.Do come on time!‎ 一定准时来!‎ Do look out!‎ 一定要小心!‎ ‎2.否定的祈使句 句型:‎ ‎(1)Don’t+动词原形 e.g.Don’t be late.   不要迟到。‎ Don’t come out.  不要出去。‎ ‎(2)Let’s+not+动词原形 e.g.Let’s not play football. ‎ 让我们不要踢足球。‎ Let’s not speak loudly. ‎ 让我们不要大声说话。‎ 二.注意:‎ ‎1.有时为了表示委婉的语气,可在句首或句尾加上please,但please加在句尾,前面要用逗号隔开。‎ e.g.Please sit down.   请坐。‎ Stand up, please   请起立。‎ ‎2.在意思较为明显的情况下,可把谓语动词省去。‎ e.g.This way, please. ‎ 请这边走。‎ ‎3.有时为了明确向对方提出请求或发出命令,可加呼语,但呼语要与句子隔开。‎ e.g.Turn off the light, Jim. ‎ 吉姆,关灯。‎ ‎4.某些名词、形容词或副词等,后面加感叹号,也可作为祈使句使用。‎ e.g.Hands up!Hands down!Books up!Books down!Taxi!‎ 易混知识清单 ‎1.already(已经)yet.‎ too(也) either.‎ ‎(1)I’ve already read several books.(变否定句)‎ I _________ _________ read several books _________.‎ ‎(2)He is good at singing, too.(变否定句)‎ He _________ _________ good at singing, _________.‎ ‎2.主句谓语动词是think, believe, suppose等的复合句,若要否定其宾语从句时,要注意否定转移现象。‎ ‎(1)I think he can win the game.(变成否定句)‎ I _________ _________ he _________ win the game.‎ ‎(2)I believe he can finish the work on time.(变成否定句)‎ I _________ _________ he _________ finish the work on time.‎ ‎3.How的疑问词组的区分 How long How often How soon How far How many How much 问多久,时间多长,是对for+时段,since+时间的提问 问频率 问多快,或多久之后 问多远 问多少,一般用可数名词 问多少,用不可数名词,或问多少钱 下面我们来看几个题:‎ ‎1.—_________may I keep these books?‎ ‎—Two weeks.‎ A.How often       B.How far C.How long       D.How soon ‎2.—_________do you go to HongKong?‎ ‎—Sorry, I’ve never been there.‎ A.How long       B.How often C.How far        D.How soon ‎3.—_________is a ticket for the film Hacker He?‎ ‎—About forty yuan.‎ A.How old       B.How many C.How much       D.How often 答案:1.C 2.B 3.C 句子和结构 句子的种类是按照句子的结构划分的,分为简单句、并列句和复合句。‎ ‎1.简单句 ‎  只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语),句子各个成分都是由单词和短语表示,这样的句子称为简单句。‎ e.g.I put the books on the table.‎ 我把书放在桌子上。(一个主语一个谓语)‎ Both Nancy and her brother are in the same school.‎ 南希和她的弟弟在一所学校上学。(两个并列主语一个谓语)‎ ‎2.并列句 ‎  并列句往往由并列连词或句子副词连接,并列连词连接的两个或多个句子都是对等并列的关系,并列连词又称为对等连词。常见的并列连词有and, not only…but also…, neither, nor, neither…nor…, or, either…or…, but, yet等。‎ ‎  并列句中and的用法 ‎  and在并列句中可以表示“并列”、“增补”、“动作先后”、“条件”等关系。‎ ‎(1)表示并列 e.g.Some students are interested in music and others are fond of playing football.‎ 一些学生对音乐感兴趣,而另一些学生对足球感兴趣。‎ ‎(2)表示增补 e.g.My father and grandfather were shoemakers in Italy and they were the best.‎ 我父亲和爷爷在意大利是做鞋的,他们是做得最好的。‎ ‎(3)表示动作的先后 e.g.They drove to a filling station, asked for the price and had their car filled.‎ 他们把车开到加油站,询问了一下价格,然后加满了油。‎ ‎(4)表示条件 e.g.Do that always and you’ll have both happiness and money enough to live on.‎ 一直干下去,你会获得幸福以及生活用的足够的钱。‎ ‎3.复合句 ‎  由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子叫做复合句。主句是复合句的主干部分,从句是修饰主句或主句的某个成分的。从句在主句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语等。‎ e.g.What he did made his mother angry.‎ 他所做的事情使他妈妈非常生气。(主语从句)‎ Parents shouldn’t give their children whatever they want.‎ 父母不应对孩子们有求必应。(宾语从句)‎ This is because you are too careless.‎ 这是因为你太粗心。(表语从句)‎ Check all your answers before you turn in your papers.‎ 在交试卷前要核对你的答案。(状语从句)‎ A doctor is a person who looks after people’s health.‎ 医生就是照顾人们的身体健康的人。(定语从句)‎ 典例剖析 例题1.—You haven’t been to Beijing, _______?‎ ‎—But I want to go there this summer.(太原中考题)‎ A.do you         B.are you C.have you        D.did you 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题考查反意疑问句,反意疑问句分为两部分,前面肯定后面用否定;前面否定时,后面用肯定,助动词要根据前面的动词来取。此题前面的句子是否定的,后面用肯定,而have been是现在完成时,have就是助动词。‎ 答案:C 例题2.—Could you tell me _______you’ve been here?‎ ‎—Since last year.(黄冈市中考题)‎ A.How far        B.How often C.How soon        D.How long 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题考查宾语从句的连接词的用法。仅仅看第一句话还不能判断用哪一个选项,我们看第二句since last year,对since+时间提问,应该用How long。‎ 答案:D 例题3.—The Changjiang River isn’t the longest river in China, is it?‎ ‎—_______.‎ A.Yes, it is       B.No, it isn’t C.No, it is        D.Yes, it isn’t 解题技巧:‎ ‎  本题考查怎样回答前面否定、后面肯定的反意疑问句。在这种情况下,要译一下此句的中文意思“长江不是中国的最长的河流,是吗?”然后确定回答中文“是中国的最长的河流。”确定用一种it is,根据it is,再选择Yes。‎ 答案:A 冲刺练习 ‎1.There _______a talk show on CCTV-4 at nine this evening.‎ A.will have          B.is going to be C.is going to have      D.is staying ‎2.—Few well-known singers came to the concert, did they?‎ ‎—_______. Such as Andy Lau, Jay Chou and Kristy Zhang.‎ A.No, they didn’t      B.Yes, they did C.No, they did        D.Yes, they didn’t ‎3.Don’t _______too much TV. It’s bad for your eyes.‎ A.watch           B.watched C.watching          D.to watch ‎4._______pretty your dress is! Where did you get it?‎ A.How            B.How a C.What            D.What a ‎5._______weather it is!‎ A.What a fine        B.How fine C.What fine         D.How fine the ‎6.—She didn’t come to school yesterday, did she?‎ ‎—_______, though she was not feeling very well.‎ A.No, she didn’t      B.Yes, she was C.No, she wasn’t      D.Yes, she did ‎7.—Your monitor is never late for school, is he?‎ ‎—_______. He always comes to school earlier than others.‎ A.Yes, he is        B.No, he isn’t C.Yes, of course      D.No, sometimes ‎8._______sleep too late. It’s bad for your health.‎ A.Do            B.Not C.Don’t          D.Please not ‎9.The suitcase looks too heavy for the lady to carry. Let’s go to help her, _______?‎ A.will you         B.won’t you C.shall we         D.do we ‎10.In the future, there isn’t going to _______enough space to _______ on the earth.‎ A.have; stand in      B.be; stand C.have; stand        D.be; stand in ‎11.—You did not arrive at the farm yesterday, did you?‎ ‎—_______.‎ A.Yes, I did        B.No, I went to school C.Yes, I didn’t      D.No, I did ‎12._______your glasses and then you can see them more clearly.‎ A.To put on         B.Put on C.To wear          D.Wear ‎13.—_______do you usually write to your parents every month?‎ ‎—Only once.‎ A.When           B.What time C.How often         D.How soon ‎14.—_______did you like the trip to Hainan?‎ ‎—It was wonderful.‎ A.When           B.How C.Where           D.What ‎15.—_______does your mother do?‎ ‎—She is a worker.‎ A.Who            B.Where C.How            D.What ‎16.Tom is a doctor. He works in a city hospital, _______he?‎ A.does            B.doesn’t C.did             D.didn’t ‎17.—_______will Miss Yang leave, do you know?‎ ‎—Tomorrow morning.‎ A.When            B.What C.Who             D.Where ‎18.—There is some tea in the cup, _______?‎ ‎—Yes, I think so.‎ A.is it            B.isn’t it C.is there          D.isn’t there ‎19.Let’s play basketball after school, _______?‎ A.shall we          B.will you C.will us           D.are you ‎20.—_______do you like Chinese food?‎ ‎—Very much.‎ A.What            B.Why C.How            D.When 宾语从句 复习要点阐述 ‎  今天我们复习宾语从句,所谓宾语从句,就是一个句子在句子中作宾语成分。今天我们主要复习以下的内容:‎ ‎1.陈述句作宾语从句 ‎2.一般疑问句作宾语从句 ‎3.特殊疑问句作宾语从句 复习策略及技巧 ‎  宾语从句是初中阶段学习的一个主要内容,近几年中考中出现的内容较多,宾语从句的重点在三大方面,一是连接词,二是语序,三是时态。这三个问题弄清楚了,题目就容易做了。我们今天来复习这三大方面的问题,同学们要清楚在做宾语从句的题目时为什么要那样做?这样解题时,心中就有数了。‎ 一.陈述句作宾语从句 ‎  陈述句包括肯定句和否定句。我们先复习陈述句作宾语从句时的三大方面的问题。‎ ‎(一)连接词,陈述句作宾语从句时,用连接词that,通常that可以省略。‎ e.g.I think (that) English is difficult to learn.‎ 我认为英语难学。‎ 但在有些动词后连接词that不能省略,在初中阶段我们学过的动词有learn, suggest, explain, agree, wonder, feel, mean。‎ e.g.However, he went on to explain that he was not too sure about the grammar.‎ 然而,他继续解释说他对语法还没有把握。‎ ‎(二)语序,宾语从句要用陈述句的语序,而陈述句就是陈述句的语序,所以不必作任何改动。‎ ‎(三)时态。在带有宾语从句的句子中,主句和从句的谓语动词在时态上是互有联系的,具体说来有三条。‎ ‎1.当主句的谓语动词用的是一般现在时或一般将来时的时候,从句的谓语动词通常不受主句的限制,即从句的时间是什么,从句的谓语动词就用什么形式。‎ e.g.She says (that) she likes English.‎ 她说她喜欢英语。‎ She says (that) she liked English three years ago.‎ 她说她三年以前喜欢英语。‎ She says (that) she will like English next term.‎ 她说下个学期她会喜欢英语的。‎ ‎2.当主句的谓语动词是一般过去时的时候,从句的谓语动词通常要和主句保持一致,要用过去了的某种时态。我们来做一些练习。‎ ‎(1)She said. She likes English.‎ ‎→She said (that) she liked English.‎ ‎(2)She said. She liked English three years ago.‎ ‎→She said (that) she liked English three years ago.‎ ‎(3)She said. She will like English.‎ ‎→She said (that) she would like English next term.‎ ‎(4)She said. They are swimming.‎ ‎→She said (that) they were swimming.‎ 她说他们在游泳。‎ ‎(5)She said. The girl has been there.‎ ‎→She said (that) the girl had been there.‎ 她说那个女孩去过那里。‎ ‎(3)当主句的谓语动词用的是一般过去时,而从句表示的是客观事实或真理时,从句的谓语动词不受主句的限制,通常用一般现在时。‎ e.g.The teacher said (that) the earth goes around the sun.‎ 老师说地球绕着太阳转。‎ My mother told me that a friend in need is a friend indeed.‎ 妈妈告诉我患难见真情。‎ 二.一般疑问句作宾语从句 一般疑问句作宾语从句也有三大方面的问题。‎ ‎(一)连接词。一般疑问句作宾语从句时用连接词if或whether,if和whether的中文意思是“是否”,在句子中不能省略。我们来看几个句子。‎ e.g.①Do you know? Does he study English?‎ Do you know if (whether) he studies English?‎ 你知道他是否学习英语吗?‎ ‎②He asks. Are you a teacher?‎ He asks if (whether) you are a teacher?‎ 他问你是否是老师?‎ ‎  注意:一般疑问句作宾语从句时,if和whether这两个连接词在大部分情况下是可以通用的。但是有时候有些词后或搭配中通常用whether,不用if。下面我们来看一下if和whether的用法区别。‎ ‎①if/ whether在作“是否”讲时引导的宾语从句常放在动词know, ask, care, wonder, find out等之后。‎ e.g.I’ll try to find out if/whether the machine is in good condition.‎ 我将尽量查出这台机器是否正常。‎ We’re having a discussion whether we’ll go on the trip or not.‎ 我们正在讨论是否去旅行。‎ ‎②少数动词如leave, put, discuss, doubt后的宾语从句常用whether引导。‎ e.g.I put it to you whether we should start earlier.‎ 请您考虑一下我们能否早点出发。‎ I doubt whether they’ll keep their word.‎ 我怀疑他们能否守约。‎ We’re now discussing whether we should group these three companies.‎ 我们现在正讨论是否应该兼并这三个公司。‎ ‎③whether后可与or not直接连用,但if不可以。‎ e.g.I don’t care whether/if the work will take long or not.‎ 这项工作花时间长短我不在乎。‎ I wonder whether or not we should make it clear that we’ve lost this game.‎ 我不知道我们是否应该说明我们已经输了这一场比赛。‎ ‎④与不定式连用只能用whether。‎ e.g.I am just wondering whether to stay for another hour or just start off right away.‎ 我不知道是再等一个小时还是现在就开始。‎ ‎⑤有时为避免歧义,常用whether引导宾语从句,而不用if。‎ e.g.Let me know whether you can come.‎ 告诉我,你是否能来。‎ ‎  如果改成Let me know if you can come.就有两种译句。“告诉我你是否能来。”“如果你能来就告诉我。”‎ ‎⑥在介词后通常用whether,不用if。‎ e.g.I’m thinking about whether they know the answer.‎ 我在想他们是否知道答案。‎ I am not interested in whether they believe in me or not.(介词后一般不用if)‎ 我对他们是否信任我不感兴趣。‎ ‎⑦whether引导的宾语从句可置于句首。‎ e.g.Whether they will join in the Winter Camp I don’t care.‎ 他们能否参加冬令营,我不在乎。‎ ‎(二)语序。要用陈述句的语序,我们来看例句。‎ e.g.①He asks. Do you like sports?‎ He asks if you like sports.‎ 他问你是否喜欢运动。‎ ‎②She asks. Does the boy wash clothes?‎ She asks if (whether) the boy washes clothes.‎ 她问那个男孩是否洗衣服。‎ ‎③I wonder. Did you go there?‎ I wonder if (whether) you went there.‎ 我想知道你是否去那里了。‎ ‎④She asks. Are they listening to the teacher?‎ She asks if (whether) they are listening to the teacher?‎ 她问他们是否在听老师讲课。‎ ‎⑤He wants to know. Will they have classes tomorrow?‎ He wants to know if (whether) they will have class tomorrow.‎ 他想知道他们明天是否上课。‎ ‎  注意:一般疑问句作宾语从句改为陈述句的词序时,动词的变化如下:‎ ‎  do→去掉→后面的动词不变。‎ ‎  does→去掉→后面的动词加s或es。‎ ‎  did→去掉→后面的动词变为过去式。‎ ‎  will, is, am, are, can, may, must, should, have, has, had等助动词拿到主语之后。‎ ‎(三)时态。时态的变化与陈述句作宾语从句相同,即:‎ ‎(1)主现——从不限(主句用一般现在时,从句不限制用什么时态)。‎ ‎(2)主过——从过(主句用一般过去时,从句要用过去了的某种时态)。‎ ‎(3)客观真理不遵循主过,从过。‎ 三.特殊疑问句作宾语从句 ‎(一)连接词。特殊疑问句作宾语从句时不需要再加连接词,疑问词就是连接词,并且不能省略。‎ e.g.I ask. What are you doing now?‎ I ask what you are doing now?‎ 我问你现在在干什么?‎ ‎(二)词序。用陈述句的词序,与一般疑问句变宾语从句时基本相同,为什么说基本相同呢?这是因为特殊疑问句有两种词序。‎ ‎(1)疑问词+一般疑问句。‎ ‎①Do you know? Who does he often go there with?‎ ‎  Do you know who he often goes there with ?‎ 你知道他经常和谁一起去那儿吗?‎ ‎②I don't know. Whom should you depend on? ‎ I don’t know whom you should depend on.‎ 我不知道你该依靠谁。‎ ‎③This book will show you. What do the best CEOs know? ‎ This book will show you what the best CEOs know.‎ 这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁了解些什么。‎ ‎④Have you determined? Which should you buy, a Nokia walkie-talkie or Notorola cellphone? ‎ Have you determined which you should buy, a Nokia walkie-talkie or Motorola cellphone?‎ 你决定好买诺基亚的无线话机呢还是买摩托罗拉手机?‎ ‎⑤He didn't tell me. When will we meet again?‎ He didn’t tell me when we would meet again.‎ 他没告诉我什么时候我们再见面。‎ ‎⑥Could you please show me? How do you use your new machines? ‎ Could you please show me how you use your new machines?‎ 你能否给我展示一下你如何使用你的新机器?‎ ‎⑦None of us knows. Where can these new parts be bought? ‎ None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.‎ 我们中没人知道在哪里可以买到这些新零件。‎ ‎⑧I ask you. Where are you from? ‎ I ask you Where you are from? ‎ 我问你来自哪里。‎ ‎(2)疑问词+谓语+其它。‎ ‎  在第二种句式中,疑问词既是连接词,不是主语,所以语序上不作变化。‎ ‎  我们来看几个特殊疑问句。‎ ‎①Who has won the game?‎ ‎“谁赢了那场比赛。”Who在句子中作主语,has won作谓语。‎ Do you know who has won the game?‎ 你知道谁赢了那场比赛吗?‎ ‎②What’s wrong with you?‎ ‎  “你哪儿不舒服?”这里what是作主语用的,是疑问词+谓语+其它。作宾语从句时语序不变。‎ I ask you what's wrong with you.‎ ‎  我问你哪里不舒服。‎ ‎  上面我们有8个例句,我们可以看出特殊疑问句的语序,我们可以归纳特殊疑问句作宾语从句时有两种情况:‎ ‎  A:连接词(疑问词)+谓语+其它。‎ ‎  B:连接词(疑问词)+主语+谓语+其它。‎ ‎  注意在用陈述句的词序时,我们还是要强调如下的几点:‎ ‎①do→去掉→动词形式不变 e.g.What do you study? 你学习什么?‎ The teacher asks what you study?‎ 老师问你学习什么?‎ ‎②does→去掉→动词加s或es e.g.Where does the boy go on Sunday?‎ 那男孩星期天去哪里?‎ The girl wants to know where the boy goes on Sunday.‎ ‎③did→去掉→动词变成过去式 e.g.How many books did you buy yesterday?‎ 你昨天买了几本书?‎ I ask how many books you bought yesterday?‎ 我问你昨天买了几本书?‎ ‎④助动词is, am, are, ,was, were, have, has, had, will shall, can, may, must等,挪到主语之后。‎ e.g.Which class are you in?‎ 你在哪一个班?‎ The teacher asks which class you are in?‎ 那个老师问你你在哪个班。‎ ‎⑤don’t, didn’t, doesn’t不能去掉,要挪到主语之后。‎ e.g.Why didn’t you come yesterday?‎ 为什么你昨天没有来?‎ The boy asks why you didn’t come yesterday.‎ 那个男孩问你昨天为什么没有来。‎ ‎(三)时态。时态变化与陈述句,一般疑问句作宾语从句的变化相同。其中特别要注意主句用一般过去时,从句要用过去了的某种时态。我们来看几个句子。‎ e.g.①What are they eating? 他们在吃什么?‎ I wanted to know what they were eating.‎ 我想知道他们在吃什么?‎ ‎②How long has he stayed there?‎ 他在那里呆了多久?‎ She asked how long he had stayed there?‎ 她问他在那里呆了多久。‎ 特别提示:‎ ‎  当主句中的谓语动词是think, say, guess, suppose, suggest, believe, feel, consider等时,宾语从句的引导词常是who, which, what, when, where, how, why等疑问词,经常将这类引导词置于句首。‎ e.g.Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?‎ 你认为今年大众会选谁作为他们最喜爱的歌手?‎ What do you suggest we should prepare for Thanksgiving Day?‎ 你建议我们该为感恩节准备点什么?‎ 四.哪些词可以接宾语从句 ‎1.接宾语从句的动词:大多数动词可以带宾语从句 e.g.We all expect that they will win, for members of their team are stronger.‎ 我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮。‎ He told us that they would help us through the whole work.‎ 他告诉我们在整个工作中,他都会帮忙的。‎ ‎  常用必背:‎ 可带宾语从句的常见动词有:‎ hope 希望   tell 告诉    say 说    think 认为 consider 认为 imagine 想象  expect 期望  suppose 猜测 guess 猜测   know 知道   hear 听说   wonder 想知道 ‎2.动词短语有的也可带宾语从句 常见的这类词有:‎ make sure 确保 make up one’s mind 下定决心  keep in mind 牢记 e.g.Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.‎ 在你上交试卷前要确保没有任何错误。‎ We should keep in mind that sports can help us develop both our bodies and characters.‎ 我们应当牢记体育运动不但可以增强我们的体质,而且还能健全我们的人格。‎ ‎3.需用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句 ‎①动词find, feel, think, consider, make, believe等后有宾语补足语时,则需要用it作形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置。‎ e.g.I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day.‎ 我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的。‎ I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together.‎ 我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾。‎ I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. ‎ 我每天写日记成了惯例。‎ We all find it important that we(should)make a quick decision about this matter.‎ 我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要。‎ ‎②有些动词跟宾语从句时需要在宾语从句前加it。‎ 这类动词主要有hate, take, owe, have, see to等。‎ e.g.I hate it when people talk with their mouths full of food.‎ 我讨厌人们满嘴食物时说话。‎ He will have it that our plan is really practical.‎ 他会认为我们的计划确实可行。‎ I take it that you will agree with us.‎ 我认为你会同意我们的。‎ When you start the engine, you must see to it that the car is in neutral.‎ 开启发动机时,一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置。‎ 特别提示:‎ 如若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替。‎ e.g.We all consider what you said to the unbelievable.‎ 我们都认为你所说的是不可信的。‎ We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.‎ 我们发现我们所学到的是有用的。‎ ‎4.介词的宾语从句 wh-类引导的介词宾语从句 一般情况下介词后跟wh-类引导的宾语从句。‎ e.g.We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.‎ 我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部。‎ The new book is about how Shenzhou VI manned spaceship was sent up into space.‎ 这本新书是关于神舟六号载人航天飞机是如何升入太空的。‎ that引导的介词宾语从句 偶尔可见到except, but, besides三个介词后跟that引导的宾语从句的情况。‎ e.g.I know nothing about my new neighbour except that he used to work with a company.‎ 对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他的一无所知。‎ ‎5.形容词的宾语从句 ‎  常可引导宾语从句的形容词有sure, certain, glad, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied(满意的), sorry等。‎ e.g.I’m sure that they’ll make it in spite of the terrible weather.‎ 我确信不管天气如何,他们会取得成功的。‎ I’m extremely sorry that I have lost your book.‎ 真是对不起我弄丢了你的书。‎ We’re all pleased that we have once again overcome the difficulty.‎ 真是高兴我们再次战胜了困难。‎ I’m not sure whether they’ll agree with such a plan.‎ 我拿不准他们是否同意这样一个计划。‎ ‎  注意:用that引导的从句作介词宾语时,需要用形式宾语it代替,然后将that从句放在最后。‎ e.g.You may depend on it that I shall always help you.‎ 请你相信我,我总会帮助你的。‎ ‎  今天我们复习了宾语从句,宾语从句最主要注意就是我们上面提到的三大问题。即:连接词的问题、词序的问题、时态的问题。宾语从句与直接引语和间接引语有很大的区别。在复习直接引语和间接引语中我们会讲这个区别。不要把宾语从句和直接引语变间接引语混为一体。‎ 典例剖析 例题1.—I don’t know if he __________to Kate’s birthday party.‎ ‎—He is sure to go if he _________.(云南中考题)‎ A.goes, knows       B.will go, knows C.goes, will know     D.go, know 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题出现了两个if,第一个if引导的是宾语从句,第二个if引导的是条件状语从句,宾语从句该用将来时的时候,就要用将来时,但条件状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来的动作。根据句意:“我不知道他是否会去参加Kate的集会。如果他知道他一定会去的。”说明是将来的动作。‎ 答案:B 例题2.I’d like to know ________.(济南中考题)‎ A.when will he give back the tape B.whether has he received higher education C.that he was been busy D.whether she will join in our English evening 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题一看就是考查宾语从句。A、B选项的从句中主语前有动词,应该排除。C选项是陈述句的语序,但C选项不符合题意,我们不会说“我想知道他一直很忙”。所以正确答案为D。句子意思为“我想知道她是否会来参加我们的英语晚会”。‎ 答案:D 例题3.I wanted to know _________.(南京中考题)‎ A.what did he say B.why she went to bed late C.why does she go to bed late D.why she goes to bed late 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题考查特殊疑问句作宾语从句,首先看主句的谓语动词用了wanted,确定从句要用过去了的某种时态,排除C、D选项。根据宾语从句用陈述句的词序,排除A选项。‎ 答案:B 冲刺练习 一.用恰当的连接词连接宾语从句。‎ ‎1.I’d like to know _________you have invited him to the meeting.‎ ‎2.I know _________ Chinese is spoken in many Southeast countries.‎ ‎3.She couldn’t decide _________ bus she would take to the zoo.‎ ‎4.I don’t know _________ I should tell him the truth.‎ ‎5.We were happy to see _________ there was hardly any clouds in the blue sky.‎ ‎6.Do you know _________ Miss Jones will punish Tom?‎ ‎7.He told me _________ he was going to thank Jack.‎ ‎8.Could you let us know _________ we will fly over Hankou?‎ ‎[答案]‎ 二.合成宾语从句。‎ ‎1.He said. They are working hard.‎ ‎  __________________________________________________________‎ ‎2.Do you know? Does she study Japanese?‎ ‎  __________________________________________________________‎ ‎3.They want to know. How long will you stay there ‎  __________________________________________________________‎ ‎4.We think. The workers were late yesterday.‎ ‎  __________________________________________________________‎ ‎5.The girl asked. Does the teacher teach English?‎ ‎  __________________________________________________________‎ ‎6.I asked him. Will he like to help us?‎ ‎  __________________________________________________________‎ ‎[答案]‎ 三.单项选择。‎ ‎1.My uncle remembered ___________.‎ A.when we moved to the town    B.when did we move to the town C.when we move to the town     D.when do we move to the town ‎2.Can you tell me which floor ___________?‎ A.does he live on         B.he lives in C.does he live in         D.he lives on ‎3.—Could you tell me ___________?‎ ‎—Glad to help.‎ A.if I have been to the Great Wall B.where did he study C.how I can get to the station D.what’s your name ‎4.Our head teacher saw the empty seat next to me and asked ___________.‎ A.where has Jeff gone       B.where did Jeff go C.where Jeff has been       D.where Jeff had gone ‎5.—I wonder ___________.‎ ‎—Zebras.‎ A.what do they call these animals B.how they call these animals C.what they call these animals D.how do they call these animals 定语从句 复习要点阐述 今天我们复习定语从句,祈使句。‎ 我们主要复习如下内容:‎ 一.定语从句 ‎1.先行词与关系词 ‎2.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 ‎3.关系代词的用法 ‎4.关系副词的用法 ‎5.定语从句需注意的事项 ‎6.初中阶段学习定语从句的要点 要点复习的策略及技巧 ‎  定语从句在初中阶段要求掌握的内容以前不是很多,在以前的老教材中,定语从句只是作一些简单的介绍,但现在的新教材中出现的内容较多,而且在中考中的阅读理解、完型填空、汉译英和作文中通常出现含有定语从句的句子,因此我们对于定语从句应该有一个较全面的了解,为在中考中考出高分数打好基础。‎ ‎  定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语等来充当,也可以由一个句子来充当。充当定语功能的句子称为定语从句。定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词,故又称为形容词性从句。‎ ‎  定语从句用来修饰名词、代词或整个主句。‎ e.g.Tom is a hardworking student who always gets first in his class.‎ 汤姆是一个用功的学生,他在班里总是第一名。(修饰名词student。)‎ Football is played over 80 countries, which makes it popular.‎ ‎80多个国家都在踢足球,因此足球很流行。‎ ‎(修饰整个主句Football is played over 80 countries。)‎ ‎1.先行词与关系词 ‎(1)什么是先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。可以这样理解,之所以称它为先行词,是因为先行词总是出现在定语从句之前,而不同于普通形容词修饰名词,形容词常位于名词之前。‎ e.g.Don’t forget the book that I told you to bring.‎ 别忘了我让你带的书。(the book为先行词。)‎ ‎(2)先行词与关系词的关系:引导定语从句的词被称为关系词。关系词根据其在定语从句中的功能可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等,关系副词在定语从句中作状语。‎ ‎  含有定语从句的句子一般分为两层:即主句层(第一层),定语从句层(第二层)。‎ 特别提示:‎ ‎  ①关系词一般紧跟在先行词之后引导定语从句。定语从句总在被修饰的先行词后面。‎ ‎  ②在定语从句中,关系代词起着代词和连词的作用,关系副词起着副词和连词的作用。‎ ‎  ③在定语从句中,关系词代替先行词,因此在定语从句中不能再重复作用相当于先行词的词。‎ ‎  下面的句子是错误的:‎ ‎  This is the right book that you are looking for the book.(应去掉the book。)‎ ‎  This is the right book that you are looking for it.(应去掉it。)‎ ‎  关系词的种类 ‎  ①常见的关系代词 指代对象 代指人 代指物 既可指人也可指物 主格 who, that which, that, as that 宾格 whom, that 所有格 whose whose e.g.Our chemistry teacher is a man who/ that can make his class lovely and interesting.‎ 我们的化学老师可以使他的课堂生动有趣。‎ ‎(主格who/ that在定语从句中作主语,代指人a man。)‎ Mr. White invited many friends to his party whom/who/that he respected much.‎ 怀特先生邀请了很多他十分尊敬的朋友来参加他的宴会。‎ ‎(宾格whom/ who/ that在定语从句中作respected的宾格,代指many friends。)‎ ‎②常见的关系副词 指代对象 先行词 关系副词及相应介词结构 时间 时间先行词:day, year, date, time when, during which time 地点 地点先行词:the place, the city, Beijing where, in which, from which 原因 原因先行词:the reason why, that, for which e.g.Make marks in places where you have questions.‎ 在你有问题的地方做出标记。‎ ‎(where为关系副词,在定语从句中作地点状语。)‎ I still remember the time when we first met scores of years ago.‎ 我依然记得几十年前我们第一次见面的情景。‎ ‎(when为关系副词,在定语从句中作时间状语。)‎ 特点提示:选择关系代词三步骤:‎ 步骤一:首先找出先行词。‎ e.g.The hook that/ which you just laid on the top shelf is mine.‎ 你刚才放在高层书架上的书是我的。(the book是先行词,指物。)‎ 步骤二:确定先行词在从句中所作的成分。‎ ‎  先行词the book在后面的定语从句中作laid的宾语,因此选择指物的关系代词which/that作宾语。‎ 步骤三:确定关系代词的人称和数。‎ ‎  在此处由先行词the book可知是第三人称单数,如果关系代词作主语,则从句的谓语动词相应用单数。‎ ‎2.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 ‎  根据定语从句与先行词关系的紧密程度,将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。‎ ‎(1)限制性定语从句 ‎  限制性定语从句用来修饰和限定先行词,与先行词间的关系非常密切,它所修饰的先行词代表一个(些)或一类特写的人或物,说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况,如果去掉,则意思含混不清。‎ e.g.A doctor is a person who looks after people’s health.‎ 医生就是照顾人们身体健康的人。‎ ‎(who引导的限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the man。who在从句中作主语。)‎ ‎  注意:如果去掉who looks after people’s health.就成了A doctor is a person.(医生是人)完全失去了原句的意义。‎ ‎(2)非限制性定语从句 ‎  ①非限制性定语从句的特点 ‎  非限制性定语从句起补充附带说明的作用,缺少了也不会影响对全句的理解,译为汉语时常常不译作定语,而是根据句意翻译成两个并列的句子。它与主句的关系不像限制性定语从句的关系那么紧密,只是对先行词作些附加说明,即使去掉,主句的意思依然清楚。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号与主句隔开,如若将非限制性定语从句放在句子中间,其前后都需要用逗号。‎ e.g.Yesterday, Jimmy left for Canada, where he had stayed two years.‎ 昨天,吉米动身到加拿大去了,他曾在那儿呆了两年。‎ ‎(where引导的非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词Canada。)‎ ‎  注意:如果去掉了非限制性定语从句,主句的意思“吉米动身去了加拿大”仍然清楚,不会影响理解。‎ ‎  ②引导非限制性定语从句的关系词 ‎  引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词如下表所示:‎ 指代对象 代指人 代指物 主格 who which, as which, of which, whose 宾格 whom, of whom 所有格 whom, of whom, whose ‎  引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词主要有:when, where。‎ ‎  ③运用非限制性定语从句的情况 ‎  1)当关系代词指代整个主句内容时,用非限制性定语从句。‎ e.g.She said she had finished her work, which I doubted very much.‎ 她说她已经完成了这项工作,我对此深感怀疑。‎ ‎(which在从句作宾语,代指整个主句。)‎ ‎  注意:关系代词that,关系副词why不可引导非限制性定语从句。‎ ‎2)当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或专有名词时,用非限制性定语从句。‎ e.g.We all honour and respect Albert Einstein, who is the greatest physicist in the world.‎ 我们都尊重这位伟大的物理学家——阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。‎ ‎(who在定语从句作主语。)‎ The moon, which is 384 400 kilometers away from the earth, creates many beautiful stories.‎ 月球,这个离地球384 ‎400千米远的球体,给人们留下了很多美好的故事。‎ ‎(which在定语从句中作主语。)‎ ‎3)先行词指的是某人的一个亲属(son, daughter, father, mother, wife等)时。‎ e.g.My father, who is an excellent violinist, is leaving for Canada for performances.‎ 我爸爸是一名出色的小提琴手,他正准备去加拿大演出。‎ ‎4)当出现some/ many/few/a few/little/much/most/two of which(whom)等结构时,常用非限制性定语从句。‎ e.g.I have three foreign teachers, two of whom are from Canada.‎ 我有三个外籍教师,其中两个来自加拿大。‎ ‎(3)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 ‎  限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句在结构、用法及意义上差别很大。其区别如下表所示:‎ 用法比较:‎ 限制性定语从句 e.g.In our school there are eight foreign teachers who come from Australia.‎ 我们学校有8位来自澳大利亚的外籍教师。‎ ‎(本句表达的意思是,我们学校有8位来自澳大利亚的外籍教师,还有不是来自澳大利亚的外籍教师。)‎ 非限制性定语从句 e.g.In our school there are eight foreign teachers, who come from Australia.‎ 我们学校共有8位外籍教师,他们全来自澳大利亚。‎ ‎(本句表达的意思是,我们学校共有8位外籍教师,他们全来自澳大利亚。)‎ ‎3.关系代词的用法 ‎  常用关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which, as等。这些关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。‎ ‎  关系代词主要起三种作用:代替先行词、在定语从句中作成分、连接先行词与定语从句。‎ e.g.This is an old computer. It works much slower.‎ 这是一台旧电脑。它工作起来速度较慢。‎ ‎(普通代词it代替an old computer。)‎ This is an old computer which/that works much slower.‎ 这是一台工作起来速度较慢的旧电脑。‎ ‎(关系代词which/ that代替an old computer。)‎ Those( )shall be punished.+Those break the rules.‎ ‎→Those who break the rules shall be punished.‎ 违反制度的人将会受到处罚。‎ ‎  (who是关系代词,在定语从句中代替先行词those,同时作从句的主语,也起连接词的作用,把两个简单句连接起来。)‎ ‎(1)who/whom的用法 ‎  二者都用于指人。who在定语从句中作主语、宾语,whom在定语从句只作宾语。‎ e.g.In this earthquake, the number of people who lost lives reached as many as 250 000.‎ 在这次地震中死亡的人数多达250 000。‎ ‎(who在定语从句中作主语。)‎ I have many friends to whom I am going to send postcards.‎ 我有很多需寄贺卡给他们的朋友。‎ ‎(whom在定语从句作介词to的宾语。)‎ ‎  注意:在现代英语中,定语从句中作宾语的关系代词whom也可用who代替,但who不用于介词后。在非限制性定语从句中,whom不可用who代替。‎ ‎(2)whose的用法:whose一般指人,但有时也指物。在定语从句中作定语。‎ e.g.You’re the only one whose advice he might listen to.‎ 只有你的建议他可能会听。‎ ‎(whose在定语从句中作advice的定语。)‎ I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea.‎ 我想要一个通过窗户可以俯看大海的房间。‎ ‎(whose在从句中作window的定语。)‎ ‎(3)which的用法:which一般指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语,偶尔作定语。which在指人时往往指婴儿或指人的品质。‎ e.g.The river which runs through the center of the city brings us lots of pleasure.‎ 穿过市中心的那条河给人们带来很多欢乐。‎ ‎(which在从句中作主语。)‎ They stayed with me for three weeks during which time they drunk all the wine I had.‎ 他们和我一起呆了三周,在这期间他们喝光了我所有的酒。‎ ‎(which在从句中作定语修饰time。)‎ ‎(4)that的用法 that指人或物,在从句中可作主语或宾语,还可作表语。作宾语或表语时可省略。作介词宾语时,介词不可提到that之前,若提前需要用which或whom等词代替。‎ e.g.The picture (that) we are studying was drawn by a fifteen-year-old student.‎ 我们正看的这幅画是一个十五岁的学生画的。‎ ‎(that在从句中作宾语)‎ Who is it that won the first prize in the latest National Maths Competition?‎ 谁在最近的国家数学竞赛中获得了第一名?‎ ‎(that在从句中主语)‎ ‎  注意:第二个句子中由于定语从句太长,主句太短,所以把定语从句放在了句尾,以保持全句的平衡。‎ ‎(5)as的用法 ‎  先行词有the same, such, as, so等修饰时,关系代词常用as。as在从句中既可指人、物,也可指整个句子。‎ ‎  ①置于主句句尾的从句 ‎  as引导定语从句时,在从句中常作主语、宾语、表语等,该定语从句可以是限制性的,也可以是非限制性的。‎ e.g.Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.‎ 那些对世界做出巨大贡献的人应受到极大的尊重。‎ ‎(as在定语从句中作主语)‎ You can take as many as you need.‎ 你可以根据需要尽量拿。‎ ‎(as作从句中need的宾语)‎ Shakespeare is a famous writer, as everybody knows.‎ 莎士比亚是著名的作家,这众人皆知。‎ ‎(as作knows的宾语)‎ Let’s meet at the same place as we did yesterday.‎ 咱们在昨天见面的同一地方见面吧。‎ ‎(as在定语从句中作状语)‎ ‎②置于句首的从句 as引导的这种从句如若置于句首时,多为非限制性定语从句。‎ e.g.As everybody knows, Shakespeare is a famous writer.‎ 众所周知,莎士比亚是一位著名的作家。‎ 有时,as引导的从句可以放于主语与谓语之间。因此上句可改为:‎ Shakespeare, as everybody knows, is a famous writer.‎ 常用必背:‎ as引导的定语从句通常有固定的译法。‎ as we all know  大家都知道 as I can remember  正如我所记得的 as often happens  这经常发生 as we expect  正如我们预料的那样 as you see  这一点你明白 as has been said before  如前所述 as is well known  众所周知 as was expected  正如预料的那样 as is expected  正如预料的那样 as can be seen  看得出来 as may be imagined  正如可以想象出来的那样 as we all can see  正如我们都能看到的那样 ‎(6)关系代词的省略 ‎  引导限制性定语从句的关系代词在某些特定的情况下可以省略,但在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词不可以省略。‎ ‎  在限制性定语从句中,能够省略关系代词的情况主要有:‎ ‎①当关系代词在从句中作动词的宾语时。‎ e.g.I have been to the city twice (that/which) you just visited.‎ 你刚参观完的那座城市,我去过两次。‎ ‎②关系代词在从句中作表语时。‎ e.g.After a score of years, Johnson is not the naughty boy (who/that) he used to be.‎ 二十年后,约翰逊不再是当年那个淘气的男孩子了。‎ ‎③关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语,且介词不在关系代词之前时。‎ e.g.Generation gap is a problem (which/that) people are interested in.‎ 代沟是人们感兴趣的问题。‎ ‎④主句以there be开头时。很多时候关系代词可以省略,即使关系代词在从句中作主语。‎ e.g.There is a mistake in your composition (which) wants correcting.‎ 你的作文里有一个错误需要改正。‎ ‎4.关系副词的用法 常用的关系副词有where, when, why, that等。这些关系副词在定语从句中作状语。‎ ‎(1)where的用法:在定语从句中作地点状语,指代地点。此时常可用in which, on which. at which, to which等结构代替。‎ e.g.Potato can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice.‎ ‎(=Potato can be grown in places in which it is too cold to grow rice.)‎ 有些太冷不能种稻米的地方,可以种马铃薯。‎ ‎(2)when的用法:在定语从句中作时间状语,往往代指时间。此时常可用on which, in which, at which, during which等代替。‎ e.g.I shall never forget the days when we worked on the farm.‎ ‎(=I shall never forget the days on which we worked on the farm.)‎ 我永远也不会忘记我们在农场劳动的那些日子。‎ ‎(3)why的用法:why在定语从句中作原因状语。可以用for which代替。why不可引导非限制性定语从句,此时可用for which代替。‎ e.g.I have come around to explain the reason why I was absent from the meeting.‎ 我来是为了向你解释我当时没到会的原因。(why在从句作原因状语。)‎ ‎(4)that的用法 ‎  在表明方式、时间或地点的先行词后面,常用that来代替in which,when或where,that也可省去。that在句中不作任何成分,只起到引导定语从句的作用,修饰的先行词常为the way, the time, the day, the place等,此时也可换为其他相应的关系副词。‎ ‎①表示方式时。that(=in which)常省略。此时不能用how引导定语从句,但把the way去掉之后。可直接用how引导方式状语。‎ e.g.Can you work out a way (that/ in which) we can solve this problem?‎ 你能找出一种我们可以解决这个问题的方法吗?‎ ‎(that在定语从句中不作成分。)‎ ‎②表示地点时,that(=where=介词+which)也可省略。‎ e.g.I have never been to the places(that/ where/ in which) the Indians live.‎ 我从未到过那些印第安人居住的地方。‎ ‎(that在定语从句中不作成分。)‎ ‎③表示时间时,that(=when=介词+which)也可省略。‎ e.g.I still remember the days (that/ when /on which) I helped my father on the farm.‎ 我仍然记得在农场上给我爸爸帮忙的日子。‎ ‎(that在定语从句不作成分。)‎ ‎④另外,关系副词that有时还可用来代替关系副词why,表示原因。 ‎ e.g.The reason that (=why)he lost his life was lack of medical care.‎ 他的死是由于缺乏医疗护理。‎ 特别提示:在下面这个句子中,不能用why,只能用which或that。‎ I don’t want to hear any reason (that/ which) you might give.‎ 我不想听你给出的任何理由。‎ ‎(在这个定语从句中,that/ which作定语从句中谓语动词give的宾语。)‎ ‎(5)关系副词的省略 ‎①在某些表示时间的名词后的关系副词可以省略。如the time, every time, each time, the moment等。‎ e.g.By the time (when) he was fourteen years old Einstein had learnt advanced mathematics all by himself.‎ 到十四岁时,爱因斯坦已经自学了高等数学。‎ Do you still remember the day(when) we first met?‎ 你仍然记得我们第一次相遇的那一天吗?‎ ‎②在某些句子中表示地点的名词后关系副词有时也可以省略。如the place等。‎ e.g.That’s the place (where) he lived when he was in Paris.‎ 这就是他在巴黎时所住的地方。‎ This is the place (where) we met years ago.‎ 这就是多年前我们见面的地方。‎ ‎③先行词the reason后面的关系副词可以省略。‎ e.g.That’s the reason (why) I asked you to come. ‎ 这就是我叫你来的原因。‎ The reason (why) he did that is quite clear. ‎ 他那样做的理由是非常清楚的。‎ ‎④当先行词是way时,关系副词常常省略。‎ e.g.I appreciate the way (that) you teach us. ‎ 我非常喜欢你教我们的方式。‎ ‎5.定语从句中需注意的事项 ‎(1)主谓一致问题 这是指关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中谓语动词的单复数形式与先行词一致的问题。‎ ‎①取决于先行词,先行词是单数时,从句的谓语动词用单数;先行词是复数时,从句的谓语动词用复数。‎ e.g.Mr. Smith, who is now downstairs, is asking to see you.‎ 史密斯先生要见你,他现在正在楼下。‎ ‎(定语从句的谓语动词is根据Mr. Smith而定。)‎ The Smiths, who are now downstairs, are asking to see you.‎ 史密斯夫妇要见你,他们正在楼下。‎ ‎(定语从句的谓语动词are根据the Smiths而定。)‎ ‎②“one of+复数名词”作主语,谓语动词用复数形式;“the(only, very, right) one of+复数名词”作主语时。谓语动词用单数形式。‎ e.g.Jeff is one of the students who were awarded.‎ 杰夫是当时获奖的学生之一。‎ ‎(本句的先行词是the students,即所修饰的中心词为the students,因此谓语动词应根据the students而定。)‎ Jeff is the only one of the students who was awarded.‎ 杰夫是唯一一个获奖的学生。‎ ‎(本句的中心词移到了the only one,因此定语从句的谓语动词需根据the only one而定。)‎ ‎(2)what, how不可引导定语从句 ‎①what本身是复合关系代词,等同于“先行词+关系代词(which/that)”。因此不能用what引导定语从句。‎ e.g.Time is what we demand most.‎ ‎(=Time is all (that) we demand most.)‎ 我们所需要的就是时间。‎ Tell me what is happening.‎ ‎(=Tell me something that is happening.)‎ 告诉我正在发生什么事。‎ She isn’t what she used to be.‎ ‎(=She isn’t the one (that) she used to be.)‎ 她不是过去的她了。‎ ‎②how为复合关系副词。本身等同于the way in which,因此,不能用how引导定语从句。‎ e.g.I don’t like how you behave. ‎ ‎(=I don’t like the way (that/ in which) you behave.)‎ 我不喜欢你行事的方法。‎ This is how I worked out this problem. ‎ ‎(=This is the way (that/in which) I worked out this problem.)‎ 这就是我解出这道题的方法。‎ ‎(3)关系代词that和which的用法辨析 ‎  that和which在定语从句中都可作主语或宾语,指物。作宾语时,均可省略。通常情况下,二者可互换使用。但有时却不宜随便互换。‎ ‎①宜用that的情况 ‎1)当先行词是all, much, little, few, something, anything, everything. none, nothing等不定代词或被不定代词修饰时。‎ e.g.There is not much that ought to be done right now.‎ 现在没有多少应该做的事情。‎ I did nothing that might hurt you. ‎ 伤害你的事我一点儿也没做。‎ ‎2)当先行词是be后面的表语,或者关系代词本身在从句中作表语时。‎ e.g.The school is quite different from the one that it used to be.‎ 这所学校已和原来的迥然不同了。‎ He is not the man that he was.‎ 他过去不是这样的。‎ ‎3)当主句以here, there开头时。‎ e.g.Here is a hotel that you’ve been looking for. ‎ 这就是你一直在找的旅馆。‎ There is a seat in the corner that is still not taken. ‎ 在角上还有一个空位。‎ ‎4)当先行词有the only, the same, the very, the last等词修饰时。‎ e.g.These articles are the very ones that should be read. ‎ 这些文章才是应该读的。‎ Chatting was the only thing that interested her most. ‎ 聊天是她唯一感兴趣的事。‎ ‎5)当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。‎ e.g.This is the best film that has been shown so far in the city.‎ 这是这座城市迄今为止所放过的最好的电影。‎ ‎6)当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。‎ e.g.Who is the person that is standing at the gate? ‎ 站在门口的那个人是谁?‎ Which of us that knows something about physics cannot join electric wires?‎ 我们中间懂物理的谁不会接电线?‎ ‎7)当先行词有两个或两个以上,并且分别表示人和物时。‎ e.g.She took photographs of the things and people that she was interested in.‎ 她把她所感兴趣的人和物全拍摄了下来。‎ ‎②宜用which的情况 ‎1)在非限制性定语从句中。‎ e.g.Football, which is a very interesting game, is liked by many boys in our class.‎ 足球是很有趣的运动项目,被我们班里很多男生所喜爱。‎ ‎2)在定语从句中作介词的宾语,且介词位于关系代词前时。‎ e.g.I’m looking for a container in which I can put all these coins.‎ 我想找一个能放下这些硬币的容器。‎ ‎6.初中阶段学习定语从句的要点。‎ ‎  上面我们详细的复习了定语从句在初中阶段所学习的内容,为了方便同学们记忆,下面我们把内容梳理如下。‎ ‎  定语从句在句子中作定语,用来修饰一个名词、名词词组或者代词。被修饰的名词、名词词组或代词叫做先行词;在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫做引导词。‎ ‎(1)引导词分为“关系代词”和“关系副词”。关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which, as。关系副词有:when, where, why, that。‎ ‎    注意:关系副词里面没有how。‎ ‎    如果要修饰方式,用that或in which引导,或者不用引导词。‎ e.g.I don’t like the way(that, in which)he eyed me. ‎ 我不喜欢他看我的那个样子。‎ ‎(2)关系代词who在从句中主要作主语,在非正式语体里who还可以作从句中的宾语。‎ e.g.He is the man who wants to see you. ‎ 他就是想要见你的那个人。(who在从句中作主语)‎ ‎(3)关系代词whom。‎ e.g.He is the man whom I saw in the park yesterday.‎ 他就是我昨天在公园里见到的那个人。‎ ‎(whom在从句中作宾语)‎ 作宾语用的引导词可以省略,因此上面的句子可以改写如下:‎ He is the man I saw in the park yesterday.‎ ‎(4)关系代词whose用来指人或物,(只能用作定语,若指物,它还可以同of which互换)。‎ e.g.Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green. ‎ 请递给我那本绿皮的书。‎ ‎(5)关系代词which指物,在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时在非正式语体中可以省略。‎ e.g.They needed a plant which didn’t need as much water as rice.‎ 他们需要一种不像水稻那么需要水的作物。(作主语)‎ ‎  注意:当有which和that要进行选择的情况下,以下情况要选which:‎ ‎①在非限制性定语从句中通常用which作引导词,而不能用that做非限制性定语从句的引导词。‎ ‎②修饰整个主句。‎ e.g.I never met Julia again after that, which was a pity.‎ 从那以后我再也没有见到过朱莉叶,真是遗憾。‎ ‎③修饰谓语部分 e.g.He can swim in the river, which I cannot.‎ 他会在河里游泳,那正是我不会的。‎ ‎④介词+which e.g.They are all questions to which there are no answers.‎ 那些问题都是无头公案。‎ ‎(6)关系代词that多用来指物,有的也可以用来指人;在从句中作主语或宾语。指物的时候多用that,也可用which。‎ e.g.It’s a question that(which) needs careful consideration. ‎ 这是一个需要仔细考虑的问题。(指物,作主语。)‎ 注意:在以下的情况中,只能用that作引导词,而不能用which作引导词:‎ ‎①先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little等不定代词时。‎ e.g.All that she lacked was training. ‎ 她所缺少的只是训练。‎ 注意:everything等为先行词时,引导词可以省略。‎ ‎②先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。‎ e.g.This is the best film that I have ever seen. ‎ 这是我看过的电影中最好的一部。‎ ‎③先行词被序数词和the last修饰时。‎ ‎④先行词中既有人又有物时。‎ e.g.They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited.‎ 他们谈论他们参观过的那些学校和老师们。‎ ‎⑤主句是含有who或which的特殊疑问句,为了避免重复时。‎ ‎(7)关系代词as用于引导限制住定语从句时,多数和such…as和the same…as连用。‎ e.g.I have never heard such a story as he told. ‎ 我从未听过他讲的这种故事。‎ 注意:as和which的区别:‎ 关系代词as用于引导非限制性定语从句时,应注意以下几点:‎ ‎① as引导的非限制性定语从句位于句末时,一般可以和which互换。‎ e.g.The author was brought up in a small village, as(which) is recounted in some of his stories.‎ 作者是在一个小村庄里长大的,这个问题在他的一些小说里已被提到过。‎ ‎  但是,当主句是否定句时,as和which就不能互换,因为as引导的非限制性定语从句不包含否定意义。‎ ‎② as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在句子的最前面,而which引导的定语从句不能放在句首。‎ e.g.As you will find out, all is now settled.‎ 你将会看到这样一种情况,一切都已搞定了。‎ 典例剖析 例题1.—Barbara, where do you work?‎ ‎—I work for a company _______ sells cars.‎ A.which          B.where C.what           D.who 解题技巧:‎ ‎  首先译这段小对话“芭芭拉,你在哪儿工作?我在一家汽车销售公司工作。”从句缺少主语,这个定语从句,先行词company是表示事物的名词,where是副词,不能作主语,what不引导定语从句,who引导的定语从句,其先行词是指人的名词。‎ 答案:A 例题2.Do you like the music _______ makes you excited?‎ A.it           B.what C.that          D.who 解题技巧:‎ ‎  这题是考查定语从句。先看先行词music,是事物it,what不能引导定语从句,而who的先行词应该是人称或代人的名词。‎ 答案:C 例题3.The songs ________ SHE sing are very popular.(北京市中考题)‎ A.which         B.who C.whom          D.whose 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题先行词是songs是事物,所以选择which。‎ 答案:A 冲刺练习 一.用关系代词who, that, which填空。‎ ‎1.This is the story _______you are interested in.‎ ‎2.Finally the thief handed everything _______ he had stolen to the police.‎ ‎3.We visited a factory _______ makes toys for children.‎ ‎4.Tom is the only one of the boys _______ was late for class yesterday.‎ ‎5.Didn’t you see the man _______ I talked with just now?‎ ‎6.The boy _______ lost his bike is very sad.‎ ‎7.The film _______ we saw was very interesting.‎ ‎8.This is the first film _______ we’ve ever seen.‎ ‎9.The city in _______ my aunt lives is far away.‎ ‎10.He is always ready to help anyone _______ is in trouble.‎ ‎[答案]‎ 二.单项选择。‎ ‎1.Those are the shoes _______I bought yesterday.‎ A.those          B.which C.who           D.whose ‎2.The house _______the old man lives _________ fell down in the storm last night.‎ A.that, /         B.which, in C.whom, in         D.which, /‎ ‎3.The first person _______got the top of the hill is from No. 1 Middle School.‎ A.which          B.who C.whom           D.that ‎4.The police caught the person _______stole his bike.‎ A.that           B.which C.whom           D.when ‎5.He’s always ready to help _______ who’s in trouble.‎ A.someone         B.anyone C.no one          D.every one ‎[答案]‎ 三.汉译英。‎ ‎1.我做的面条很好吃。‎ ‎  _____________________________________________________‎ ‎2.我们昨天看见的那个女孩是Jim的妹妹。‎ ‎  _____________________________________________________‎ ‎3.杭州产的丝绸很畅销。‎ ‎  _____________________________________________________‎ ‎4.打破窗户的那男孩名叫Roy。‎ ‎  _____________________________________________________‎ ‎5.我喜欢读你写的书。‎ ‎  _____________________________________________________‎ 状语从句 复习要点阐述 今天我们复习状语从句,我们主要复习如下的内容:‎ ‎1.时间状语从句 ‎2.地点状语从句 ‎3.原因状语从句 ‎4.目的状语从句 ‎5.结果状语从句 ‎6.条件状语从句 ‎7.让步状语从句 ‎8.比较状语从句 ‎9.方式状语从句 要点复习的策略及技巧 ‎  英语中状语与中文的状语大致相同,分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式等等。如果一个主从复合句中的从句是用来表示时间,原因等等时,那就称为状语从句。‎ ‎  在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词、副词等的从句叫做状语从句,又由于其功能与副词非常相近,又称做副词性从句。状语从句一般可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句和方式状语从句九种。‎ ‎(一)时间状语从句 ‎  在句子中起时间状语作用的句子称为时间状语从句。时间状语从句可以放在句首、句中和句尾。‎ ‎  常用来引导时间状语从句的引导词有:‎ ‎  when  当……时候 ‎  while  当……时候 ‎  as  当……时候、一边 ‎  after  在……之后 ‎  before  在……之前 ‎  since  自从 ‎  ever since  自从 ‎  once  一……就……‎ ‎  whenever  不管什么时候 ‎  by the time  到……‎ ‎  as long as  长达……‎ ‎  instantly  一……就……(这个连接词有的教材中没有出现,可以见识一下)‎ ‎  as soon as  一……就……‎ ‎  no sooner…than  一……就……‎ ‎  hardly…when…  一……就……‎ ‎  till  直到 ‎  until  直到 ‎1.when,while,as的用法 ‎  从属连词when,while,as都可用来引导时间状语从句,意为“在……时候”。但在具体用法上又不尽相同。‎ ‎(1)这三个连词中,when用得最广,常可代替while与as。与while相比,when引导的从句动词既可是延续性的,也可是终止性的。as在这一点上与when相同,while所引导的从句中,动词只能是延续性的。在初中阶段,我们几乎很少讲as引导时间状语从句。是因为as在初中阶段是一种供了解性的内容。‎ e.g.When the fire broke out, all the students were sleeping soundly.(终止性的)‎ 当火灾发生时,所有的学生正在熟睡中。‎ The telephone rang while I was taking a bath.(延续性的)‎ 我在洗澡时电话响了。‎ ‎(2)当两个表示时间延续的动作同时发生而又具有对比意味时用while,在这样的复合句中,主从句的时态通常是相同的。‎ e.g.Father was preparing a report while I was playing PC games.‎ 爸爸在准备一个报告,我在玩计算机游戏。‎ While I played the guitar, my sister did her homework.‎ 我在弹吉他,姐姐在做功课。‎ ‎(3)表述两个发展变化中的情况时常用as。‎ e.g.As he talked on, he got more and more excited.‎ 他越谈越激动。‎ As you grow older, you’ll know better and better about yourself.‎ 随着年龄的增长,你会越来越了解你自己。‎ ‎(4)表示“一边……一边……”时,常用as。‎ e.g.As he was reading, he was shaking his head, which surely slowed down his reading speed.‎ 他边读书边摇着头,这当然降低了他的阅读速度。‎ They talked as they walked around the park.‎ 他们边在公园里散步边说话。‎ 表示随着短暂动作的发生,另一行为伴随发生,这时常用as。‎ e.g.My cap was blown away as I stood up.‎ 我站起来时帽子被吹走了。‎ 特别提示:‎ 在时间状语从句中,用一般现在时表示—般将来时,用一般过去时表示过去将来时。‎ e.g.When you get there, ring me up.‎ 你到达那儿后,给我来个电话。‎ Don’t forget to bring your camera here when you come.‎ 当你来时别忘了带相机。‎ He will call you when he gets to Beijing.‎ 他到达北京后会给你打电话的。‎ ‎2.until/till的用法 这两个词几乎可以毫无区别地运用。‎ ‎(1)until/till指的是某一延续性行为持续到某一时间点,主句动词为终止性动词时需要用否定形式。构成否定形式时中文意思是“直到……才……”。‎ e.g.I’ll wait until/till the concert is over.‎ 我会一直等到音乐会结束。‎ I didn’t know anything about it until you told me.‎ 直到你告诉我我才知道关于这事的情况。‎ ‎(2)延续性动词的否定式则表示到某一时间点某一延续性行为才开始。‎ e.g.Until the manager returns, anything can’t be done.‎ 直到经理回来我们才能做。‎ ‎(3)用于句首时常用until。‎ e.g.Until supper time I didn’t go out yesterday.‎ 昨天直到晚饭时间我都没有出去。‎ 注:这里until引导的是短语。‎ 注意:not until放于句首时,主句的主语和谓语应倒装。‎ e.g.Not until all the fish had died did the farmers realize how serious the pollution was.‎ 直到河里的鱼都死了农民们才意识到污染的严重性。‎ Not until he finished his homework, did he go home. ‎ 直到完成作业他才回家。‎ ‎3.since的用法 ‎(1)since表示自某一点时间以来,常用于完成时态或完成进行时态,表示动作的延续和频率。在强调语意时since前可加ever。主句可以用延续性动词,也可用非延续性动词,用非延续性动词时必须强调动作的频率或多次、多个。‎ e.g.Great changes have taken place since you left this city.‎ 自你离开这座城市以来,发生了很多变化。‎ I have returned home twice since I settled down in the States.‎ 自从我定居美国以来回过两次家。‎ They have been living very happily ever since they got married.‎ 自他们结婚以来他们过着幸福的生活。‎ ‎(2)since引导的从句中,如若是延续性动词,往往理解为该延续性动词动作的结束。‎ e.g.He has written to me since he was ill.‎ 自从病好以来,他经常给我来信。‎ ‎(3)It is… since…和It has been… since…‎ 这两者几乎可以互用,不过口语中常用前者。‎ e.g.It is/has been a few years since we last met.‎ 自上次见面以来我们已有多年没见面了。‎ It’s/has been a long time since Mary was ill.‎ 玛丽病好了很长时间了。‎ It seems/feels a long time since we parted.‎ 自从我们分手似乎很长时间了。‎ 特别提示 ‎  since和ever since可以用作副词,意为“自那以来“。ever since更加强调“某一动作或状态一直……”,它所修饰的主句谓语动词不能为终止性动词。‎ e.g.I graduated from that school 10 years ago. I haven’t been there ever since.(√)‎ 我是十年前从那所学校毕业的,自那以来我没去过那里。‎ ‎4.before的用法 一般情况下before表示“在……之前”,有时译为“……之后才;没来得及……就……”。‎ e.g.I must finish this letter before I go home.‎ 我必须在回家以前写完这封信。‎ All the birds flew away before I started to fire.‎ 在我开枪之前所有的鸟都飞走了。‎ 特别提示 before引导的时间状语从句、修饰的主句时态可用一般过去时或过去完成时。‎ e.g.The train already left before I arrived.‎ 我到之前火车已经开走了。‎ I hadn’t walked far before I lost my way.‎ 我没走多远便迷了路。‎ 名词短语引导时间状语从句 表示时间的名词短语有时也可以引导时间状语从句。常用的这类名词短语有:‎ the time  那时 the moment  一……就……‎ the minute  一……就……‎ the day  那天 the year  那年 the first time  第一次 the second time  第二次 by the time  到……时候 each time  每一次 every time  每一次 next time  下一次 any time  任何时候 这些短语引导状语从句时,习惯上不在后面加when等连接词。‎ e.g.The day he returned home, his father was already dead.‎ 他到家的那天,他父亲就已经去世了。‎ Every time I see him, he is working hard.‎ 我每次见到他,他都在拼命地工作。‎ He was much better the last time I saw him.‎ 上次我见到他,他好多了。‎ By the time he was taken to the hospital, he was nearly dead.‎ 他被送往医院时,就已经生命垂危了。‎ ‎5.by the time的用法 这个词组常用来指到某一点时间为止,主句常用完成时态。‎ e.g.By the time he was 12, he had traveled to more than 30 countries to get his diseases cured.‎ 到12岁为止,他已去过三十多个国家治病。‎ By the time I graduate next year, I will have lived here for 5 years.‎ 到明年毕业时,我就在这里呆了五年了。‎ 注意:如若主句是be的系表形式或像know等表示“认知”的延续性动词,则往往用一般时态,不用完成时态。‎ e.g.By the time he went abroad, he was fourteen.‎ 出国那年他14岁。‎ ‎6.as soon as as soon as表示“一……就……”。由as soon as引导的从句需用一般时态代替将来时态。‎ e.g.As soon as he heard the news, he jumped with joy.‎ 他一听到消息就高兴地跳了起来。‎ I’ll give you an answer as soon as I’ve finished reading your file.‎ 我一读完你的档案就给你答复。‎ As soon as you feel any pains, you must go to the doctor.‎ 你一感觉不舒适就要去看医生。‎ ‎(二)地点状语从句 ‎  在句中作地点状语的从句称为地点状语从句,可置于句首、句中或句尾。‎ ‎  引导地点状语从句的常用引导词有where,wherever等。地点状语从句相当于to/in/from the place(s) where…或in/to/from any place where…结构。‎ e.g.We 1ive where the road crosses the river.‎ 我们住在河流与街道交叉的地方。‎ Make marks wherever you have questions.‎ 在任何有问题的地方做出标记。‎ Where there is a will, there is a way.‎ 有志者事竟成。‎ ‎(三)原因状语从句 ‎  在句中作原因状语的从句称为原因状语从句。原因状语从句可置于句首,也可置于句尾。引导原因状语从句的常用词可分为两类:单词引导词和短语引导词。单词引导词主要有because,as,since等,短语引导词主要有now that,for the reason that,in that,seeing that等。‎ ‎1.because,as,since的用法 这三个词都有“因为”之意,但用法和具体内涵各异。‎ ‎(1)because语气最强,常用以回答why引起的提问,可表示已知或未知的事实。它可和强调词only,merely,just及否定词not连用,所引导的从句常位于主句之后,只有强调时才置于主句之前。‎ e.g.He was absent from school because he was ill.‎ 他病了,没上学。‎ He was punished only because he broke the law.‎ 他就是因为违犯了法律才受到惩罚。‎ ‎(2)as语气最弱,较口语化,所表达的原因比较明显,或是已知的事实,故不需要强调。as从句多置于主句之前。‎ e.g.As he was in a hurry, he left this bag home.‎ 由于他太匆忙了,把包丢在家里了。‎ As it was a public holiday, all the shops were shut.‎ 由于那是一个公共假日,所有的商店都关门了。‎ ‎(3)since的语气也较弱,常表示对方已知的事实,可译为“既然”。它和as一样,其前不可用强调词和not,亦不可用于强调结构。‎ e.g.Since everyone makes mistakes, you shouldn’t always criticize him.‎ 既然每个人都犯错误,你不应老是批评他。‎ Since she can’t answer this question, it’s better to ask someone else.‎ 既然她不会回答这个问题,你最好还是另找一个人。‎ 特别提示 for和上述三个从属连词不同,它是一个等立连词,即连接并列句。它有时可用来作附加说明。一般for引起的句子位于句尾。‎ e.g.We should be more careful, for it is already dark.‎ 天已晚了,我们应更小心些。‎ Let’s stay home, for it’s raining hard outside.‎ 我们呆在家里吧,外面正下着大雨。‎ ‎2.now that的用法 now that主要用于口语,表示微弱的原因,主、从句的因果关系不明显。常译为“既然”。that有时可以省略。‎ e.g.Now (that) you understand, I don’t need to explain again.‎ 既然你已明白,我没有必要再解释一遍。‎ Now (that) you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents.‎ 既然你长大了,就不应该再依靠你的父母了。‎ Now (that) he is well again, he can go on with his English study.‎ 既然他恢复了健康,就可以继续学习英语了。‎ ‎(四)目的状语从句 ‎  在句中作目的状语的从句称为目的状语从句。目的状语从句可置于句首、句中或句尾。常用来引导目的状语从句的词有so that,in order that,in case等。‎ ‎1.in order that,so that的用法 in order that常用于正式文体,可置于句首,也可置于句尾,而so that往往只置于句尾,但也有置于句首的,so that短语中有时可省略that。‎ e.g.I hurried through my work in order that I could be in time for wonderful TV programmes.‎ 我匆匆完成我的工作以便能及时看到精彩的电视节目。‎ So that everyone will notice her, she dresses like an angel.‎ 为了让所有的人都注意她,她穿得像天使。‎ Speak louder so (that) the people in the hall can all hear you.‎ 大声点讲,以便大厅里的人都能听清。‎ 特别提示:‎ 在目的状语从句中常常有情态动词may/might/will/would/shall/should/can/could等。‎ e.g.Take this medicine so that you can recover soon.‎ 吃这种药,以便康复得更快。‎ She spoke very slowly in order that we could follow her.‎ 她讲话很慢,以便我们大家都能跟上。‎ ‎2.in case的用法 in case意为“目的是,以防、以免”。‎ e.g.Take a hat with you in case the weather is very hot.‎ 随身带一顶帽子,以防天气很热。‎ I stayed all day at home in case you called.‎ 我整天呆在家里以防你打电话来。‎ ‎(五)结果状语从句 ‎  在句子中作结果状语的从句称为结果状语从句。结果状语从句一般置于句尾。其引导词或短语常见的有that,so,so that,such that,so…that…,such...that…等。‎ ‎1.so that的用法 so that既可引导目的状语从句也可引导结果状语从句,在引导目的状语从句时,从句中往往跟can/could/may/might/will/would/shall/should等情态动词连用,而结果状语从句中类似的情态动词则很少出现。引导结果状语从句时,有时其中的that可省略。‎ e.g.We arrived early in the morning, so (that) we caught the first train.‎ 我们早上到得很早,所以赶上了首列火车。‎ We moved to the country so that we were away from the noisy and dull city.‎ 我们搬到了乡下,所以我们远离了吵闹、单调的城市。‎ ‎2.so…that…的用法 so…that…的常用句型有四种,口语中that经常省略。‎ ‎(1)so+形容词+that…‎ e.g.The text was so boring (that) I gave up reading it half way through.‎ 这本书真枯燥,我读到一半便放弃了。‎ ‎(2)so+副词+that…‎ e.g.He drove so carelessly that he almost lost his life.‎ 他开车太粗心,差点丧了命。‎ ‎(3)so many/few/much/little+相应形式的名词+that…‎ e.g.He got so little money that his family had to live on welfare money.‎ 他工资很少,他的家人不得不靠救济金生活。‎ He made so many mistakes that he failed the exam once again.‎ 他出了这么多错,考试又没及格。‎ ‎(4)so+形容词词+a/an+单数名词+that…‎ e.g.It is so easy a question that I can work it out immediately.‎ 这道题如此简单,以致于我马上就能做出来。‎ ‎3.such…that…的用法 常用句型有四种,口语中that经常省略。‎ ‎(1)such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+that…‎ e.g.It was such a terrible day (that) none of us would find an excuse for going out to play.‎ 今天天气太糟了,我们没有任何理由出去玩了。‎ Miss Zhao is such a kind teacher that we all like her.‎ 赵老师是如此慈爱,我们都喜欢她。‎ ‎(2)such+形容词+可数名词复数+that…‎ e.g.They are such good children that we all love them.‎ 这些孩子如此好,我们都很喜欢。‎ ‎(3)such+形容词+不可数名词+that…‎ e.g.This was such fine music that it was worth listening to twice.‎ 这音乐太好了值得听两遍。‎ We had such bad weather that we couldn’t go out.‎ 天气这么糟,我们不能出去玩。‎ 特别提示 so/such引导结果状语从句放于句首时,主句要用倒装语序。‎ 为了强调形容词或副词,so/such…that…引导的结果状语中可把so/such…置于句首,主句用倒装语序。 ‎ e.g.So excited was he that he could not fall into sleep.‎ 他激动得不能入睡。‎ Such was his worry that he couldn’t go on with his work.‎ 他如此担忧以致不能继续上班了。‎ ‎(六)条件状语从句 ‎  在句子中作条件状语的从句称为条件状语从句。条件状语从句可置于句首,也可置于句尾,有时还可置于主语和谓语之间。引导条件状语从句的常用引导词为if,unless,as/so long as,once,in case等。‎ e.g.If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.‎ 如果明天下雪,我们就堆雪人。‎ You’ll be late again unless you hurry.‎ 如若不快点你就又要迟到了。‎ As/So long as you promise to come, I’ll wait for you until you come.‎ 只要你答应来,我就等到你来。‎ In case it rains, do not expect me.‎ 如若下雨,就不要等我了。‎ 特别提示:‎ 在条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时;一般过去时代替过去将来时。‎ e.g.If the weather is terrible next week, we’ll put off the summer camp.‎ 如果下周天气不好,我们会推迟夏令营活动。‎ Father told me if I worked hard he would buy me a special gift.‎ 爸爸告诉我如果我学习努力他会给我买一件特殊的礼物。‎ ‎(七)让步状语从句 ‎  在句子中作让步状语的从句称为让步状语从句。让步状语从句可置于句首,也可置于句尾。‎ ‎  让步状语从句通常由though,although,even though,even if,whatever,whichever,whoever,whomever,whosever,whenever,wherever,however,no matter who/what…等引导。‎ ‎1.though/although的用法 这两个词几乎完全相同,though比although通俗,两者通常互换使用。‎ though/although引导让步状语从句时,主句如若用yet或still引出,更加强调对比性,但不可用but。在as though,even though固定短语中,一般不可用although代替。另外though还可以作副词用,一般位于句尾。‎ e.g.Although/Though she works very hard, (yet) she makes very slow progress.‎ 尽管她努力了,但还是进步不快。‎ I’ve a bit of headache. It’s nothing much, though.‎ 我有一点头痛,不过并不厉害。‎ ‎2.even though/even if的用法 这两个短语表示语气更强的让步,常常译为“即使”。‎ e.g.Even though the learning is slow and painful, the result is wonderful.‎ 学习尽管是缓慢而艰苦的,但结果是美好的。‎ Even though/Even if you say so, I do not believe it.‎ 即使你这么说,我也不信。‎ ‎3.wh-ever类的用法 在英语中wh-ever可作问句的疑问词,也可引导名词性从句,还可引导让步状语从句。一般没有whyever和whetherever的形式。wh-ever词在引导让步状语从句时常可换成“no matter+相应的wh-词”,在引导名词性从句时只能用wh-ever。‎ e.g.Whenever I’m unhappy, it is my friend who cheers me up.(=No matter when I’m unhappy, it is my friend who cheers me up.)‎ 不管什么时候我不高兴,总是我的朋友使我快乐起来。‎ I’ll wait for you however late it is.(=I’ll wait for you no matter how late it is.)‎ 不管有多晚我都会等着你。‎ ‎(八)比较状语从句 ‎  在句子中作比较状语的从句称为比较状语从句。比较状语从句一般位于句尾。比较状语从句常用as,than等连接词引导。“the+比较级…,the+比较级…”结构也可引导比较状语从句。‎ 同级比较的用法 同级比较常用as…as…结构。‎ e.g.There are as many people in our town as (there are) in your town.‎ 我们镇的人口和你们镇的人口一样多。‎ He speaks English as well as you do.‎ 他英语说得和你一样好。‎ He woke up as suddenly as he had fallen asleep.‎ 他醒来和入睡一样突然。‎ 不同级比较 不同级比较常用not as/so…as…结构。‎ e.g.His handwriting is not as good as yours (is).‎ 他的书法不如你的好。‎ He doesn’t speak English as well as you do.‎ 他英语说得不如你好。‎ 差级或高级比较 差级或高级比较常用…than…结构。‎ e.g.He was more successful than we had expected.‎ 他比我们想象的要成功得多。‎ He can earn no more money than you can.‎ 他挣得钱不如你挣得钱多。‎ He comes to the club less often than he used to this month.‎ 他这个月到俱乐部不如原来去得经常。‎ 比较关系的状语从句 比较关系的状语从句常用“the+比较级…,the+比较级”结构。‎ e.g.The less you want, the happier you will be.‎ 你想得到的越少,你就会越快乐。‎ The sooner you are back, the better it will be.‎ 你回来得越早越好。‎ The fewer members there are, the more easily you can join the club.‎ 人越少加入俱乐部就越容易。‎ ‎(九)方式状语从句 ‎  在句子中作方式状语的从句称为方式状语从句。方式状语从句一般位于句尾,有时位于句中。常用的引导词有as,as if,as though,the way等。‎ ‎1.as的用法 as可表示“正如”、“像……”。‎ e.g.Will you please do the experiment as I am doing?‎ 请按我做的方法做这个实验好吗?‎ Leave the children as they are.‎ 让孩子们自由随便,不要管他们。‎ 注意:‎ 在美国英语中表示“像……”且后跟句子时,as与like有混用的现象。‎ e.g.You should do like/as I do.‎ 你应像我做的那样去做。‎ Do you make bread like/as you make cakes?‎ 你做的面包的方法是不是和做蛋糕一样?‎ ‎2.as if/as though的用法 ‎(1)这两个连接词引导的方式状语从句所表示的情况是事实或具有很大可能性时,通常用陈述语气。‎ e.g.She looked a bit strange, as if she knew something.‎ 她看上去有些怪,好象她知道些什么。‎ He is a happy-go-lucky man as if he has no worries and cares in the world.‎ 他是一个很快活的人,似乎无忧无虑。‎ ‎(2)方式状语从句所表示的情况不是事实,而是主观的想象或夸大性的比喻,通常用虚拟语气。表示现在的情况用过去时,表示过去的情况用过去完成时。‎ e.g.The injured man acted as if nothing had happened to him.‎ 这个受伤的男子行动起来似乎什么没发生似的。‎ Everything in my childhood crowded upon in my mind as if they had just happened.‎ 童年发生的一切都涌入我的脑海中,仿佛就像刚刚发生的一样。‎ 用法比较:‎ as if引导的同一从句所用时态不同,意思也不同。‎ e.g.The boss speaks aloud as if he is angry.‎ 老板大声说着话仿佛他生气了。(他可能真的生气了。)‎ The boss speaks aloud as if he were angry.‎ 老板大声说着话就像生气了似的。‎ ‎(可能他个人说话就这个特点,其实他并没生气。)‎ 二、典例剖析 例1.Look out! The traffic is ________ fast ________ we can’t cross the street now.(江汉油田中考题)‎ A.too, too        B.enough, to C.so, that        D.such, that 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题考查结果状语从句的连接词词组,因为前后各为一个句子,所以排除B、C选项,又因为第一个空格后的词为形容词,所以只能用so … that连接。‎ 答案:C 例2.He saves money ________ he can buy some birthday presents for his mother.(沈阳中考题)‎ A.so           B.so that C.such that        D.in order 解题技巧:‎ ‎  先译此句话的中文“他节约用钱,以便他能为他的妈妈买生日礼物。”从译文中得知这里需“以便,为了”,排除A、C选项。根据后面是一个句子,排除D选项。‎ 答案:B 例3.Little Kate went to school ________ it snowed heavily yesterday.(山西中考题)‎ A.if           B.though C.because         D.since 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题要先译中文“昨天虽然下了大雪,但是小Kate还是去上学了。”答案就一目了然。‎ 答案:B 例4.—Must you leave now?‎ ‎—I’m afraid so. It’s ________ late that I can’t get up on time tomorrow morning.(福州中考题)‎ A.very          B.quite C.too           D.so 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此题的空格后面有一个that,根据so that这个连词词组,答案很容易就出来了。‎ 答案:D 冲刺练习 一、用所给动词的适当形式填空。‎ ‎1.He wants to be a doctor when he ________(grow) up.‎ ‎2.They will go to the park if it ________(not rain) tomorrow.‎ ‎3.Don’t get off until the bus ________(stop).‎ ‎4.You won’t pass the exam unless you ________(work) hard.‎ ‎5.The students ________(talk) when the teacher came in.‎ ‎6.She didn’t go to bed until she ________(finish) her homework.‎ ‎7.The boy will not go there again because he ________(not abey) the rules there in the past.‎ ‎8.When I was a boy, I often ________(go) skating.‎ ‎9.Don’t help the girl unless she ________(ask).‎ ‎10.I know you better than she ________(do).‎ ‎[答案]‎ 二、单项选择 ‎11.________ this doctor was very tired, ________ he continued the operation.‎ A.Though; but          B.Though; 不填 C.For; but            D.Because; and ‎12.The poor girl didn’t go out ________ she finished her homework.‎ A.until             B.while C.since             D.but ‎13.If the phone ________, can you answer it?‎ A.rings             B.is ringing C.will ring           D.rang ‎14.This is ________ an interesting movie that we all like to watch it.‎ A.so              B.too C.such             D.very ‎15.Her little sister is ________ young ________ she can’t dress herself.‎ A.too; to            B.so; that C.such; that          D.very; that ‎16.Jack spends much money on books, ________ he is not so rich.‎ A.though            B.when C.if              D.because ‎17.You’ll miss the train ________ you hurry up.‎ A.unless            B.as C.if              D.until ‎18.Li Lei knew little about the film ________ he saw it yesterday afternoon.‎ A.if              B.since C.until             D.because ‎19.—Will you come to the dinner party?‎ ‎—I won’t come unless Jenny ________.‎ A.will be invited        B.can be invited C.invited            D.is invited ‎20.They planted the tree ________ their father told them.‎ A.like             B.as C.which             D.what 直接引语和间接引语 复习要点阐述 今天我们复习直接引语和间接引语,我们复习如下的内容:‎ 一、直接引语和间接引语的特点 ‎1.直接引语的特点 ‎2.间接引语的特点 二、直接引语与间接引语的转换 ‎1.人称变化 ‎2.时态变化 ‎3.指示代词的变化 ‎4.时间状语的变化 ‎5.地点状语的变化 ‎6.方向性动词的变化 三、不同句式的直接引语怎样转换为间接引语 ‎1.陈述句 ‎2.疑问句 ‎3.祈使句 ‎4.感叹句 ‎(一)直接引语和间接引语的特点 ‎  直接引语和间接引语是人们用来直接引述或间接转述别人话语的重要形式,这两种形式各有特点。‎ ‎1.直接引语的特点 ‎  直接引语用来直接引述别人的话语,一般说来具有以下五个特点:‎ ‎  (1)被引用的话放在引号内;‎ ‎  (2)被引用的话是原话,不作任何改动;‎ ‎  (3)引用的话之前用“,”或“:”;‎ ‎  (4)引用的话结束后,需用“.”、“!”、“?”等标点符号;‎ ‎  (5)引出直接引语的引述动词常为say(说道),ask(问道),shout(喊道),cry(喊道),order(命令),add(补充道),smile(微笑道),laugh(大笑道)等。‎ e.g.Laura said,“I would like to visit China this summer.”‎ 劳拉说:“今年夏天,我想去中国游览。”‎ ‎“Mary will give me a nice present,”Bobbie said.‎ 博比说:“玛丽要给我一件精美的礼物。”‎ Lisa asked,“Can someone help me out?”‎ 丽莎问:“有人能帮我吗?”‎ David said to me,“I have been ill since 1ast week.”‎ 大卫对我说:“自上周以来,我一直病着。”‎ Justin asked his mother,“Can I watch TV for a while?”‎ 贾斯廷问妈妈:“我能看一会儿电视吗?”‎ Paula said,“There’ll be a lecture tomorrow afternoon.”‎ 保拉说:“明天下午有一个讲座。”‎ The doctor asked:“What’s the matter with you?”‎ 医生问:“你怎么了?”‎ The girl smiled,“I’m delighted to see you again.”‎ 姑娘微笑道:“我很高兴再次见到你。”‎ ‎2.间接引语的特点 ‎  间接引讲用来转述别人的话语,它主要有如下几个特点:‎ ‎  (1)在引述谓语和被引用的话语之问不用逗号、冒号、引号等;‎ ‎  (2)有时态的变化;‎ ‎  (3)有人称、时间、地点等的变化;‎ ‎  (4)常用的引述动词有say(说道),ask(问道),shout(喊道),cry(喊道),order(命令),add(补充道),smile(微笑道),laugh(大笑道)等。‎ e.g.Mill said that he would stay in China for another year.‎ 米尔说他将在中国再呆一年。‎ Lily told me that she had phoned you.‎ 莉莉告诉我她给你打过电话。‎ The girl asked me if I could help her.‎ 小姑娘问我是否能帮她。‎ Tamara asked Tanya when they would start off.‎ 特玛拉问塔尼亚他们什么时候出发。‎ ‎(二)直接引语与间接引语的转换 ‎  直接引语在很多情况下可以转换成间接引语,此时应注意人称、时态、地点状语和时间状语的变化,同时还应注意不同句式的变化。‎ ‎1.人称的变化 ‎  直接引语中的代词变为间接引语时,要根据句意情景进行变化。变化规则如下表所示:‎ 直接引语 间接引语 第一人称 第三人称或第一人称 第二人称 第三人称或第一人称 第三人称 第三人称 e.g.I said,“I won’t lose heart.”→I said that 1 wouldn’t lose heart.‎ 我说我不会灰心的。(第一人称I不变)‎ I told Mary,“We will help you out of trouble.”→‎ I told Mary that we would help her out of trouble.‎ 我告诉玛丽我们会帮助她解决麻烦的。‎ ‎(第一人称we不变,第二人you变为第三人称her)‎ Nancy told her parents,“Evan is a nice boy. He is always ready to help.”→‎ Nancy told her parents that Evan was a nice boy and that he was always ready to help.‎ 南希告诉父母说伊文是一个不错的小伙并且他总是乐于助人。(第三人称he不变)‎ ‎2.时态的变化 ‎  主句中谓语动词的时态如果是现在时或将来时,则间接引语中时态和原直接引语的时态一样,不作改变。‎ e.g.Carson says,“I will have all of you over and enjoy our free and easy time.”→‎ Carson says that he will have all of us over and enjoy our free and easy time.‎ 卡森说他会让我们都过来自由、轻松地好好玩一玩。‎ ‎(1)时态变化的情况 如果主句为过去的某种时态,则间接引语的时态应相应向前推一个时态,如下表所示:‎ 直接引语 间接引语 直接引语 间接引语 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 过去将来时 一般过去时 过去完成时 现在完成时 过去完成时 现在进行时 过去进行时 过去完成时 e.g.Tina said,“I usually get up at six.”→‎ Tim said she usually got up at six.‎ 蒂娜说她通常六点起床。(一般现在时变为一般过去时)‎ Martin told me,“I rang Alice yesterday.”→‎ Martin told me that he had rung Alice the day before.‎ 马丁告诉我说他昨天已经给艾丽斯打电话了。(一般过去时变为过去完成时)‎ Nina told me,“Lisa is studying abroad.”‎ Nina told me that Lisa was studying abroad.‎ 尼娜告诉我丽莎正在国外学习。(现在进行时变为过去进行时)‎ Hayley said to me,“I will see you at the same place tomorrow.”→‎ Hayley said to me that she would see me at the same place the next day.‎ 海莉对我讲她第二天要在同一地点见我。(一般将来时变为过去将来时)‎ Nell said,“I have worked out this problem.”→‎ Nell said that she had worked out that problem.‎ 内尔说她已经做出了那道题目。(现在完成时改为过去完成时)‎ Bob told me,“I had worked here for years before I moved out.”→‎ Bob told me that he had worked there for years before he moved out.‎ 鲍勃告诉我说他在那儿工作了多年才搬走。(过去完成时不变)‎ ‎(2)时态不需要变化的几种情况 ‎  一般说来当直接引语转为间接引语,被转述的话依然有效或在当时、当地转述时,常常不改变时态。具体有以下几种情况。‎ ‎①直接引语有确定的过去时间时。‎ e.g.Chloe said,“The story took place in the 1930s.”→‎ Chloe said that the story took place in the 1930s.‎ 克劳说这个故事发生在二十世纪三十年代。‎ ‎②只着眼于转述事实,而不侧重动作先于转述动作的时间时。‎ e.g.The boy said,“I found the dog just at the edge of the wood.”→‎ The boy said that he found the dog just at the edge of the wood.‎ 男孩说他在森林边上发现了那条狗。‎ ‎③所转述的动作或状态说话时仍在继续,并对此点加以强调时。‎ e.g.The reporter said,“The war is now still on.”→‎ The reporter said that the war is now still on.‎ 记者说战争依然在继续。‎ Charlie told me,“I am just helping my dad on the farm right now.”→‎ Charlie told me that he is just helping his dad on the farm right now.‎ 查理告诉我说他现在正在农场帮他父亲干活。‎ ‎④所转述的是自然现象、科学真理、名言警句等,并对此加以强调时。‎ e.g.Our English teacher said,“All work no play makes Jack a dull boy.”→‎ Our English teacher told US that all work no play makes Jack a dull boy.‎ 我们的英语老师告诉我们只顾学习不休息,聪明的孩子也变傻。‎ ‎3.指示代词的变化 直接引语中的this在变为间接引语时应改为that,these改为those。‎ e.g.Toby said to me,“This is the School Computer Center.”→‎ Toby said to me that was the School Computer Center.(this变为that)‎ 托比告诉我说那就是学校计算机中心。‎ Kerry told me,“These photos were taken ten years ago.”→‎ Kerry told me that those photos had been taken ten years before.(these变为those)‎ 克里告诉我说那些照片是十年前拍的。‎ 注意:‎ 在说话者的当时、当地转述时,this,that不用改变。‎ ‎—Nora said,“I’ll take this book.”‎ ‎—What did Nora say just now?‎ ‎—She said she will take this book.‎ ‎4.时间状语的变化 直接引语 间接引语 now现在 then那时 today今天 that day那天 this evening今晚 that evening那天晚上 yesterday昨天 the day before前天 yesterday morning昨天上午 the morning before前天早晨 last night昨天晚上 the night before前天晚上 two days ago两天前 two days before两天前 next week下周 the next week the following week第二周 tomorrow明天 the next day the following day第二天 the day before yesterday前天 two days before两天前 the day after tomorrow后天 in two days’ time two days after两天后 e.g.Nell said,“I’m now visiting China.”→‎ Nell said that she was then visiting China.‎ 内尔说她当时正访问中国。(now变为then)‎ Rebecca asked me,“Have you got anything on this evening?”→‎ Rebecca asked me whether I had got anything on that evening.‎ 丽贝卡问我那天晚上是否有事。(this evening变为that evening)‎ Joanna said,“Professor Black is going to give a lecture on SARS next week.”→‎ Joanna said that Professor Black was going to give a lecture on SARS the next week.‎ 乔安娜说布莱克教授第二周要做一场有关非典的讲座。(next week变为the next week)‎ 特别提示 在说话者的当时、当地转述时,所说的话在转述时还起作用,时间状语不变。‎ e.g.—Jimmy, we’ll take a trip to Hawaii tomorrow.‎ 吉米,明天我们到夏威夷去旅行。‎ ‎—What did Daddy say just now, Mummy?‎ 妈妈,爸爸说什么?‎ ‎—He said we’ll take a trip to Hawaii tomorrow.‎ 他说明天我们去夏威夷旅行。‎ ‎5.地点状语的变化 常见的地点状语变化是把here,变为there。另外over here应变为over there。‎ e.g.The boy said,“This is the first time I have been here.”→‎ The boy said that that was the first time he had been there.‎ 这个男孩说那是他第一次到那个地方。(here变为there)‎ Roman told me,“I just put all the things over here.”→‎ Roman told me that he had just put all the things over there.‎ 罗曼告诉我他刚才把所有的东西都放在那边了。(over here变为over there)‎ 特别提示 在说话者的当时、当地转述时,here,over here不用改变。‎ e.g.—Will you come here, Jim?‎ 吉姆请到这边来,好吗?‎ ‎—What does Robert say?‎ 罗伯特刚才说什么?‎ ‎—He asked if you will come here.‎ 他问你是否可以到这边来。‎ ‎6.方向性动词的变化 在直接引语变为间接引语时,表示方向性的动词bring,come应变为take,go。‎ e.g.My sister asked me,“Could you bring the chairs upstairs?”→‎ My sister asked me if I could take the chairs upstairs.‎ 我的姐姐问我能否把椅子拿到楼上去。(bring变为take)‎ Helen told me,“I’d prefer you to come to the party this weekend.”→‎ Helen told me that she would prefer me to go to the party that weekend.‎ 海伦告诉我她愿意让我那个周末去参加宴会。(come变为go)‎ 特别提示 当某一地点成为说话者或听话者谈论的中心时,尽管远离双方,在间接引语中依然用bring,come。‎ e.g.Lisa said that she’d like me to come to the party.‎ 丽莎说她愿意让我去参加宴会。(the party为说话的中心)‎ Terence asked me if I could bring my DV Camera on the trip.‎ 特伦斯问我旅行时是否可以带着数码摄像机。(the trip为说话的中心)‎ ‎(三)不同句式的直接引语怎样转换为间接引语 ‎  人们在说话时常用四种不同的句式,即陈述句式、疑问句式、祈使句式和感叹句式,在转述这些不同的内容时应运用不同的句式。‎ ‎1.陈述句 ‎  将直接引语中的陈述句转化为间接引语时变成由that引导的宾语从句,that可以省略。主句引述动词主要为say(说),tell(告诉),repeat(重复),answer(答道),reply(答道),explain(解释说),think(认为),believe(坚信),suggest(建议),advise(建议)等。‎ e.g.Chad said,“I’m going to take up literature this term.”→‎ Chad said (that) he was going to take up literature that term.‎ 查德说他那个学期要选修文学。‎ Perry told his parents,“What I want is not money, but love from you.”→‎ Perry told his parents (that) what he wanted was not money but love from them.‎ 佩里告诉他的父母说他想要的不是钱,而是来自父母的爱。‎ Doctors usually advise,“People should live a free and easy life.”→‎ Doctors usually advise (that) people should live a free and easy life.‎ 医生经常建议人们应该过得轻松愉快。‎ ‎2.疑问句 ‎  直接引语中的疑问句变为间接引语时必须用陈述句语序,句末用句号。主句引述动词是say时,要改为ask(问),wonder(想知道),don’t know(不知道),want to know(想知道),be not sure(拿不准),be puzzled(纳闷)等。‎ e.g.Bridget said,“Do all of you often write to your parents?”→‎ Bridget asked if/whether all of us often wrote to our parents.‎ 布里奇特问我们是否经常给父母写信。‎ ‎(一般疑问句变为if/whether引导的宾语从句)‎ Carmen asked me,“You are interested in computer studies, aren’t you?”→‎ Carmen asked me if/whether I was interested in computer studies.‎ 卡门问我是否对电脑研究感兴趣。‎ ‎(反意疑问句变为if/whether引导的宾语从句)‎ I asked Sally,“Will you stay with me or go by yourself on a picnic?”→‎ I asked Sally whether/if she would stay with me or go by herself on a picnic.‎ 我问莎莉她是和我呆在一起,还是自己独自去野餐。‎ ‎(选择疑问句变为whether/if…or…引导的宾语从句)‎ ‎“What are your parents and where do they live?”the policeman asked me.→‎ The policeman asked me what my parents were and where they lived.‎ 警察问我父母是干什么的,住在哪里。‎ ‎(特殊疑问句变为由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句)‎ ‎3.祈使句 ‎  祈使句变为间接引语时须将祈使句的谓语动词变成不定式,作宾语补足语,原主句引述动词say须改为ask(让),tell(告诉),order(命令),beg(乞求),warn(警告),advise(建议)等。否定句需要在不定式前加上not。有的祈使句表示建议需要改成“suggest/advise that…+(should)+…”结构。‎ e.g.“Come in and sit down, please!”Cher said to us.→‎ Cher told/asked us to come in and sit down.‎ 雪儿让我们进来坐下。‎ ‎“Don’t always be so nervous, John”, one of them said.→‎ One of them told John not to be so nervous.‎ 其中一个人告诉约翰不要紧张。‎ ‎“Try one more time and see what will happen”, the teacher said.→‎ The teacher advised that they should try one more time and see what would happen.‎ 老师建议他们应再试一次看看结果如何。‎ ‎4.感叹句 感叹句变为间接引语时可用what或how引导,也可用that引导。‎ e.g.“What a lovely day it is!”they all shouted.→‎ They all shouted what a lovely day it was.‎ They all shouted how lovely a day it was.‎ They all shouted that it was a lovely day.‎ 典例剖析 例题1.Last Sunday my brother told me,“I’m going to see you tomorrow.”(改为间接引语)‎ 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此句改为间接引语时需要改动的地方首先是人称I要根据主语my brother改为he,you要根据me改为me。第二是is going to要改为was going to。第三是tomorrow要改为the next day。‎ 答案:‎ ‎  Last Sunday my brother told me (that) he was going to see me the next day.‎ 例题2.He asked Li Ying,“Were you watching TV at this time yesterday?”(改为间接引语)‎ 解题技巧:‎ ‎  此句改为间接引语时,首先要知道这是一般关系问句的直接引语改为间接引语,要加连接词if或whether,时态可以不用改,但yesterday要改为the day before。人称you要根据Li Ying用he或she。‎ 答案:‎ ‎  He asked Li Ying if/whether he/she was watching TV at this time the day before.‎ 例题3.He said that he would do it.(改为直接引语)‎ 解题技巧:‎ ‎  首先去掉连接词that,人称he改为I,would改为will。再加上引号。‎ 答案:‎ ‎  He said,“I will do it.”‎ 冲刺练习 一、单项选择。‎ ‎1.—Did Mr. White tell you ________?‎ ‎—Yes. He said he went there in 2003.(2007·福州)‎ A.when he traveled to Tibet B.how he goes to Wuhan C.where he spent his holidays D.why did he visit Kunming ‎2.Dad, Henry asks how soon ________.(2007·泸县)‎ A.the football game will start B.the football game has started C.is the football game going to start ‎ D.shall we start the football game ‎3.—Excuse me. Could you tell me ________ later on?‎ ‎—Wait a minute. It is coming in ten minutes.(2007·临沂)‎ A.if the next train arrives B.if the next train will arrive C.when the next train arrives D.when will the next train arrive ‎4.I don’t know ________.(2007·南京)‎ A.where does he come from   B.what is his name C.how old he is        D.when will he leave ‎5.—Excuse me, could you tell me ________?‎ ‎—It’s not far, just behind the teaching building.(2007·嘉兴)‎ A.how tall is the library   B.how tall the library is C.where is the library     D.where the library is ‎6.—Did you know ________ at the bus stop?‎ ‎—Maybe their teacher.(2007·山西)‎ A.who are they waiting for B.whom they are waiting for C.whom they were waiting for ‎7.—Could you tell me ________ for the meeting yesterday?‎ ‎—Because the traffic was bad.(2007·西安)‎ A.why did you come late    B.why you came late C.why do you come late     D.why you come late ‎8.—Could you tell me ________?‎ ‎—By underground.(2007·镇江)‎ A.how did you come here    B.how you came here C.when did you come here    D.when you came here ‎9.Detective Johnson wanted to find out ________.(2007·泰州)‎ A.where was the witness that day B.where has the witness gone the day before C.where the witness was that day D.where the Witness has gone the day before ‎10.I didn’t understand ________, so I raised my hand to ask.(2007·河北)‎ A.what my teacher says    B.what does my teacher say C.what my teacher said     D.what did my teacher say ‎[答案与解析]‎ 二、将下列直接引语改为间接引语。‎ ‎1.“I never eat meat,”he said.‎ ‎  _____________________________________________________________‎ ‎2.The teacher said,“The sun rises in the east and goes down in the west.”‎ ‎  _____________________________________________________________‎ ‎3.“You must come here before five,”he said.‎ ‎  _____________________________________________________________‎ ‎4.“I bought the house 10 years ago,”he said.‎ ‎  _____________________________________________________________‎ ‎5.“Did you see her 1ast week?”he said.‎ ‎  _____________________________________________________________‎ ‎6.He said,“You can sit here, Jim.”‎ ‎  _____________________________________________________________‎ ‎7.He asked,“How did you find it, mother?”‎ ‎  _____________________________________________________________‎ ‎8.“Where have you been these days?”he asked.‎ ‎  _____________________________________________________________‎ ‎9.“Do you know where she 1ives?”he asked.‎ ‎  _____________________________________________________________‎ ‎10.“Stop making so much noise, children,”’he said.‎ ‎  _____________________________________________________________‎ 主谓一致 今天我们复习主谓一致。我们主要复习以下的内容:‎ 一、主谓一致的三条原则 ‎1.语法一致原则 ‎2.意义一致原则 ‎3.邻近一致原则 二、主谓一致在初中所学的各种情形:‎ ‎1.并列结构作主语 ‎2.不定代词作主语 ‎3.名词化的形容词作主语 ‎4.复数形式单数意义的名词作主语 ‎5.集合名词作主语 ‎6.含有修饰语的名词作主语 ‎7.非谓语动词作主语、从句作主语 ‎8.算式中的主谓一致 ‎9.There/Here引起主语的主谓一致 ‎  主谓一致通常是同学们不容易注意的问题,而初中英语中最难掌握的就是主谓一致。‎ ‎  主谓一致指的是句子的谓语动词与其主语在数上必须保持一致,句子的主语是第三人称单数,其谓语动词须用第三人称单数,主语是复数,则谓语动词用复数形式。‎ ‎(一)主谓一致的三条原则 ‎  英语中的主谓一致主要遵循三个原则:意义一致原则、语法一致原则和邻近原则。这三个原则常常发生矛盾,但当发生冲突时,意义一致原则优先考虑。‎ ‎1.语法一致原则 ‎  主语和谓语通常是从语法形式上取得一致,即主语是单数形式,谓语动词也采取第三人称单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语动词也采取复数形式。‎ e.g.Mr. Black is a well-known scientist on AIDS.‎ 布莱克先生是著名艾滋科学家。‎ These books are intended for children under nine years old.‎ 这些书是专门为九岁以下的儿童设计的。‎ ‎2.意义一致原则 所谓意义一致原则是指谓语动词的变化是以主语所表达的单、复数概念而定。‎ e.g.Three months has passed since you left.‎ 你已离开三个月了。(three months表示单数概念。)‎ The professor and writer is invited to many universities to deliver lectures.‎ 这位教授兼作家被邀请到很多大学作报告。(教授与作家是同一个人,是单数。)‎ The old are very well taken care of in our city.‎ 老年人在我们城市被照顾得很好。(the old指所有的老年人,为复数概念。)‎ ‎3.邻近一致原则 邻近一致原则是指谓语动词的变化以靠近谓语动词的主语部分而定。‎ e.g.Neither his parents nor he himself is a bank clerk.‎ 他父母和他本人都不是银行职员。(根据靠近谓语的主语he而定。)‎ Not Jack but his parents are to blame for the home accident.‎ 不是杰克而是他父母应为这个家庭事故受到责备。‎ ‎(根据靠近谓语的主语his parents而定。)‎ ‎(二)主谓一致的各种情形 ‎1.并列结构作主语 并列结构作主语主要指主语是由并列的名词或名词短语构成,此时主要有如下几种情况。‎ ‎(1)and及both…and…类 一般来说,两个单数主语用and连接,表示两个不同的人或物时,动词用复数;但如果两个并列的单数主语在意义上指同一人、同一事物或同一概念,则动词须用单数。‎ e.g.Her teacher and her friend are in the sitting-room.‎ 她的老师和她的朋友都在客厅里。‎ A smile and handshake show welcome.‎ 微笑和握手表示欢迎。‎ Bread and butter is healthful food.‎ 涂有黄油的面包是一种有益于健康的食物。‎ The poet and writer has produced many works.‎ 这个诗人兼作家写出了很多作品。‎ Truth and honesty is the best policy.真诚为上策。‎ Both Lily and Henry are my good friends.‎ 莉莉和亨利都是我的好朋友。‎ Both my sister and I are interested in listening to music.‎ 我和我妹妹都喜欢听音乐。‎ 特别提示 and所连接的表示同一概念的短语有:‎ a horse and cart 马车     a knife and fork 刀叉 a cup and saucer 茶盘     a watch and chain 手表 bread and butter 涂有黄油的面包 ‎  the poet and the writer则表示“诗人和画家”两个人,作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;而the poet and writer则表示“诗人兼作家”,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。‎ ‎(2)each…and each…及every…and every…类 every…and every…,each…and each…或no…and no…作主语时,动词用单数。‎ e.g.Every man and (every) woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.‎ 每一个人都很有理由为他们的父亲所做的工作感到骄傲。‎ Each boy and each girl has been invited to the tea-party.‎ 每个男孩和每个女孩都被邀请参加茶话会了。‎ ‎(3)not…but…,not only…but also,or,either…or…,neither…nor...类 在由not…but…,not only…but (also),or,either…or,neither…nor等连接的并列主语中,谓语动词的人称和数应该和邻近它的主语相一致。‎ e.g.Tom or you are to blame.‎ 应该怪汤姆或你。‎ Was he or you able to persuade her?‎ 是你还是他劝服了她?‎ Not you but I am to blame for the mistake.‎ 不是你而是我该为此错误而受到责备。‎ Not only I but also my parents are fond of traveling around.‎ 不仅我而且我父母也喜欢到处旅游。‎ Neither you nor I am fit for the work.‎ 你和我都不适合这个工作。‎ Are neither you nor I fit for the work?‎ 你和我都不适合这个工作吗?‎ ‎2.不定代词作主语 ‎(1)不定代词either,neither,each,one,the other,another,someone,somebody,something,anyone,anybody,anything,everyone,everybody,everything,nobody,no one,nothing等作主语时,谓语动词常用单数。‎ e.g.Someone has parked the car in the way.‎ 有人把车停在了路上,挡住了去路。‎ No one is actually able to complete the work in such a short time.‎ 没人能够在这么短的时间内完成这项工作。‎ 特别提示:‎ none作主语时如果指人或可数的物,表数目,谓语动词用单复数形式皆可;如果指不可数名词,表量,谓语动词用单数。‎ e.g.None of the students have made mistakes this time.‎ 这次没有一个学生犯错误。‎ None of us is/are interested in your new subject.‎ 我们中没人对你的新课题感兴趣。‎ Jimmy has used up all the money. None is left.‎ 吉米把所有的钱都用光了,一点没留。‎ ‎(2)neither/either of…作主语 ‎“neither/either of+复数名词或复数形式的代词”作主语,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数。‎ e.g.Either of the two stories is/are interesting.‎ 这两个故事都很有趣。‎ Neither of us has/have received postcards this Christmas.‎ 今年圣诞节我们两人谁也没收到贺卡。‎ Either of the children is/are eager to go home.‎ 两个孩子都想回家。‎ I don’t think either of them has/have married.‎ 我想他们两个都没结婚。‎ Neither of the topics has/have been discussed so far.‎ 到目前为止这两个话题都没有被讨论过。‎ ‎(3)the other two (…)等短语作主语 the other+基数词(+复数名词),another+基数词(+复数名词),both等作主语谓语动词用复数。‎ e.g.I keep only one apple for myself, and the other two are yours.‎ 我只给自己留了一个苹果,另外两个给你。‎ Five people came to help, but another three were still needed.‎ 已经有五个人来帮忙了,但我们还需要三个。‎ I’m very delighted that both are what we need.‎ 我们很高兴两个都是我们所需要的。‎ ‎(4)all作主语:all作主语,指人时谓语动词用复数,指物时常用单数。‎ e.g.All are present besides the professor.‎ 所有的人都出席,包括那位教授。‎ All is going on very well.‎ 一切顺利。‎ ‎(5)each修饰的名词作主语:由each修饰的名词作主语,谓语动词用单数;each位于复数主语后或句尾作同位语,谓语动词仍与主语一致。‎ e.g.Each student has a walkman which helps them improve their listening.‎ 每个学生都有一个随身听,这对提高他们的听力大有帮助。‎ Each of the class has been given a gift.‎ 班里的每一个学生都得到了一份礼物。‎ They each have won a prize.‎ 他们每人都得了奖。‎ ‎(6)such作主语:such作主语时谓语动词的单复数形式应根据其意义而定。‎ e.g.Such is Stephen Hawking,who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much.‎ 这就是史蒂芬·霍金,遭受着巨大的痛苦而作出伟大成就的人。‎ Such are the difficulties that we are now faced with.‎ 这就是我们现在所面临的困难。‎ Such as have plenty of money want more money.‎ 那些有许多钱的人还想要更多的钱。‎ ‎3.形容词的名词化作主语 有些形容词加上the(如the old,the blind,the living,the dead,the rich,the poor,the young,the deaf(等),用来表示一类人时,其意义为复数,谓语动词需用复数形式。表示一类物或抽象概念时,谓语动词用单数。‎ e.g.The old are taken good care of in our country.‎ 在我们国家老人受到很好的照顾。‎ The poor are part of the people we help.‎ 穷人是我们救助的一部分。‎ The injured have been sent to the hospital.‎ 受伤人员已被送往医院。‎ The new is sure to replace the old.‎ 新生事物一定会替代旧事物的。‎ The beautiful goes with the true and the good.‎ 美总是和真、善相伴而生。‎ ‎4.复数形式、单数意义的名词作主语 ‎(1)以-ics结尾的学科名称的名词作主语时,谓语用单数。‎ e.g.Mathematics is the science of numbers.‎ 数学是数字的科学。‎ Politics is often a topic for discussion among us.‎ 政治是我们常常讨论的话题。‎ Physics is one of the hardest subjects for a middle school student.‎ 物理是中学生感到最难的科目之一。‎ 注意:以-ics结尾的表示学科名称的名词作主语时,若改变词义表示学科能力时,则用复数形式。‎ e.g.Her mathematics are weak.‎ 她的数学很差。‎ ‎(2)形式上是复数形式的专有名词作主语 专有名词如国名、人名、书名、组织机构等作主语,形式上虽然是复数,但谓语动词还是要用单数。‎ e.g.The United Nations was founded in 1945.‎ 联合固是1945年建立的。‎ The United States is in North America.‎ 美国位于北美洲。‎ The New York Times has a wide circulation.‎ ‎《纽约时报》有很广的销路。‎ ‎(3)以-s结尾的海峡、山脉、群岛等名词作主语,谓语动词常用复数形式。‎ e.g.The Straits of Gibraltar haven’t lost their strategical importance.‎ 直布罗陀海峡尚未丧失其战略上的重要地位。‎ The Himalayas extend along the border of India and China.‎ 喜马拉雅山脉沿着中印边境一直延伸。‎ ‎(4)表示时间、距离、金额、重量等的复数名词作主语,通常看作整体,谓语用单数。‎ e.g.Two hours is a long time to take over a coffee.‎ 用两个小时喝杯咖啡的时间足够长了。‎ Ten pounds was missing from the till.‎ 钱柜里的钱丢了10镑。‎ Six hundred miles is a long distance.‎ 六百英里是一段很长的距离。‎ ‎5.集体名词作主语 ‎(1)谓语动词只能用复数的情况:有些集体名词,如people,cattle,police等形式上是单数,但意义上是复数,谓语动词需用复数。‎ e.g.Traffic police are always very busy, especially at busy streets.‎ 交通警察总是十分忙碌,特别是在繁忙的街道。‎ People read for pleasure during their spare time.‎ 人们在业余时间读书自娱。‎ ‎(2)谓语动词单复数皆可的情况 ‎  集体名词,如audience(观众),army(军队),class(班级),crew(船员),company(公司),crowd(人群),enemy(敌人),family(家庭),group(团,组),government(政府),public(公众),population(人口),team(队员)等作主语时,若视为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数;若着眼于组成该集体的每个成员时,谓语动词则用复数。‎ e.g.His family was poor and he used to sit in the family garage and draw pictures.‎ 他家很穷,他常常坐在他家的车库里画画。‎ My family are going on a trip this summer.‎ 我们全家今年夏天要出外旅行。‎ The population in China is very large and 80% of the population live in rural areas.‎ 中国人口很多,其中80%的人口在农村。‎ ‎(3)表示国家、人民的名词作主语的情况 有些以-sh,-ese,-ch结尾的表示国家、民族的形容词与the连用时表示复数含义,谓语动词用复数。‎ e.g.The English like to be with their families at Christmas.‎ 英国人喜欢在圣诞节与家人团聚。‎ The Chinese are a hard-working people.‎ 中华民族是一个勤劳的民族。‎ The French are fond of champagne.‎ 法国人喜欢香槟酒。‎ ‎6.含有修饰语的名词作主语 ‎(1)含有量词的名词作主语 ‎①量词修饰由两个对应部分组成的名词 ‎  一些由两个对应部分组成一体的复数名词,如trousers(裤子),pants(短裤),glasses(眼镜),scissors(剪刀)等作主语,前面若无a pair of,a suit of,a set of,a series of等这类的单位词,通常视为复数,谓语动词用复数。若带有单位词,则由单位词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数形式。‎ e.g.My blue trousers have worn out.‎ 我的蓝裤子已经穿破了。‎ This pair of glasses is very expensive.‎ 这幅眼镜很贵。‎ The two pairs of scissors are Hangzhou-made.‎ 这两把剪刀都是杭州制造的。‎ Two pieces of good news have been published on today’s evening paper.‎ 今天的晚报报道了两条好消息。‎ ‎②特殊量词修饰普通名词 ‎  含有像pile(堆),mountain(山),row(排),mass(很多),cup(杯),basket(篮),box(箱),pack(包),packet(小包)等词修饰的短语作主语,谓语动词根据修饰语的单复数形式而定。‎ e.g.Piles of rubbish have not only blocked the way, but polluted the air as well.‎ 成堆的垃圾不仅阻塞了道路,而且污染了环境。‎ A row of willows is lined on one side of the river.‎ 河的一岸长着一排柳树。‎ Masses of work are to be done to welcome the new year.‎ 为了迎接新年,我们还有很多活要干。‎ A packet of letters needs mailing.‎ 一包信需要寄出。‎ ‎③ a group of和a couple of修饰复数名词,谓语动词用复数。‎ e.g.A group of boys and girls are dancing to welcome Children’s Day.‎ 一群儿童在跳舞迎接儿童节。‎ A couple of days have passed since we parted.‎ 我们分手已经有几天了。‎ ‎④ a number of,the number of短语修饰名词作主语 ‎  a number of意为“许多”,修饰可数名词复数时谓语一般也用复数;the number of意思为“……的数目”,作主语时,谓语用单数。‎ e.g.A number of the other plants were found in America.‎ 在美洲还发现了许多别的作物。‎ The number of people who travel by plane in China is larger than ever before.‎ 在中国乘飞机旅行的人数比以往多了。‎ ‎⑤ several等词或其修饰的名词作主语 ‎  只修饰可数名词的量词several,a few,quite a few,a great many (of…)作主语或其修饰的名词作主语,谓语动词都用复数形式。‎ e.g.Usually few regard their work as a pleasure.‎ 通常很少有人把工作当成一种乐趣。‎ We’ve gathered varieties of books and a great many are to be sent to primary schools in the west of China.‎ 我们已经募捐了很多书,很多即将送到西部的小学。‎ Several of us are determined to remain in the city after graduation.‎ 我们中有一些人决定在毕业后留在城市。‎ ‎⑥ some等词或其修饰的名词作主语 ‎  some,plenty of,a lot(of),lots(of)等词既可修饰或指代可数名词,又可修饰或指代不可数名词,其谓语的形式应根据所修饰词而定。‎ e.g.A lot of students are coming to the meeting.‎ 很多学生要来参加这次会议。‎ A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the conference.‎ 为了准备会议,还有很多工作要做。‎ 特别提示:‎ ‎  a quantity (of), (large) quantities (of)作主语或其修饰的名词作主语,其谓语动词应根据quantity的单复数形式而定。‎ e.g.Quantities of money are needed to equip the school.‎ 学校安装设备需要很多钱。‎ A quantity of story books has been bought for the children.‎ 为儿童买了大量的故事书。‎ ‎⑦ a great/good deal (of),a little,quite a little,a large amount (of)等修饰不可数名词的量词作主语或其修饰的名词作主语,其谓语动词只用单数形式。‎ e.g.A great deal of time was wasted playing but ought to have been fully used.‎ 很多时间在玩耍中浪费掉了,但应该好好利用的。‎ A large amount of medicine is needed in the stricken area.‎ 灾区需要大量的药品。‎ ‎⑧ more(…) than one修饰的名词作主语 ‎  “more than one+单数名词”尽管意义上是复数,但因中心词是单数形式,谓语动词也须用单数。在“more+复数名词+than one”结构之后,谓语动词常用复数。‎ e.g.More than one person was injured in the accident.‎ 不止一人在这次事故中受伤。‎ More than one way has been tried to stop noise pollution.‎ 已经试过了很多方法来制止噪音污染。‎ More members than one are against the proposal.‎ 反对这项提议的会员不止一个。‎ 注意:‎ more than one hundred指复数或修饰可数名词复数作主语,谓语动词用复数形式。‎ e.g.More than one hundred children have joined this year’s summer camp.‎ ‎100多个孩子参加了今年的夏令营。‎ ‎⑨ many a修饰的名词作主语 ‎“many a+单数名词”作主语,尽管意义上是复数,但因中心词是单数形式,谓语动词也须用单数。‎ e.g.Many a scientist has been trying to research into the SARS bacterin.‎ 许多科学家正在研究非典疫苗。‎ ‎⑩ one or two,a… or two修饰的名词作主语 one or two后接复数名词,谓语要用复数,但在“a/an+单数名词+or two”结构之后,谓语却常用单数。‎ e.g.One or two days are enough for this work.‎ A day or two is enough for this work.‎ 干这活一两天就够了。‎ the rest (of…)等作主语 the rest (of…),the remaining,part (of…),one half (of…)等词或短语或它们所修饰的名词或代词作主语,其谓语动词应根据所表达的意义而定。‎ e.g.Many people present at the meeting were from the US, many from the UK and the rest were from China.‎ 出席这次会议的很多人来自美国,很多来自英国,其他的来自中国。‎ The first part of the vacation was frustrating, but the rest of it was exciting.‎ 假期的前半部分非常令人失望,但剩下的部分非常令人兴奋。‎ The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was dull.‎ 讲座的前半部分很生动,剩下的部分却非常枯燥。‎ Part of his story was not true.‎ 他讲的故事有一部分不是真的。‎ Part of the foreign teachers in our school are from Canada.‎ 我们学校的部分外籍教师来自加拿大。‎ 百分数、分数及其他比例词或其修饰的名词作主语 ‎1)“分数/百分数+of+名词”结构作主语:当“分数/百分数+of+名词”结构作主语时,一般应根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。‎ e.g.50% of the land is now suitable to grow plants.‎ 百分之五十的土地现在适合种庄稼。‎ ‎20% of the people in the city object to the price for running water going up.‎ 这个城市中百分之二十的人反对自来水价格上调。‎ This is because two thirds of the earth's surface is made up of vast oceans.‎ 这是因为地球表面的2/3是由广阔的海洋构成的。‎ Two thirds of these tasks have been completed.‎ 这些任务已完成了三分之二。‎ ‎2)“one and a half+复数可数名词”作主语,谓语动词一般用单数。‎ e.g.One and a half days is all I can spare.‎ 我只能抽出一天半的时间。‎ One and a half apples is a good meal for the child.‎ 一个半苹果对这个小孩来说是一顿美餐。‎ ‎3)“one in+基数词…”作主语:一般情况下,“one in+基数词”或其修饰的名词作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。‎ e.g.It is reported that in this area one in four people suffers from lung cancer.‎ 据报道此地区有四分之一的人患有肺癌。‎ ‎7.非谓语形式、从句作主语 ‎(1)非谓语形式作主语 ‎①单独的不定式、动词的-ing形式作主语,谓语动词一般用单数形式。‎ e.g.To prevent the air from being polluted is what we’re now researching.‎ 阻止空气污染是我们正在研究的课题。‎ Persuading him to join us seems really hard.‎ 劝他加入我们似乎很难。‎ ‎②由连接词连接的多个非谓语动词作主语 ‎  如果多个非谓语动词连在一起表达同一概念,谓语动词用单数形式;如果表达不同概念,谓语动词用复数。‎ e.g.To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.‎ 早睡早起是好习惯。‎ To work and to live are two different things but they are always together.‎ 工作和生活是两件不同的事情,但它们永远相伴。‎ ‎(2)从句作主语 that,what,who,which,when,where,why,whatever,whoever,whichever,whenever,wherever等引导的从句作主语或单独引导疑问句时,应根据概念一致原则决定谓语动词的数。‎ e.g.That Jack has gone abroad makes us all surprised.‎ 杰克出国去了使我们都很惊讶。‎ Who is Abraham Lincoln?‎ 亚伯拉罕·林肯是谁?‎ Who are talking with each other?‎ 谁正在谈话?‎ What he says and acts does not concern me.‎ 他的言行与我无关。(这里的says and acts笼统指人的行为。)‎ What he says and acts do not agree.‎ 他的言行不一致。(指他说的话和他做的事不一致。)‎ Whichever is yours?‎ 究竟哪一个是你的?‎ Which are yours?‎ 哪一些是你的?‎ ‎8.算式中的主谓一致 ‎(1)两数相加、相乘:此时谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式。‎ e.g.Fifteen and five is/are/makes/make/equals/equal/is equal to/are equal to twenty.‎ ‎15加5等于20。‎ Five times six is/are/makes/make/equals/equal/is equal to/are equal to thirty.‎ ‎5乘以6等于30。‎ ‎(2)两数相减、相除:此时谓语动词用单数。‎ e.g.15 minus 5 is/leaves/makes/is equal to 10.‎ ‎15减去5等于10。‎ Fifteen divided by 5 is/makes/equals/is equal to 3.‎ ‎15除以5等于3。‎ ‎9.There/Here引起主语的主谓一致 句子是由there,here引起且主语又不止一个时,谓语通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。‎ e.g.There is a lake and some hills around it.‎ 那里被一个湖泊和几座小山环绕着。‎ There are several grammar mistakes in your composition.‎ 你的作文中出现了几个语法错误。‎ Here goes the song again.‎ 又唱起了这首歌。‎ 二、典例剖析 例题1.Not only his parents but also his brother ________ to the Summer Palace. They haven’t been back.(绥化)‎ A.have been          B.have gone C.has been           D.has gone 解析及答案:‎ ‎  not only… but also连接两个并列主语时,其谓语动词用相邻的主语保持一致,故此题的谓语应该用单数形式,又因为“他们还没有回来”。所以用has gone而不用has been。‎ 答案:D 例题2.Look! There ________ playing with the tourists on Yinhe Square.(包头)‎ A.are a number of deer    B.are a number of deers C.is a number of deer     D.is a number of deers 解析及答案:‎ ‎  此句中a number of意思是“许多”。而deer的单数复数形式相同,这里是复数形式,因此谓语应选择复数形式。‎ 答案:A 例题3.Both Lily and Lucy ________ to the party yesterday.(黑龙江)‎ A.invited          B.was invited C.had invited        D.were invited 解析及答案:‎ ‎  由both…and连接两个并列主语,主谓人数要相加,谓语用复数形式。因为是“被邀请”。所以要用被动语态。‎ 答案:D 冲刺练习 一、单项选择。‎ ‎1.In the coming summer holidays, my family ________ going to take a one-week trip to Qingdao.‎ A.is            B.are C.was            D.were ‎2.—How much ________ the shoes?‎ ‎—Five dollars ________ enough.‎ A.is;is          B.are;is C.are;are         D.is;are ‎3.I, who ________ your friend, will try my best to help you with your English.‎ A.am            B.is C.are            D.be ‎4.The rich ________ not always happy.‎ A.are            B.is C.has            D.have ‎5.Neither Tom nor Jack and I ________ his students.‎ A.are           B.am C.is            D.was ‎6.Not only my brother but also I ________ good at painting. Both of us ________ good painters.‎ A.are;are         B.am;am C.am;are         D.is;is ‎7.Every boy and every girl ________ to attend the evening party.‎ A.wish          B.wishes C.is like         D.1ike ‎8.Over 80 percent of the population of China ________ peasants.‎ A.was          B.is C.would be        D.are ‎9.A large number of students in our class ________ girls.‎ A.are          B.was C.is          D.be ‎10.The Arabian Nights ________ well known to the English.‎ A.is          B.are C.was          D.were ‎11.One and a half bananas ________ left on the table.‎ A.is          B.are C.has          D.have ‎12.Ten minutes ________ an hour when one is waiting for a phone call.‎ A.seems         B.seem C.seemed        D.to seem ‎13.________ of the money ________ run out.‎ A.Three-fifth;has   B.Three-fifth;has been C.Three-fifths;has  D.Three-fifths;have ‎14.I have finished a large part of the book, and the rest of it ________ more difficult.‎ A.is          B.are C.was         D.were ‎15.When and where to build the new factory ________ yet.‎ A.has not decided   B.is not decided C.are not decided    D.have not decided ‎16.The following ________ some other examples.‎ A.are         B.is C.was         D.were ‎17.Many a man ________ the novel.‎ A.has read      B.have read C.is read       D.are read ‎18.Tom is the only one of the students who ________ going to swim this afternoon.‎ A.is         B.was C.are        D.were ‎19.An iron and steel works, with some satellite factories, ________ to be built here.‎ A.are        B.were C.is         D.will ‎20.To play basketball and to go swimming ________ useful for character-training.‎ A.was        B.is C.are        D.were 完形填空 复习要点阐述 ‎ 今天我们复习完形填空,主要复习以下内容:‎ 一、完形填空 ‎1.完形填空的内容及解读。‎ ‎2.完形填空考题题型。‎ ‎3.完形填空做题技巧。‎ 要点复习的策略及技巧 ‎  提到完形填空,大部分同学都会认为很难得分,其实完形填空是对学生的一种全面的考查题。这要求学生加强对基础知识的学习。在写作和语言知识的灵活运用上狠下功夫,在平时的学习中要强调语言的功用,既要熟悉语法,又不能一味以语法为中心,脱离语言的实际交际作用。‎ 一、完形填空的内容及解读 ‎1.完形填空试题主要以设空并且给出所设空的相关选项让学生选择这种形式来考查,一般为一篇文章10~15个小题,个别省市是两篇文章。‎ ‎2.要求学生根据文章的整体内容,区分结构的层次和内容的逻辑关系,选择适合文章情节的答案。‎ ‎3.题材广泛,涉及社会生活,风土人情,人文环境,传记故事等多个方面。‎ ‎4.在整体理解文章内容的基础上,主要考查词汇、语法、句型结构等语言方面的知识。‎ ‎5.文章结构严谨,层次分明,充分考查学生对语篇整体把握能力。‎ ‎6.从选择最佳答案中,增加词义辨析来考查学生的灵活运用能力。‎ ‎7.以单词填空为主,短语整体填空为辅。近几年的完形填空绝大部分是单词填空,短语的填空数量很少。‎ ‎8.备选答案多以实词为主,虚词为辅;而虚词又以连词、介词为主。‎ 我们先来看一篇完形填空。‎ ‎  Once upon a time, there was a child ready to be born. So  1 he asked God,“they tell me you are sending me to  2 , but being so small and helpless,  3 am I going to live there?”‎ ‎  “ 4 the many angels(天使), I choose one for you. She will be waiting for you and will take care of you.”God replied.‎ ‎  “But here in Heaven(天堂),I do  5 else but sing and smile! That’s enough for me to be happy.”‎ ‎  God said,“Your angel will sing and smile for you every day. And you will feel your angle’s love and be  6 .”‎ ‎  The child said,“And how am I going to be able to understand when people talk to me  7 I don’t know the language that men speak?”‎ ‎  God told the child,“Your angel will tell you the most beautiful and sweetest words you will ever hear, and with  8 patience(耐心) and care, your angel will teach you  9 .”‎ ‎  The child said,“I’ve  10 that on the earth there are bad men, who will protect me?”‎ ‎  God said,“Your angel will protect you  11 it means risking her life(冒生命危险).”‎ ‎  “But I will always be sad because I will not see you any more.”‎ ‎  “Your angel will always talk to you about  12 and in fact, I will always be next to you.”‎ ‎  At the moment there was much peace(静寂) in Heaven, but voices from the earth could already be heard, and the child, in a hurry, asked,“Oh, God, if I am about to  13 now, please tell me my angle’s  14 !”‎ ‎  “It is not hard to remember,”God replied  15 .“You will call your angel Mommy.”‎ ‎1.A.every day    B.any day    C.one day    D.some day ‎2.A.the earth    B.the moon    C.the country  D.the sea ‎3.A.where      B.how      C.why      D.when ‎4.A.Between     B.For      C.Among     D.With ‎5.A.nothing     B.everything  C.anything    D.something ‎6.A.lonely      B.happy     C.excited    D.surprised ‎7.A.though      B.whether    C.after     D.if ‎8.A.no        B.little    C.much      D.some ‎9.A.where to go  B.how to speak C.what to say  D.which to choose ‎10.A.heard      B.remembered  C.forgotten   D.said ‎11.A.when      B.as soon as  C.since     D.even if ‎12.A.me       B.you      C.us       D.her ‎13.A.die       B.work     C.study     D.leave ‎14.A.address     B.name     C.number     D.job ‎15.A.angrily     B.sadly     C.softly     D.shyly 答案与解析:‎ ‎1.C 由前文可知“有个孩子即将出生,所以有一天他问上帝”,one day“有一天”;every day“每天”;any day“任何一天”,均不符合句意。‎ ‎2.A 由上文可知是孩子即将出生,所以是来到“地球上”,即the earth。‎ ‎3.B 上句说“我如此弱小和无助”,所以下句是问“我将在那儿如何生存?”所以填how,对方式进行提问。‎ ‎4.C 根据句意“在众多的天使当中,我将为你选择一位”,many angels其范围前只能用among,表示“三者或三者以上之中……”。‎ ‎5.A “在天堂里除唱歌和微笑外我不用做任何事情”,nothing but意为“只有,除……之外,什么也没有”。‎ ‎6.B 此句意为“你的天使会每天都给你唱歌和微笑,你会感受到她的爱,所以你会很快乐”,其他三个选项均不符合句意。‎ ‎7.D 此处需用if引导一个条件状语从句,意为“如果我不懂人们的语言,当他们与我谈话时,我将如何理解呢?”‎ ‎8.C 根据上文可知天使具有信大的耐心和关怀,所以用much。‎ ‎9.B 上文讨论的主要是语言问题,所以可推知此处上帝告诉他“你的天使会教你如何说话。”‎ ‎10.A 此处意思是“听说”。‎ ‎11.D even if“即使,即便”,句意为“你的天使即使冒着生命危险也会保护你”。‎ ‎12.A 由上句“以后看不见你我会伤心的”,可推知下句上帝意为“你的天使会经常向你谈起我”。‎ ‎13.D be about to将要……”,因为孩子即将离开上帝,来到地球上,所以此空填leave。‎ ‎14.B 根据下句上帝的回答“You will call your angel Mommy”可知是问名字。‎ ‎15.C 整篇文章讲述的主要是孩子和上帝之间的对话,从文章整体来看,只有softly最能体现上帝说话时的语言。‎ ‎  这篇文章是一个故事,考查了词汇、语法、语境、句型结构等方面的内容。让我们来读一下这篇文章,根据答案来体会一下完形填空对一个学生的基本要求。‎ ‎  Once upon a time, there was a child ready to be born. So one day he asked God,“they tell me you are sending me to the earth, but being so small and helpless, how am I going to live there?”‎ ‎  “Among the many angels (天使), I choose one for you. She will be waiting for you and will take care of you.”God replied.‎ ‎  “But here in Heaven (天堂),I do nothing else but sing and smile! That’s enough for me to be happy.”‎ ‎  God said,“Your angel will sing and smile for you every day. And you will feel your angle’s love and be happy.”‎ ‎  The child said,“And how am I going to be able to understand when people talk to me if I don’t know the language that men speak?”‎ ‎  God told the child,“Your angel will tell you the most beautiful and sweetest words you will ever hear, and with much patience (耐心) and care, your angel will teach you how to speak.”‎ ‎  The child said,“I’ve heard that on the earth there are bad men, who will protect me?”‎ ‎  God said,“Your angel will protect you even if it means risking her life (冒生命危险).”‎ ‎  “But I will always be sad because I will not see you any more.”‎ ‎  “Your angel will always talk to you about me and in fact, I will always be next to you.”‎ ‎  At the moment there was much peace (静寂)in Heaven, but voices from the earth could already be heard, and the child, in a hurry, asked,“Oh, God, if I am about to leave now, please tell me my angle’s name!”‎ ‎  “It is not hard to remember,”God replied softly.“You will call your angel Mommy.”‎ ‎  △看了这篇文章后,同学们就会看出,完形填空对学生的要求是全方位的要求的,从第一个空来看,你应该熟悉词汇知识。从第二个空的选项中,你可以体会得到你必须了解除了英语以外的知识。第三个空是语法内容,对方式提问用How。第四个空是介词among的用法。第五个空是搭配用法“nothing but”。第六个空要体会前面的文段,才能选出“happy”。第七个空考的是条件状语从句。第八个空考的是词汇的用法。第九个空考查根据上文推断下文等等。‎ 二、完形填空的题型 ‎1.词汇题。这种题型从句子和语境层次上来全面考查名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、连词、介词、动词等词类的意义和用法。‎ ‎2.动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词和主谓一致题。这类题也是从语境的层次上来全面考查学生对上述内容的掌握程度。‎ ‎3.常用固定搭配和习惯用法题。这种题涉及到动词短语、介词短语、副词短语等的搭配和用法。‎ ‎4.句法题。这种题型涉及到简单句的五种句型、并列句、状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句等等。‎ ‎5.逻辑分析题。这种题型主要考查学生的阅读理解能力、综合分析能力和语言运用能力。‎ 这些题型并不是单一存在的,有时可能同时出现。‎ 三、完形填空题的做题技巧 ‎1.略读全文,掌握大意。‎ ‎  略读即快速地读,以了解文章内容、结构为目的。完形填空首先是测试理解能力,所有的题目只有在比较准确地理解短文意思,了解其文章结构和句子结构后,才能有把握去选填。很多考生在考试时为了节省时间,边读边选,但这样做是十分容易出错的。因为边读边选会一再打断阅读理解的整体连贯性,不易统览全文,理清文章的脉络。边读边选还很有可能造成断章取义,一空填错,后面都跟着填错。较好的办法还是先花1—2分钟把文章略读一下,注意:快读的目标是读懂,只快不懂或似懂非懂,走个过场,那只是浪费时间和精力。考生要根据文章内容和自己的情况,调整自己的阅读速度。略读之后,对文章的内容、结构及文章的主要线索,都要心中有数。‎ ‎  完形填空短文的第一句通常不挖空。这是便于考生对短文主题、内容或背景有个大概了解。第一句也常直接点明主题内容,是设置语境的框架性句子。‎ ‎  通读全文时,不要拘泥于一词一义的理解。对个别不认识的单词、短语,只要不影响理解全文就可以不管它。‎ ‎2.瞻前顾后,谨慎选择 ‎  文意既明,就开始选择。完形填空的每个空格究竟该选哪个选择项才恰当,取决于以下几个方面:第一,语境。语境即上下文。它包括选择项与所在句子中的语义联系。所在句与周围语句的意义上的关系,所在句在本段中所起的作用,所在句在整篇短文所起的作用以及与文章内容主线的关系。有些选择项根据上下句就能比较容易地做出正确判断,而有些选择项则必须根据整篇文章的大意才能推出。第二,语法知识。从语言环境角度筛选后,不能得出最终答案,还要从语法角度再考虑动词的形式,句子的结构等。第三,必要的常识。第四,注意同义词、近义词的细微区别和一些固定搭配。总之,判断正确答案要从多角度去考虑,把语境、语法、词法、常识、固定搭配等有机地结合起来综合考虑是做完形填空题的最佳方法。‎ ‎3.复读全文,仔细检查 ‎  完成选择后,最好再用一两分钟将短文从头看一遍。为了使这一遍阅读顺畅,建议考生第二步就把选择的词语填在空格中。阅读时,对感觉不恰当的,可尝试这样的解题步骤:‎ ‎  第一步:纵观加联想。通读全文,掌握大意。在通读的过程中,通过前后联想,猜测空格词的意思,以期达到掌握大意的目的。‎ ‎  第二步:先易且定夺。对照选项再读全文。验证、修正原来的猜测,将有把握的答案确定下来。这时往往绝大多数小题都已解出。‎ ‎  第三步:攻难再复读。重点检查尚未解出的小题的前后句子,解出那些原来拿不准的少数题。‎ ‎  第四步:反思并修正。将所选单词放入原文中。重读全文,看看有无逻辑上的问题,以便发现错误、改正错误。‎ ‎  我们来看一篇完形填空。‎ ‎  Life is not easy, so I’d like to say“When anything happens, believe in yourself.”When I was a young boy, I was  1 shy to talk to anyone. My classmates often  2 me. I was sad but could do nothing. Later,  3 happened, and it changed my life. It was an English speech contest. My mother asked me to  4 it. What a terrible idea! It meant I had to speak  5 all the teachers and students of my school!‎ ‎  “Come on, boy. Believe in yourself. You are sure to  6 .”Then mother and I talked about many different topics. At last I  7 the topic“Believe in yourself”. I tried my best to remember all the speech and practiced it over 100  8 ‎ ‎. With my mother’s great love, I did  9 in the contest. I could hardly believe my  10 when the news came that I had won the first place. I heard the cheers(赞美)  11 the teachers and students. Those classmates  12 once looked down on(瞧不起) me, now all said“Congratulations!” 13 me. My mother hugged me and cried excitedly.‎ ‎   14 then, everything has changed for me. When I do anything, I try to tell  15 to be sure and I will find myself. This is true not only for a person but also for a country.‎ ‎1.A.too      B.so       C.quite      D.very ‎2.A.made faces at B.looked after  C.caught up with  D.laughed at ‎3.A.nothing    B.something    C.everything    D.anything ‎4.A.take part in  B.join      C.get        D.make ‎5.A.with      B.to       C.among       D.before ‎6.A.lose      B.win       C.pass       D.beat ‎7.A.brought     B.reached     C.thought      D.chose ‎8.A.words     B.times      C.topics      D.sentences ‎9.A.well      B.good      C.bad        D.interested ‎10.A.result    B.speech     C.eyes       D.ears ‎11.A.from     B.of       C.for        D.to ‎12.A.when     B.what      C.which       D.who ‎13.A.to      B.at       C.with       D.on ‎14.A.Except     B.Since      C.Before      D.From ‎15.A.someone    B.me       C.everyone     D.myself 答案与解析:‎ l.A too…to do意为“太……而不能……”,此句意为“我太胆小了不敢和别人谈话”。so后面应用that从句,不符合要求。‎ ‎2.D 由上句意思可知“同学们都嘲笑我胆小”,laugh at“嘲笑”;make faces“做鬼脸”;catch up with“赶上”;look after“照看”。‎ ‎3.B 此句意思是“后来,发生了一件事,这件事改变了我的生活”。something“某件事”。‎ ‎4.A it指代English speech contest,意思是“参加英语竞赛”,take part in指参加各种活动,运动项目;而join指参加某种团体、组织,所以选A。‎ ‎5.D 在所有老师和同学面前演讲,before“在……前面”。‎ ‎6.B “相信你自己,你一定会赢”,win“赢”(指比赛,项目)。‎ ‎7.D 根据上句“我们讨论了许多不同的话题”可知最后是选择了一个题目。choose“选择”,chose是动词过去式形式。‎ ‎8.B 由句意可知是“练习了100多次”。times“次数”。‎ ‎9.A 固定短语do well in意为“在……做得好”。‎ ‎10.D 听到好消息时我很难相信自己“耳朵”,所以用ears。‎ ‎11.A “the cheers”应该是“来自于老师和同学们”,from表示“来自于”。‎ ‎12.D 此句是个定语从句,先行词“Those classmates”指人,所以关系代词用who。‎ ‎13.A say…to sb.“对某人说……”,say Congratulation to me意为“向我表示祝贺”。‎ ‎14.B 由句意可知“自从那个时候起,对我来说一切都变了”,since“自从……以来”常与现在完成时连用。‎ ‎15.D “当我做任何事情时,我都告诉自己要有信心”,所以用myself。其他选项不符合句意。‎ ‎  首先我们来做第一步。略读全文,掌握大意。先不看选项,只看全文。我们通常称为跳过空格读一遍。‎ ‎  接着我们来做第二步。瞻前顾后,看选项谨慎选择。‎ ‎  然后我们做第三步。复读全文,仔细检查,把选项的词填上去,再读一遍。‎ ‎  注意在做完形填空时,一定要多读几遍,切忌边读边填,读一遍就OK的做法。‎ ‎  文章选项的答案的填词(设计在最后时,把答案填在空格上)‎ ‎  Life is not easy, so I’d like to say“When anything happens, believe in yourself.”When I was a young boy, I was too shy to talk to anyone. My classmates often laughed at me. I was sad but could do nothing. Later, something happened, and it changed my life. It was an English speech contest. My mother asked me to take part in it. What a terrible idea! It meant I had to speak beforeall the teachers and students of my school!‎ ‎  “Come on, boy. Believe in yourself. You are sure to win.”Then mother and I talked about many different topics. At last I chose the topic“Believe in yourself”. I tried my best to remember all the speech and practiced it over 100 times. With my mother’s great love, I did well in the contest. I could hardly believe my ears when the news came that I had won the first place. I heard the cheers(赞美) from the teachers and students. Those classmates who once looked down on(瞧不起)me, now all said“Congratulations!”to me. My mother hugged me and cried excitedly.‎ ‎  Since then, everything has changed for me. When I do anything, I try to tell myself to be sure and I will find myself. This is true not only for a person but also for a country.‎ 典例剖析 黄冈市中考题 阅读下面短文,从短文后所给的四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。‎ ‎  China is a great country with 5,000 years of history. There are many places of interest  1 attract millions of tourists form all over the world every year. Some of them are fantastic lakes, beautiful mountains and long rivers.‎ ‎  Many mountains, such as Mount Tai, Mount Emei, Mount Hua are very famous. People go to Mount Tai  2 the sun rise.  3 the rivers the Yangtze River is the longest one and the second  4 one is the Yellow River. They are the birthplaces of  5 .‎ ‎  Have you  6 the love story about Xu Xian and White Snake? It is said that the story  7 on West Lake. West Lake is the most fantastic place that I have ever visited. It  8 in Hangzhou, Zheijiang Province. It is surrounded on three sides by mountains. Many tourist attractions there are well worth  9 , such as Sudi Causeway, the Broken Bridge and Leifeng Pagoda. The scenery is so attractive that visitors often lose  10 in it.‎ ‎  West Lake has become  11 its special scenery  12 some beautiful poems. These poems  13 by Bai Juyi and Su Dongpo.  14 , the surrounding area of West Lake is the home of the famous Dragon Well Tea.‎ ‎  Have you ever  15 West Lake? If not, look for a chance to go the fantastic place!‎ ‎1.A.which      B.who     C.whom     D.where ‎2.A.saw       B.to see    C.seeing    D.look ‎3.A.Between     B.Among    C.In      D.Beyond ‎4.A.long       B.longer    C.longest    D.very long ‎5.A.China culture  B.China cultures ‎  C.Chinese culture D.Chinese cultures ‎6.A.heard      B.heard of   C.hear about  D.hear of ‎7.A.was taken place B.was happened C.happened to D.happened ‎8.A.lies       B.lie      C.lays     D.is lying ‎8.A.visited     B.to visit   C.visit    D.visiting ‎9.A.him       B.them     C.themselves  D.himself ‎11.A.famous for   B.famous as   C.famous    D.known as ‎12.A.as well    B.as well as   C.also     D.but ‎13.A.wrote     B.were written  C.are written D.was written ‎14.A.Besides    B.But      C.And     D.While ‎15.A.been      B.been to    C.gone to   D.been in ‎  黄冈市目前初中使用的是仁爱版的教材,这篇完形填空综合了课本中的内容,是一篇很有趣的文章。首先我们跳过空格读一遍,不看选项。文章的整体内容就在你的脑海里形成了。大部分空格不需要看选项你心中就知道大概需要那一种内容的词了。‎ ‎  然后我们来瞻前顾后,谨慎选择。要确信在文章中总有一个地方在提示你,挑选什么选项。你一定要把它找出来。‎ ‎  我们来看看这15个选项。‎ ‎1.A 解析:which这里指代many places of interest。‎ ‎2.B 解析:不定式这里表目的。句意:人们去泰山是为了看日出。‎ ‎3.B 解析:among指“在三者或三者以上之中”;between指“两者之中”;in在……之内;beyond超出。根据句意可知B正确。‎ ‎4.C 解析:句意:在所有的河流中,长江是最长的河,黄河是第二长河。‎ ‎5.C 解析:China中国;Chinese中国的。修饰culture用Chinese。culture文化,是不可数名词。故选C。‎ ‎6.B 解析:heard of听说。句意:你听过关于许仙和白蛇的爱情故事吗? ‎ ‎7.D 解析:句意:据说这个故事发生在西湖上。这里故事发生是自己发生,用主动语意,故排除A、B。happen to碰巧,不符合题意。故D正确。‎ ‎8.A 解析:句意:它位于浙江省杭州市。根据语境可知此处应用一般现在时,故排除B、D。lay放,搁,不符合题意。故A正确。‎ ‎9.D 解析:be worth doing值得做某事。‎ ‎10.C 解析:此处themselves指前面提到的visitors。‎ ‎11.A 解析:be famous for以……闻名。‎ ‎12.B 解析:西湖以它特殊的景色和一些优美诗而闻名。as well as与……一样;also也;but但是。根据句意可知B项正确。‎ ‎13.B 解析:句意:这些诗是白居易和苏东坡写的。根据句意可知此处为被动语态,故排除A。又因此处动作发生在过去,且poems为复数,可排除C、D。‎ ‎14.A 解析:besides除此之外;but但是;and并;while而。句意:除此以外,西湖周边的地区是龙井茶的产地。根据句意可推断A正确。‎ ‎15.B 解析:句意:你去过西湖吗?如果没有,找个机会去这个奇美的地方。‎ 最后我们做第三步,复读全文,把所选的选项填在空格上,通读一遍。‎ ‎  China is a great country with 5,000 years of history. There are many places of interest whichattract millions of tourists form all over the world every year. Some of them are fantastic lakes, beautiful mountains and long rivers.‎ ‎  Many mountains, such as Mount Tai, Mount Emei, Mount Hua are very famous. People go to Mount Tai to see the sun rise. Among the rivers the Yangtze River is the longest one and the second longest one is the Yellow River. They are the birthplaces of Chinese culture.‎ ‎  Have you heard of the love story about Xu Xian and White Snake? It is said that the story happened on West Lake. West Lake is the most fantastic place that I have ever visited. It lies in Hangzhou, Zheijiang Province. It is surrounded on three sides by mountains. Many tourist attractions there are well worth visiting, such as Sudi Causeway, the Broken Bridge and Leifeng Pagoda. The scenery is so attractive that visitors often lose themselves in it.‎ ‎  West Lake has become famous for its special scenery as well as some beautiful poems. These poems were written by Bai Juyi and Su Dongpo. besides, the surrounding area of West Lake is the home of the famous Dragon Well Tea.‎ ‎  Have you ever been to West Lake? If not, look for a chance to go the fantastic place! ‎ 冲刺练习 Half a year ago Mrs. Black fell into the river while she was doing some washing there. Luckily some young men 1 her. She had a high fever (发烧)that evening and her son  2 some medicine for her. She didn’t  3 it after she felt a little bitter, From then on she can  4 hear anything. And people  5 to talk to her loudly and this often brings her a little  6 . So one day her daughter said to her ear.“You’d  7 go to see a doctor,Mother!”‎ ‎  Her daughter 8 a car and took her to the clinic (诊所) and then  9 to work. Mrs. Black went in and found  10 there and began to knit (编织) a sweater. Before long a nurse  11 in and said,“We close this afternoon, Granny. Come here tomorrow.”‎ ‎  The old woman smiled at the nurse, but she didn’t leave and  12 on loudly, but Mrs. Black said nothing and was  13 sitting in the waiting-room. Now the nurse understood what it meant. She brought out a piece of paper and wrote on it.“We close this afternoon.”Then she handed it to the old woman. Mrs. Black looked at it carefully for a long time and then  14 it to the nurse.‎ ‎“I’m sorry, madam.”said the old woman.“I’ve left my  15  at home!”‎ ‎1.A.found       B.saved        C.helped      D.followed ‎2.A.did        B.had         C.gave       D.bought ‎3.A.take       B.see         C.want       D.use ‎4.A.really      B.usually       C.hardly      D.nearly ‎5.A.have       B.stop         C.forget      D.like ‎6.A.problem     B.trouble        C.danger      D.accident ‎7.A.like to     B.better         C.be glad to    D.rather ‎8.A.caught     B.moved         C.took       D.drove ‎9.A.began      B.wanted         C.stopped      D.hurried ‎10.A.somebody    B.anybody         C.everybody     D.nobody ‎11.A.came      B.got          C.moved       D.arrived ‎12.A.put      B.tried         C.went       D.sat ‎13.A.always     B.already        C.still       D.only ‎14.A.told     B.showed         C.returned     D.sent ‎15.A.medicine    B.glasses         C.paper       D.pen 阅读理解 复习要点阐述 ‎ 今天我们复习阅读理解。我们主要复习以下的内容:‎ ‎1.关于阅读理解的综述;‎ ‎2.判断正误型阅读;‎ ‎3.选择型阅读;‎ ‎4.任务型阅读。‎ 要点复习的策略及技巧 ‎  说到阅读理解,同学们可能都有一种“怕”的心理,有时做题是一种猜测的做法,今天我们专题复习阅读理解,相信对大家有帮助。‎ 一、关于阅读理解的综述 ‎(一)阅读理解是中考英语中最重要的一部分。它是对初中生英语阅读能力的一个综合检测。‎ ‎  《全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准(实验稿)》对初中毕业生英语阅读技能的要求是:能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义;能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系;能找出文章中的主题,理解故事的情节,预测故事的发展和可能的结局;能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料;能根据不同的阅读目的,运用简单阅读策略获取信息;能利用字典等工具书进行学习;除教材外,课外阅读量累计达到1.5万词以上。‎ ‎(二)阅读理解题的主要特征:‎ ‎1.语篇选材的真实性 ‎  阅读理解所选材料内容涵盖了幽默故事、科普知识、人物传记、新闻时事、社会生活、风土文化等各个方面,更加贴近了生活,突出了实用性,具有浓厚的时代气息。‎ ‎2.考查题型的多样化 ‎  考查方式不仅有常规的选择题和判断正误题,匹配排序、完成文章段落,回答问题等形式也逐渐增多,任务型阅读作为一种新型模式,在悄然兴起。‎ ‎3.语篇体裁的多样化 ‎  所选语篇包括叙述文体、说明文体、议论文体和应用文体等,命题人是在十分宽广的跨度上进行材料筛选的。‎ ‎4.较大的阅读量和信息量 ‎  中考阅读量由前几年的2篇增至现在的3—4篇,个别省市的阅读篇目已增至5—6篇;所占分值由原来的10—20分增到30—40分之间,个别省市分值已超过40分,如05年厦门课改实验区阅读理解题为45分,05年贵阳市实验区阅读竟达50分之高;词量目前稳定在100—200之间。‎ ‎(三)阅读理解考点类型 ‎1.事实细节题:此题型要求学生根据文章所提供的直接信息选择正确答案,常用what,who/whom,when,where,which,how,why等疑问词设问,此题型难度较小,但做题时需十分仔细,能迅速从文中找到相对应的信息并作出选择。‎ ‎2.主旨大意题:此题型要求学生在理解全文后归纳文章要点,概括中心思想,学生需要分析文章的篇章结构,抓住文章开关的主题句或文章最后的结论,从而找出能概括文章主旨的题目和中心思想。‎ ‎3.推理判断题:此题型要求学生根据全文所提供的事实及自己的一些常识为依据,进行合理的逻辑推测,判断作者的意图、人物的动机、目的,以及性格特征,事件发生的前因后果。‎ ‎4.猜测词义题:此题型要求学生通过阅读上下文,根据已知信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的语义。‎ ‎5.视图查找信息题:此题型以表格、图示等形式来传达信息,要求学生根据需要找出相关内容,考查学生对英语语言的运用能力。‎ ‎(四)阅读理解从问题设置上又可以将问题分为四种类型:‎ ‎1.直接题目:这种题目比较简单,只要通读全文,了解文中所叙述的重要事实或细节,就可解答出来,有的甚至可以从文章的原句中直接找到答案。‎ ‎2.理解性问题:要求对文中个别难词、关键词、词组或句子做出解释。解答这类题目时需要对有关的上下文,甚至整篇文章的内容建立准确、立体的理解才能做出正确答案。‎ ‎3.推理性题目:这种题目考生往往不能直接从文中找到答案,而需要根据上下文及其相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后,才能找到答案。有时甚至还得考虑作者的主旨、倾向等因素加以推理,才能获得正确答案。‎ ‎4.概括性题目:要求考生在阅读和理解全文的基础上对文章做出归纳、概括或评价。解这种题目时,不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义,比如涉及文章的标题、主题、结论、结局等有关问题,都需要在细读全文的基础上,结合所学语言知识、背景知识、生活常识、专业知识进行逻辑推理判断,从而获取文章中内含的信息。‎ 二、判断正误型阅读理解 ‎  综观近几年中考阅读理解题,大部分省市出题形式是以选择题出现的。判断正误型题形式主要集中在上海,陕西,吉林,湖南,云南,青海,黑龙江,广西和福建等省市,所占篇幅为一篇,分值为5—10分。阅读题目的难度在增大。预计2009年的阅读材料的内容将会更加丰富,涉及日常生活中的各个方面,形式将会更加新颖,同学们要注意阅读量的积累,只有量的积累达到一定程度才会有质的飞跃。阅读理解能力的提高贵在坚持不懈的练习。‎ ‎(一)阅读篇目题材形式特征:‎ ‎1.科技小品:介绍科普知识、科研动态以及科技成果的开发、特点、用途等等。该类文章理论性、逻辑性较强,叙述条理、层次分明。特点是出现一些科技词汇,部分句子较为复杂;同时,文章所介绍的知识对部分考生而言可能是完全陌生的,这就使得科普文章成为令考生比较头疼的一类题材。考生应运用词法、句法规则并根据上下文猜测词义,理解难句,以达到理解全篇、、把握主旨的目的。‎ ‎2.说理小品:有理论,有事实。作者往往根据一些很普通的事实,通过严谨的思维、缜密的推理得出一个具有普遍性或指导性的观点。该类文章逻辑性较强,命题往往从事实的有关细节以及文章的主旨或作者的表达意图等方面着手,考查考生的思维能力和判断能力。‎ ‎3.新闻报道:这类文章有非常鲜明的特点:‎ ‎  ①主题突出文章的第一句话或第一段即是对整篇文章的高度重视。以下各句(各段)才是详细介绍(节选段落除外)。‎ ‎  ②要点明显写作要点即五个“W”(‘when,where,who,what,which)的表述一目了然。但命题往往不会几点俱全,而需要学生依据自己提供的几个“W”,以及各“W”之间的联系去推出未知的“W”,同时也不排除对细节问题的理解。‎ ‎4.人物传记:以叙述某个人物的平生事迹、趣闻轶事、生活背景、成长或奋斗历程等为主。其特点是以时间的先后或事情的发展为主线,脉络清楚,可读性较强。因此这类文章应该抓住时间线索来获取有关信息,即主人翁在某个时间做什么,然后通过分析推理,综合归纳的方法进行解题。‎ ‎5.短篇故事:与人物传记不同的是,这类文章一般描述的是一件具体的事情的发生发展或结局,有人物、时间、地点和事情。命题往往从故事的情节、人物或事情之间的关系、作者的态度及意图、故事前因或结局的推测等方面着手,考查学生对细节的辨认能力以及推理判断能力。‎ ‎6.史地文化:涉及某个(或几个)国家、地区、河流、山脉、海洋、城镇等的地理位置以及与之相关的社会生活、政治经济、人文历史、自然资源、文化习俗等方面的情况,相当一部分文章还附有图表供理解或选择。学生必须弄清各个地名、人名之间的相互关系和各个国家或地区之间的位置关系,结合所学的史地知识,选择正确答案。‎ ‎7.幽默小品:这类文章是对社会生活、人的性格特点,行为举止的某些可笑的特征进行喜剧性描绘的特殊文体。其特点是对事情本身的描绘符合人们的一般思维习惯,而在文章的最后出其不意地点出其违背常理或不符合逻辑的地方。但由于中西方人思维方式的差异,加之学生生活经验或阅历等方面的欠缺,往往不能品味出其幽默所在。因此,解题时需要考生仔细揣摩事情发生的背景,作者的意图,特别要把握文章的最后几句,分析它们与上文的对应关系,找出文章的“幽默点”。‎ ‎8.图形表格:无文字表述,或只有少量的文字表述。要求学生依据所提供的图表进行理解、答题。阅读时必须弄清图表中各部分的对应关系。同时针对题目的要求进行有目的地识读。‎ ‎(二)测试中常使用的阅读方法:‎ ‎1.顺序法:即先看文章,然后看试题,再回到文章查找有关信息。该法适用于解题时间充足、文章篇幅较长,需要获取的信息较多或需对全篇进行整体理解的场合。阅读时一般采取快速阅读法,注意关键词句和段落,找准主线、掌握大意,并能记住主要细节的分布点。‎ ‎2.逆向法:即先看试题,了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息,然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读,对相关信息进行快速定位,再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比,有根有据地排除干扰项,选出正确答案。该法有较大的针对性和准确性,适用于时间较紧、文章篇幅不长、需要获取信息不多,试题与文章联系密切,不太需要做深层次的理解等场合。特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。采用该法还有一个明显的优点,即许多文章中难以理解的词、句、段等往往在试题中有简洁明了的阐述。‎ ‎3.标注法:即在通读短文和试题后,标注中心句并把与试题有关的词、句、段标注相应的题号。该法具有很大的针对性和稳妥性,便于对照分析和复查验证。有些学生在阅读时喜欢在不认识的单词以及不理解的句子、语段下面画线或打上标记,这是一个不好的习惯,应予以摈弃。‎ ‎  我们来看一下长沙市的一篇中考阅读理解题文章。‎ ‎  Are you too nervous to work out the problem when your teacher asks you to come to the blackboard? If your answer is“yes”, you get really shy.‎ ‎  Shyness means feeling frightened when you’re the center of attention(注意力). In fact, everybody gets a little shy sometimes, even the great people in history. When Thomas Edison was young, he loved Shakespeare(莎士比亚) very much. He wanted to act in his play. But he was too shy. He didn’t know what to do when there were people around. Later, he had to give up. But shyness didn’t stop him from becoming a great inventor.‎ ‎  Some experts say shy people are cleverer because they think more and talk less. Shy people are also good at working with others because they think more for other people. Most people have red faces and talk in broken sentences(语句支离) when they get shy. It isn’t a very big problem. But some become so shy that they can’t do the things they want to do. This kind of shyness can be bad for a person. Here are some good ways to make you braver(勇敢).‎ ‎  ●Tell people you are shy. This can make others understand you better and help you easier in talks.‎ ‎  ●Try to smile more. People think you are friendly and easy to talk to when you smile.‎ ‎  ●Learn to be a good talker. Begin your talk with saying something nice about people around you. It’s very helpful for keeping your talk.‎ ‎  ●Put your attention somewhere else. Think more about ways to enjoy the party or the game. Don’t waste time worrying about your looks or whether people like you or not.‎ 根据短文内容,判断正(T)误(F)。‎ ‎1.Sometimes everyone gets a little shy.‎ ‎2.Thomas Edison became a great inventor because be never felt shy.‎ ‎3.This passage(短文) didn’t say if Shakespeare was shy.‎ ‎4.Some experts say that shy people are cleverer than others.‎ ‎5.Shy people can’t work well with others.‎ ‎6.Some people are too shy to do what they want to do.‎ ‎7.If you are a shy person, you should let people know this when you talk to them.‎ ‎8.To begin a talk, you’d better say something good about yourself. This can help you feel less shy.‎ ‎9.At a party, you should think more about whether people like you or not.‎ ‎10.You can find some good ways to make you braver from the passage.‎ ‎  这篇文章比较长,判断的题也给的比较多,可以采取顺序法,即先看文章,然后再看试题,再对照文章查找有关信息。‎ Keys:1.T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.T 三、选择型阅读理解 ‎  选择型阅读理解就是根据所给的阅读理解材料,编好题干,然后给出一个正确的选项加上几个干扰选项。要求学生通过阅读材料和题目,捕捉相关信息,作出选择。此题型重点考查学生通过阅读获取信息,处理信息的能力,处理信息的能力以及分析问题和解决问题的能力。‎ 常考知识清单一 ‎  阅读测试对学生的心理因素要求:‎ ‎  做好阅读题,首先需要有一个良好的心理素质:一是自信,二是有耐心。有的学生一看到长篇的文章或有生词出现时心里就烦躁或紧张害怕,有的干脆就放弃阅读文章,胡乱选个答案。其实往往是篇幅长,生词多的文章,题目却设计的好做,而一些生词量不大,篇幅也不长的文章,有时试题却设计较难。因此学生在做阅读理解题时一定要有信心和耐心。‎ 常考知识清单二 ‎  主旨大意题 ‎  考查学生对短文主题思想或全文梗概的掌握和理解情况的题目,叫主旨大意题。‎ ‎(一)主旨大意题目的常见设问式 ‎1.What’s the main idea of this passage?‎ ‎2.What does the passage mainly tell us?‎ ‎3.What does the passage mainly discuss?‎ ‎4.The writer means to tell us that ________.‎ ‎5.The main idea/main point of the passage is that ________.‎ ‎6.The passage is mainly about ________.‎ ‎7.From the passage we can learn/conclude that ________.‎ ‎8.The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with ________.‎ ‎9.What’s the best title for the passage?‎ ‎10.What would be the best title for the passage?‎ ‎11.The best title/headline(标题) for the passage is ________.‎ ‎(二)主题句 ‎  段落的主题通常由被称之为主题句(Topic Sentence)的句子来表示的。主题句有两个功能:‎ ‎  ①介绍段落的主题(Topic)‎ ‎  ②阐述控制概念(Controlling idea),控制概念用以控制段落中句子讨论的内容。‎ ‎  主题句通常是一段的第一句或末尾一句,偶尔在一段中间。我们在阅读非故事性文章如科普文章的时候,主题句尤其明显。有的文章无明显的主题句,主题句隐含在段意之中。‎ ‎1.主题句位于段首 ‎  主题句位于段首是由作者先立论,后摆事实讲道理的写作手法形成的。这种段落称做演绎型段落。据有关统计数字表明,在英语议论文或说明文中,有60—90%的主题句是段落的第一句。这样的段落模式可用倒三角()来表示。‎ ‎  ①寻找主题句 ‎  有些段落,有明显的引出细节的信息词,常见的信息词有:for example,an example of,the most important example,first,second,next,then,last,finally,to begin with,also,besides that等。‎ ‎  在阅读中,应尽量利用上述信息词确定主题句的位置。从该段落文章中的for example可以断定,第一句是主题句。如果无明显的信息词,可先假设第一句为主题句,在第二句前面添加一个for example,看看第二句是否可以支撑第一句话,如果第二句不能支撑第一句话,便在其他地方找出主题句。‎ ‎  ②选择答案 ‎  先彻底弄懂主题句的句意,然后阅读A、B、C和D四个选择答案,选择与主题句句意相吻合的答案,如主题句的再现,主题句句意的复述或推论等,排除与主题句句意无关的答案,如支撑细节和文章中未曾阐述的事实等。‎ ‎2.主题句位于段末 ‎  主题句位于段末是作者采用了先摆事实,后做结论的手法。这种段落称做归纳型段落。这种段落的模式可用正三角(△)来表示。‎ ‎3.主题句位于段落的中间 ‎  主题句偶尔也出现在段落的中间,但不一定就在正中间。有时,第一句并非主题句,而是承上启下的过渡句。在这种情况下,第二句便成了主题句。此外,主题句也可能是段落的倒数第二句。这种段落模式可用菱形(◇)来表示。‎ ‎(三)中心思想 ‎  略读(Skimming)是概括和归纳段落的中心思想的手段。略读是指人们以可能达到的最快速度所做的阅读。略读的技巧如下:‎ ‎1.顺行快速向前移动眼睛。千万不要停顿或复视。‎ ‎2.把注意力集中在关键词上。关键词都是实词,如名词、形容词、数词、动词和副词等。介词、冠词、连接词、语气词、代词(一般性的代词)以及助动词和情态动词等都不是关键词。‎ ‎3.将关键词扩大为能够表达概念的词组,即语意群,按语意群进行阅读。‎ ‎4.遇到生词尽量猜。猜不出的生词,可跳过去。‎ ‎5.对关键词进行数量上的加工,筛选出最能表达作者意图的关键词及其概念。然后对这些概念进行质的加工,即对已产生的概念,重新在头脑中编码,以确定作者在文章中反映的真正意图(中心思想)。‎ ‎6.初次练习时,可将关键词划出来。待读完一遍之后,回过头来将所划的关键词从头再看一遍。练习一段时间以后,不要再把关键词划出来,在阅读过程中尽量用脑子记下来。‎ ‎(四)标题 ‎  标题是段落中心思想的精练表达形式。在阅读中,不仅要求读者能够通过自己已知的信息概括出段落的中心思想,而且还要对概括出的中心思想加以提炼,拟定出段落的标题。在测试中要求能迅速而准确地选择标题。‎ 常考知识清单三 ‎  事实细节题 ‎(一)事实细节类题目常见的设问方式:‎ ‎1.Which of the following is true/false/mentioned?‎ ‎2.What does the writer pay least attention to?‎ ‎3.Choose the right order of the events given in the passage.‎ ‎4.All of the following statements may be true/false except ‎5.Which of the following is not the result of…?‎ ‎6.Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of…?‎ ‎(二)快速辨认和记忆事实或细节 ‎1.查读法(scanning)‎ ‎  查读是在读者对材料有所了解的情况下进行的。查读的特点是带着问题寻找答案。‎ ‎  ①用略读的方法通读阅读材料,对原文有一个大概的了解,掌握其主旨。‎ ‎  ②按文章的体裁,如按记叙文、说明文和议论文等及作者写作的组织模式及有关的信息词,如for example,first,second等预测应该到何处寻找自己所需要的事实。‎ ‎  ③把主要精力放在寻找你所需要的细节。快速通篇跳读,眼睛自左至右,自上而下呈Z形扫视,直至找到你所需要的部分:待找到你所需要的部分时,可放慢速度,细读要查找的内容。‎ ‎2.按段落组织模式阅读 ‎  如:时间型段落 ‎  作者在记叙或说明历史、人物或事件时,往往按时间先后的顺序组织细节。这种按时间顺序组织细节的段落模式叫做时间型段落。‎ ‎  时间型段落都有明显的信号词。如first,then,afterwards,shortly after that,later,next,after,before,at last,finally等。‎ ‎  略读时,通过上述信息确定是否为“时间型”段落然后按时间信息词的先后顺序进行查阅,寻找有关的细节。这种按时间模式阅读的方法,有助于读者快速寻找细节,记住细节。‎ ‎  我们来看一篇选择型阅读理解,(2006黄冈市中考题)‎ ‎  Want to be an astronaut? Then“study hard, stay healthy and have perseverance(毅力)”. This is what Chinese astronauts Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng said in a talk with some students.‎ ‎  Students were interested in the astronauts’ space lives. They asked questions like“Did you see the Great Wall from space?”Fei and Nie said they didn’t see the Great Wall. But they felt excited when they passed over China, including Taiwan. The island looked very beautiful, like a jade(翡翠).‎ ‎  Speaking of their lives beyond(在……之外) the earth, the two astronauts said cooperation(合作) with each other was most important.“We are like the left and right hands,”they said. Young people wanted to know how the astronauts developed their careers(事业).‎ ‎  “How did you decide to be astronauts when China’s space industry(工业) is still at the beginning?”asked a young woman. The astronauts said it was because of their love of flight and also the need of the country.‎ ‎  They said their love of flight could be seen from their children’s names. Nie’s daughter is called“Nie Tianxiang”. which means“flying up high”. Fei’s son is called“Fei Di”, which sounds like“Feidie”, meaning UFO.‎ ‎  After the Success of Shenzhou Ⅵ, China plans to put a man on the moon and build a space station in 10~15 years.‎ ‎1.If you want to be astronauts, what should you do from now on?‎ A.We should be interested in the astronauts’ space life.‎ B.We should change our names.‎ C.We should study hard, stay healthy and have perseverance.‎ D.We should love the flight and our country.‎ ‎2.When astronauts work in space, they must ________ with each other.‎ A.shake hands          B.cooperate C.stay              D.talk ‎3.In 10~15 years, China could put a man on ________ and build a space station.‎ A.UFO              B.Shenzhou Ⅷ C.the sun            D.the moon ‎4.Which of the following is true?‎ A.Fei Junlong met UFO in space.‎ B.Nie Haisheng saw the Great Wall from space.‎ C.Fei and Nie make a contribution to China’s space industry.‎ D.The astronauts couldn’t see Taiwan from space.‎ ‎1.C 这篇文章看起来比较长,而且又有生词。首先一定不要慌张。首先略读一遍,掌握基本文章的大概意思,略读完后,再看题。比如第一小题,“如果你想成为一名宇航员,从现在起你应该做什么?”通过略读你就知道该在第一自然段中去寻找答案,根据设问句,Want to be an astronaut?就能找出答案应该选C。‎ ‎2.B 从第三段“Speaking of…, the two astronauts said cooperation with each other was most important.”可知B项是正确的。‎ ‎3.D 本题可从最后一段“China plans to put a man on the moon and build a space station in 10-15 years”找到正确选项为D。‎ ‎4.C 本题采用逐项分析排除。从倒数第二段可知费俊龙儿子的名字听起来像“飞碟”,即UFO,所以A项是错误的;从第二段中“Fei and Nie said they didn’t see the Great Wall”,可知B项描述也是错的;而第二段最后描写他们经过了台湾。台湾就像一块翡翠,说明D项是错的;C项“费和聂为中国航空工业作出了贡献”正是本文主旨所在,所以C项是正确的。‎ 四、任务型阅读 ‎  任务型阅读是近年来一种新的考查阅读理解能力的方式。主要是提供一篇文章,一幅或一组图表,要求同学们根据文章或图表所提供的信息,按照指令去完成一系列的任务。这些任务中包括英泽汉,汉译英,句型转换,完成表格,回答问题,猜测词义等。‎ ‎  任务型阅读的特点 ‎1.命题灵活,题型多样。‎ ‎  一般阅读理解题型比较单一,命题人受一定限制,任务型阅读题通过一篇短文,一幅或几幅图表可以要求学生去完成一系列任务,所以命题人可以随心所欲地设计出多种题型,从而考查学生多方面的能力。‎ ‎2.可难可易,便于操作。‎ ‎  命题人在设计题型时,可以根据需要设计高、中、低不同层次的试题,使中考试题在难易程度上比例更为合理。可以设计、考查基础的低档题,如单词拼写;也可以设计如同义句转换等中档题,还可以设计象翻译句子,改写句子等考查能力的高档题。‎ ‎3.联系实际,实用性强。‎ ‎  该题型可以结合生活、学习实际让学生掌握一些实用知识和技能。如学习的方法步骤,学习一种练习英语单词的游戏方法等。‎ 常考知识清单 ‎(一)猜测同义类题目常见设问方式 ‎1.The word“……”refers to/probably means ________.‎ ‎2.The underlined word“……”could best be replaced by ________.‎ ‎3.What do you think the expression“……”stands for?‎ ‎4.Which of the following words can take the place of the word“……”?‎ ‎(二)猜测词义的方法 ‎1.通过上下文来猜测词义采用的方法:‎ ‎  ①通过定义或释义关系来猜测词义;‎ ‎  ②通过同位关系来猜测词义;‎ ‎  ③通过同义或反义关系来猜测词义;‎ ‎  ④通过描写来猜测词义;‎ ‎  ⑤通过句法来猜测词义;‎ ‎  ⑥通过上下文提供的信息来猜测词义;‎ ‎  ⑦对代词所指代的内容的考查。‎ ‎2.通过构词法来猜测词义采用的方法:‎ ‎  ①转化:指词的形式不变而词性发生变化的一种构词法。‎ ‎  如:water n. 水→v. 浇水;free adj. 空闲的→v. 释放。‎ ‎  一般说来,转化后的词义与转化前的词义大致相符。‎ ‎  ②合成:指由两个或两个以上的具有独立含义的单词组合成一个新的单词。主要有合成动词,合成形容词,合成名词等。如kind-hearted好心的。‎ ‎  ③派生:指由一个词根加上前辍或后辍构成一个新的词。‎ ‎  如:incomplete不完全的;illogical不合逻辑的;cloudy多云的;peaceful和平的。‎ ‎  做任务型阅读时,对句型的结构要清楚。在做完成表格时,要注意命题人提供的动词的形式,大小写等问题,也就是说,命题人用大写,你用大写,命题人用小写,你用小写。命题人用动词原形开头,你用动词原形开头;命题人用ing形式开头,你用ing形式开头。总之,必须步调一致。‎ ‎  下面我们来看浙江的中考题。‎ ‎  (浙江金华)下面是Simon先生对三组不同年龄段的孩子看电视习惯的调查记录。阅读调查记录后,请你根据记录内容,完成后面的表格,并为表格写一个简短的标题。‎ ‎  A.根据调查记录,完成表格 Age Average hours of watching TV in the day Average hours of watching TV at night Favourite shows Four to six ‎1.________‎ One Cartoons ‎2.________‎ ‎/‎ Two and a half ‎3.________‎ Thirteen to sixteen ‎/‎ ‎4.________‎ Quiz programmes ‎  B.请为表格写一个简短的标题。‎ ‎5.________‎ 答案及解析:‎ l.Two由“The children in the first group watch TV for an average of two hour in the day”可知填Two。‎ ‎2.Seven to twelve由“The children in the second group watch it for an average of two and a half hours at night”和“… in the three different groups…, from seven to twelve, …”可知第二组是7—12岁儿童。‎ ‎3.TV play由“The favorite shows of the second group are TV plays”可知。‎ ‎4.One and a half由“The children in the third group watch it for an average of one and a half hours at night”可知填One and a half。‎ ‎5.TVWatching Habits/Children’s TV Watching Habits/A Table of TV Watching Habits.文章的首句就是其主题句,从中能找到概括表格中内容的关键词。‎ ‎  今天我们复习了三大类型的阅读理解题。阅读理解题的分值是比较重的,所以在做这类题时,千万要认真去看,不要看了一遍就把答案定了下来。因为任务型阅读是新题型,所以今天的典例剖析我们选用一篇任务型阅读理解。‎ ‎  (湖北黄冈)‎ ‎  阅读下面短文,根据所给语境,按要求完成下列各题。‎ ‎  Happiness is for everyone. In fact, ①happiness is always around you if you put your heart into it. When you are in trouble at school, your friends will help you; when you study hard at your lessons, your parents are always taking good care of your life and your health; when you get success, your friends will congratulate you; when you do something wrong, people around you will help you to correct it. And when you do something good to others, you will feel happy, too. All these are your happiness. If you notice a bit of them, you can find that happiness is always around you.‎ ‎  ②Happiness is not the same as money, it’s a feeling of your heart. When you are poor, you can also be very happy, because you have something else that can’t be bought with money. When you meet with difficulties, you can say loudly you are very happy, because you have more chances to challenge(挑战) yourself. So you cannot always say you are poor and you have bad luck. ③If you take every chance you get, you can be a happy and lucky person.‎ ‎1.将①处改为否定形式(意义不变)。‎ ‎  ________________________________________________________________‎ ‎2.将②处译成汉语。‎ ‎  ________________________________________________________________‎ ‎3.将③处改为so that引导的目的状语从句。‎ ‎  ________________________________________________________________‎ 答案及解析:‎ ‎1.happiness is not always (never/hardly) around you if you don’t put your heart in to it.‎ ‎  原句是以if引导的条件状语从句,注意改写句子时主句和从句同时变成否定形式。‎ ‎2.快乐与金钱不一样,它是你内心的一种感受。‎ ‎  the same as与……一样,汉语意思只要符合题意,均可得分。‎ ‎3.Take every chance you get so that you can be a happy and lucky person.正确理解原句含义,把条件状语从句改为主句,原来的主语就变成了目的状语从句。句意为“抓住每一次机会,你就会成为一个快乐幸运的人”。‎ 冲刺练习 ‎(河南)‎ ‎  My son Joey was born with club feet(畸形脚). The doctors told us that he would be able to walk, but would never run very well. By the time he was eight, you wouldn’t know he had a problem when you saw him walk.‎ ‎  The children in our neighborhood ran around playing, and Joey would join them, run and play, too. We never told him that he probably wouldn’t be able to run as well as the other children. So he didn’t know.‎ ‎  In seventh grade he decided to go out for the cross-country team. Every day he worked harder and ran more than the others. Although the whole team runs, only the top seven runners score for the school. We didn’t tell him he probably would never be on the team, so he didn’t know.‎ ‎  He went on running four to five miles a day, every day—even the day he had a high fever(发烧). I was worried, so I went to see him after school. I found him running alone. I asked him how he felt.“Okay,”he said. He had another two miles to go. Yet he looked straight ahead and kept running. We never told him he couldn’t run miles with a high fever. So he didn’t know.‎ ‎  Two weeks later, the names of the team runners were called. Joey was Number Six on the list. Joey was on the team! He was in seventh grade—the other six team members were in eighth grade. We never told him he couldn’t do it. So he didn’t know. He just did it!‎ ‎1.The doctor believed Joey would never run very well because ________.‎ A.Joey didn’t like running B.Joey couldn’t jump C.something was wrong with his feet D.Joey was too young to run ‎2.Few people knew Joey’s club feet before ________.‎ A.he was eight years old ‎ B.he was in seventh grade C.he ran for the cross-country team D.he was on the cross-country team ‎3.How many runners can score for the school?‎ A.Six.          B.Seven.‎ C.Eight.         D.Thirteen.‎ ‎4.Which of the following is true according to the story?‎ A.Joey’s parents didn’t love him very much.‎ B.Joey was a boy with a strong mind.‎ C.Joey’s parents stopped him joining the team.‎ D.Joey knew he couldn’t run as well as others.‎ ‎5.The writer wants to tell us ________.‎ A.children shouldn’t do what they can’t do B.children with club feet can’t take part in sports C.parents should tell their children what they can do D.parents should know how to help their children in the right way 情景交际、句型转换 复习要点阐述 ‎ 今天我们复习以下的内容:‎ ‎1.情景交际 ‎2.句型转换 要点复习的策略及技巧 一、情景交际 ‎  情景交际是一种综合性测试题,考查学生在具体的语言环境中正确运用所学语言知识交流思想,表达观点的能力。符合课标中强调以交际为主的原则,是以书面形式考查交际能力的一种形式。常见题型有:‎ ‎(一)单项选择。设置一定的情景,然后根据情景配备四个选项,要求考生根据提供的情景选出最佳选项。‎ ‎(二)补全对话。这里又分两种题型:要求学生从所给选项中选择句子补全对话;填人适当的词或句子,使对话完整、通顺。‎ ‎  内容上侧重考查以购物、约会、问路、打电话、看病等为主题的对话;也考查问候、告别、祝愿、感谢、介绍表示同意不同意、请求允许等日常交际用语。‎ ‎1.对单选题,所给的选项句子本身语法结构都是正确的,有的从汉语习惯考虑也是正确的,所以解题时要根据对话的情景和前后句意的关系,再根据英语的习惯来确定选项。‎ ‎2.对补全对话可采用下列步骤:明确语境;上下对照;重读全篇。‎ ‎3.在平时学习过程中应进行广泛阅读积累,掌握各种情景中交际应酬的用语,提高交际能力。‎ ‎4.熟悉中英两种文化差异,掌握两个不同民族的交际习惯方式。‎ 常考知识清单一社会交际 ‎1.问候 ‎(1)A:Hello/ Hi. ‎ ‎   B:Hello/ Hi. ‎ ‎(2)A:Hello. How are you?‎ ‎   B:Fine, thank you. And(how are)you?‎ ‎   A:Very well, thank you. ‎ ‎(3)A:Good morning/ afternoon/ evening. ‎ ‎   B:Good morning/ afternoon/ evening. ‎ ‎(4)A:Hi, Jim!‎ ‎   B:Hi, Li Lei. Nice to see you again!‎ ‎(5)A:Hi, Sam! How are you today?‎ ‎   B:Oh, hello, Lin Tao. Fine, thanks. What about you?‎ ‎(6)Please say hello to your parents. ‎ Please give my best wishes to your parents. ‎ ‎2.介绍 ‎  自我介绍 ‎(1)A:My name is Li Yan. Glad to meet you. ‎ ‎   B:Nice to meet you. My name is Huang Tan. ‎ ‎(2)A:Excuse me. What’s your (full) name, please?‎ B:My name is Robert Thomas Brown. ‎ A:May I call you Robert?‎ B:Certainly. / Of coulee. ‎ ‎  介绍他人 ‎(1)A:This is Mr. Huang. ‎ B:How do you do?‎ C:My name is Lin Ping. How do you do?/ Nice to meet you. ‎ ‎(2)A:This is Mr. Huang. ‎ B:Nice to meet you. ‎ C:Glad to meet you. ‎ ‎  注意:在交际场合里,介绍常常伴随着问候、可参见问候用语。‎ ‎3.告别 ‎  告别前,客方表示要离开的常用语:‎ ‎(1)I’m afraid I must be going now. / I’m afraid I must go now.‎ ‎(2)I think it’s time for me to leave now. / I think it’s time for us to go now.‎ 双方相互道别时用语:‎ ‎(1)Goodbye! / Bye-bye! / Bye!‎ ‎(2)See you later. / See you tomorrow. / See you.‎ ‎(3)Good night.‎ ‎4.感谢和应答 ‎  感谢某人:‎ ‎(1)Thank you. / Thanks a lot. / Thank you very much.‎ ‎(2)Thank you for you help.‎ ‎(3)It’s very kind/ nice of you.‎ ‎(4)Thank you anyway/ all the same.‎ ‎  回答感谢时的答语 ‎(1)It’s a pleasure.‎ ‎(2)That’s OK. / That’s all right.‎ ‎(3)You’re welcome.‎ ‎5.道歉 ‎  当要麻烦别人时 ‎(1)Excuse me, please?‎ ‎(2)I beg your pardon?‎ ‎  做错某事时 ‎(1)Sorry.‎ ‎(2)I’m sorry for….‎ ‎(3)I’m sorry that…‎ ‎  回答道歉时的答语 ‎  That’s all right. /That’s OK. /Never mind. /It’s nothing. /It doesn’t matter.‎ ‎6.邀请和应答 ‎  表示邀请的用语 ‎(1)Will you come to my party?‎ ‎(2)Would you like to go for a walk?‎ ‎(3)May I invite you to dinner?‎ ‎(4)How/ What about going for a walk?‎ ‎  接受邀请时的答语 ‎(1)Yes, I’d like/ love to.‎ ‎(2)Yes, It’s very kind of you.‎ ‎(3)That would be nice.‎ 拒绝邀请时的答语 ‎(1)No, thank you.‎ ‎(2)I’d love/ like to, but…‎ ‎7.请求和应答 ‎  表请求 ‎(1)May I…?‎ ‎(2)Can/ Could I…?‎ ‎(3)Would you mind if I smoke here?‎ ‎  表肯定的答语 ‎(1)Sure/ Certainly.‎ ‎(2)Yes, do please.‎ ‎(3)That’s all right.‎ ‎(4)Of course, you can.‎ ‎  表否定的答语 ‎(1)I’m afraid not.‎ ‎(2)I’m sorry, but you mustn’t/ can’t…‎ ‎(3)You’d better not.‎ ‎8.祝愿、祝贺和应答 ‎  祝贺用语 Have a good day/ time!‎ Have a good journey/ trip!‎ Good luck!‎ Enjoy yourself!‎ Best wishes to you!‎ Happy New Year!‎ Merry Christmas!‎ Happy birthday!‎ Congratulations!‎ Well done!‎ ‎  应答 Thank you.‎ You, too.‎ The same to you.‎ ‎9.提供帮助和应答 提供帮助 Can I help you?‎ Would you like me to help you?‎ What can I do for you?‎ Let me help you.‎ 肯定答语 Yes, please.‎ Yes, thanks.‎ Thank you for your help.‎ Thank you.‎ That would be nice.‎ 否定答语 No, thanks. / thank you.‎ That’s very kind /nice of you, but I can manage it myself.‎ ‎10.约会 约会前询问对方有无空闲时间:‎ Are you free this afternoon/ evening/ Sunday?‎ 常用答语:‎ Yes, I’ll be free then. / No, I won’t be free then. But I’ll be free tomorrow.‎ 提出约会时间、地点以征求对方意见常用答语:‎ How about tomorrow morning?‎ Shall we meet at 3:00 at the school gate? ‎ 常用答语:Yes, that’s all right. / All right, see you then.‎ ‎11.打电话 打电话常用语 ‎(1)Hello! May I speak to…?‎ ‎(2)Is that…speaking?(注意:不能用Are you…?或who are you?)‎ ‎(3)Extension eight one six, please?‎ ‎(4)Can I leave a message?‎ ‎(5)I’ll call back later/ again.‎ ‎(6)I’ll ring him/ her up again.‎ 接电话人常用语 ‎(1)Hello! This is Tom speaking.(注意:不能用I am Tom.)‎ ‎(2)Hello! Who is that!‎ ‎(3)Hold on, please.‎ ‎(4)Hold on a moment.‎ ‎(5)Hold the line, please.‎ ‎(6)Tom isn’t here right now.‎ ‎(7)Sorry, but Tom is out.‎ ‎(8)Can I take a message for you?‎ ‎(9)I couldn’t get through.‎ ‎(10)Sorry, I’m afraid you have the wrong number.‎ ‎12.就餐 主人常用语 What would you like to have?‎ Would you like something to drink?‎ Help yourself to some chicken?‎ Would you like some more rice?‎ 客人常用语 Yes, I’d like a drink.‎ I’d like rice and chicken.‎ Just a little, please.‎ Can I have some more soup?‎ It’s so delicious. Thank you.‎ No, thank you. I’ve had enough.‎ ‎1’‎m full, thank you.‎ ‎13.看病 医生诊断常用语 What's wrong with you?‎ What's your trouble?‎ What's the matter with you?‎ How long have you been like this?‎ What’s the matter?‎ What seems to be the trouble?‎ Do you have a fever?‎ How long have you felt like this?‎ It’s nothing serious.‎ Take this medicine three times a day.‎ You’ll be all right/ well soon.‎ 病人叙述病情 I feel terrible/ bad.‎ I don’t feel well.‎ I’ve got a cough/ headache.‎ I’ve got a pain here.‎ There’s something wrong with mg eyes.‎ It hurts here.‎ I can’t sleep well.‎ ‎14.购物 售货员常用语 Can/ May I help you?‎ What can I do for you?‎ How many/ much do you like?‎ What color/ size/ kind do you like?‎ What about this one?‎ Here’s your change.‎ 顾客常用语 I want/ I’d like a pair of shoes.‎ How much is it/ are they?‎ May I try it on?‎ It’s too big/ small.‎ Sorry, it’s too expensive.‎ Do you have any other colours/ sizes/ kinds?‎ Two and a half kilos/ pounds, please.‎ That’s fine. I’ll take it.‎ Just have a look.‎ Well, I’ll think about it.‎ ‎15.问路和应答 问路用语 Excuse me, is there a bookshop near here?‎ Excuse me, where is the nearest post office?‎ Excuse me, can you tell me the way to the post office?‎ Excuse me, how can I get to the nearest post office?‎ Excuse me, which bus goes to People’s park?‎ 应答 It's about one hundered meters on your right. You can't miss it. ‎ It’s over there.‎ It’s about 500 meters from here.‎ Go down this street until you see the tall red building.‎ Turn right/ left at the first/ second crossing/ corner.‎ You can’t miss it.‎ You can take bus No. 103.‎ You’d better take a taxi.‎ Sorry, I don’t know. I’m a stranger here. You'd better ask the policeman. ‎ ‎16.谈论天气 询问天气情况 What’s the weather like today?‎ How’s the weather in Beijing?‎ 陈述天气情况 What a cold/ hot day today!‎ It’s a nice/ fine/ beautiful/ horrible day today.‎ It’s sunny/ cloudy/ windy/ rainy/ snowy/ foggy.‎ It’s getting cool/ cold/ warm/ hot.‎ ‎17.语言交际困难 Pardon?/ I beg your pardon?‎ Sorry, I can’t follow you?‎ Could you speak again/ more slowly?‎ How do you say… in English?‎ I don’t know how to say that in English.‎ I don’t know the word in English.‎ How do you spell it, please?‎ I’m sorry I only know a little English.‎ ‎18.提醒注意 Don’t forget your raincoat.‎ Remember to lock the door.‎ Mind your head/ step!‎ No smoking! ‎ No spitting!‎ Wet floor!‎ Look out!‎ Be careful!‎ Don’t touch!‎ It’s dangerous!‎ ‎19.劝告 You’d better go to see the doctor.‎ You should listen to and read English everyday.‎ You need to buy a Chinese-English dictionary.‎ Don’t rush/ hurry/ push.‎ Please stand in line.‎ ‎20.建议 Let’s go and have a look.‎ What/ How about a picnic this Sunday?‎ Why don’t you buy a computer?‎ Why not go to a movie?‎ 常考知识清单二态度 ‎1.同意和不同意 ‎(1)表示赞同的常用语:‎ Certainly. / Sure. / Of course. / Yes, please.‎ Yes, I think so.‎ All right. / OK.‎ That’s a good idea./ I agree(with you).‎ ‎(2)表示不同意的常用语:‎ No, I don’t think so.‎ I’m afraid not.‎ I really can’t agree with you.‎ ‎(3)表示不完全赞同:‎ Yes, maybe.‎ You may be right.‎ ‎2.希望和愿望 I wish to see you again. ‎ I hope to become a doctor.‎ I hope it stays fine.‎ I hope so.‎ I hope not.‎ ‎3.表扬和鼓励 ‎(1)表扬和鼓励 Very good!‎ Well done!‎ Wonderful!‎ Excellent!‎ You speak English very well.‎ Your dress is beautiful!‎ Come on!‎ Keep trying!‎ You can do it!‎ ‎(2)应答 Thank you.‎ OK, I’ll try it again.‎ 常考知识清单三情感 ‎1.高兴 How wonderful / nice!‎ That’s lovely/ great/ wonderful!‎ I’m happy.‎ It’s well done.‎ I’m pleased to know that.‎ ‎2.惊奇 Really?‎ Oh dear!‎ Is that so?‎ What a surprise!‎ How nice to see you!‎ How surprising!‎ I’m surprised.‎ ‎3.忧虑 What’s wrong?‎ What’s the matter?‎ Anything wrong? ‎ What should we do?‎ Are you worried about your health?‎ ‎4.安慰 There, there.‎ Don’t be afraid.‎ Don’t worry.‎ It’s (quite) all right.‎ It’ll be OK/ all right.‎ ‎5.满意 Good!‎ Well done!‎ Perfect!‎ That’s fine.‎ That’s better.‎ That’s good enough.‎ I’m pleased with your spoken English.‎ ‎6.遗憾 I’m so sorry!‎ It’s a great pity!‎ What a shame!‎ That’s too bad!‎ ‎7.同情 I’m so sorry!‎ I’m so sorry about your illness.‎ I’m sorry to hear you are going away.‎ Please accept my deep sympathy.‎ ‎8.恐惧 Help!‎ How terrible!‎ I’m afraid of that dog. I’m frightened.‎ 上面我们从8个方面小结了初中阶段所学习的情景交际。下面我们来看几个中考的关于情景交际的单项选择题。‎ 单项选择题。‎ ‎1.(′04宜昌)—__________?‎ ‎—I have got a cough.‎ A.What’s wrong with you B.Have you taken you temperature C.Are you better now D.How long have you been like this ‎2.(′04南宁)—Thank you for lending me your bicycle.‎ ‎—__________.‎ A.Don’t mention it      B.Thank you C.He’s really great      D.Yes, I do ‎3.(′04长春)—Li Ming fell off his motorbike yesterday.‎ ‎—__________.‎ A.No problem         B.That’s a good idea C.Never mind          D.Sorry to hear that ‎4.(′04河北)—What about something to drink?‎ ‎—__________.‎ A.Yes, please         B.Here you are C.It’s my pleasure      D.The same to you ‎5.(′05上海)—What will you say when you are in danger?‎ ‎—__________.‎ A.I’m afraid         B.Help C.Bad luck           D.Thank you ‎6.(′06黄冈)—Please say hi to Mum and Dad, Tony.‎ ‎—__________.‎ A.Oh, hi           B.Thanks, I will C.I didn’t say it       D.That’s a great idea ‎7.(′05河南)—Is this 9628176, please?‎ ‎—__________.‎ A.I’m sorry, but he’s not in.‎ B.Would you like to leave a message?‎ C.No, you must leave the wrong number.‎ D.Oh, that’s really a long number.‎ ‎8.(′05河北)—Well, it’s been very nice talking to you.‎ ‎—__________.‎ A.You’re welcome B.Nice talking to you, too C.Yes, let’s have a talk ‎ D.Very well, thank you ‎9.(′05内蒙)—Would you mind if I use your telephone?‎ ‎—__________.‎ A.Yes, do please       B.Of course not C.Of course          D.All right ‎10.(′05南京)—Can you do it by yourself?‎ ‎—__________.‎ A.Sounds good         B.Thank you C.No problem         D.It doesn’t matter 答案:1—‎5 A A D A B  6—10 B C B B C ‎ 二.句型转换 命题趋势 ‎1.句型转换在中考中属于语法性强的题型,为了避免纯粹的语法题,考查学生综合运用英语的能力,该题型会由原来的基础性、典型性和单一性变为多样性、复杂性和综合性。‎ ‎2.主要考查的内容:‎ ‎(1)肯定句变否定形式和疑问句形式 ‎(2)对画线部分提问 ‎(3)完成反意疑问句 ‎(4)陈述句改为感叹句 ‎(5)同义句的转换 ‎3.题量有减少的趋势,分值一般在5~10分 突破方法 ‎1.对句型转换部分,要掌握句型之间转换的基本规律。如肯定陈述句变为否定陈述句,陈述句变为疑问句及对画线部分提问。‎ ‎2.同义句转换难度较大,它需要长时间的语法积累。‎ ‎(1)同义词的积累 look after=take care of, enjoy oneself=have a good time ‎(2)同义句型之间的转换,如:‎ How do you like…?和What do you think of…?‎ It takes sb. some time to do sth.和sb. spend some time doing sth.‎ 把so…that…句型用too…to…或enough to…来代替。‎ 常考知识清单一肯定句变为否定句和一般疑问句 ‎1.凡句子有be(am, is, are, was, were)情态动词(can, may, must, need, should, will, would, shall, could, might),助动词(have, has, had)时,可直接将这些词提前构成问句,在它们后面加not构成否定句。‎ e.g.He was a teacher ten years ago. →‎ Was he a teacher ten years ago? ‎ He wasn’t a teacher ten years ago.‎ I can swim. →‎ Can you swim?‎ I can’t swim.‎ He has gone to Beijing. →‎ Has he gone to Beijing?‎ He hasn’t gone to Beijing yet.‎ They will go to Canada next month. →‎ Will they go to Canada next month?‎ They will not go to Canada next month.‎ ‎2.当句子中不出现be,情态动词can, may, must等,或助动词have, has等时要借助do(es)或did来帮助。‎ ‎(1)Ann returned the book to the library yesterday.(改为一般疑问句和否定句)‎ Did Ann return the book to the library yesterday?‎ Ann didn’t return the book to the library yesterday.‎ ‎  注意:当动词是过去时态时变疑问句是在句首加did,变否定句是在动词前加did not,原来的动词变为原形。‎ ‎(2)Allan goes to the library every Monday.(改为一般疑问句和否定句)‎ Does Allan go to the library every Monday?‎ Allan doesn’t go to the library every Monday.‎ 注意:当动词是单数第三人称时,变疑问句是在句首加Does,变否定句时,是在动词前加doesn’t,原来的动词变为原形。‎ 常考知识清单二对画线部分提问 ‎1.对主语或主语的定语提问时,其语序不变,即:‎ 疑问词+谓语+其他成分?‎ 疑问词+主语+谓语+其他成分?‎ ‎(1)She is our teacher. →Who is your teacher?‎ ‎(2)My book is on the desk. →Whose book is on the desk?‎ ‎2.对表语、宾语、状语提问时,其语序是:‎ 疑问词+一般疑问句。‎ ‎(1)He lives in Shanghai. →Where does he live?‎ ‎(2)The girl asked Jane to turn off the radio. →What did the girl ask Jane to do?‎ ‎3.对人提问,用Who或Whom ‎(1)Maria likes Kevin. →Who likes Kevin?‎ ‎(2)Maria likes Kevin. →Whom does Maria like?‎ ‎(对主语提问用who,对宾语提问用who,whom均可)。‎ ‎4.问“谁的”用whose This is her wallet. →Whose wallet is this?‎ ‎5.对地点提问用where I live in New York. →Where do you live?‎ ‎6.对时间提问,用when或what time Steven gets up at six every day. →When(What time) does Steven get up every day?‎ ‎7.对原因提问,用why He didn’t go to school because he was ill. ‎ ‎→Why didn’t he go to school?‎ ‎8.问“身体状况”,用how I’m fine. →How are you?‎ ‎9.对方式提问,用how He did it in that way. →How did he do it?‎ ‎10.对数字提问,用how many, how much He has been to Beijing four times. →‎ How many times has he been to Beijing?‎ ‎11.对一段时间提问,用how long或how soon ‎(1)He will come back in ten minutes. →‎ How soon will he come back?‎ ‎(2)I have lived in Beijing for ten years.‎ How long have you lived in Beijing?‎ ‎12.问程度,用how+被修饰语 The river is ten meters wide. →‎ How wide is the river?‎ 常考知识清单三同义句转换 ‎1.用同义词或词组改写 James Herriot was good at treating dogs. (改为同义句) →‎ James Herriot did well in treating dogs.‎ 注意:be good at=do well in ‎2.运用反义词或词组改写 The problem is too difficult for me to work out.(改为同义句) →‎ The problem isn’t easy enough for me to work out.‎ ‎3.同义句型转换 ‎  用意义相同或相近,但结构不同的句型、句式来表达同一句义的方法。如(1)not as…as与比较级的变化;(2)than any other与最高级的变化;(3)瞬间动词come, go, leave, buy, die等的过去时与含有一段时间状语的完成时之间的变化。(4)What do you think of…?与How do you like…?‎ ‎(1)Mr. Brown left the city two years ago.(同义句) →‎ Mr. Brown has been away from the city for two years.‎ ‎(2)What do you think of the film?(改为同义句) →‎ How do you like the film?‎ ‎(3)Why don’t you go to the school library with me?(改为同义句) →‎ Why not go to the school library with me?‎ ‎4.二合一并成简单句,就是把两个并列句中成分相同的部分合并起来,使其成为一个简单句。‎ ‎  常用的连词有neither…nor…, either…or…, both…and…, not only…but also…;也可用too…to….和enough to…把两个句子合并成一个分句。‎ ‎(1)Lucy will go to the Great Wall, or Liu Mei will.(合并成一句话) →‎ Either Lucy or Liu Mei will go to the Great Wall.‎ ‎(2)All the pupils have read this storybook. Their English teacher has read this storybook, too.(改为同义句)‎ ‎→Not only all the pupils but also their English teacher has read this storybook.‎ ‎5.复合句转换为简单句 ‎(1)不定式短语替换 I got up very late. I didn’t catch the early bus.(改为同义句) →‎ I didn’t get up early enough to catch the early bus.‎ ‎(2)宾语从句简化为疑问词+不定式 I don’t know what I should do.(改为同义句) →‎ I don’t know what to do.‎ ‎(3)将so…that…(或such…that)引导的状语从句改为too…to…(或enough to…)‎ The nurse is so busy that she has no time to look after their family.(改为同义句) →‎ The nurse is too busy to look after her family.‎ ‎6.主动语态与被动语态之间的转换 We clean our classroom twice a day.(改为同义句) →‎ Our classroom is cleaned twice a day.‎ 常考知识清单四直接引语变间接引语 ‎1.直接引语变为间接引语时,如果主句是一般现在时,从句可以用各种时态,如果主句是过去时,从句只能用过去时态,从句主语和其他成分有时要做相应变化。‎ ‎(1)My mother says,“It’s important to learn English well.”。→‎ My mother says it’s important to learn English well.‎ ‎(2)She asked,“Do you like maths?”→‎ She asked me if I liked maths.‎ ‎2.直接引语是陈述句时,变间接引语用that引导,可省略。‎ My teacher said,“You are a good student”. →‎ My teacher said that I was a good student.‎ ‎3.直接引语是一般疑问句时,变间接引语用if引导。‎ Tom asked,“Have you finished your homework?”→‎ Tom asked me if I had finished my homework.‎ ‎4.直接引语是特殊疑问句时,变间接引语:疑问词+陈述句语序。‎ His grandma asked,“What are you doing?”→‎ His grandma asked him what he was doing.‎ ‎5.直接引语是祈使句时,变间接引语时用不定式 The teacher said,“Listen to me carefully.”→‎ The teacher asked us to listen to her carefully.‎ 易混知识清单肯定句变为否定句时的几种情况 ‎1.肯定句中有some,变为否定句时改为any,肯定句有some构成的复合代词或副词时,应改为由any构成的复合代词或副词。‎ ‎(1)There are some books on the desk. →There are not any books on the desk.‎ ‎(2)These people have done something to protect the environment. →‎ Those people haven’t done anything to protect the environment.‎ ‎2.肯定句中有and连接两个并列成分时,变为否定句,一般将and变为or。‎ The clock has feet and legs. →‎ The clock doesn’t have feet or legs.‎ ‎3.肯定句中有always, often和almost时,变为否定句时应将其分别变为never, seldom和hardly。‎ ‎(1)David always walks to school. →‎ David never walks to school.‎ ‎(2)He often watches TV in the evening. →He seldom watched TV in the evening.‎ ‎(3)Dreams of finding lost treasure almost came true. →‎ Dreams of finding lost treasure hardly came true.‎ ‎4.肯定句中含有a few, a little时,变否定句要将其变为few, little来表示否定意义。‎ I had a little milk for breakfast this morning. →‎ I had little milk for breakfast this morning.‎ ‎(2)I bought a few books yesterday. →‎ I bought few books yesterday.‎ ‎5.肯定句中含有also, too时,变否定句应改为either。‎ Lily likes swimming, too. →‎ Lily doesn’t like swimming, either.‎ ‎6.祈使句变为否定句时在其前加don’t。‎ Tell her the way to the hospital.‎ Don’t tell her the way to the hospital.‎ ‎7.含有everything, everybody的肯定句变为否定句时,应将它们分别变为nothing和nobody。‎ ‎(1)Everything turns green now. →Nothing turns green now.‎ ‎(2)Everybody can help you. →Nobody can help you.‎ ‎8.肯定句中含有already时,变为否定句应将其变为yet。‎ I have already finished my homework. →‎ I haven’t finished my homework yet.‎ ‎9.在I/ we+think+从句变为否定句时,应将think变为否定,而不应将其后的从句改为否定句。‎ I think he can speak Japanese. →‎ I don’t think he can speak Japanese.‎ ‎10.在肯定句中有all, both和both…and…时,变否定句应将其分别变为none, neither和neither…nor…。注意谓语动词的人称与数的变化。‎ ‎(1)All of them can speak French. →‎ None of them can speak French.‎ ‎(2)Both of his parents know how to surf on Internet. →‎ Neither of his parents knows how to surf on Internet.‎ ‎11.had better+动词原形,变否定句时为had better not。‎ You’d better go to school. →You’d better not go to school.‎ ‎12.使役动词和感官动词(make, let, hear, see, watch)后接省略to的不定式,此种不定式变否定句时只需在动词原形前加not。‎ I saw her work. →I saw her not work.‎ ‎13.肯定句中有still时,变否定句应改为no longer。‎ Mary is still in bed. →May is no longer in bed.‎ ‎14.肯定句中含有“形容词+enough”时,变为否定句应改为too…to…。‎ He is old enough to go to school. →‎ He is too young to go to school.‎ 下面我们来看些中考题 ‎1.This is our teacher’s office.(改一般疑问句)‎ ‎  ________ ________ ________ teacher’s office?‎ ‎2.She can swim.(改为否定句)‎ ‎  She ________ ________.‎ ‎3.It’s going to rain, ________________ ?(完成反意疑问句)‎ ‎4.They are working hard.(改成感叹句)‎ ‎  ________ hard they are working!‎ ‎5.“Would you like a cup of tea?”Mary asked me.‎(改成间接引语)‎ ‎  Mary asked me ________ I ________ ________ a cup of tea.‎ ‎6.My friend came here last year.(就画线部分提问)‎ ‎  ________ ________ your friend ________here?‎ ‎7.We’ll clean our classroom after school.(改成被动语态)‎ ‎  Our classroom ________________________after school.‎ ‎8.The desks must be mended tomorrow.(就画线部分提问)‎ ‎  ________________________________________________________?‎ ‎9.Has he handed in his homework? Do you know?(合并为一句)‎ ‎  ________________________________________________________‎ ‎10.Tom is a middle school student. Mary is a middle school student, too.(合并为一句)‎ ‎  ________________________________________________________‎ ‎11.Mrs. Brown went to see her doctor.(改为疑问句)‎ ‎  ________________________________________________________?‎ ‎12.The jar was so heavy that I couldn’t lift it.(改为同义句)‎ ‎  The jar was ________ ________ ________ me ________ ________.‎ ‎13.We clean the windows of our classroom once a week.(改为被动语态)‎ ‎  The windows of our classroom ________ ________ once a week.‎ ‎14.The film began half an hour ago.(改为同义句)‎ ‎  The film has been ________ ________half an hour.‎ ‎15.English is very interesting.(改为感叹句)‎ ‎  ________ ________ English is!‎ 答案:‎ ‎1.Is this your ‎2.can’t swim ‎3.isn’t it ‎4.How ‎5.if/whether, would like ‎6.When, did, come ‎7.will be cleaned ‎8.When must the desk be cleaned ‎9.Do you know if/whether he has handed in his homework?‎ ‎10.Both Tom and Mary are middle school students.‎ ‎11.Did Mrs. Brown go to see her doctor?‎ ‎12.too heavy, for, to, lift ‎13.are cleaned ‎14.on for ‎15.How interesting 冲刺练习 单项选择 ‎1.—________?‎ ‎—Nothing serious, but a bit tired.‎ ‎—Better have a rest now, dear.‎ A.Is that all         B.Is there anything else C.What’s this         D.What’s the matter with you ‎2.—The coffee is good. ________?‎ ‎—Certainly. I am very glad you love it.‎ A.Could I have another cup B.What about something else C.Why not have a taste ‎3.—Would you like to go swimming with me this afternoon?‎ ‎—________, but I have a lot of homework to do.‎ A.I’d love to        B.Yes, let’s go C.Yes, you are right      D.Don’t say it like that ‎4.—What a beautiful hat you wear today!‎ ‎—________.‎ A.No, I’m not       B.Thank you C.Yes, you are right     D.Don’t say it like that ‎5.—Shall we go out for a walk?‎ ‎—________. This TV show is not interesting at all.‎ A.Thank you         B.It doesn’t matter ‎ C.Not at all         D.Good idea ‎6.—What a nice day! Let’s go for a picnic on the beach together.‎ ‎—________.‎ A.Goodbye          B.Good idea C.Good job          D.Good day ‎7.—Your speech is really wonderful!‎ ‎—________.‎ A.Yes, thanks       B.Thank you C.That’s right      D.No, thanks ‎8.—Would you please bring your CDs bought in HongKong to me tomorrow? I’d like to have a look.‎ ‎—________. I will introduce something to you.‎ A.Not at all       B.No problem C.No way          D.Never mind ‎9.—Hello, Jack! Haven’t seen you for a long time!‎ ‎—Oh, John! ________?‎ A.How old are you    B.How are you C.How’s that       D.How time flies ‎10.—I am going to Hangzhou for holiday next week.‎ ‎—________.‎ A.Have a good time    B.Best wishes to you C.Congratulations    D.Please go ‎ ‎[答案与解析]‎ 典例剖析 鄂州市中考补全对话题。‎ A: Hello, Helen.‎ B: Hello, Betty. Do you hear what’s happened to Henry?‎ A:  1 ?‎ B: He’s Hilda’s husband.‎ A: Oh, yes, I know. He’s just come back from Europe. What’s happened?‎ B: He was walking past a school when a car came out of the gate and hit him.‎ A:  2 . Was he hurt badly?‎ B: I’m afraid so.‎ A:  3 ?‎ B: About an hour ago.‎ A:  4 ?‎ B: He is in hospital.‎ A: I hope he’ll be healthy soon.‎ B: Yes.  5 .‎