中考英语时态复习系列 16页

‎2012年中考英语时态复习系列 ‎（一）现在进行时 作谓语的动词用来表示动作（情况）发生时间的各种形式称为时态。‎ ‎1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 ‎ ‎2.时间状语：Now, at this time, days, look. listen等时间状语做标志。‎ ‎3.基本结构：主语+be +doing +其他 ‎4.否定形式：主语+be +not +doing+其他 ‎5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。‎ ‎6. 用法：现在进行时表示 ‎1)、现在（说话的瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作，强调“此时此刻”。‎ ‎ E.g. He is reading . They are talking now.‎ ‎2)、当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。E.g. They are working these days.‎ ‎3)、 某些动词的现在进行时，表预定的计划或即将发生的动作。E.g I am coming.‎ ‎7. 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换 在一般现在时中，at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如at work（在工作）, at school（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看： Peter is at work, but Mike is at play. Peter is working, but Mike is playing. 8. 现在分词的变法有 ‎1)、一般在动词词尾加上-ing ,E.g. jump ‎2)、以不发音字母e结尾的动词，先去e，再加-ing. E.g have write ‎3)、.以重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母结尾的词，它前面是单个元音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双写，再加上-ing. E.g. sit put 其句式变换都在be上做文章。‎ E.g. He is buying a bike. Is he buying a bike? He isn’t buying a bike. ‎ ‎9. 常见的错误有如下几种：‎ 一 把动词变成现在分词形式易出错 例：1、They are swiming.(swim) 2 、Jenny is plaiing(play)football.‎ 答案：1.swimming 2 .playing 解析：动词变现在分词可有如下口诀:“一添一去y不变”. “一添”指双写规则；“一去”指去掉不发音字母e规则；“y不变”指要与名词变复数区分开。‎ 二 丢掉be动词或忘记把动词变成现在分词 例：1、 Look, two children flying.(fly) a kite in the park. ‎ ‎ 2 、Li Mingisn’t read ( not read) a book in bed now.‎ 答案：1 are flying 2 isn’t reading 解析:现在进行时肯定句的结构规律为: “be+现在分词,缺一不可”。这一点必须牢记。‎ 三 对动词或动词词组提问时丢掉doing 例：1 、The students are singing in the room.(对划线部分提问)‎ ‎ What are the students in the room?‎ 答案：What are the students doing in the room?‎ 解析:现在进行时态中对动作提问可记住此句式“What +be +主语+doing+其它?”‎ 或简写为“What......doing......”?句式。‎ 四 现在进行时态的选择疑问句中易忽视or后用现在分词形式 例：孩子们在跑还是在跳？ Are the children running or jump?‎ 答案：Are the children running or jumping?‎ 解析: or连接的是两个并列成分，动词形式须一致。‎ 专项训练：‎ 一 、单选 ‎1、 Look! He _____their mother do the housework.‎ A. is helping B. are help C. is help D.is helpping ‎2 、_____are the boys doing ? They are singing in the room.‎ A .Who B .How C.What D.Where ‎3、 Don’t talk here. My mother _____. A. is sleeping B .are sleeping C. sleeping D .sleep ‎4 、Danny ______. Don’t call him. A. is writeing B .is writing C.writing D .writes ‎5 、–When_____he_____back? – Sorry, I don’t know.‎ A. does,come B.are coming C.is come D.is coming 答案：A C A B D 二 、填空 ‎1、 It’s ten o’clock. My mother _____(lie)in bed.‎ ‎2、 What____he _____(mend)?‎ ‎3、 We _____(play)games now.‎ ‎4、 What ____you____(do) these days?‎ ‎5、 ____he ___(clean) the classroom?‎ ‎6、 Who____(sing)in the next room?‎ ‎7 、The girl____(like)wearing a sweater. Look! She ____(wear)a red sweater today.‎ 答案：1 is lying 2 is mending 3 are playing 4 are doing ‎ ‎ 5 Is cleaning 6 is singing 7 likes ; is wearing ‎ ‎（二）一般现在时 一般现在时是英语中应用最广泛的时态之一，是中考复习的重点。‎ ‎1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 ‎ ‎ 2.时间状语： Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week(day, year, month…), on Sundays, ‎ ‎ 3.基本结构：主语+谓语(动词原形) （如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要改为第三人称单数形式）+其它. 含有be动词的要在be上做变化. 有时为了起强调作用，时间状语也可提前.‎ ‎ 4.否定形式：主语+am/is/are +not+其他; 此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't, 如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。 ‎ ‎ 5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。 ‎ E.g. They have lunch at 12:00. They don’t have lunch at 12:00. Do they have lunch at 12:00?‎ ‎ Jenny speaks English very well. Jenny doesn’t speak English very well. ‎ ‎ Does Jenny speak English very well? ‎ ‎ Danny is a good student. Danny isn’t a good student. Is Danny a good student? ‎ ‎6.用法：它表示1)经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。‎ e.g. I go to school on foot. He is very busy now. ‎ ‎2)表示主语的特征、性格、能力、爱好等。e.g. He can swim. I work hard. I like watching TV. ‎ ‎3)表示客观真理 e.g. There are seven days in a week. The moon moves round the earth. ‎ 常见错误如下：‎ 一、be动词与行为动词同时出现在句子中 例：We are plant (plant) the trees in spring.‎ 答案：plant 解析：学生往往会用汉语的思维方式去翻译，就成了“我们是在春天植树”。这是学习英语最忌讳的，要看语法是不是正确，在英语中，be是表状态，do是表动作，两种动词不能同时出现在句子中，可记住如下口诀：“英汉语言有差异，be 、do不能放一起，仔细琢磨细分析，语法千万要牢记。”‎ 二、单三人称形式易出错 例：1 He plaies (play) football very well. 2 Danny gos (go) to school at 7:10.‎ 答案：1 plays 2 goes ‎ 解析：1以辅音字母加y结尾的动词变单三人称形式才能把y换成i再加es；2与名词变复数不同，变单三人称形式以o结尾的词要加es.‎ 三、在句式变换时易出错 例：1 Does Jenny has (has) a good friend? 2 Brian doesn’t lives (not live) in China.‎ 答案：1 Does have 2 doesn’t live ‎ 解析：单三人称做主语的一般现在时做句式变化时，可记住如下口诀：“见助动，用原形”。此口诀也可推广用于一般过去时态中。e.g. He didn't go home yesterday.‎ 四、对do的理解易出错 例：We don’t (not do) our homework in the afternoon.‎ 答案：don’t do 解析：do是一个比较难理解的词，它有三个含义: a)是所有行为动词的总称；b)是助动词，无实义；c)是一个具体的行为动词“做，干”。此句中给出的do指“做，干”，not指把此句变为否定句，故须在do前加助动词don’t。‎ 五、对主语的数判断有误 例： Li Ming with me are (be) in Beijing.‎ 答案: is ‎ 解析:表面一看是“我和李明两个人在北京”，但with在此做伴随状语，不能做主语，故用is.‎ ‎ 另外，宾语从句中，从句部分若是表示客观真理，不管主句是何时态，从句都要用一般现在时；在时间和条件状语从句中，主句表将来，从句要用一般现在时。‎ 专项练习：‎ 一、 单选 ‎1 Jenny ____ in an office. Her parents ____in a hospital.‎ A work; works B works; work C work; are working D is working; work ‎2 One of the boys_____ a black hat. A have B there is C there are D has ‎3 We will go shopping if it____ tomorrow.‎ A don't rain Bdidn't rain Cdoesn't rain Disn't rain ‎ ‎4 He said the sun ____in the east and ____in the west.‎ A rose; set B rises; sets C rises, set D rise; sets ‎5 Wang Mei ____ music and often ____ to music.‎ A like; listen B likes; listens C like; are listening D liking ; listen ‎6 Jenny____ English every evening. A has study B studies C study D studied 答案：1 B 2D 3C 4B 5B 6B 二、填空　　 　　1 I can take Li Ming there when he _____  ( come) to visit.　　 　　2 _____your sister_____(know)English?　　 　　3 Her home____  _____  ______(远离 )her school.　　 　　4The pot_____(not look) like yours very much.　　 　　5 Where _____you____(have)lunch every day?　　 　　6 Who_____(想要 )to go swimming?　　 　　7 ______she_____(do) the housework every day?　　 　　8 Jenny and Danny usually______(play) games in the afternoon .　　 　　答案：1 comes   2 Does  know  3 is away from  4 doesn't look　　‎ ‎(三) 过去进行时 ‎ 1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 ‎ ‎ 2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 ‎ ‎ 3.基本结构 主语+was/were +doing +其他 ‎ 4.否定形式：主语+was/were + not +doing+其他 ‎ 5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写） ‎ ‎ 其句式变化仍然要在be上做文章。‎ E.g. We were working in class. We weren’t working in class. Were you working in class?‎ ‎ 6. 用法：1 过去某一时刻正在进行或发生的动作。‎ E.g. They were playing football at ten o’clock yesterday morning. ‎ ‎ My mother was cooking when I got home. I was washing my clothes at this time yesterday. ‎ ‎2 过去某阶段持续进行的动作 What were you doing during the holiday? 另外，在复合句中，若主要动作和背景动作是同时发生的，那么主从句都可用过去进行时e.g. Jenny was reading while Danny was writing.‎ 过去进行时常与过去某一特定时间的状语连用，如 last night, at that time, at noon yesterday, last Sunday 等。 也有时没有时间状语，要通过上下文的暗示来确定用过去进行时。‎ E.g. The students all worked hard. Everyone knew what he was working for.‎ 做题时常见错误如下：‎ ‎ 一、易把be+现在分词记成be+过去分词 ‎ 例：He was talked (talk) to his mum at that time.‎ ‎ 答案：was talking ‎ 解析：过去进行时与现在进行时结构上的区别体现在be动词上。 ‎ ‎ 二、丢掉be动词或忘记把动词变成现在分词 例：1 I watching (watch) TV when he came in. 2 They were play (play) games at 5:00 p.m. yesterday.‎ ‎ 答案：1 was watching 2 were playing ‎ 解析：现在进行时中“be+现在分词,缺一不可”的规律也可应用于过去进行时。‎ ‎ 三、对动词或动词词组提问时丢掉doing 例：We were flying kites at 5:00 p.m. yesterday. (对划线部分提问)‎ ‎ What were you at 5:00 p.m. yesterday?‎ 答案：What were you doing at 5:00 p.m. yesterday?‎ 解析：现在进行时中“What……doing……”?句式同样适用于过去进行时。‎ ‎ 四、易与现在进行时弄混 例：My mother is cooking (cook)when I got home.‎ 答案：was cooking ‎ 解析：这两种时态的共同点是都表示动作正在进行，但现在进行时前提是现在，而过去进行时前提是过去，由when I got home可看出前提是过去。‎ ‎ 五、易与一般过去时弄混 例：昨晚我在读一本故事书。 I read (read) a story book yesterday evening.‎ 答案：was reading ‎ 解析：这两种时态的共同点是都用于表示过去发生的动作。但过去进行时强调动作正在进行，而一般过去时则表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，它表示的动作往往已经完成。“在”说明正在进行，而“I read a story book yesterday evening.”的意思是昨晚我读了一本故事书，言下之意已经读完了。故用过去进行时。‎ 另外，在宾语从句中当主句为过去时，从句若是现在进行时，需变成过去进行时。‎ ‎ e.g. He said that he was drawing a cat at noon yesterday.‎ 专项训练：‎ 一 、单选 ‎1 What ______ from three to four yesterday afternoon?‎ A have you done B had you done C did you do D were you doing ‎2 – I call you yesterday evening, but there was no answer.‎ ‎ - Oh., I’m sorry I _____ dinner at my friend’s home.‎ A home B had C was having D have had ‎3 My mother _____ while my father _____TV.‎ A cooked; was watching B was cooking; was watching ‎ C was cooked; watched D cooked; watched ‎4 When I got home, my son _____ the music.‎ A am listening to B listened to C was listening to D was listening ‎5 We heard a cry when we ______ TV last night.‎ A were watching B would watch C watch D watched ‎6 She asked him whether he _____ back for lunch.‎ A come B was coming C came D had come ‎7 Could you tell me when ______?‎ A she is coming B she was coming C will be come D is he coming ‎8 The teacher ______ when I came into the classroom.‎ A is drawing B draws C has drawn D was drawing ‎ ‎9 The pizza ______ by my mother. Would you like to have some?‎ A makes B was making C made D was made ‎ ‎10 Nobody noticed what she ______ at the moment.‎ A will do B was doing C has done D had done ‎ ‎11 Was it raining hard when you _____ this morning?‎ A left B leaves C was leaving D would leave ‎ 答案：1 D 2 C 3 B 4 C 5 A 6 B 7 A 8 D 9 D 10 B 11 A ‎ 二 、填空 ‎1 ______ they______ (feed) the animals at 5:00 yesterday afternoon?‎ ‎2 Mrs.Green _____ _____ (not wash) clothes at this time yesterday.‎ ‎3 Grandpa ______ ______ (mend) his clock when I reached home. ‎ ‎4 As I _____ (walk) in the park, I saw some children playing games.‎ 答案：1 were feeding 2 wasn’t washing 3 was mending 4 was walking ‎（四）一般过去时 ‎1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 ‎ ‎ 2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, ‎ ‎ 3.基本结构：be动词；行为动词 的过去式 ‎ 4.否定形式：(含有be动词的依然在be上做文章). 主语+was/were +not+其他; 在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。 ‎ ‎ 5.一般疑问句：(含有be动词的依然在be上做文章).was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。 ‎ ‎ e.g. I was born in 1980. I was not born in 1980. Were you born in 1980? ‎ ‎ I bought a gift for my mum yesterday. I didn't buy a gift for my mum yesterday. ‎ ‎ Did you buy a gift for your mum yesterday?‎ ‎6. 用法：1）过去某个时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。‎ e.g. I bought a new shirt yesterday. He was a worker two years ago.‎ ‎2）过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。‎ e.g. When I was a child,I often played with fire. Li Lei always walked to school last term.‎ ‎3）谈到已故人的情况时多用过去时。e.g. Lu Xun was a great writer.4）有些发生时间不是很清楚的情况，实际是过去发生的，也应用过去时态。e.g. What did you say?‎ ‎ 另外，还可用过去时表示委婉的语气。e.g. Could you lend me your pen?‎ ‎ 注意,在宾语从句中主句为过去,一般从句也为过去.‎ ‎ 行为动词的过去式有规则变化和不规则变化两种，规则变化有以下几种情况：1）直接在动词原形末尾加-ed. e.g. work-----worked; ask------asked; 2）以e结尾的动词只加-d. e.g. arrive-----arrived;‎ ‎ like-----liked.3)末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed. e.g. shop-----shopped; 4)以"辅音字母+y"结尾的动词,先把y变成i,再加-ed. e.g. carry----carried; study------studied.有些动词变过去式是不规则的,e.g. fly------flew; break-----broke; teach-----taught. 这些需要象生单词一样记住.‎ 常见错误如下:‎ ‎ 一　把动词变成过去式易出错 ‎ 例: 1 They stoped (stop) talking just now. 2 They plaied (play) football yesterday.‎ ‎ 答案: 1 stopped 2 played ‎ 解析:我们可以记住下面的口诀:"动词变成过去式,双写规律要牢记;y前若是辅音字,y变i加-ed;y前若是元音字,只须直接加-ed."‎ ‎ 二 忘记把动词变成过去式 ‎ 例: I fly (fly) kites on the afternoon of Sunday.‎ ‎ 答案: flew ‎ 解析:我们可以记住下面的口诀:"一般过去时态里,过去形式莫忘记".‎ ‎ 三 在句式变换时易出错 ‎ 例: 1 We didn't went (not go) out last Friday. 2 Did you had (have) a good time yesterday?‎ ‎ 答案: 1 didn't go 2 Did have ‎ 解析:请记住口诀"见助动, 用原形."‎ ‎ 四 易与单三人称作主语的一般现在时弄混 ‎ 例: He taughts (teach) me English last year.‎ ‎ 答案: taught ‎ 解析:行为动词的过去式无人称和数的变化.即使主语是单三人称,也和其它人称所用动词的形式一样.‎ ‎ 五 易与现在完成时弄混 ‎ ‎ 例: 我看过这部电影 I saw(see) the film.‎ ‎ 答案: I have seen (see) the film.‎ ‎ 解析:"我看过这部电影"说明我了解这部电影的内容,强调现在的情况,应用现在完成时;‎ ‎ 一般过去时态的句子只是说明我看了这场电影,与现在无关..‎ ‎ 六 易与过去进行时弄混,这里不在重复。‎ 专项练习:‎ 一 选择 ‎1 She lived there before he____to China. A. came B. comes C. come D. coming ‎2 I _____but_____nothing.‎ ‎ A . was listened;was hearing B. listened;heard C . have listened; heard D. listened; heard of ‎3 When did you ____here? A. got to B. reached C. arrive in D. reach ‎ ‎4 I____my homework at 7:00 yesterday evening. ‎ ‎ A. finished B. would finish C. was finishing D. finish ‎5 -He didn't go shopping with you yesterday afternoon, did he? - _______.‎ A. No, he doesn't B. Yes, he didn't C. No, he did D. Yes, he did.‎ ‎6 -I have had supper. - When ____you____it?‎ ‎ A. have; had B. do, have C. did,have D. will have 答案: 1 A 2 B 3 D 4 A 5 D 6 C ‎ 二 填空 ‎1 They____(be) on the farm a moment ago.‎ ‎2 There____(be)a shop not long ago.‎ ‎3 Jenny____(not go)to bed until 11:00 o'clock last night.‎ ‎4 Danny _____(read )English five minutes ago.‎ ‎5 I _____(see)Li Lei ____(go) out just now.‎ ‎6 He ____(do)his homework every day. But he __(not do)it yesterday.‎ ‎7 When I was young, I _____(play)games with my friends.‎ ‎8 When ____you_____(write)this book? I _____it last year.‎ ‎9 Did he____(have) lunch at home?‎ ‎10 I _____(eat) the bread, I 'm full now.‎ 答案:1 were 2 was 3 didn't go 4 read 5 saw go ‎ ‎ 6 does ; didn't do 7 played 8 did write ; wrote 9 have 10 have eaten ‎（五）一般将来时 ‎ 1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 ‎ ‎ 2.时间状语：Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc. ‎ ‎ 3.基本结构：主语+am/is/are +going to + do+其他；主语+will/shall + do+其他 ‎ ‎ (will可以用于任何人称) 需要注意的是当主语是第一人称时will可以换成shall,特别是在以I或we作主语的问句中,一般用shall. e.g. Shall we go to the zoo? 2)be going to +动词原形 ‎ 3)现在进行时也可表示将来,前边已经讲过,这里不在重复.‎ ‎ 4.否定形式：主语+am/is/are not going to do ；主语+will/shall not do+其他 ‎ ‎ 5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。 ‎ ‎ e.g. She will be back in three days. She will not be back in three days. ‎ ‎ Will She be back in three days?‎ ‎ They are going to clean their classroom. They are not going to clean their classroom. ‎ ‎ Are they going to clean their classroom? ‎ ‎ 6. 用法：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态以及计划、打算做某事。E.g. They will have a football match tomorrow. He will be thirty next week. She is going to buy a coat this afternoon. ‎ 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换 在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看： The train is leaving soon. The train will leave soon. “be going to+动词原形”与“will(shall)+动词原形”结构的转换 “be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时“will(shall)+动词原形”结构在书面语中，当主语为第一人称时，常用助动词shall。在口语中，所有人称都可以用will。请看： We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday. We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday.‎ 常见错误如下：‎ 一、易忽视动词用原形形式 ‎ 例：1 He will is (be) at school next Monday. 2 He is going to does (do) his homework after school.‎ ‎ 答案：1 be 2 do ‎ 解析：第一题有的同学一看he做主语就用了is，忽视了will后应加动词原形。我们在写句子时，很容易把动词丢掉，“英语句子里，动词不能少”的 规律必须要牢记。第二题中to后加动词原形，而不是用单三人称.。 ‎ 二、be going to +动词原形与will+动词原形用法不清楚 ‎ 例：我正努力学习，准备参加英语考试。 I am studying hard and I will try for my English exams. ‎ ‎ 答案：I am studying hard and I am going to try for my English exams.‎ ‎ 解析：“be going to” 表示计划、打算要做某事。E.g. He is going to visit his friends. 还表示某种迹象表明会发生某事.e.g. Look at the clouds. It’s going to rain. 而“Will+动词原形 ”指对将来事物的预见、表示意愿、决心。E.g. I will wait for you until you come. 在单纯预测未来时，二者可以互换，但在此题中只能用be going to，而不能用will。‎ 三、 There be结构的一般将来时易出错 例：There_________ a basketball match this afternoon. (B)‎ A is going to be B is going to have C are going to be D are going to have 答案：A 解析：There be结构的一般将来时既要符合There be结构，又要符合一般将来时。有的同学认为have当“有”讲，所以选了B，但There be结构就不成立了，此句中is是be going to中的，是由后边的单数名词决定的. ‎ 四、 be going to结构中易丢掉to ‎ 例：I’m going _______(go) school by bike tomorrow. (C) ‎ A to will go B to go to C go to D to go ‎ 答案：B 解析：由tomorrow可知是一般将来时，be going to +动词原形，所以先确定用to go , 在B、 D当中选，而go to school 是固定词组，不能因为前边有一个to而省略，这是一个易错点，需要注意。‎ ‎ 另外，在时间状语或条件状语从句中，若主句用了将来时，从句则用一般现在时，前边已经讲过,这里不在重复.‎ 专项练习：‎ 一、 单选 ‎1 _____you ____a doctor when you grow up?‎ A Will; going to be B Are; going to be C Are; / D Will; be ‎2 I don’t know if his uncle _____. I think he _____ if it doesn’t rain.‎ A will come; comes B will come; will come C comes; comes D comes; will come ‎3 He will be back _____a few minutes. A with B for C on D in ‎4 What time _____we meet at the gate tomorrow? A will B shall C do D are ‎5 He will have a holiday as soon as he _____the work next week.‎ A finishes B doesn’t finish C will finish D ‎ won’t finish ‎6 There _____some showers this afternoon.‎ ‎ A will be B will have C is going to be D are going to have ‎ ‎7 It ____my brother’s birthday tomorrow. She _____a party.‎ A is going to be; will have B will be; is having ‎ C will be; is going to have D will have; is going to be ‎8 Li Ming is 10 years old now, next year he _____11. A is B is going to be C will be D will to be ‎ 答案：1 B 2B 3 D 4 B 5A 6A 7 C 8 C ‎ 二、 填空 ‎1 -“I need some paper.” - “I ____(bring)some for you.”‎ ‎2____(be)you free tomorrow?‎ ‎3 They _________(not leave) until you come back.‎ ‎4 _____we_____(go) to the party together this afternoon?‎ ‎5 They want to know when the meeting _____start.‎ ‎6 I _____(go) with you if I have time.‎ ‎7 Hurry up! Or we ______(be) late.‎ ‎8What ____you _______(do) tomorrow afternoon?‎ ‎9 Jenny ____ _____ (do) an experiment the day after tomorrow.‎ ‎10 If she isn’t free tomorrow, she _______(not take) part in the party.‎ 答案： 1 will bring 2 Are 3 won’t leave 4Shall go 5 will 6 will go ‎ 7 will be 8 are going to do 9 will do 10 won’t take ‎（六）现在完成时 ‎ 1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。 ‎ ‎ 2.时间状语：yet, already, just, never, ever, so far, by now, since+时间点，for+时间段，recently, lately, in the past few years, etc. ‎ ‎ 3.基本结构：主语+have/has +p.p（过去分词）+其他 ‎ ‎ 4.否定形式：主语+have/has + not +p.p（过去分词）+其他 ‎ ‎ 5.一般疑问句：have/has+主语 +p.p（过去分词）+其他? ‎ ‎ 6. 用法：现在完成时主要用于以下两种情况： 1）. 完成用法：表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响。要充分理解其与过去的动作有关，但强调的是现在的影响和结果，表明了与现在的关系。     【注】  这一点要与单纯强调过去动作或状态，并且有着明确的时间状语标志的一般过去时截然分开。     【例】  （1）The train has arrived already. It arrived ten minutes ago. 显然“到达”这样的动作是过去发生了的，用过去时表达，并且有着严格的时间“ten minutes ago”来限制。而“火车已经到了”是现在事实，对现在结果的强调要用现在完成时。     （2）—Have you written a letter to your mother?    —Yes, I wrote one last Sunday.     第一句话强调信已写完，现在已寄出；第二句话只强调“wrote”这个动作发生在过去，其具体时间是“last Sunday”。     完成用法往往与不确定的、模糊的时间状语连用，如already, never, ever, just, yet, before, up to now, so far, in the last/past three years等，用来表示“到目前为止”发生的动作。     【例】  （1）We have already read this book.（我们已看过这本书了。）     （2）Has he paid the doctor yet?（他已付给医生钱了吗?）     【注】  ①区别already 与yet的用法：在表示“已经”这样的概念时，“yet”用于否定和疑问句，“already”用于肯定句。但有时表达惊奇、不相信等强烈感情时，“already”也可用于疑问句。如：Has he already burnt the paper?他真把那张纸烧了? （表惊奇）     ②区别just与just now的用法：“just”表示“刚刚”，与现在完成时连用；just now表示“刚才”，与一般过去时连用，不可混淆。     He has just gone out but I saw him in the office just now.（他刚出去，而我刚才还在办公室里见他来着。） 2）. 未完成用法：表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。在这一用法中，动词描述的动作必须是具有可延续性的，即延续（持续）性动词和状态动词。 【例】  （1）Jack has worked in Beijing for 2 years.（到目前为止在北京工作了两年）     （2）We have had much rain since this summer.（自今年夏天以来下了很多雨）     （3）Li Hong has been abroad for three years.（到现在算来在国外呆了三年了）     （4）He has been healthy since last ‎ September.（从去年九月到现在健康状况良好）‎ 未完成用法往往和具体的时间段连用，指时间从过去一直持续到现在，甚至到说话时仍未结束，有可能继续持续下去，如now, this morning （afternoon, week, month, year）, these days, for +段时间，since+点时间等，这种时间状语下的谓语动词必须要求是可延续性动词。但是表示明确的过去时间的时间状语（如in 1949，last week等）不能与现在完成时连用。     【例】  （1）I have finished my homework now.（我已经完成了家庭作业。）     （2）They have visited many places of interest since they came here. （自从来到这儿以后，他们已游览了许多名胜。）     （3）The girl has been away from China for three  years.（这个女孩出国已三年了。）‎ 特别提醒 ‎1. 时间段与现在完成时的关系     由“for +段时间”和“since+点时间”构成的表示时间段的时间状语（或从句）和现在完成时没有必然联系。这两种时间段常用于现在完成时第二种用法即未完成用法，但并不是说出现了这样的时间状语必须得使用现在完成时。需要说明的是，表示时间段的时间状语必须和可延续的谓语动词连用，这是必然的。     【例】  （1）Jim worked in Beijing for 2 years.（过去在北京工作过两年，现在不在）     （2）It is ten years since I left school.（十年这个概念没更多时态变化）     以上两句中均用了for/since引导的时间段，但并没使用现在完成时，但“work”和“is ”均是可延续的动词。   2. 非延续性动词和延续性动词     非延续性动词在时间上没有延续性，常见的有come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start,  buy, join, die, buy, find, stop, become, open, borrow, lend, appear, close, fall, finish, sell, lose, kill等，这些动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用。     【例】  （1）He has left home for two months.（×）    （2）He has joined the army since 1998.（×）     以上两句均为错误的句子，“for two months”和“since1998”均表达了一段时间，而“leave”和“join”的动作性质均不可延续，所以二者不可匹配。     【注】  有些同学错误地认为这类非延续性动词不能用于完成时态中。其实，错误的本质在于非延续性动词与时间段的错误搭配，与现在完成时态无关。     但是，非延续性动词的否定形式可以表示状态的延续，可与for/since等时间状语连用。    【例】  （1）I haven’t seen him for a long time. （我很长时间没见他了。）     （2）She hasn’t left home ever since she lost her job. （她自从失业以来，从未离开过家。）  3. 延续性语境中的非延续性动词的使用     在具体的语言环境中，往往会出现非延续性动词与时间段相连用的情况。由于受汉语影响，往往错误地直译为：     He has fallen asleep for an hour.他睡了一小时了。（×）     His father has died for three years.他父亲去世三年了。（×）     当出现这种情况时，我们往往采取以下解决方法：     （1）将非延续性动词转化为相应的状态动词。所谓状态动词就是指这一动作发生后接下来所呈现的状态。如：     He has been asleep for an hour. （fall asleep,“入睡”为短暂动作，但be asleep“睡着”则为状态动词，可延续。）     His father has been dead for three years.（die为短暂动词，“死”后的状态可用“be dead”这种系表结构来描述，可延续。） 常见的这种动词的转化有以下几类：     go there—be there, come back—be back, borrow—keep, buy/catch—have, arrive—be in, begin—be on, open—be open, close—be closed, die—be dead, leave—be away from, get up—be up, fall asleep—be asleep, become—be, join—be in/a member of, receive—have, catch/get a cold—have a cold, get married—be married，come → be in，finish → be over， leaver → be away，become interested in → be interested in ‎ ‎     （2）运用过去时态，明确表达过去的时间（一段时间+ago）。如：He slept an hour ago.（言外之意，表示到现在已经一个小时了）     His father died three years ago.（表明去世已三年了）     （3）强调时间段：运用 “It is /has been+时间名词短语+since从句”来界定动作的起始。如：     It is /has been an hour since he ‎ slept.（强调“睡觉”时间为一小时）     It is /has been three years since his father died.（强调“去世”时间为三年了）   4. 特殊结构中的现在完成时     在定语从句中，若先行词由形容词最高级或序数词来修饰时，该定语从句常用现在完成时。     【例】  （1）It’s the most interesting book I have ever read.（迄今看过的最有趣的书） （2）This is the second time you have failed in the exam.（第二次考试不及格了）。  5. have （has）been 和have （has） gone 的区别     have been to a place意思是“到过、去过”，表示曾到过某处，但现在人不在那儿；have gone to a place表示“去了”，已经去了某地，现在人可能在去的途中或已经到那儿了。     【例】  （1）Has she even been to Nanjing?（她曾去过南京吗?）     （2）She has gone to Nanjing. （她已经去南京了。）     其中，由于have/has gone to 表示被讨论的人“已经去了”，不在这儿，而现场讨论的人只能是第一人称或第二人称。所以，在have/has gone to 结构中，主语只能是第三人称，不会出现第一、二人称。如：I have gone to America.此句就不符合逻辑。  6. 在表示时间或条件的状语从句中用现在完成时表示未来完成的动作     【例】  （1）You may go swimming if you have done your homework before nine o’clock. （如果你在九点以前做完功课,你可以去游泳。）     （2）Please let me know when you have been ready.（你准备好了告诉我。）‎ ‎7. 一般过去时和现在完成时所表示的动作都发生在过去，那么这两种时态有什么区别呢？ ‎ ‎☆答：①一般过去时与具体的表示过去时间状语如：yesterday连用；强调动作在过去发生，与现在无关。‎ ‎ ②现在完成时与自已的特征词连用，强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响或过去开始发生一直持续到现在的动作。‎ 例： He saw the film last night. (过去时，表示他昨晚看过那部电影了，现在不知还要不要再看一次)‎ He has (ever) seen the film before.（现在完成时，表时他已看过那部电影，现在不想再看了）‎ 用于现在完成时的句型 ‎　　1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。 ‎ ‎　　It is the first time that I have visited the city. ‎ ‎　　It was the third time that the boy had been late. ‎ ‎　　2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. ‎ ‎　　This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 　　这是我看过的最好的电影。 ‎ ‎　　This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。‎ ‎8. 学生常见错误如下：‎ 一、易丢掉have/has ‎　　例：He taken (take) the medicine before.‎ ‎ 答案：has taken ‎ 解析：have/has 为助动词，起构成时态的作用，是不能省略的。我们可以这样记：“现在完成时态中，have/has 不可缺。”‎ 二、have与has易用混 ‎ ‎ 例：I has never heard (hear) of that before.‎ ‎ 答案：have heard 解析：现在完成时与一般现在时一样也有单三人称的变化，当单三人称作主语时用 has, 一般人称作主语时用have．‎ 三、延续性动词与短暂性动词易弄错 ‎ 例：She has left (离开) for 2 hours.‎ ‎　 答案：has been away ‎ 解析：在肯定句中，与since或for引出的时间状语连用的是延续性动词，不能是短暂性动词，但在否定句中短暂性动词也是可以的。E.g. I haven't bought clothes for one year. 在此题中leave是短暂性动词，不能与for+时间段连用，须把它改成相应的延续性动词。如stop be over等。此题中leave要改成be away。这两种词的转换是学习现在完成时需要注意的。‎ 四、have been to与 have gone to 易弄混 ‎ 例：我去过北京。 I have gone to Beijing.‎ ‎ 答案：I have been to Beijing.‎ ‎ 解析："have been to+地点" 是表示曾去过某地，但此刻不在那儿（即在说话的地方）。而"have gone to+地点" 是表示去某地了，此刻在路上或已经到了那个地方（即不在说话的地方）。注意：这两个句式后接副词时，需省to。E.g. He has gone there.‎ 五、 忘记把already变成yet 例：I have already finished my homework.(变一般疑问句)‎ ‎ Have you already finished your homework?‎ ‎ 答案： Have you finished your homework yet?‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 解析：现在完成时态中，肯定句中有already，变否定句或疑问句时通常要改为yet．‎ 六、在条件、时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来 ‎　　例：I'll go with you when I finish(finish) my homework.‎ ‎ 答案：have finished ‎ 解析：在条件、时间状语从句中表示将来完成的动作，用现在完成时。但注意，此时表示这动作将在另一动作之前完成，若两动作同时发生，或几乎同时发生，则一般不用现在完成时。‎ ‎ 另外，现在完成时易与一般过去时弄混，前边已经讲过,这里不在重复．‎ ‎9、一般过去时与现在完成时的转换 在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用别的表达方式：①瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中；②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；③瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思，主句一般用it is来代替It has been;④瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看： A. He joined the League two years ago. B. He has been in the League for two years. C. It is two years since he joined the League. D. Two years has passed since he joined the League. 10、现在完成时中考考点 ‎【考点一】 考查现在完成时的基本用法 　　点拨一 ：现在完成时可以用来表示一个动作发生在过去,并终止于过去, 但其结果对现在仍有影响。句中常含有 already(已经), just(刚刚), yet(尚，还), ever(曾经), never(从不), before(以前)等明确的时态标志。有时句中虽然没有明确的时态标志,但上下文却暗示动作发生在过去并对现在有影响。‎ ‎　　 1. —What are you going to do this Sunday?　　—I ________________yet. (绍兴市) 　　 A. won’t decide B. didn’t decide　　 C. haven’t decided D. don’t decide 　　 2. —Kitty, will you go to see the film Cold Mountain this evening? 　　 —No, I won’t. I ________________it already. (南京市) 　　 A. saw B. have seen C. seeD. will see 　点拨二：现在完成时也可以用来表示一个动作或状态从过去某时刻开始,一直延续到现在,并有可能继续进行下去。这时现在完成时的句子中常含有 recently / these days, so far, up till now, “in the last / past + 一段时间”,“for + 一段时间”或“since + 时间点/谓语动词为一般过去时的句子”等时间状语。‎ ‎　　3. —Our country ________________a lot so far. 　　 —Yes, I hope it will be even ________________. (包头市) 　　A. has changed; well B. have changed; good 　　C. have changed; better D. has changed; better 　　4. The life we were used to ________________greatly since 1992. (苏州市) 　　A. change B. has changed　　C. changing D. have changed 【考点二】 考查 have / has gone to， have / has been to与have / has been in / at的区别 　　点拨：“have / has gone to + 地点”表示“某人去了某地（还未回来）”，指主语所指的人不在这儿；“have / has been in +地点”表示“在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表示时间的状语连用；“have / has been to +地点”表示“曾经去过某地（但现在已不在那儿）。其中 have / has gone to主要与already, just等词连用, have / has been to则与ever, twice, before 等词语连用, have / has been in / at ... 须与表示一段时间的状语连用。‎ ‎5. —Where can I find Jack?　 —He ________________the post office. (武汉市) 　　A. has been to B. had been to　　C. has gone to D. had gone to 　　6. —You are leaving your school. How do you like it? 　　—Very much, of course. I ________________this school since I moved here. (黄冈市) 　　A. came to B. have gone to　　C. have been at D. have been to 【考点三】考查延续性动词与非延续性动词在现在完成时中的运用 　　点拨：现在完成时中，非延续性动词不能与for和since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，通常要用相应的延续性动词来代替。常用的非延续性动词及替代形式在上。‎ ‎7. —How long have you ________________the book?　　 —For several weeks. (青岛市) 　　A. bought B. borrowed C. lent D. had 【考点四】考查与一般过去时的区别 ‎ ‎　　点拨：一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作，说话的侧重点在于陈述一件过去的事情，与现在没有关系；现在完成时表示与现在有关系的发生在过去的动作，它不与表示过去的时间状语（如yesterday， last week， a moment ago等）连用。‎ ‎　　8. —________________ you ________________your homework yet？ 　　 —Yes． I ________________ it a moment ago．（甘肃） 　　A． Did; do; finished　　B． Have; done; finished 　　C． Have; done; have finished　　D． Will; do; finish 　　Keys: 1~5 CBDBC6~8 CDB ‎【考点五】考查时间状语 时间副词already（已经） ，yet（还、已经） ，just(刚刚、仅仅) ，ever（曾经） ，never（从不） ，before（以前）等的用法如下： ‎ ‎1．already意为“已经”，通常用于肯定句中，可放在助动词之后，过去分词之前，也可以放在句末。实例： ‎ ‎1）I've already read this book. 我已经读过这本书了。 ‎ ‎ （“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是“知道书中的内容”。‎ ‎2）I've washed my clothes already．我已经洗了衣服。 ‎ ‎ （洗衣服的动作已完成，其结果是“衣服冼干净了”。） ‎ 注意：在表示吃惊或明知故问等感情色彩时，already也可用于（口语）疑问句中。实例： ‎ ‎3）Have you met him already ？你（真的）已经见过他了？ ‎ ‎2．yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”，用在否定句中意为“还”，常放在句末。实例： ‎ ‎1）—Has he found his watch yet ？他已经找到他的手表了吗？ ‎ ‎ —No，not yet．不，还没有。 ‎ ‎2）The woman hasn't found her dog yet ． ‎ ‎ 那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。（没找到狗，心里着急，这就是对现在的影响） ‎ ‎3．just意为“刚刚”，表示行为刚刚过去，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例： ‎ ‎ He has just come back from school ．他刚从学校回来。 ‎ ‎4．ever意为“曾经”，用于疑问句或否定句中，放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例： ‎ ‎ 1）Have you ever been to Hong Kong ？你曾去过香港吗？ ‎ ‎ 2）I haven't ever spoken to her．我未曾和她说过话。 ‎ ‎5．never意为“从来没有”常与before连用（before要放在句尾，而never多放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例： ‎ ‎ I have never travelled by plane before．我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。 ‎ ‎6．before意为“以前”，指过去不确定的某个时间，总是放在句末，不受句型的限制。实例： ‎ ‎ 1）Have you been to Hainan before ？你以前去过海南吗？ ‎ ‎ 2）I haven't eaten Guangdong food before．我以前没吃过广东菜。 ‎ ‎7. for + 段时间 since +点时间 实例： ‎ ‎1）I've lived here since 1990．自从1990年以来我就住在这里。 ‎ ‎ = I've lived here since 13 years ago.= I've lived here for 13 years.‎ ‎ = It is 13 years since I began to live here.‎ ‎2）I haven't seen him for three years ．我三年没有看见他了。 ‎ ‎ = I haven't seen him since three years ago = I haven't seen him since 2000.‎ ‎ = It is 3 years since I saw him last time.‎ ‎3）Mr Wang has worked in the factory since he came to the city ． ‎ ‎ 自从到这个城市以来，王先生一直在这家工厂工作。 ‎ ‎4）She's been at this school since five years ago． ‎ ‎ 自从五年前以来她就在这个学校。 ‎ 注意：①在这类句子的肯定句和疑问句中谓语动词必须用延续性动词。短暂性动词由于动作不能持续，故不能与for(达到；累计)或since（自从。。。到现在）引出的时间状语连用。 ‎ ‎②对for和since引导的时间状语提问要用How long ‎1） 他入团两年了。 ‎ 误：He has joined the League for two years． ‎ 正：He has been a League member for two years． ‎ ‎2）我买这辆自行车三年了。 ‎ 误：I have bought this bike for three years． ‎ 正：I have had this bike for three years．‎ 专项练习：‎ 一、单选 ‎1 You have _____ a tall young man. A grown B grown into C grown us D grown up ‎2 He has ____ the watch for a year. A buy B bought C have D had ‎3 Has your brother _____ the dog? A kept in B fed C fed on D kept on ‎4I _____this book for two weeks, I have to return it now.‎ A borrowed B have borrowed C kept D have kept ‎5 Have you ever _____to the Great Wall? It's very beautiful. A gone B been C went D go ‎ ‎6 Her brother _____the Party since 1978.‎ ‎ A joined B has joined C has been in D was in ‎ ‎7 The Greens _____many places of interest since they came to China.‎ ‎ A will visit B visited C have visited D visit ‎8 I'm sorry, I ____ your name. A had forgotten B forgot C have forgotten D forgotten ‎9 The bookshop _____ for eight years. ‎ ‎ A has been open B has been opened Chas opened D has open ‎10 We have all the paper so we need to buy some.‎ ‎ A used up B made of C filled with D hunted for ‎11 The flower I ____grown up. A planted has B planted have C has planted D have planted ‎ 答案：１B 2 D 3 B 4D 5 B 6 C 7 C 8 C 9 A 10 A 11 A 二、填空 ‎1 Have you ever ______(take) a train?‎ ‎2 It _________(be ) more than three years since Jim ______(leave) here.‎ ‎3 Have you _____(make)friends with your new classmates yet?‎ ‎4 I _______(have) my lunch and I'm not hungry now.‎ ‎5 Jim has never seen a panda, _____he?‎ ‎6 We ______(be) good friends since we met at school.‎ ‎7 We can't find him anywhere. Perhaps he______(go) home.‎ ‎8 He _____(read) the book before.‎ ‎9 Mr. Green _____(teach) us a lot about social studies since September.‎ ‎10 I _____never____ (meet) her sister before.‎ 答案：1 taken 2 has been, left 3made 4 have had 5 has 6 have been 7 has gone 8 has read 9 has taught 10 have met 巧解现在完成时态题 技巧1:寻找现在完成时中的“段时间”。‎ ‎(1) 现在完成时表示过去已经开始并持续到现在的动作或状态,多和表示一段时间的状语连用:for+一段时间;since+点时间(since作连词后接从句时,该从句要用一般过去时) 。‎ ‎(2) 现在完成时态也用在含有during / in/ over the last years或in recent years等的句子中。‎ 趁热打铁 ‎1. The Oriental Pearl TV Tower _______ tens of thousands of visitors since 1995. (2005上海市)‎ A. attracted   B. attracts  C. has attracted  D. will attract  ‎ ‎2. —How long _______ you _______ here?     —For about two years so far.  (2005河南省)‎ A. have, studied  B. did, live  C. do, stay         D. were, swimming ‎ ‎3. —How is your father? I _______him for a long time.    —He is fine, but busy.   (2005沈阳市)‎ A. don’t see   B. hadn’t seen C. didn’t see   D. haven’t seen ‎ ‎4. Meimei has received several letters from her hometown since she _______ to the city.  (2003河南省) A. came    B. comes  C. has come   D. will come ‎ ‎                                                                                 Key: 1-4 CADC 技巧2:寻找现在完成时的副词标志或句型。‎ ‎(1) 在做时态题时,注意观察句中是否有常用于现在完成时的副词:yet, already, never, lately, recently, ever, just, before, (ever) since等。‎ ‎(2) 句型:It has been + 段时间+since + 过去时. 也可以表示为: It is + 段时间+since + 过去时. ‎ 趁热打铁 ‎1. —What are you going to do this weekend?     —I _______ yet.  (2005天津市)‎ A. haven’t decided  B. won’t decide C. have decided   D. didn’t decide ‎ ‎2. My mother _______ the windows already, so the room looks much brighter. (2003河南省)‎ A. has cleaned  B. had cleaned C. is cleaning      D. ‎ will clean ‎ ‎3. It _______ ten years since we last _______ in Beijing. (2005河北省)‎ A. was, met      B. has been, met  C. was, meet       D. is, meet ‎ ‎4. —How long has the weather been like this?     —_______.  (2005河南省)‎ A. Until last night  B. Ever since last night C. Two days ago  D. Two days later ‎ ‎                                                                       Key: 1-4 AABB ‎ 技巧3:把握have been to与have gone to的区别。‎ ‎       have been to 曾经去过某处(现在已经不在那个地方,强调以前的经历)‎ have gone to去了某处(强调主语已经离开说话者所在的地方,现在还没有回来)  ‎ 趁热打铁 ‎1. —Is that Jack speaking? ‎ ‎    —Sorry, he isn’t in right now. He _______ the cinema with his aunt. (2005北京市)‎ A. has been to       B. has gone to C. have been to      D. have gone to ‎ ‎2. —Hello, may I speak to your father, please? ‎ ‎    —Sorry, my father _______ to Shanghai. He went there this morning. (2005南宁市)‎ A. goes     B. has gone   C. has been D. go ‎ ‎3. —How many times _______ you _______ to Beijing this year?     —Three times. (2003吉林省) ‎ A. have, been       B. had, been C. have, gone        D. had gone ‎ ‎                                                                                  Key: 1-3 BBA 技巧4:分清延续性动词和非延续性动词。‎ 延续性动词是指那些动作可以持续的动词。如:have, keep, study, live, teach等。‎ ‎            非延续性动词是指那些动作瞬间完成的动词。如:begin, buy, borrow, lend等。‎ 做题时,要注意句中是否有段时间,如果有则用延续性动词。‎ 趁热打铁 ‎1. —Oh, Mrs. King, your dress looks nice. Is it new? ‎ ‎    —No, I _______ it since two years ago.  (2005黑龙江省)‎ A. had    B. bought   C. have had  D. have bought ‎2. Tom _______ the CD player for two weeks. (2003济南省)‎ A. has lent     B. has borrowed C. has bought  D. has had ‎ ‎3. —How long has the foreigner _______ here? ‎ ‎    —He has _______ here for several hours.  (2003呼和浩特市)‎ A. arrived; come  B. come; got C. stayed; been    D. left; been away ‎ ‎4. The film _______ for half an hour. (2003甘肃省)‎ A. has begun     B. has been begun C. has been on  D. began ‎ ‎                                                                                     Key: 1-4 CDCC ‎（七）过去完成时 ‎ 1、概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）”。‎ ‎----|-------------------------- |-------------------------------|---------------------------->‎ 那时以前　 那时　 现在　　　　　　 ‎ ‎　　2、构成：过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。 ‎ ‎　　They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. ‎ ‎　　She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning. ‎ ‎ 3、它的否定句是在had后边加not，变一般疑问句是把had提前。‎ E.g. I had reached the station before 9:00 o'clock. I had not reached the station before 9:00 o'clock. ‎ Had you reached the station before 9:00 o'clock?‎ ‎ 4、它通常和before, by the end of 等引导的表示过去的时间状语连用. 另外, 复合句的主句为一般过去时, 宾语从句表达过去发生的动作时,从句也要用过去完成时. E.g. He said he had never seen such an exciting match before. ‎ ‎ 5、用法：　 ‎ ‎　　1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。如： ‎ When I woke up, it had stopped raining. ‎ 我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在 ‎“过去的过去”） ‎ ‎　　2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如： ‎ ‎　　He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 ) ‎ ‎3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， before ， until 等引导的短语或从句连用。‎ 如：Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.　 ‎ ‎　 　Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. ‎ ‎4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。‎ 如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. （ had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）‎ 一）、过去完成时的判断依据 ‎ ‎1. 由时间状语来判定 ‎ 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： ‎ ‎（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。‎ 如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. ‎ ‎（ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。‎ 如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. ‎ ‎（ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。‎ 如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. ‎ ‎2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。 ‎ 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： ‎ ‎（ 1 ）宾语从句中 ‎ ‎　　当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如： ‎ ‎　　She said that she had seen the film before. ‎ ‎（ 2 ）状语从句中 ‎ ‎　　在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如： ‎ ‎　　When I got to the station, the train had already left. ‎ ‎　　After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. ‎ ‎　　注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如： ‎ ‎　　Where did you study before you came here? ‎ After he closed the door, he left the classroom. ‎ ‎（ 3 ）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.‎ ‎　　3. 根据上、下文来判定。 ‎ ‎　　I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.‎ 二）、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 ‎ ‎　　现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较： ‎ I have learned 1000 English words so far. ‎ 到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 ‎ I had learned 1000 English words till then.‎ 到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 ‎ ‎— I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。 ‎ ‎— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. ‎ 没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在） ‎ ‎— John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。 ‎ ‎— Where had he been? ‎ 他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去”） ‎ 三）、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 ‎ ‎　　虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：　 ‎ ‎　　1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较： ‎ ‎　　They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. ‎ ‎　　They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. ‎ ‎　　2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如： ‎ ‎　　She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. ‎ ‎　　3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如： ‎ ‎　　He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. ‎ ‎ I (had) called her before I left the office.‎ 四）、常见错误如下：‎ 一、had形式易写错　例：He hads (have) gone home when I got to his office.‎ ‎ 答案：had ‎ 解析：have/has 的过去式都为had, had 在过去完成时中也是助动词, 不能再有单三人称的变化.‎ 二、易与现在完成时弄混 　例：He asked what I have (have) said.‎ ‎ 答案：had ‎ 解析：现在完成时强调对现在的影响或结果．而过去完成时强调对过去的影响或结果．‎ 三、易与一般过去时弄混　例：She lived (live) in New York for eight years before he came to China.‎ ‎ 答案：had lived ‎ ‎ 解析：一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。 而过去完成时主要体现过去发生的两动作先后有别，即比过去发生的某动作还要“过去”，两动作中先发生的是过去完成时，后发生的则只用一般过去时。‎ 专项练习：‎ 一、单选 ‎1 When Li Ming hurried home, he found that his mother ____already____to hospital.‎ ‎ A has; been sent B had; sent C has; sent D had; been sent ‎2 We ____five English songs by the end of last term.‎ ‎ A had learned B learned C have learned D will have learned ‎ ‎3 Han Mei told me she _____lunch, so she was very hungry.‎ ‎ A has had B hasn't have C have had D hadn't had ‎4 By the end of 1976, many buildings _____built in the city.‎ ‎ A have been B have C had been D will ‎ ‎5 She _____her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ____home.‎ ‎ A has left; comes B had left; would come C had left; came D left; had come ‎ ‎6 He said that it was at least ten years since I _____a good drink.‎ ‎ A had enjoyed B was enjoying C have enjoyed D have been enjoying ‎7 The meeting _____when Mr. Wang _____to school.‎ ‎ A has begun; get B has been on; get C had begun; got D had been on; got 答案：１D 2 A 3 D 4 C 5 C 6 A 7 C ‎ 二、填空 ‎1 When I returned home, he _____ (leave).‎ ‎2 By ten yesterday evening, she ________(finish)writing.‎ ‎3 He ______ (study) English for five years before he came here.‎ ‎4 It ____ _____ (stop) raining when I wake up this morning.‎ ‎5 I _____ (not read) the book because I had read it before.‎ ‎6 She said she____ (be) born in 1992.‎ ‎7 When he _____(come) to China two years ago he found people didn't understand him at all though he ________(learn) some Chinese in his own country.‎ ‎8 I saw Han Mei yesterday. We _____(not see) each other since left Beijing.‎ ‎9 When I got to his home, he_____(go) to bed.‎ ‎10 She asked if Mr. Liu _____ already _____(come) back.‎ ‎ 答案：1 had left 2 had finished 3 had studied 4 had stopped 5 didn't read ‎ 6 was 7 came had learned 8 hadn't seen 9 had gone ‎ ‎ 10 had come 中考动词时态考点分析 一、根据时间状语确定时态的原则 ‎1. Hurry up! The play for ten minutes. (2002辽宁)‎ ‎ A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. began ‎ [析] 1. C。since后接时间的起点，for后接时间段，主句动词用现在完成时，应注意瞬间动词与延续性动词的使用。‎ 二、在复合句根据时态呼应确定时态的原则 ‎2. Do you know if back next week? If he back, please let me know. (2002黑龙江 )‎ ‎ A. he comes; will come B. will he come; comes ‎ C. he will come; comes D. will he come; will come ‎ [析] 2. C。if既可引导宾语从句，也可引导状语从句。充当宾语从句的连接词时，相当于whether，词义是“是否”。充当状语从句的连接词时，词义是“如果”。从时态看，if引导宾语从句时谓语动词的时态应根据主句的时态作相应的变化；引导表示将来动作或状态的条件句时，若主句用一般将来时，则从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。‎ 三、根据上下文已有时态信息点确定时态的原则 ‎3. –When this kind of computer ? --Last year. (2002天津)‎ ‎ A. did; use B. was; used C. is; used D. are; used ‎ [析] 3. B。此例由下句的时间状语推断出一般过去时态，并且要考虑到被动语态。‎ 四、利用上下文语意确定时态的原则 ‎4. –Hi! Lin Tao. I didn’t see you at the party. --Oh, I ready for the maths exam. (2002江西)‎ ‎ A. am getting B. was getting C. got D. have got ‎ [析] 4. B。此例由didn’t, at the party推断出应用过去进行时。‎ 五、时态中的“特殊”对策的原则 ‎5. The teacher told us yesterday that December 25 Christmas Day. (2002辽宁)‎ ‎ A. is B. was C. has been D. will be ‎ [析] 5. A。 有些动词其动词的时态是“违背常理”的。如宾语从句表示的是一个客观事实或客观真理时，其时态不受主句限制而用一般现在时表示。‎