中考英语语法考点复习透析中考英语语法考点——主谓一致 6页

透析中考英语语法主谓一致考点 ‎【语法回顾】‎ 主谓一致 ‎1. 语法一致的原则 ‎2. 意义一致的原则 ‎3. 邻近一致的原则 谓语受主语支配，须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这叫做主谓一致。主谓一致一般遵循三条原则：语法一致原则，意义一致原则和就近一致原则。‎ 在英语中，谓语动词必须和主语在人称和数上同主语保持一致，叫做主谓一致。通常采用下列三个原则来处理，即：语法形式一致的原则、逻辑意义一致的原则、就近（或毗邻）一致的原则。‎ 一、语法形式一致的原则，即在语法形式上取得一致。如：主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也采用复数形式。但须注意下列几种情况：‎ ‎1.以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 例如： ‎ Much land has been deserted in this area in the past few years.在过去的几年中，这个地区的许多土地已经沙化。‎ To start smoking is quite easy, but to give it up needs courage.开始吸烟很容易，但是要戒烟却需要勇气。‎ Reading English newspapers is a good way of improving you English. 阅读英文报纸是提高你英语水平的好方法。‎ What you need most is to have a good sleep.你所需要的就是好好睡一觉。‎ How you can get there is a problem. 你怎么到那儿去还是个问题。‎ ‎[注意：]由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式。但若表语是“复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构”时，主句的谓语动词用复数 。例如：‎ What I bought were three English books.我买的是三本英语书。‎ What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.我所说的和做的对你是有帮助的。‎ ‎2、由and 或both...and来连接并列主语时，谓语用复数。例如：‎ Swimming and walking are good exercises.游泳和散步都是好运动。‎ He and I were classmates when we were at college.他和我在上大学时是同学。‎ Both John and Ann have got pen-friends.约翰和安都有笔友。‎ Both Zhou Lan and Yang Pei like sports.周兰和杨蓓都爱好体育。‎ ‎[注意]1）但是，并列主语如果表示同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式（这时and后的名词前没有冠词）。例如：‎ The manager and secretary was absent at the meeting.经理兼书记没有出席会议。‎ The manager and the secretary are busy now.经理和书记现在都很忙。‎ Their teacher and friend is Mr. Li.他们的老师和朋友是李先生。‎ ‎2)由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别被no, each, every或many a ，more than one修饰时，其谓语动词用单数形式。 例如：‎ In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.在我们国家里，每个男孩和女孩都有权利受教育。‎ Each man and each woman is asked to help. 每个男士和妇女都被请来帮忙。‎ Many a student is having practice in that factory. 许多学生正在那家工厂实习。‎ More than one student is interested in the book.不止一个学生对这本书感兴趣。‎ ‎[注意] 在“more than one＋单数名词”作主语时，若在There be句型中，亦可用复数。 如：‎ There is/are more than one man here. 这儿不止一个人。‎ ‎3、如果主语是单数，尽管后面跟有(together) with, as well as, like, but, except, besides，including, no less than, rather than ,as much as，more than，along with in addition to等介词短语，其谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，则谓语动词也用复数。例如：‎ An English teacher together with some students has climbed to the top of the mountain.一位英语老师和几个学生已经爬到了山顶。‎ Mary as well as her friends likes this painting.玛丽和她的朋友都喜欢这幅画。‎ No one except my close friends knows anything about this matter.除了我的亲密朋友谁也不知道这件事。‎ ‎ ‎ She, like you and Tom, is very tall.像你和汤姆那样她很高。‎ ‎4、不定代词each, either, neither 和由 some, any, no, every 构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 例如：‎ Each (of us) takes a cup of coffee.(我们)每人喝一杯咖啡。‎ Everyone knows smoking cigarettes is bad for health.大家都知道吸烟不利于身体健康。‎ Nothing is to be done 没有什么要干的事。‎ Everybody obeys the school rules; anybody who breaks the rules is punished.每个人必须遵守学校规则，任何人违反了规则将受到惩罚。‎ ‎2）若后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。例如：‎ None of the sugar was left.没有剩下什么糖了。‎ None of us has (have) been to America.我们中没有人去过美国。‎ ‎5.不定代词none 以及由"none/either/neither＋of＋复数合词(或代词)"构成的短语作主语时，谓语用单复数均可，这取决于说话人的意思。当说话人着眼于“每一个都不.......”或“两个中的任何一个都不.......”时，谓语动词用单数；当说话者着眼于“所有的都不.......”或“两个中的全部都不.......”时，谓语动词用复数。例如： ‎ None know when that was. (强调所有的人) 没人知道这是什么时候的事。‎ None is so good as he.(强调每一个人) 没有人像他那么好。‎ None of them have / has a car.他们都没有小汽车。（他们没有一个人有小汽车。）‎ Neither of them know / knows the answer.他们两个全都不知道答案。（他们两个人谁也不知道答案。）‎ Neither of the article is (are ) interesting.其中没有哪篇文章有趣。‎ Neither of them have replied. 他们两个谁也没有答复。‎ Neither of them has replied. 他们两个谁也没有答复。‎ ‎5、在定语从句中，关系代词that，who，which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数，应与句中先行词的数一致。例如：‎ It sounded like a train which/that was going under my house.那声音听起来就像有一列火车从我的房子底下开过似的。‎ People who study the think that there will be another big one soon.研究地震的人认为不久将还有一次大的地震。‎ The horse which is tied to the tree belongs to John.拴在树上的那匹马是约翰的。‎ Those who want to go on a journey please sign your name here.要去旅游的请把名字签在这儿。‎ Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.被人类使用的一些能源来自太阳。‎ ‎[注意]在以“one of the＋复数名词”为先行词的定语从句中，关系代词作主语时，谓语动词用复数；但如果“one of the＋复数名词”这个结构前有the only之类的修饰语时，其从句的谓语动词用单数。 例如：‎ This is one of the questions that have been asked by the students.这是学生提出的许多问题的一个。‎ Bob is one of my friends who are helping me with English.鲍勃是帮助我英语的朋友之一。‎ He is the only one of the officers who was invited to the ball here. 他是办公室唯一收到邀请参加舞会的人。 ‎ The head master is the only one of the teachers who knows Esperanton.校长是老师中唯一懂得世界语的人。‎ ‎6、“a lot of （lots of， plenty of， a head of， heaps of， the rest（majority） of ，some ‎（many，anymore，most， all等）of＋+名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要与of后面的名词（短语）保持一致。例如：‎ Some of us do not know much about the theatre.我们中有一些人还不太懂得戏剧。‎ Some (of the sugar) is wet. 有些(糖)是湿的。‎ Most of the students in our class are league. 我们班上大多数学生是团员。‎ Most of the food tastes delicious. 大多数食物味道很好。‎ Half of the work is left unfinished.一半的工作没有完成。‎ Half of the apples are given to the children.一半的苹果送给孩子们。‎ Lots of damage was caused by smoking.许多损害是由吸烟引起的。‎ Plenty of English books are on the shelf.许多英语书在书架上。‎ 注意：1）all单独作主语表示“人”时，谓语用复数；表示“整个事件或事情”时，谓语用单数。 如：‎ All are present. 所有的人都出席了。(表人)‎ All is well. 一切都好。 (表示整个事情或情况)‎ ‎2）“a number of+复数名词 ”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“The number of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：‎ A large number of buildings were burnt down.许多楼房被毁了。‎ A number of students in our class are out by the lake.我们班有些学生到湖边去了。‎ The number of students in our school is 2500.我们学校的学生人数是2500名。‎ The number of books on women published in China is growing.在中国，有关妇女书籍出版数目在增加。‎ The number of wagging dances per minute told the exact distance to the feeding place.每分钟摆尾的次数表明了到喂食处的精确距离。‎ ‎7、由“分数或百分数+of +名词（或代词）”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要与of后面的名词（短语）保持一致。例如：‎ Two thirds of the country is dry or desert.这个国家的三分之二的地方气候干燥或者是沙漠地区。‎ Two thirds of the people present are against the plan.在场的三分之二的人反对这个计划。‎ More than 70 percent of the surface of our earth is covered by water.我们地球的70%的表面被水所覆盖。‎ ‎30 percent of the students in our class are girls.我们班的30%是女生。‎ ‎8、 如果主语是由“a kind of, 或this/that kind of, a series ( a species) of ，a pair of等 + 名词”构成谓语动词通常用单数形式。例如：‎ This kind of men is dangerous.这种人是危险的。‎ Is this kind of car made in Shanghai ?这种汽车是上海制造的吗？‎ There is a kind of rose in his garden.他的花园里有玫瑰花。‎ This kind of apple/apples is rather expensive. 这种苹果相当贵。 ‎ That kind of snake/snakes is dangerous. 那种蛇很危险。‎ ‎[注意]但"there/those kinds of＋复数名词"作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。 如：‎ There kinds of tests are good . 这种测试很好。‎ Those kinds of apple trees have not yet grown up. 那种苹果树还没有长。‎ 如果种类不是一种而是多种，谓语动词应为复数。例如 ：‎ There are many kinds of pears.有很多种梨子。‎ 二、逻辑意义一致原则，即谓语动词的单复数取决于主语所表达的内在涵义。常见的有以下几种情况：‎ ‎1、表示总称意义形单意复的名词，如people, police, cattle 等作主语时，只当作复数看待，谓语在任何情况下都用复数。如：‎ Cattle are one cause of the problem.造成戈壁滩的原因之一是牲畜问题。‎ The police are searching for a murderer in that mountain.警察正在山中搜寻一名杀人犯。‎ ‎2、以集体名词army, class, enemy, family, government, group, team，crew，crowd，public等集体名词作主语时，谓语应视其情况而用不同形式：当作主语被看作一个整体时，谓语用单数，如果被看成是其中的个体成员时，谓语就用复数。如：‎ Our class is better than any other classes at playing basketball in our school. 在打篮球方面，我们班胜过我们学校的任何一个班。‎ Our class are playing a basketball match tomorrow. 我们班同学明天要举行一场篮球赛。‎ Our family is not poor any more. 我们家已经不再贫困了。‎ My family all speak the Intuit language.我一家人都讲因努伊特语。‎ ‎[注意]population 单独使用作主语时，谓语动词用单数；而前面有some, most 或与分数、百分数连用作主语时，则谓语动词用复数形式。例如：‎ Most of the population of the city are workers.这个城市人口的大多数是工人。‎ One third of the population now smoke.三分之一的人口在吸烟。‎ The population in our country is very large, and eighty percent of the population are farmers.我们国家人口众多，而80%的人口是农民。‎ ‎3、当一些有两部分构成的表示衣物或工具的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式，如glasses, trousers（裤子）, shoes ，chopsticks（筷子）,goods（货物）,scissors（剪刀）,socks, compasses（圆规） ，但如果这些名词前有a pair of，等量词修饰时，（clothes被修饰a suit of），谓语动词一般用单数形式。例如：‎ Your trousers need washing. 你的裤子该洗了。‎ My glasses are new. 我的眼镜是新的。‎ A pair of compass is an instrument for drawing circles.圆规是画圆的工具。‎ A pair of new shoes is in your suitcase.一双新鞋在你的手提箱里。‎ Two pairs of socks are enough for me. 对我来说，两双袜子就足够了。‎ ‎4、由“pair, piece of +名词 / 代词”作主语时，谓语动词与pair, piece等词保持一致与后的代词、名词无关。例如：‎ There is a pair of shoes left.只剩下一双鞋。‎ The pieces of stone were then carried to the new place for the temple.所有的石块被运到新建寺庙的地方。‎ ‎5、当表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、长度、价值等数词短语作主语，根据意义一致原则，通常被看作一个整体，其谓语用单数。 如：‎ Twenty years is a long time to us. 对于我们来说，20年是一段很长的时间。‎ One thousand pounds is a lot of money. 一千英镑是很大一笔钱。‎ ‎6.某些形复意单的名词(如表示人名、地名、国名及组织、书籍、报刊等名称的专有名词和学科名词等)作主语，谓语用单数。 如：‎ Zhangjiajie is really a good place which is famous for its beautiful mountains.张家界的确是个好地方，它是以美丽的山而闻名的 Physics is a difficult subject to learn, I think. 我想，物理是一门难学的目。‎ The United States is in North America. 美国在北美洲。‎ News is travelling fast nowadays. 如今新闻播得很快。‎ The American film True Lies was directed by a world-famous director.美国影片《真实的谎言》是由一位世界著名的导演导演的。‎ ‎7、如果主语由“the+形容词（分词）”担任时，往往根据意义一致原则，来决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。如果表示一类人时，谓语动用复数形式；如果指个人或抽象概念时，则谓语动词用单数形式。例如：‎ The old is taken good care of in our country. 在我们国家老人受到很好的照顾。‎ The sick is one of the students in our class. 那位病人是我们班的一个学生。‎ The beautiful lives forever. 美是永存的。‎ ‎8、名词所有格之后的名词被省略的情况，一般只指商店、公共建筑物、住宅等，作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。例如：‎ The baker's is on the side of the street.理发馆在街道的另一边。‎ My uncle's is not very far from here.我叔叔的家离这儿不太远。‎ ‎9、数词作主语时，谓语用单数，但有四则运算中，谓语单、复数均可。如：‎ Ten is a round number. 十是个整数。‎ Ten times five is / are fifty. 十乘五等于五十。‎ Three hundred and forty plus six hundred and sixty is / are one thousand.340 加660等于1000。‎ ‎10.疑问代词who, what, which作主语时，谓语动词的形式取决于它产本身的含义。如： ‎ Who teaches you English? 谁教你们英语? ‎ Who have gone there? 谁都已经去那儿了?‎ Which is your room? 哪一间是你的房子? ‎ Which are your rooms? 哪几间是你的房子?‎ ‎11、表示数量的短语“one and a half＋名词复数”及“a＋单数名词＋and＋a half”作主语时，谓语用单数。如：‎ One and a half oranges has been left on the table. 桌子上只剩下一个半桔了。‎ A month and a half has passed. 一个半月时间过去了。‎ ‎12.某些单数同形的名词作主语时，依照意义一致的原则，表示单数意义时，谓语动词用单数；反之谓语动词则用复数形式。这类名词有：sheep，deer， fish，means（方法、手段）species （种类） -ance及以-ese/-ss结尾的表示民族的名词等)。例如：‎ One day this white sheep was lost. 有一天，这只白色的绵羊丢了。‎ There are many fish in the Jia‎ Ling ‎River. 嘉陵江时有很多鱼。‎ A Japanese is coming to visit our school tomorrow.明天有个日本人要来参观我们学校。‎ We Chinese are realizing the four modernizations. 我们中国人正在实现四个现代化。‎ 三、就近一致原则，即谓语动词的数随最近的主语而定，又称为毗邻一致原则。例如：‎ ‎1、当or，either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also...，not...but....，whether...or...等连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词单复数取决于最靠近于它的名词或代词。例如：‎ Either you or Lily is to do the cleaning after supper. 不是该你，就是该莉莉在晚饭后打扫卫生。‎ Not only the mother but also the children were there.不但母亲在那里，而且孩子们也在那里。‎ ‎2、在倒装句中如一个句子由there 或here引起，而主语又不止一个，谓语动词往往与最邻近的一个主语保持一致。例如：‎ Where is your mother and younger sisters? 你的母亲和妹妹们在哪儿？‎ There is a desk a table and three chairs in the room. 房间里有一张书桌，一张桌子和三把椅子.‎