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中考英语语法例句分析
一、主谓一致
在英语中,句子中的谓语动词在人称和单、复数形式上必须和主语保持一致,这就是我们通常说的“主谓一致”。这一点看似简单,但在实际运用中却常常遇到麻烦。一般情况下,主谓之间的一致关系由以下三个原则的支配: 语法一致原则、 意义一致原则和就近原则。
一、语法一致
主谓一致的原则是指主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致:主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语亦采取复数形式.例如:
He often helps me learn English. (主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式) .
My friends often help me learn English. (主语是复数形式,谓语也采取复数形式)
但主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致的问题远不只上述的那么简单,有许多方面的情况需要去具体地对待:
1、不定式,动名词,以及从句作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.
例如: Reading aloud is helpful to learn English.大声朗读对学习英语是有帮助的。
What he said has been recorded .他说的话已被录音了.
2、不定代词one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.但none 作主语时,谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数,这要取决于说话人的看法。
例如:Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动.
Every boy and girl shows great interest in this book .每个男孩和女孩对这本书都表现出很大的兴趣.
3、表示国家,机构,事件,作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.
例如: One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of interesting stories . 《一千零一夜》给人们讲了许多有趣的故事。
4、 a kind of, the number of等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.
例如: The number of workers in the factory is 400. 这个工厂里工人的数量是400.
A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.这座花园里有一种玫瑰香气怡人.
5、由some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等词修饰主语,或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数.另外,由and连接两个主语时,谓语一般用复数.
例如: On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball 海边,有些人在打排球。
Both of us are fond of watching football games .我们俩都喜欢看足球赛.
A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China. 许多即将毕业的学生打算自愿去中国西部工作.
6、有些表示数量的百分数,分数等后面加名词或代词作主语时,要根据这个名词或代词来决定其谓语动词的单复数形式.如:a lot of, most of, any of, half of , three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of, the rest of , all of等后接不可数名词,或是单数形式的名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果后接可数名词的复数形式作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数.
例如: A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday. 昨天那家商店丢失了许多钱.
A lot of students are from England in the school.那个学校里很多学生来自英国。
二、意义一致
这一原则是指,从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题.有时主语形式上为单数,但意义上却是复数,那么谓语依意义也用复数形式;而有时主语形式上为复数,但意义上却是单数,那么谓语依意义亦用单数形式.
1) 当主语后面接由but, except, besides ,as well as, as much as, including,more than,no less than, rather than, together with等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单复数形式通常由前面的词来决定。在这样的句子里,这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单,复数形式,它们在句子里其实是状语.
例如: The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.老师打算这个周末与学生们一起去野炊.
The students, together with their teacher , are going to have a picnic this weekend.学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野炊.
我们完全可以将上面句子中的那些词组都分别搬到句首或是放到句末去,因为它们在句子里是状语: The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher.
2) 表示时间,金钱,距离,体积,重量,面积,数字等词语作主语时,,谓语动词常用单数形式。如:
Eight hours of sleep is enough. 八小时的睡眠足够了。
Twenty years stands for a long period in one's life. 二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期.
3) 形容词前加定冠词即"the + 形容词"作主语时,其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;指一类人则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数.
例如: The sick here are very well cared for. 这里的病人都被照顾得很好。
The true is to be distinguished from the false. 真实与虚假应加以区别。
4)由and 连接的两个单数名词作主语时,谓语动词一般根据语法一致的原则用复数。
但如果在意义上指同一个人、同一件事或同一个概念时,谓语动词要用单数形式。
如:The writer and teacher is coming. 那位作家兼教师来了。(作家和教师指同一个人)
The writer and the teacher are coming. 作家和老师来了。(作家和老师是两个人)
5)集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义:主语表示整体时视为单数,谓语动词用单数;主语表示集体中的个体成员时视为复数,谓语动词用复数.这类集体名词常见的有:army, class, club, crowd, family, government, group, people, police, public, team等.
例如: The family are all fond of football. 那一家人都喜欢足球.
The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 家庭是社会的最小的细胞.
6)一些形式为复数,意思为单数的名词,如:trousers, pants, shorts,glasses, 等作主语时,谓语动词用复数.
如:Her glasses are new. 她的眼镜是新的.
但当这类名词前有a pair of 修饰时,谓语动词应用单数.
如: This pair of trousers is made in Hangzhou.
三、就近原则
这一原则是指,谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致.常出现在这类句子中的连词有:or, either… or …, neither… nor … ,not only… but also …等.
例如: Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter. 不是我,就是他们要对那件事的结局负责任.
Neither his family nor he knows anything about it. 他全家人和他都不知道那件事.
常见考法
对于主谓一致的考查,通常会以单选的形式出现,多是让我们选择合适的谓语动词。
典型例题:The factory, including its machines and buildings, __________ burnt last night.
A. is B. are C. were D. was
解析:but, except, besides, with, together with, along with, including, as well as, rather than, like等词连接主语时,谓语动词和前面的主语保持一致,本题中就是和The factory保持一致。而这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单,复数形式,它们在句子里其实是状语.
答案:D
误区提醒
主谓一致这一知识点比较琐碎,在运用中常会因为考虑不全面而出错,所以我们必须把每一种用法记住,灵活运用。尤其要注意就近原则、集体名词和百分数,分数短语作主语的情况。
典型例题:Either Jane or Steven _____ watching TV now.
A. were B. is C. was D. are
解析:本题考查的是就近原则。either… or …, neither… nor … ,not only… but also …连接两个主语时,谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致。本题中就是和Steven保持一致。有now.可知是现在进行时,排除A和C.
答案:B
二、 虚拟语气
虚拟,在汉语中表示一种假设的,不存在的情况,同样,英语中虚拟语气是用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,而不表示客观存在的事实,所说的是一个条件,不一定是事实,或与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。在初中阶段,虚拟语气一般用于下列情况:
一、条件状语从句
1、与现在事实相反
若与现在事实相反,虚拟语气的条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were),主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”。如:
If I were you, I would take an umbrella. 如果我是你,我会带把伞。(事实上我不可能是你)
If I knew her number I could ring her up. 要是我知道她的电话号码,我就可以给她打电话了。(事实上我不知道)
2、与过去事实相反
若与过去事实相反,从句:主语+had done , 主句:主语+should/would/could/might+have done ,例如:
If I'd left sooner,I'd have been on time. 要是我早点动身,我就准时到了。(但我动身太迟了)
If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿,我就会见到她。 (事实:去晚了)
3、与将来事实相反
从句:①if+主语+were to do 主句:①主语+should/would/could/might+do
②if+主语+did/were ②主语+should/would/could/might+do
③if+主语+should+do ③主语+should/would/could/might+do
例如:If he went,would you go too? 如果他去,你也去吗?(大概他不会去)
If he should come here tomorrow, I would talk to him.
如果他明天来这儿的话,我就跟他谈谈。 (事实:来的可能性很小)
注意与说明:对于与将来事实相反的情形,请注意以下几点:
一是这里说的与将来事实相反,实为对将来情况的推测;
二是此用法中的条件从句谓语除用过去式外,有时也用“should+动词原形”(表示可能性极小,常译为“万一”)或“were to+动词原形”(表示与将来事实相反的假设);
三是当条件从句使用“should+动词原形”这样的谓语时,主句谓语除可用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气外,也可用陈述语气或祈使语气。如:
I should see him, I'll tell him. 万一我见到他,我就告诉他。
If it should rain tomorrow, don’t expect me. 万一明天下雨,就别等我了。
二、wish 后宾语从句
1、表示与现在事实相反的愿望,谓语动词用过去式 。例如:
I wish I had your brains. 我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实:我根本比不上你)
2、表示与过去事实相反的愿望,谓语动词:had+done 例如:
I wish I had knownthe truth of the matter. 我希望我那时就知道这件事情的真相。(事实:那时还不知道)
3、表示将来难以实现的愿望,谓语动词:should/would(情态动词) + 动词原形
I wish I should havea chance again. 我希望我还能有一次这样的机会。(事实:很难再有这样的机会了)
常见考法
对于虚拟语气的考查,在单项和完形填空中出现的较多,在阅读理解中,也常会出现虚拟语气的句子。我们掌握了虚拟语气的用法,会帮助我们更好的理解短文。
典型例题:Mary is ill today. If she _____, she ____ absent from school.
A. were not ill, wouldn't be
B. had been ill, wouldn't have been
C. had been ill, should have been
D. hadn't been ill, could be
解析: 题干的意思是“ Mary今天病了,如果她没生病,今天她就会去上学了”。因为第一句说,Mary今天病了,所以本题考查的是与现在情况相反的事情,因之,主句用would、should、could+动词原型,从句用一般过去时。
答案:A
误区提醒
1、在学习虚拟语气的时候,要对过去、 现在、 将来的虚拟的做出正确的判断。
2、一定要记住,虚拟语气的条件从句的谓语用过去式,动词be要用were。
典型例题:I ________ him the answer ________ possible, but I was so busy then.
A. could tell, if it had been
B. must have told, were it
C. should have told, had it been
D. should have told, should it be
解析:先分开看此题,由于设空处在主句,所以先看主句,因为由主句看不出题目所表达的具体时间,所以再看从句,此从句是由but引导的转折句,所表达的时态是一般过去时,意为“我那时很忙”,所以,主句发生的事情是与过去事情相反的事情,因之,主句用could、should、would+动词原形,从句用过去完成时。
答案:C
三、 定语从句
要学定语从句,得知道什么是定语。定语是用来限定、修饰名词或代词的。例如,a good book, good就是定语。那么复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句就叫做定语从句。定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导,相当于形容词,在句中作定语。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose等,绝对没有what;关系副词有where, when, why,how等。关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的某个成分。
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1、由who, whom, that,Whose引导的从句
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,who作主语指人,whom作宾语指人,that既可作主语又可作宾语(作宾语可以省略),可以指人也可以指物。Whose 用来指人或物,只用作定语。
(1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
(2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
(3) The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher 你刚刚说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师
(4) he man whose son is a doctor is our professor. 那个儿子是医生的男人是我们的教授。
2、由which, that引导的从句
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,作宾语时可以省略,例如:
(1) Prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在从句中作主语)
(2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿那个包裹快要散开了。(which / that在从句中作宾语)
注意: 代表物时多用which,但在下列情况中用that而不用which:
a)先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时;
b)先行词由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时,这时的that常被省略;
c)先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时;
d)先行词中既有人又有物时;
e)整个句中前面已有which,who,that时;
f)当先行词为物并作表语时;
g)先行词为one时;
h)先行词同时又被the only,the very,the same修饰时;
二、关系副词引导的定语从句
1、when指时间在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用 I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
2、where指地点在定语从句中做地点状语 Shanghai is the city where I was born.
3、why指原因在定语从句中做原因状语 ,用在reason 后面。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
常见考法
对于定语从句的考查,多以单选的形式考查学生灵活运用的能力。一般情况下,常从关系词的意义和功能的角度考查,重点是that,which,who引导的定语从句。
典型例题:You're the only person ______I've ever met ______could do it.
A. who B. whom C. whom D. who
解析:先行词person后有两个定语从句,第一个从句省略了关系代词whom.因为, whom作从句中met的宾语,可以省略.第二个从句who could do it.who在从句中作主语,不可省略.
答案:D
误区提醒
当表示时间或地点的名词作先行词时,要判断出它们在从句中作状语还是主语或宾语。作状语时用关系副词,反之用关系代词。
典型例题:I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when
解析:. 两个先行词the day都是表示时间的名词,但第一个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作状语,因此要用关系副词when. 第二个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作动词spent的宾语,因此要用关系代词which或that来引导定语从句.
答案:A
四、 状语从句
一、让步状语从句
所谓让步,就是我们日常生活中“退一步说……”的意思,有一种转折关系在里面。引导让步状语从句的连词主要有以下这些:though, although,while, as; even if, even though; whether...or...; no matter+疑问词,疑问词-ever,一般翻译为“尽管……”或“即使……”,“无论……”。用法如下:
1、though, although表示“虽然,纵然”之意。这两个连词意思大致相同,在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中,though较常使用,although比though正式,二者都可与yet, still或never,the less连用,但不能与but连用。例如:
Although/Though he is very old, (yet) he is quite strong. 他虽然年纪大了,身体还很健壮。
值得注意的是,although引导的让步状语从句位于主句之前的情况较多,though引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句之后。
2、as,though表示“虽然……但是”,“纵使……”之意。as引导的让步状语从句必须以部分倒装的形式出现,被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或动词原形,though也可用于这样的结构中,但although不可以这样用。例如:
Hard as/ though he works, he makes little progress. (=Though he works hard, he makes little progress.)尽管他学习很努力,但几乎没取得什么进步。
3、 even if, even though 表示“即使……”,“纵使……”之意,含有一种假设。 这两个复合连词的意思基本相同。它们常互换使用,但意义有细微差别。even if引导的让步从句含有强烈的假定性,可用来表示与事实相反的假设,但不能用来描述已经发生的事实。而even though引导让步状语从句时,是以从句的内容为先决条件的,即说话人肯定了从句的事实,表示已经发生了的事。例如:
We’ll make a trip even if/though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好,我们也要作一次旅行。
4、whether...or...表示“不论是否……”,“不管是……还是……”之意。由这一个复合连词引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果。例如:
You'll have to attend the ceremony whether you're free or busy. 不管你忙不忙,都要参加这个典礼。
5、“no matter+疑问词”或“疑问词-ever”的含义为“……都……;不管……都……”它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。例如:
No matter what happened, he would not mind. (=Whatever happened, he would not mind.)无论发生了什么,他都不会介意的。
但“no matter+疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句,而“疑问词-ever”还可以引导名词性从句。例如:Whatever (=No matter what) you say, I won’t believe you. (Whatever 引导让步状语从句)无论你说什么,我都不会相信你。
I'll eat whatever (≠no matter what) you give me. (whatever引导宾语从句)你给我吃什么,我就吃什么。
二、比较状语从句
比较状语从句一般是指含有比较级的句子中由as或than引起的从句。从某种角度上说,它也是一种方式状语从句,例如:
He moves more slowly than his sister does. 他行动起来比他妹妹慢。
He works as hard as his brother(does). 他学习和他哥哥一样努力。
常见考法
对于让步和比较状语从句的考查,多以单选和完形填空的形式,从连词的意义角度让大家选择连词。
典型例题: it is very late now, the workers are still working in the factory.
A Although B As C When D If
解析:本题考查让步状语从句的连词的用法。根据句意“尽管现在很晚了,工人们仍然在工厂工作”,前后有转折关系,是让步状语从句。
误区提醒
用though/although, as 引导让步状语从句时,句中不能用but表示转折语气。例如:
不能说:Though he looks weak, but he is healthy.
而要说:Though he looks weak, he is healthy.
或者说:He looks weak, but he is healthy.
典型例题:Though it rained heavily yesterday, he got to school on time.
A but B / C and
解析:题干的意思是“尽管昨天下大雨了,他还是按时到达了学校”,前后是转折关系,有同学可能会选A,但hough/although和but不能同时使用,所以选B。
答案:B
三、方式状语从句
1、方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。
1)as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后,但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是"正如…","就像",多用于正式文体,例如:
Please do as what I told you. 请按照我告诉你的做。
As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样,我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
2)as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的","好像……似的",例如:
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lightning. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。)
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大,谓语用陈述语气。)
说明:as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语,例如:
He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子,像要说什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石,好像很愤怒。
2、其他的引导词
1)the way:Please pronounce the word the way I do.请照我这样,读这个单词.
2)口语常用的like:He sit there smiling like it was his birthday.他面带微笑坐在那儿,像是过生日似的. (这里用了虚拟语气,值得注意的是be动词用的was,而表示虚拟as if引导的be动词则只能是were。)
地点状语从句表示地点、 方位, 这类从句通常由where,wherever引导。例如:
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者, 事竟成。
They will go where they are happy. 他们想到他们觉得快乐的地方去。
四、地点状语从句
1、地点状语从句类型
1)Where+地点从句。 此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”或“····的地方”。例如: Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方,耕作是困难的,或根本不可能的。
They were good persons. Where they went, they were warmly welcomed. 他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。
You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。 We must camp where we can get water. 我们必须在能找到水的地方露营。
2)Anywhere/ wherever+地点从句,+主句。
anywhere本身是个副词,但是,常可以引导从句,相当于连词,意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后。而wherever本身就是个连词,表示“在何处,无论何处”。例如:
Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员。
2、地点状语从句与定语从句的区别
二者区别在于分句在句中作什么成分。作状语,则是状语从句;作定语修饰名词,则是定语从句。 where引导定语从句时,从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词;而状语从句前则无需先行词。 如:
Go back where you came from.(where引导地点状语从句) 你从何处来到何处去。 Go back to the village where you came from.(where引导定语从句,修饰village) 回到你来的那个村子里去。
3、地点状语从句的省略,如: Fill in the blanks with articles necessary.(necessary前省略了where it is) 在需要的地方填上冠词。
常见考法
对于方式和地点状语从句的考查,多以单选和完形填空的形式,从连词的意义角度让大家选择连词。
典型例题:She looks she is ill.
A as if B though C because D since
解析:as if 表示“好像”,though 表示“尽管”, because表示“因为”,since 表示“既然”,从题干的意思“看上去她好象是生病了,确定答案为A。
答案:A
误区提醒
单纯考查地点状语从句在初中阶段考试中出现的并不多,这种从句多是在完形填空和阅读短文中出现,以考查学生的理解能力。它和定语从句的区别是容易出错的地方。
典型例题:1、You should let your children play _________ you can see them.
A. where B. when C. in which D. that
解析:题干的意思是“你应该让你的孩子在你能看见的地方玩”,句中没有表示地点的名词作先行词,所以不是定语从句。where 意为“在……的地方”,引导地点状语从句。
答案:A
2、 Now he works in the factory _________ his father used to work.
A. where B. when C. in which D. that
解析:题干的意思是“现在他在他父亲过去工作的那家工厂工作”,句中有表示地点的名词作先行词factory,所以where引导定语从句,表示地点。
答案:A
五、 目的状语从句
顾名思义,用来说明主句中谓语动词发生的目的的从句叫做目的状语从句。 表示目的状语的从句可以由 that(以便),so that(以便), in order that(为了;以便),Lest(免得;唯恐), for fear that(生怕;以免)等词引导;目的状语从句的谓语常含有may, might, can, could, should, would等情态动词。
例如:You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
学习目的状语从句应注意以下两点:
(1)目的状语从句中常含有can,could,may,might,should等情态动词。例如:
I got up early so that I could catch the first bus. 我起得很早,目的是为了赶上头班公共汽车。
(2)在口语中so可以引导目的状语从句。例如:
We'll sit nearer the front so we can hear better. 我们坐的靠前一点,因此,我们听得清楚一点。
1、in order that与in order to的区别:
in order that+从句 in order to+动词原形( in order to后面加的那个不叫目的状语从句,叫目的状语) 例如:
He got up early in order to take the first bus.
= He got up early in order that he could take the first bus.(他起床很早是为了赶上第一班公共汽车)
目的状语从句的一个特点:由于目的都是未来的行为,所以从句中一般用表示未来可能性时态,比如上面句中的could。当然还可以用will,would,can,等 。
2、so that既可引导目的状语从句,也可以引导结果状语从句。
1)其引导结果状语从句时,so that翻译为“以至于...”
,经常可以和so/such...that...转换,且从句只能放在主句之后。如:He got up late so that he was late for school. = He got up so late that he was late for school.
2)其引导目的状语从句时,从句只能放在主句之后,此时可以和in order that换用。如:He got up early so that he could take the first bus. = He got up early in order that he could take the first bus.
常见考法
对于目的状语从句的考查,多以单选和完形填空的形式,从连词的意义角度让大家选择连词。
典型例题:Ann listened carefully _____ she could discover what she needed.
A. such that B. in order that C. because D. even though
解析:题干的意思是“为了能够发现自己需要的东西,安认真听讲”。很明显从句表示的是目的。such that本身是错误短语,because 表示原因,even though是“尽管”的意思,不符合题意。
答案:B
误区提醒
如何区别目的状语从句中的so that与结果状语从句中的so that的用法,这是我们需要注意的。目的状语从句的so that是连着的,结果状语从句是分开的,即so…that. so that是目的状语从句,是为了什么什么,有目的的含义。而so…that是结果状语从句,是“如此怎么怎么样结果是什么”。仔细体会一下吧!
典型例题:I get up so early I can not be late
A. that B . so that C.such that D.in order
解析:题干的意思是“我起床如此早以便于我可以不迟到”。从句表示目的,首先排除C,因为such that本身是错误短语,在排除in order,因为它后面不能跟句子;因为句子中有so,所以大家可能选A,如果选它,那句子的意思是“我起床如此早结果我可以不迟到”,显然说不通,所以排除。
答案: B
六、 条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的连接词主要有:if(如果)、unless(除非)或 as long as(只要)等。unless在意思上等于if...not。
一、条件状语从句用法
1、引导条件状语从句最常用的连词是if,由if引导的条件状语从句表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生。如:
If you ask him, he will help you.如果你请他帮忙,他会帮你的。
If you fail in the exam, you will let him down.如果你考试不及格,你会让他失望的。
另外,if从句还表示不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件,也就是一种虚拟的条件或假设,从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时。如: If I were you, I would invite him to the party.如果我是你,我会邀请他参加聚会。
2、unless = if...not. 除非,若不,除非在……的时候
例如:Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
=If you are not too tired, let's go out for a walk.
Unless it rains, the game will be played.除非下雨,比赛将照常进行。
3、so/as long as只要
例句;You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean. 只要你保持书的清
洁,你就可以把我的书借去。
So long as you’re happy, it doesn’t matter what you do. 只要你高兴,你做什么都没有关系。
二、时态问题
在条件状语从句中,要注意“主将从现”的规定,即主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时表示将来时。例句: I will come to see you if I have time. 我有时间,我就来看你。
常见考法
对于条件状语从句的考查,多以单选和完形填空的形式,从时态的角度设题,考查学生灵活运用的能力,或从连词的意义角度让大家选择连词。
典型例题:If he ___in half an hour,we ___wait for him.
A. won't come ,won't B.won't come ,don't
C.doesn't come ,won't D.will come ,don't
解析:本题考查条件状语从句“主将从现”的运用。题干的意思是“如果他一小时后不来,我们将不会等他了”,从“in half an hour”,“一小时后”可知本句说的是未来的事,那么if引导的条件状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来时,主句要用一般将来时。
答案:C
误区提醒
if 既可以引导条件状语从句,表示“如果”,也可以引导宾语从句,表达“是否”。辨别它在这两种从句中的时态是我们经常容易出错的地方。另外,if 和unless的用法也需注意。
典型例题: ----I wonder if your wife to the party.
----If your wife _________, so will mine。.
A. will go, go B. will go, goes
C.goes, will go D. will go, will go
解析:第一句中if表示“是否”,引导宾语从句,用将来时will go;第二句“如果你的妻子去,我的妻子也去”,if引导条件状语从句,用一般现在时表示将来时。 your wife,单三人称主语,所以用goes 。
答案:B
七、原因状语从句
是用来说明引起主句这个结果的原因的从句,在初中阶段引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要的有because, as, since,for等。例如:
1.I didn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill. 我昨天没去上学,因为我生病了。
2. Since everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting. 既然大家都来了, 让我们开始开会吧.
3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late. 既然你身体不好, 你就不该熬夜.
4.I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her. 我请她留下来喝茶,因为我有事要告诉她.
原因状语从句应注意的问题
1、because , since , as , for,辨析
1)because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或 since。
I didn’t go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2)由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗 号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。例:
He is absent today, becaus e / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today.
3) as和for的区别:通常情况下,as引导的从句在主句前,for引导的从句在主句后。例: As the weather is cold, I stay at home.(同义句) I stay at home, for the weather is cold.
2、because习惯上不与so连用
汉语习惯上说“因为…所以…”,但英语习惯上却不能将 so与because 连用:
正:Because it was raining, we stayed at home. / It was raining, so we stayed at home.
误:Because it was raining, so we stayed at home. 因为下雨,所以我们呆在家里。
3、because 从句与 because of短语的转换
Because引导的原因状语从句有时可与because of 短语转换,because of后加的原因可以为好或坏 ,但最正规的还是because。
He can’t come because he is ill. / He can’t come because of his illness. 他因病不能来。
I said nothing about it because his wife was there. / I said nothing about it because of his wife’s being there. 因为他妻子在那儿,我对此事只字未提。
常见考法
对于原因状语从句的考查,多以单选和完形填空的形式,从连词的意义角度让大家选择连词。
典型例题:He found it increasingly difficult to read, ____ his eyesight was beginning to fail.
A. and B. for C. but D. or
解析: “his eyesight was beginning to fail”是“he found it increasingly difficult to read”的原因, 因此本题应选用可以表示原因的连词for引导原因状语从句。
答案: B
误区提醒
除了because , since , as , for这四个词的辨析外,对于because 从句与 because of短语的区分也是难点之一。Because引导的原因状语从句有时可与because of 短语转换,because of后跟的是短语 ,because后跟的是句子。
典型例题:He didn't go to work the heavy rain.
A .because B.because of C.so D.since
解析:题干的意思是“ 由于那场大雨,他没有去上班”,the heavy rain.表示原因,排除C; since和because 表示原因,后面跟的是从句,也就是说必须是一个完整的句子,本题中the heavy rain没有主语和谓语,.只是一个短语,所以排除A和C;because of表示“由于···”,后跟名词、代词或短语。
答案:B
八、结果状语从句
结果状语从句是补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的结果的,结果状语从句常由so… that或 such…that引导。要掌握这两个句型,我们首先来了解一下so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。
1、such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,such(+a/an)(+形容词)+名词+that;例如:
such a good book, such nice girls
2、so 是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词,“so+形容词/副词+that”。例如:
so nice, so slowly
一般情况下,such+a+形容词+名=so+形容词+aan+名 例如:
so nice a flower = such a nice flower
表达“如此多/少”时,常用so ,so与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用,形成固定搭配。例如:so many people
so… that和 such…that都可译成“如此的···以至于···”,二者可以互换,(当so修饰副词的时候,二者往往不互换) 例句:
The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school
常见考法
对于结果状语从句的考查,多以单选和完形填空的形式,从连词的意义角度让大家选择连词。
典型例题:His plan was such a good one ____ we all agreed to accept it.
A. so B. and C. that D. as
解析:题干的意思是“他的计划如此好以至于我们都同意接受它”,that与前面的such呼应, 引导结果状语从句。
答案:A
误区提醒
结果状语从句中。除了要注意so… that和 such…that的区别外,还要注意它们和too...to do(太···而不能····)和enough +形容词/副词+to do(足够的···可以···)的转换。
典型例题:Ann is too young to go to school.(同义句转换)
Ann is go to school.
解析:原句的意思是“安太小了而不能去上学”。那也就是说“安是如此的小,以至于她不能去上学”,根据所给出的空数,可以用so… that句型.
答案:so young that she can't
九、时间状语从句
在复合句中,由时间连接词引导的状语从句叫做时间状语从句。时间状语从句通常由when, while, as,after,before,since,until等词引导。
一、时间状语从句种类
1、引导的从句表示主从句的动作同时发生,或从句的动作在主句之前。when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。例如:
When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时,我停止吃饭。(瞬时动词)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当我住在农村时,我常常为他担水。(延续性的动词)
We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开,就在那时他进来了。
2、While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如: While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词,was reading和was watching同时发生) I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球。(对比)
3、As表示“一边……一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as也可以强调“一先一后。例如: We always sing as we
walk.我们总是边走边唱。(as表示“一边……一边”) As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时,开始下雪了。(as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间)
4、由before和after引导的时间状语从句,表示两个动作一前一后发生。
例如:It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。
After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后,告诉我你是怎样决定的。
5、由till或until引导的时间状语从句。till和until一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同。till不可以用在句首,而until可以放在句首。例如:
I didn't go to bed until(till) my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。
I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。
6、由since引导的时间状语从句表示“自从……以来”。
I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来,我一直在北京了。
7、由as soon as引导的时间状语从句表示“一……就”。例如:
As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大,就给你来电话。
二、时态问题
在状语从句中,有“主将从现”的规定,即主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时表示将来时。例句: I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我到北京就将给你打电话。(这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句,从句中的谓语动词arrive是一般现在时,表示一般将来时,决不可用will arrive)
对于时间状语从句的考查,多以单选和完形填空的形式,从连词的意义角度让大家选择连词,或从时态的角度设题,考查学生灵活运用的能力。
典型例题:I'm sure he will jump up when he the good news.
A . know B will know C. knows D knowing
解析:本题考查学生时间状语从句的时态问题。时间状语从句中,主句若是一般将来时,从句应用一般现在时表示将来时。从句的主语是单三人称,所以排除 A 。
答案: C
误区提醒
When既可以引导时间状语从句,也可以引导宾语从句,辨别它在这两种从句中的时态是我们经常容易出错的地方。
典型例题:I don’t know when he next week. when he , please let me know.
A. comes, comes B. will come, will come
C. will come, comes D. comes, will come
解析:第一句话“我不知道他下周什么时候来”,when引导宾语从句 ,表示将来时,就用一般将来时will come;第二句话“当他来的时候,请让我知道”,when引导时间状语从句,用一般现在时表示将来时,所以用 comes。
答案: C
五、 宾语从句
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。学习宾语从句要抓住三要素:引导词、语序和时态。
一、.引导词
1.从句为陈述句,常选择引导词that,that引导宾语从句无意义,不充当句子成分常省略。例句:He told us (that) they would help us through the whole work.
2.从句为一般疑问句,常选择引导词if或whether,表示“是否”。在 whether … or not 结构中不能用 if 替换。例句:I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.
3. 从句为特殊疑问句,常选择what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑问代词、副词作引导词。 例句:He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.
二、判断时态情况:
1.主句是一般现在时,从句可以为各种时态。
2.主句是一般过去时,从句要用相应过去时态。
注意:从句描绘客观事实、真理、自然现象等,从句时态不受主句时态限制,仍用一般现在时。
例句:He answered that he was listening to me.
Father told me that practice makes perfect .
三、宾语从句的语序要用陈述句语序
陈述句语序,就是主语在前,谓语动词在后。
错误: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.
正确: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.
注意:宾语从句的否定转移
主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,expect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致. 例如; I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party.
常见考法
对于宾语从句的考查,多以单选的形式考查学生灵活运用的能力。一般情况下,常从引导词的选择、时态的一致性及从句的陈述语序方面考查。
典型例题:Please tell me ______ last year.
A.where does your sister work B where did your sister work
C .where your sister works D where your sister worked
解析:本题考查对宾语从句的掌握。宾语从句要用陈述语序,所以排除A和 B;last year 表示过去时,所以排除 C 。
答案:D
宾语从句的语序要用陈述句语序 ,但要注意当疑问词为主语时,句式为:疑问词+谓语+其他 ,问句和陈述句语序一样。
典型例题:I didn't know ?
A. What wrong was with her B.what was wrong with her
C .what wrong is with her D.what is wrong with her
解析:主句是一般过去时,从句要用相应过去时态,所以排除C和D;在what was wrong with her中,what作主语,所以问句本身又是陈述句语序,不用变化。
答案: B