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A组 2016～2014年各省市高考题（改编）
Passage 5 (2015·新课标全国Ⅱ)
Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.
Open the curtains and turn up the lights.Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating，for people are often less selfconscious(难为情)when they're in poorly lit places－and so more likely to eat lots of food.If your home doesn't have enough window light，get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.
Mind the colors.Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.In one study，people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing，while cold colors make us feel less hungry.So when it's time to repaint，go blue.
Don't forget the clock－or the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping track of the time，and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes.And while you're at it，actually sit down to eat.If you need some help slowing down，turn on relaxing music.It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.
Downsize the dishes.Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat.We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12inch plate instead of a 10inch plate.When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one，total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent.And we'll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short，wide glass than a tall，skinny glass.
1．The text is especially helpful for those who care about________.
A．their home comforts B．their body shapeC．house buying D．healthy diets
2．A home environment in blue can help people________.
A．digest food better B．reduce food intake
C．burn more calories D．regain their appetites
3．What are people advised to do at mealtimes?
A．Eat quickly.B．Play fast music.C．Use smaller spoons.D．Turn down the lights.
★4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Is Your House Making You Fat? B．Ways of Serving Dinner
C．Effects of SelfConsciousness D．Is Your Home Environment Relaxing?
Passage 6 (2015·安徽)
When her five daughters were young, Helene An always told them that there was strength in unity (团结). To show this, she held up one chopstick, representing one person. Then she easily broke it into two pieces. Next, she tied several chopsticks together, representing a family. She showed the girls it was hard to break the tied chopsticks. This lesson about family unity stayed with the daughters as they grew up.
Helene An and her family own a large restaurant business in California. However, when Helene and her husband Danny left their home in Vietnam in 1975, they didn't have much money. They moved their family to San Francisco. There they joined Danny's mother, Diana, who owned a small Italian sandwich shop. Soon afterwards, Helene and Diana changed the sandwich shop into a small Vietnamese restaurant. The five daughters helped in the restaurant when they were young. However, Helene did not want her daughters to always work in the family business because she thought it was too hard.
Eventually the girls all graduated from college and went away to work for themselves, but one by one, the daughters returned to work in the family business. They opened new restaurants in San Francisco and Los Angeles. Even though family members sometimes disagreed with each other, they worked together to make the business successful. Daughter Elisabeth explains, “Our mother taught us that to succeed we must have unity, and to have unity we must have peace. Without the strength of the family, there is no business.”
Their expanding business became a large corporation in 1996, with three generations of Ans working together. Now the Ans' corporation makes more than $20 million each year. Although they began with a small restaurant, they had big dreams, and they worked together. Now they are a big success.
1．Helene tied several chopsticks together to show________.
A．the strength of family unity B．the difficulty of growing up
C．the advantage of chopsticks D．the best way of giving a lesson
2．We can learn from Paragraph 2 that the An family________________.
A．started a business in 1975 B．left Vietnam without much money
C．bought a restaurant in San Francisco D．opened a sandwich shop in Los Angeles
3．What can we infer about the An daughters?
A．They did not finish their college education.
B．They could not bear to work in the family business.
C．They were influenced by what Helene taught them.
D．They were troubled by disagreement among family members.
★4.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A．How to Run a Corporation B．Strength Comes from Peace
C．How to Achieve a Big Dream D．Family Unity Builds Success
Passage 7 (2015·安徽)
As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to store information, are people remembering less? If you know your computer will save information, why store it in your own personal memory, your brain? Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.
In a recent study, Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted some experiments. She and her research team wanted to know how the Internet is changing memory. In the first experiment, they gave people 40 unimportant facts to type into a computer. The first group of people understood that the computer would save the information. The second group understood that the computer would not save it. Later, the second group remembered the information better. People in the first group knew they could find the information again, so they did not try to remember it.
In another experiment, the researchers gave people facts to remember, and told them where to find the information on the computer. The information was in a specific computer folder (文件夹). Surprisingly, people later remembered the folder location (位置) better than the facts. When people use the Internet, they do not remember the information. Rather, they remember how to find it. This is called “transactive memory (交互记忆)”
According to Sparrow, we are not becoming people with poor memories as a result of the Internet. Instead, computer users are developing stronger transactive memories; that is, people are learning how to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access it at a later date. This doesn't mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent, but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing.
★1.The passage begins with two questions to________.
A．introduce the main topic B．show the author's altitude
C．describe how to use the Internet. D．explain how to store information
2．What can we learn about the first experiment?
A．The Sparrow's team typed the information into a computer.
B．The two groups remembered the information equally well.
C．The first group did not try to remember the information.
D．The second group did not understand the information.
3．In transactive memory, people________.
A．keep the information in mind B．change the quantity of information
C．organize information like a computerD．remember how to find the information
4．What is the effect of the Internet according to Sparrow's research?
A．We are using memory differently. B．We are becoming more intelligent.
C．We have poorer memories than before.D．We need a better way to access information.
Passage 8 (2015·四川)
No one is sure how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids near Cairo.But a new study suggests they used a little rock‘n’roll.Longago builders could have attached wooden poles to the stones and rolled then across the sand, the scientists say.
“Technically, I think what they're proposing is possible，” physicist Daniel Bonn said.
People have long puzzled over how the Egyptians moved such huge rocks.And there's no obvious answer.On average, each of the two million big stones weighed about as much as a large pickup truck.The Egyptians somehow moved the stone blocks to the pyramid site from about one kilometer away.
The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths.Many scientists suspect workers first would have put the blocks on sleds(滑板)．Then they would have dragged them along paths.To make the work easier, workers may have lubricated_the_paths either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle.Bonn has now tested this idea by building small sleds and dragging heavy objects over sand.
Evidence from the sand supports this idea.Researchers found small amounts of fat, as well as a large amount of stone and the remains of paths.
However, physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way, who led the new study .West said, “I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction.I thought, ‘Why don't they just try rolling the things？’ ” A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides, he realized.That, he notes, should make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”．
So he tried it.
He and his students tied some poles to each of four sides of a 30kilogram stone block.That action turned the block into somewhat a wheel.Then they placed the block on the ground.
They wrapped one end of a rope around the block and pulled.The researchers found they could easily roll the block along different kinds of paths.They calculated that rolling the block required about as much force as moving it along a slippery(滑的)path.
West hasn't tested his idea on larger blocks，but he thinks rolling has clear advantages over sliding.At least，workers wouldn't have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths.
1．It's widely believed that the stone blocks were moved to the pyramid site by ________.
A．rolling them on roads B．pushing them over the sand
C．sliding them on smooth paths D．dragging them on some poles
2．The underlined part “lubricated the paths” in Paragraph 4 means________.
A．made the paths wet B．made the paths hard
C．made the paths wideD．made the paths slippery
3．What does the underlined word “it”in Paragraph 7 refer to?
A．Rolling the blocks with poles attached.B．Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels.
C．Rolling poles to move the blocks. D．Rolling the blocks with fat.
4．Why is rolling better than sliding according to West?
A．Because more force is needed for sliding.
B．Because rolling work can be done by fewer cattle.
C．Because sliding on smooth roads is more dangerous.
D．Because less preparation on paths is needed for rolling.
★5.What is the text mainly about?
A．An experiment on ways of moving blocks to the pyramid site.
B．An application of the method of moving blocks to the pyramid site.
C．An argument about different methods of moving blocks to the pyramid site.
D．An introduction to a possible new way of moving blocks to the pyramid site.
Passage 9 (2015·天津)
Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years.Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the robot company Jibo.
While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools.For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad.This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user.
The Jibo robot, arranged to ship later this year, is designed to be a personalized assistant.You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it to perform different tasks.The robot doesn't just deliver general answers to questions; it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household.It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos.
Social robots are not just finding their way into the home.They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces.
Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market.The company's “Oshbot” robot is built to assist customers in a store, which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the product's location in the store.It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for.
The more interaction the robot has with humans, the more it learns.But Oshbot, like other social robots, is not intended to replace workers, but to work alongside other employees.“We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us，” said Breazeal.
1．How are social robots different from household robots?
A．They can control their emotions. B．They are more like humans.
C．They do the normal housework. D．They respond to users more slowly.
2．What can a Jibo robot do according to Paragraph 3?
A．Communicate with you and perform operations.
B．Answer your questions and make requests.
C．Take your family pictures and deliver milk.
D．Obey your orders and remind you to take pills.
3．What can Oshbot work as?
A．A language teacher. B．A tour guide.C．A shop assistant. D．A private nurse.
4．We can learn from the last paragraph that social robots will ________.
A．train employees B．be our workmates
C．improve technologies D．take the place of workers
★5.What does the passage mainly present?
A．A new design idea of household robots.B．Marketing strategies for social robots.
C．Information on household robots. D．An introduction to social robots.
Passage 10 (2015·陕西)
The production of coffee beans is a huge，profitable business，but，unfortunately，fullsun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage.The change in how coffee is grown from shadegrown production to fullsun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds，and even disturbs the world's ecological balance.
On a local level，the damage of the forest required by fullsun fields affects the area's birds and animals.The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species (物种)that depend on the trees' flowers and fruits.Fullsun coffee growers destroy this forest home.As a result，many species are quickly dying out.
On a more global level，the destruction of the rainforest for fullsun coffee fields also threatens (威胁) human life.Medical research often makes use of the forests' plant and animal life，and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases.In addition，new coffeegrowing techniques are poisoning the water locally，and eventually the world's groundwater.
Both locally and globally，the continued spread of fullsun coffee plantations (种植园) could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology.The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world's climate，and studies show that the loss of oxygengiving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming.Moreover，the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic (酸性的) soil conditions.
It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life，from the local environment to the global ecology.But consumers do have a choice.They can purchase shadegrown coffee whenever possible，although at a higher cost.The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.
1．What can we learn about fullsun coffee production from Paragraph 4?
A．It limits the spread of new growing techniques.
B．It leads to air pollution and global warming.
C．It slows down the loss of shade trees.
D．It improves local soil conditions.
★2.The purpose of the text is to________.
A．entertain B．advertise C．instruct D．persuade
3．Where does this text probably come from?
A．An agricultural magazine.B．A medical journal.
C．An engineering textbook. D．A tourist guide.
★4.Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?
Passage 11 (2014·山东)
Elizabeth Freeman was born about 1742 to African American parents who were slaves.At the age of six months she was acquired，along with her sister，by John Ashley，a wealthy Massachusetts slaveholder.She became known as“Mumbet”or“Mum Bett.”
For nearly 30 years Mumbet served the Ashley family.One day，Ashley's wife tried to strike Mumbet's sister with a spade.Mumbet protected her sister and took the blow instead.Furious，she left the house and refused to come back.When the Ashleys tried to make her return，Mumbet consulted a lawyer，Theodore Sedgewick.With his help，Mumbet sued(起诉) for her freedom.
While serving the Ashleys，Mumbet had listened to many discussions of the new Massachusetts constitution.If the constitution said that all people were free and equal，then she thought it should apply to her.Eventually，Mumbet won her freedom—the first slave in Massachusetts to do so under the new constitution.
Strangely enough，after the trial，the Ashleys asked Mumbet to come back and work for them as a paid employee.She declined and instead went to work for Sedgewick.Mumbet died in 1829，but her legacy lived on in her many descendants(后裔)．One of her greatgrandchildren
was W．E.B.Du Bois，one of the founders of the NAACP，and an important writer and spokesperson for African American civil rights.
Mumbet's tombstone still stands in the Massachusetts cemetery where she was buried.It reads，in part：“She was born a slave and remained a slave for nearly thirty years.She could neither read nor write，yet in her own sphere she had no superior or equal.”
1．What do we know about Mumbet according to Paragraph 1?
A．She was born a slave. B．She was a slaveholder.
C．She had a famous sister. D．She was born into a rich family.
2．Why did Mumbet run away from the Ashleys?
A．She found an employer.B．She wanted to be a lawyer.
C．She was hit and got angry. D．She had to take care of her sister.
3．What did Mumbet learn from discussions about the new constitution?
A．She should always obey her owners' orders.
B．She should be as free and equal as whites.C．How to be a good servant.
D．How to apply for a job.
4．What did Mumbet do after the trial?
A．She chose to work for a lawyer. B．She founded the NAACP.
C．She continued to serve the Ashleys. D．She went to live with her grandchildren.
★5.What is the text mainly about?
A．A story of a famous writer and spokesperson.
B．The friendship between a lawyer and a slave.
C．The life of a brave African American woman.
D．A trial that shocked the whole world.
Passage 12 (2014·重庆)
I was never very neat，while my roommate Kate was extremely organized.Each of her objects had its place，but mine always hid somewhere.She even labeled (贴标签)everything.I always looked for everything.Over time，Kate got neater and I got messier.She would push my dirty clothing over，and I would lay my books on her tidy desk.We both got tired of each other.
War broke out one evening.Kate came into the room.Soon，I heard her screaming，“Take your shoes away！Why under my bed！”Deafened，I saw my shoes flying at me.I jumped to my feet and started yelling.She yelled back louder.
The room was filled with anger.We could not have stayed together for a single minute but for a phone call.Kate answered it.From her end of the conversation，I could tell right away her grandma was seriously ill.When she hung up，she quickly crawled (爬)under her
covers，sobbing.Obviously，that was something she should not go through alone.All of a sudden，a warm feeling of sympathy rose up in my heart.
Slowly，I collected the pencils，took back the books，made my bed，cleaned the socks and swept the floor，even on her side.I got so into my work that I even didn't notice Kate had sat up.She was watching，her tears dried and her expression one of disbelief.Then，she reached out her hands to grasp mine.I looked up into her eyes.She smiled at me，“Thanks.”
Kate and I stayed roommates for the rest of the year.We didn't always agree，but we learned the key to living together：giving in，cleaning up and holding on.
1．What made Kate so angry one evening?
A．She couldn't find her books.B．She heard the author shouting loud.
C．She got the news that her grandma was ill.
D．She saw the author's shoes beneath her bed.
2．The author tidied up the room most probably because ________.
A．she was scared by Kate's anger B．she hated herself for being so messy
C．she wanted to show her care D．she was asked by Kate to do so
3．How is Paragraph 1 mainly developed?
A．By analyzing causes. B．By showing differences.
C．By describing a process. D．By following time order.
★4.What might be the best title for the story?
A．My Friend Kate B ．Hard Work Pays Off
C．How to Be Organized D．Learning to Be Roommates
Passage 13 (2014·重庆)
There have always been a lot of commonly believed but false ideas about being fat and doing exercise.Some people believe that they can't help putting on weight as they get older，while others hold that if they stop exercising，their muscles will turn into fat.Here are some more myths：
I'll never lose weight—I come from a fat family
Wrong！While we can't change the body type we are born with，we can't blame our genes for making us fat.There's plenty of evidence that fatness runs in families，and the main reason is that they share the same habits of eating too much and exercising too little.
I am fat because I burn calories slowly
Wrong！Fatness is not caused by a slow metabolism(新陈代谢)．In fact，although fat people consume more energy than slim people，they also fail to realize how much they eat！Keeping a diary can help you work out your daily food intake more accurately.
Exercise is boring
Wrong！Anything will become boring if you do it repetitively.The key is to develop a balanced and varied program that's fun as well as progressive.If you enjoy a Sunday walk，take a different route.If you do yoga，try a tai chi class.If you like swimming，set yourself a distance or time challenge.
No pain，no gain
Wrong！Exercise is not meant to hurt.Indeed，pain is your body telling you something's wrong，and continuing to exercise could lead to serious injury.You may experience mild discomfort as you begin to exercise regularly，but this is your body adapting to the positive changes in your lifestyle and the aches should disappear relatively quickly.If they don't，rest and seek medical advice.
1．What does the author think about being fat?
A．It is the family genes that make people fat.B．People are fat because they consume too little energy.
C．A diary of exercise can prevent people from becoming fat.
D．It is the consequence of people's unbalanced lifestyle.
2．According to the author，how can we make exercise more interesting?
A．By taking varied exercise. B．By choosing simple exercise.
C．By doing regular exercise. D．By sticking to outdoor exercise.
3．What is the author's opinion about“No pain，no gain”in exercising?
A．Keeping fit is essentially a painful experience.
B．Exercise should be stopped if continuous pain is felt.
C．Pain in exercise is a precondition for reaching your goal.
D．Getting used to pain leads to positive changes in your body.
★4.What is the purpose of the passage?
A．To declare the importance of keeping fit.
B．To clarify some misconceptions about fatness and exercise.
C．To confirm what has long been believed about keeping fit.
D．To explain some medical facts about being fat and doing exercise.
Passage 14 (2014·广东)
Samuel Osmond is a 19yearold law student from Cornwall，England.He never studied the piano.However，he can play very difficult musical pieces by musicians such as Chopin and Beethoven just a few minutes after he hears them.He learns a piece of music by listening to it in parts.Then he thinks about the notes in his head.Two years ago，he played his first piece Moonlight Sonata(奏鸣曲)by Beethoven.He surprised everyone around him.
Amazed that he remembered this long and difficult piece of music and played it perfectly，his teachers say Samuel is unbelievable.They say his ability is very rare，but Samuel doesn't even realize that what he can do is special.Samuel wanted to become a lawyer as it was the wish of his parents，but music teachers told him he should study music instead.Now，he studies law and music.
Samuel can't understand why everyone is so surprised.“I grew up with music.My mother played the piano and my father played the guitar.About two years ago，I suddenly decided to start playing the piano，without being able to read music and without having any lessons.It comes easily to me—I hear the notes and can bear them in mind—each and every note，”says Samuel.
Recently，Samuel performed a piece during a special event at his college.The piece had more than a thousand notes.The audience was impressed by his amazing performance.He is now learning a piece that is so difficult that many professional pianists can't play it.Samuel says confidently，“It's all about super memory—I guess I have that gift.”
However，Samuel's ability to remember things doesn't stop with music.His family says that even when he was a young boy，Samuel heard someone read a story，and then he could retell the story word for word.
Samuel is still only a teenager.He doesn't know what he wants to do in the future.For now，he is just happy to play beautiful music and continue his studies.
1．What is special about Samuel Osmond?
A．He has a gift for writing music.B．He can write down the note he hears.
C．He is a top student at the law school.D．He can play the musical piece he hears.
2．What can we learn from Paragraph 2?
A．Samuel chose law against the wish of his parents.
B．Samuel planned to be a lawyer rather than a musician.
C．Samuel thinks of himself as a man of great musical ability.
D．Samuel studies law and music on the advice of his teachers.
3．Everyone around Samuel was surprised because he ________.
A．received a good early education in music B．played the guitar and the piano perfectly
C．could play the piano without reading musicD．could play the guitar better than his father
4．What can we infer about Samuel in Paragraph 4?
A．He became famous during a special event at his college.
B．He is proud of his ability to remember things accurately.
C．He plays the piano better than many professional pianists.
D．He impressed the audience by playing all the musical pieces.
★5.Which of the following is the best title of this passage?
A．The Qualities of a Musician B．The Story of a Musical Talent
C．The Importance of Early Education D．The Relationship between Memory and Music
Passage 15 (2014·湖北)
London's newest skyscraper (摩天大楼) is called the Shard and it cost about 430 million pounds to build.At a height of almost 310 metres，it is the tallest building in Europe.The Shard has completely changed the appearance of London.However，not everyone thinks that it is a change for the better.
The Shard was designed by the famous Italian architect Renzo Piano.When he began designing the Shard for London，Piano wanted a very tall building that looked like a spire (尖顶)．He wanted the glass surfaces to reflect the sky and the city.The sides of the building aren't regular.So the building has an unusual shape.It looks like a very thin，sharp piece of broken glass.And that is how the building got the name：the Shard.Piano says that the spire shape of the Shard is part of a great London tradition.The shape reminds him of the spires of the churches of London or the tall masts (桅杆) of the ships that were once on the river Thames.
The Shard has 87 floors.At the top，there is an observatory.At the moment the building is empty，but eventually there will be a fivestar hotel.There will also be top quality restaurants，apartments and offices.
Before building work began，a lot of people didn't want the Shard though the plans were approved.Now they are still unhappy about the Shard.Some critics say that such a tall skyscraper might be good in a city like New York，but not in London.They say that the best thing about the Shard is its spire shape.But that is the only thing.There is no decoration，only flat surfaces.The Egyptians did that 4,500 years ago.They also think the Shard is too big for London.It destroys the beauty of the city.
Other critics don't like what the Shard seems to represent.They say that the Shard shows how London is becoming more unequal.Only very rich people can afford to buy the expensive private apartments and stay in the hotel.But the people who live near the Shard are among the poorest in London.So the Shard seems a symbol of the division in society between the very rich and the poor.
The Shard now dominates the London skyline.It is not certain，however，that ordinary London citizens will ever accept it as a valuable addition to the city.
1．London's newest skyscraper is called the Shard because of ________.
A．its cost B．its size C．its shape D．its height
2．When he designed the Shard，Piano wanted it to _____________.
A．change London's skyline B．inherit London's tradition
C．imitate the Egyptian style D．attract potential visitors
3．The critics who refer to social division think the Shard ________.
A．is only preferred by the rich B．is intended for wealthy people
C．is far away from the poor areaD．is popular only with Londoners
★4.Which would be the best title for the passage?
A．The Shard：Cheers and Claps B．The Shard：Work of a Great Architect
C．The Shard：New Symbol of London?D．The Shard：A Change for the Better?
Passage 16 (2014·浙江)
Here is some mustknow information from a handbook on how people behave in doing business in some countries.
In Brazil
Brazilians are warm and friendly.They often stand close when talking and it is common for them to touch the person on the shoulder.People often greet each other (particularly women) with light cheek kisses.Schedules tend to be flexible，with business meetings sometimes starting later than planned.But to be safe，be on time.Meals can stretch for hours—there's no such thing as rushing a meal in Brazil.Lunches also can start in the mid to late afternoon.Brazilians are social，preferring facetoface communication over emails or phone calls.
In Singapore
Singaporeans shake hands when they meet and often also greet each other with a small，polite bow.Business cards should be offered and received with two hands.Arriving late is considered disrespectful.So be on time.Efficiency(效率) is the goal，so meetings and dealings often are fastpaced.Singaporeans are direct in their discussions，even when the subject is about money.Rank is important and authority is respected.This determines how people interact in meetings.For example，people avoid disagreeing outright with someone of a higher rank.
In the United Arab Emirates
In the UAE，status is important，so the most senior or oldest should be greeted first with their titles.The handshake seems to be longer than elsewhere.So do not pull away from the handshake.Women should cover themselves when it comes to dress.Men also tend to be covered from neck to elbows(肘部) and down to the knees.People do not avoid entertaining in their homes，but they also hold business meals at restaurants.Touching or passing food or eating with your left hand is to be avoided.When meetings are onetoone，if your host offers you coffee，you should refuse.It might seem odd，but it is a cultural tradition.Coffee should only be accepted if it is already set out or presented.
In Switzerland
The Swiss tend to be formal and address each other by last name.They also are respectful of private lives.You should be careful not to ask about personal topics.Punctuality (守时) is vital，something that comes from a deep respect for others' time.Arrive at any meeting or event a few
minutes early to be safe.They also have clear structure in their companies.Higherups make the final decisions，even if others might disagree.Neat，clean dress is expected.The Swiss follow formal table manners.They also keep their hands visible at the table and their elbows off the table.It is polite to finish the food on your plate.
★1.The passage is mainly about ________.
A．communication types B．the workplace atmosphere
C．customs and social manners D．living conditions and standards
2．Why do Singaporeans avoid arguing with their boss?
A．They put efficiency in the first place. B．They dislike facetoface communication.
C．They want to finish meetings as quickly as possible.
D．They are supposed to obey the person of a higher rank.
3．In the UAE，when should you refuse the coffee if it is offered?
A．When greeting seniors. B．When meeting the host alone.
C．When attending a presentation. D．When dining with business partners.
4．In which country do people care about where to put their hands at the dinner table?
A．In Brazil. B．In Singapore. C．In the United Arab Emirates. D．In Switzerland.
Passage 17 (2014·辽宁)
Would it surprise you to learn that，like animals，trees communicate with each other and pass on their wealth to the next generation?
UBC Professor Simard explains how trees are much more complex than most of us ever imagined.Although Charles Darwin thought that trees are competing for survival of the fittest，Simard shows just how wrong he was.In fact，the_opposite_is_true：trees survive through their cooperation and support，passing around necessary nutrition“depending on who needs it”.
Nitrogen (氮) and carbon are shared through miles of underground fungi (真菌) networks，making sure that all trees in the forest ecological system give and receive just the right amount to keep them all healthy.This hidden system works in a very similar way to the networks of neurons (神经元) in our brains，and when one tree is destroyed，it affects all.
Simard talks about“mother trees”，usually the largest and oldest plants on which all other trees depend.She explains how dying trees pass on the wealth to the next generation，transporting important minerals to young trees so they may continue to grow.When humans cut down“mother trees”with no awareness of these highly complex“tree societies”or the networks on which they feed，we are reducing the chances of survival for the entire forest.
“We didn't take any notice of it，” Simard says sadly.“Dying trees move nutrition into the young trees before dying，but we never give them chance.”If we could put across the message to
the forestry industry，we could make a huge difference towards our environmental protection efforts for the future.
1．The underlined sentence“the opposite is true”in Paragraph 2 probably means that trees ________.
A．compete for survival B．protect their own wealth
C．depend on each other D．provide support for dying trees
2．“Mother trees”are extremely important because they ________.
A．look the largest in size in the forestB．pass on nutrition to young trees
C．seem more likely to be cut down by humans
D．know more about the complex“tree societies”
3．The underlined word“it”in the last paragraph refers to ________.
A．how“tree societies”work B．how trees grow old
C．how forestry industry develops D．how young trees survive
★4.What would be the best title for the passage?
A．Old Trees Communicate Like Humans B．Young Trees Are In Need Of Protection
C．Trees Are More Awesome Than You Think D．Trees Contribute To Our Society
Passage 18 (2014·江西)
Close your eyes for a minute and imagine what life would be like if you had a hundred dollars less.Also imagine what it would be like spending the rest of your life with your eyes closed.Imagine having to read this page，not with your eyes but with your fingertips.
With existing medical knowledge and skills，twothirds of the world's 42 million blind should not have to suffer.Unfortunately，rich countries possess most of this knowledge，while developing countries do not.
ORBIS is an international nonprofit organization which operates the world's only flying teaching eye hospital.ORBIS intends to help fight blindness worldwide.Inside a DC8 aircraft，there is a fullyequipped teaching hospital with television studio and classroom.Doctors are taught the latest techniques of bringing sight back to people here.Project ORBIS also aims at promoting peaceful cooperation(合作) among countries.
ORBIS tries to help developing countries by providing training during threeweek medical programs.ORBIS has taught sightsaving techniques to over 35,000 doctors and nurses，who continue to cure tens of thousands of blind people every year.ORBIS has conducted 17 plane programs in China so far.For the seven to ten million blind in China ORBIS is planning to do more for them.At the moment an ORBIS team is working on a longterm plan to develop a training center and to provide eye care services to Shanxi Province.ORBIS needs your help to continue their work and free people from blindness.
For just US $38，you can help one person see；for $380 you can bring sight to 10 people；$1,300 helps teach a doctor new skills；and for $13,000 you can provide a training program for a group of doctors who can make thousands of blind people see again.Your money can open their eyes to the world.Please help ORBIS improve the quality of life for so many people less fortunate than ourselves.
1．The first paragraph is intended to ________.
A．introduce a new way of reading B．advise the public to lead a simple life
C．direct the public's attention to the blind D．encourage the public to use imagination
2．What do we learn about existing medical knowledge and skills in the world?
A．They are adequate. B．They have not been updated.
C．They are not equally distributed. D．They have benefited most of the blind.
3．ORBIS aims to help the blind by ________.
A．teaching medical students B．training doctors and nurses
C．running flying hospitals globally D．setting up nonprofit organizations
4．What does the author try to do in the last paragragh?
A．Appeal for donations. B．Make an advertisement.
C．Promote training programs. D．Show sympathy for the blind.
★5.What can be the best title for the passage?
A．ORBIS in China B．Fighting Blindness
C．ORBIS Flying Hospital D．Sightsaving Techniques
Passage 19 (2014·四川)
A schoolgirl saved her father's life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic(过敏的) reaction which stopped his heart.
Izzy，nine，restarted father Colm's heart by stamping(踩)on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing.
Izzy's mother，Debbie，immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father，so decided to use CPR.
However，she quickly discovered her arms weren't strong enough，so she stamped on her father's chest instead.
Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions(按压) until the ambulance arrived.
Izzy，who has been given a bravery award by her school，said：“I just kicked him really hard.My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasn't strong enough to use hands.I was quite scared.The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse.My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest.”
“She's a little star，”said Debbie，“I was really upset but Izzy just took over.I just can't believe what she did.I really think all children should be taught first aid.Izzy did CPR then the doctor turned up.Colm had to have more treatment on the way to the hospital and we've got to see an expert.”
Truck driver Colm,35，suffered a mystery allergic reaction on Saturday and was taken to hospital，but was sent home only for it to happen again the next day.The second attack was so serious that his airway swelled，preventing him from breathing，his blood pressure dropped suddenly，and his heart stopped for a moment.
He has now made a full recovery from his suffering.
1．Izzy kicked her father in the chest ________.
A．to express her helplessness B．to practise CPR on him
C．to keep him awake D．to restart his heart
2．What's the right order of the events?
①Izzy kicked Colm②Debbie called 999③Izzy learned CPR④Colm's heart stopped.
A．③①②④ B．④②③① C．③④②① D．④③①②
3．What does Paragraph 8 mainly talk about?
A．What Colm suffered. B．Colm's present condition.
C．What caused Colm's allergy. D．Symptoms of Colm's allergic reaction.
★4.Why does the author write the news?
A．To describe a serious accident. B．To prove the importance of CPR.
C．To report a 9yearold girl's brave act.D．To call people's attention to allergic reaction.
Passage 20 (2014·陕西)
Why do Americans struggle with watching their weight，while the French，who consume rich food，continue to stay thin？Now a research by Cornell University suggests how lifestyle and decisions about eating may affect weight.Researchers conclude that the French tend to stop eating when they feel full.However，Americans tend to stop when their plate is empty or their favorite TV show is over.
According to Dr.Joseph Mercola，a health expert，the French see eating as an important part of their lifestyle.They enjoy food and therefore spend a fairly long time at the table，while Americans see eating as something to be squeezed between the other daily activities.Mercola believes Americans lose the ability to sense when they are actually full.So they keep eating long after the French would have stopped.In addition，he points out that Americans drive to huge supermarkets to buy canned and frozen foods for the week.The French，instead，tend to shop daily，walking to small shops and farmers' markets where they have a choice of fresh fruits，vegetables，and eggs as well as highquality meats for each meal.
After a visit to the United States，Mireille Guiliano，author of French Women Don't Get Fat，decided to write about the importance of knowing when to stop rather than suggesting how to avoid food.Today she continues to stay slim and rarely goes to the gym.
In spite of all these differences，evidence shows that recent lifestyle changes may be affecting French eating habits.Today the rate of obesityor extreme overweightamong adults is only 6%.However，as American fast food gains acceptance and the young reject older traditions，the obesity rate among French children has reached 17%－and is growing.
1．In what way are the French different from Americans according to Dr.Joseph Mercola?
A．They go shopping at supermarkets more frequently.
B．They squeeze eating between the other daily activities.
C．They regard eating as a key part of their lifestyles.
D．They usually eat too much canned and frozen food.
2．This text is mainly about the relationship between ________.
A．Americans and the French B．lifestyle and obesity
C．children and adults D．fast food and overweight
★3.The text is mainly developed ________.
A．by contrast B．by spaceC．by process D．by classification
4．Where does this text probably come from?
A．A TV interview. B．A food advertisement. C．A health report. D．A book review.
考点二 细节理解题
You probably know who Marie Curie was，but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson.Of the outstanding ladies listed below，who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years?
Jane Addams(1860－1935)
Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank.Addams helped the poor and worked for peace.She encouraged a sense of community(社区)by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need.In 1931，Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
Rachel Carson(1907－1964)
If it weren’t for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today.Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world’s lakes and oceans.
Sandra Day O’Connor(1930－present)
When Sandra Day O’Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952，she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman.She became an Arizona state
senator(参议员)and，in 1981, the first woman to join the U．S.Supreme Court.O’Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.
Rosa Parks(1913－2005)
On December 1，1955，in Montgomery，Alabama，Rasa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a passenger.Her simple act landed Parks in prison.But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott.It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil－rights movement.“The only tired I was, was tired of giving in，”said Parks.
★1.What is Jane Addams noted for in history?
A．Her social work. B．Her lack of proper training in law.
C．Her efforts to win a prize. D．Her community background.
2．What is the reason for O’Connor’s being rejected by the law firm?
A．Her lack of proper training in law. B．Her little work experience in court.
C．The discrimination against women. D．The poor financial conditions.
★3.Who made a great contribution to the civil－rights movement in the US?
A．Jane Addams. B．Rachel Carson.C．Sandra Day O’Connor. D．Rosa Parks.
4．What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text?
A．They are highly educated.B．They are truly creative.
C．They are pioneers. D．They are peace－lovers.
Passage 2 (2016·全国Ⅱ)
What’s On?
Electric__Underground
7．30 pm.—1.00 am. Free at the Cyclops Theatre
Do you know who’s playing in your area? We’re bringing you an evening of live rock and pop music from the best local bands.Are you interested in becoming a musician and getting a recording contract(合同)? If so, come early to the talk at 7.30 pm. by Jules Skye, a successful record producer.He’s going to talk about how you can find the right person to produce your music.
Gee__Whizz
8．30 pm.—10.30 pm. Comedy at Kaleidoscope
Come and see Gee Whizz perform.He’s the funniest stand－up comedian on the comedy scene.This joyful show will please everyone, from the youngest to the oldest.Gee Whizz really knows how to make you laugh! Our bar is open from 7.00 pm. for drinks and snacks(快餐)．
Simon’s__Workshop
5．00 pm.—7.30 pm. Wednesdays at Victoria Stage
This is a good chance for anyone who wants to learn how to do comedy.The workshop looks at every kind of comedy, and practices many different ways of making people laugh.Simon is a comedian and actor who has 10 years’ experience of teaching comedy.His workshops are exciting and fun.An evening with Simon will give you the confidence to be funny.
Charlotte__Stone
8．00 pm.—11.00 pm. Pizza World
Fine food with beautiful jazz music; this is a great evening out.Charlotte Stone will perform songs from her new best－selling CD, with James Pickering on the piano.The menu is Italian, with excellent meat and fresh fish, pizzas and pasta(面食)．Book early to get a table.Our bar is open all day, and serves cocktails, coffee, beer, and white wine.
★1.Who can help you if you want to have your music produced?
A．Jules Skye. B．Gee Whizz.C．Charlotte Stone. D．James Pickering.
★2.At which place can people of different ages enjoy a good laugh?
A．The Cyclops Theatre B．Kaleidoscope
C．Victoria Stage D．Pizza World
★3.What do we know about Simon’s Workshop?
A．It requires membership status. B．It lasts three hours each time.
C．It is run by a comedy club. D．It is held every Wednesday.
★4.When will Charlotte Stone perform her songs?
A．5.00 pm.—7.30 pm. B．7.30 pm.—1.00 am.
C．8.00 pm.—11.00 pm. D．8.30 pm.—10.30 pm.
Passage 3 (2016·全国Ⅱ)
A new collection of photos brings an unsuccessful Antarctic voyage back to life.
Frank Hurley’s pictures would be outstanding—undoubtedly first－rate photo－journalism—if they had been made last week.In fact, they were shot from 1914 through 1916, most of them after a disastrous shipwreck(海难), by a cameraman who had no reasonable expectation of survival.Many of the images were stored in an ice chest, under freezing water, in the damaged wooden ship.
The ship was the Endurance, a small, tight, Norwegian－built three－master that was intended to take Sir Ernest Shackleton and a small crew of seamen and scientists, 27 men in all, to the southernmost shore of Antarctica’s Weddell Sea.From that point Shackleton wanted to force a passage by dog sled(雪橇) across the continent.The journey was intended to achieve more than what Captain Robert Falcon Scott had done.Captain Scott had reached the South Pole early in 1912 but had died with his four companions on the march back.
As writer Caroline Alexander makes clear in her forceful and well－researched story The Endurance, adventuring was even then a thoroughly commercial effort.Scott’s last journey, completed as he lay in a tent dying of cold and hunger, caught the world’s imagination, and a film made in his honor drew crowds.Shackleton, a onetime British merchant－navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908, started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography.Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic, was hired to make the images, most of which have never before been published.
★1.What do we know about the photos taken by Hurley?
A．They were made last week. B．They showed undersea sceneries.
C．They were found by a cameraman. D．They recorded a disastrous adventure.
★2.Who reached the South Pole first according to the text?
A．Frank Hurley. B．Ernest Shackleton.C．Robert Falcon Scott. D．Caroline Alexander.
★3.What does Alexander think was the purpose of the 1914 voyage?
A．Artistic creation. B．Scientific research.C．Money making. D．Treasure hunting.
Passage 4 (2016·全国Ⅲ)
话题：乐队广告
词数：184
Opera at Music Hall：1243 Elm Street.The season runs June through August，with additional performances in March and September.The Opera honors enjoy the Arts membership discounts.Phone：241－2742.http：//www.cityopera.com.
Chamber Orchestra：The Orchestra plays at Memorial Hall at 1406 Elm Street, which offers several concerts from March through June.Call 723－1182 for more information.http：www.chamberoch.com.
Symphony Orchestra：At Music Hall and Riverbend.For ticket sales, call 381－3300.Regular season runs September through May at Music Hall in summer at Riverbend.http：//www.symphony.org/home.asp.
College Conservatory of Music (CCM)：Performances are on the main campus(校园)of the university, usually at Patricia Cobbett Theater.CCM organizes a variety of events, including performances by the well－known Lasalle Quartet, CCM’s Philharmonic Orchestra, and various groups of musicians presenting Baroque through modern music.Students with I．D.card can attend the events for free.A free schedule of events for each term is available by calling the box office at 556－4183.http：//www.ccm.uc.edu/events/calendar.
Riverbend Music Theater：6295 Kellogg Ave.Large outdoor theater with the closest seats under cover (piece difference)．Big name shows all summer long! Phone：232－6220.http：///www.riverbendmusic.com.
★1.Which number should you call if you want to see opera?
A．241－2742. B．723－1182.C．381－3300. D．232－6220.
★2.When can you go to a concert by Chamber Orchestra?
A．February. B May.C August. D November.
★3.Where can students go for free performances with their ID cards?
A．Music Hall.B．Memorial Hall.C．Patricia Cobbett Theater.D．Riverbend Music Theater.
★4.How is Riverbend Music Theater different from the other places?
A．It has seats in the open air. B．It gives shows all year round.
C．It offers membership discounts. D．It presents famous musical works.
Passage 5 (2015·新课标全国Ⅰ)
话题：艺术展
词数：221
Salvador Dali (1904－1989) was one of the most popular of modern artists.The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings，sculptures，drawings and more.Among the works and masterworks on exhibition the visitor will find the best pieces，most importantly The Persistence of Memory.There is also L'Enigme sans Fin from 1938，works on paper，objects，and projects for stage and screen and selected parts from television programmes reflecting the artist's showman qualities.
The visitor will enter the World of Dali through an egg and is met with the beginning，the world of birth.The exhibition follows a path of time and subject with the visitor exiting through the brain.
The exhibition shows how Dali draws the viewer between two infinities (无限)．“From the infinity small to the infinity large，contraction and expansion coming in and out of focus：amazing Flemish accuracy and the showy Baroque of old painting that he used in his museumtheatre in Figueras，” explains the Pompidou Centre.
The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration (合作)with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid，Spain，and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St.Petersburg，Florida.
1．Which of the following best describes Dali according to Paragraph 1?
A．Optimistic. B．Productive. C．Generous. D．Traditional.
2．What is Dali's The Persistence of Memory considered to be?
A．One of his masterworks.B．A successful screen adaptation.
C．An artistic creation for the stage. D．One of the best TV programmes.
★3.How are the exhibits arranged at the World of Dali?
A．By popularity. B． By importance.
C．By size and shape. D．By time and subject.
4．What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to?
A．Artworks. B．Projects. C．Donations. D．Documents.
Passage 6 (2015·新课标全国Ⅱ)
My color television has given me nothing but a headache.I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn't fit.I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model.I realized this a day later，when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventyfive dollars less than I had paid.The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed_off for the night.Fortunately，I didn't got any channels showing allnight movies or I would never have gotten to bed.
Then I started developing a problem with the set that involved static (静电) noise.For some reason，when certain shows switched into a commercial，a loud noise would sound for a few seconds.Gradually，this noise began to appear during a show，and to get rid of it，I had to change to another channel and then change it back.Sometimes this technique would not work，and I had to pick up the set and shake it to remove the sound.I actually began to build up my arm muscles(肌肉) shaking my set.
When neither of these methods removed the static noise，I would sit helplessly and wait for the noise to go away.At last I ended up hitting the set with my fist，and it stopped working altogether.My trip to the repair shop cost me $62，and the set is working well now，but I keep expecting more trouble.
1．Why did the author say he was fooled into buying the TV set?
A．He got an older model than he had expected.B．He couldn't return it when it was broken.
C．He could have bought it at a lower price.D．He failed to find any movie shows on it.
2．Which of the following can best replace the phrase “signed off” in Paragraph 1?
A．ended all their programs B．provided fewer channels
C．changed to commercials D．showed allnight movies
★3.How did the author finally get his TV set working again?
A．By shaking and hitting it. B．By turning it on and off.
C．By switching channels. D．By having it repaired.
4. How does the author sound when telling the story?
A．Curious. B．Anxious.C．Cautious. D．Humorous.
Passage 7 (2015·新课标全国Ⅱ)
More students than ever before are taking a gapyear (间隔年)before going to university.It used to be called the “year off” between school and university.The gapyear phenomenon originated(起源) with the months left over to Oxbridge applicants between entrance exams in November and the start of the next academic year.
This year,25,310 students who have accepted places in higher education institutions have put off their entry until next year，according to statistics on university entrance provided by the University and College Admissions Service(UCAS)．
That is a record 14.7% increase in the number of students taking a gap year.Tony Higgins from UCAS said that the statistics are good news for everyone in higher education.“Students who take a wellplanned year out are more likely to be satisfied with，and complete，their chosen course.Students who take a gap year are often more mature and responsible，” he said.
But not everyone is happy.Owain James，the president of the National Union of Students(NUS)，argued that the increase is evidence of student hardship－young people are being forced into earning money before finishing their education.“New students are now aware that they are likely to leave university up to ￡15,000 in debt.It is not surprising that more and more students are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the degree.NUS statistics show that over 40% of students are forced to work during term time and the figure increases to 90% during vacation periods，”he said.
★1. What do we learn about the gap year from the text?
A．It is flexible in length. B．It is a time for relaxation.
C．It is increasingly popular. D．It is required by universities.
2. According to Tony Higgins，students taking a gap year________.
A．are better prepared for college studiesB．know a lot more about their future jobs
C．are more likely to leave university in debtD．have a better chance to enter top universities
3. How does Owain James feel about the gapyear phenomenon?
A．He's puzzled. B．He's worried.C．He's surprised. D．He's annoyed.
4. What would most students do on their vacation according to NUS statistics?
A．Attend additional courses. B．Make plans for the new term.
C．Earn money for their education. D．Prepare for their graduate studies.
Passage 8 (2015·安徽)
话题：食物与文化
词数：298
Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways. Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust. Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or culture's celebrations or traditions. The foods we eat—and when and how we eat them—are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural (农村的) and urban areas within one country.
Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion (时刻) or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness. Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests. Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread, so this tradition hits its roots in the custom of sharing bread.
Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations. In the southern United States, pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity (兴旺) in the New Year. In Greece, people share a special cake called vasilopita. A coin is put into the cake, which signifies (预示) success in the New Year for the person who receives it.
Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a significant role. In China, when a baby is one month old, families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving redcolored eggs to guests. In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.
Nutrition is necessary for life, so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world.
★1.According to the passage, sharing bread________.
A．indicates a lack of food B．can help to develop unity
C．is a custom unique to rural areas D．has its roots in birthday celebrations
★2.What does the coin in vasilopita signify for its receiver in the New Year?
A．Trust. B．Success.C．Health. D．Togetherness.
3．The author explains the role of food in celebrations by________.
A．using examples B．making comparisons
C．analyzing causes D．describing processes
4．What is the passage mainly about?
A．The custom of sharing food. B．The specific meaning of food.
C．The role of food in ceremonies. D．The importance of food in culture.
Passage 9 (2015·湖北)
“I see you've got a bit of water on your coat，” said the man at the petrol station.“Is it raining out there？”“No，it's pretty nice，” I replied，checking my sleeve.“Oh，right.A pony(马驹) bit me earlier.”
As it happened，the bite was virtually painless: more the kind of small bite you might get from a naughty child.The pony responsible was queuing up for some ice cream in the car park near Haytor，and perhaps thought I'd jumped in ahead of him.
The reason why the ponies here are naughty is that Haytor is a touristheavy area and tourists are constantly feeding the ponies foods，despite signs asking them not to.By feeding the ponies，tourists increase the risk of them getting hit by a car，and make them harder to gather during the area's annual pony drift(迁移)．
The purpose of a pony drift is to gather them up so their health can be checked，the baby ones can be stooped from feeding on their mother's milk，and those who've gone beyond their limited area can be returned to their correct area.Some of them are also later sold，in order to limit the number of ponies according to the rules set by Natural England.
Three weeks ago，I witnessed a small neardisaster a few miles west of here.While walking，I noticed a pony roll over on his back.“Hello！” I said to him，assuming he was just rolling for fun，but he was very still and，as I got closer，I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily.I began to properly worry about him.Fortunately，I managed to get in touch with a Dartmoor's Livestock Protection officer and send her a photo.The officer immediately sent a local farmer out to check on the pony.The pony had actually been trapped between two rocks.The farmer freed him，and he began to run happily around again.
Dartmoor has 1,000 or so ponies，who play a critical role in creating the diversity of species in this area.Many people are working hard to preserve these ponies，and trying to come up with plans to find a sustainable(可持续的) future for one of Dartmoor's most financiallytroubled elements.
★1.Why are tourists asked not to feed the ponies?
A．To protect the tourists from being bitten.B．To keep the ponies off the petrol station.
C．To avoid putting the ponies in danger. D．To prevent the ponies from fighting.
★2.One of the purposes of the annual pony drift is _____________________________.
A．to feed baby ponies on milk B．to control the number of ponies
C．to expand the habitat for poniesD．to sell the ponies at a good price
3．What was the author's first reaction when he saw a pony roll on its back?
A．He freed it from the trap.B．He called a protection officer.
C．He worried about it very much. D．He thought of it as being naughty.
4．What does the author imply about the preservation of Dartmoor's ponies?
A．It lacks people's involvement. B．It costs a large amount of money.
C．It will affect tourism in Dartmoor. D．It has caused an imbalance of species.
Passage 10 (2015·四川)
Across Britain，burnt toast will be served to mothers in bed this morning as older sons and daughters rush to deliver their supermarket bunches of flowers，But，according to a new study，we should be placing a higher value on motherhood all year.
Mothers have long known that their home workload was just as heavy as paid work.Now，the new study has shown that if they were paid for their parental labours，they would earn as much as$172,000 a year.
The study looked at the range of jobs mothers do，as well as the hours they are working，to determine the figure.This would make their yearly income $30,000 more than the Prime Minister earns.
By analysing the numbers，it found the average mother works 119 hours a week,40 of which would usually be paid at a standard rate and 79 hours as overtime.After questioning 1,000 mothers with children under 18，it found that，on most days，mums started their routine work at 7am and finished at around 11pm.
To calculate just how much mothers would earn from that labour，it suggested some of the roles that mums could take on，including housekeeper，parttime lawyer，personal trainer and entertainer.Being a parttime lawyer，at $48.98 an hour，would prove to be the most profitable of the “mum jobs”，with psychologist(心理学家)a close second.
It also asked mothers about the challenges they face，with 80 percent making emotional(情感的) demand as the hardest thing about motherhood.
Over a third of mums felt they needed more training and around half said they missed going out with friends.
The study shows mothers matter all year long and not just on Mother's Day.The emotional，physical and mental energy mothers devote to their children can be neverending，but children are also sources of great joy and happiness.Investing(投入)in time for parenting and raising relationships is money well spent.
★1.How much would a mother earn a year if working as the Prime Minister?
A．￡30,000. B．￡142,000.C．￡172,000. D．￡202,000.
★2.The biggest challenge for most mothers is from________.
A．emotional demandB．low pay for workC．heavy workloadD．lack of training
★3.What is stressed in the last paragraph?
A．Mothers' importance shows in family all year long.
B．The sacrifices mothers make are huge but worthwhile.
C．Mothers' devotion to children can hardly be calculated.
D．Investing time in parenting would bring a financial return.
4．What can we conclude from the study?
A．Mothers' working hours should be largely reduced.
B．Mothers should balance their time for work and rest.
C．Mothers' labour is of a higher value than it is realised.
D．Mothers should be freed from housework for social life.
Passage 11 (2015·天津)
University Room Regulations
Approved and Prohibited Items
The following items are approved for use in residential(住宿的) rooms: electric blankets, hair dryers, personal computers, radios, televisions and DVD players.Items that are not allowed in student rooms include: candles, ceiling fans, fireworks, waterbeds, sun lamps and wireless routers.Please note that any prohibited items will be taken away by the Office of Residence Life.
Access to Residential Rooms
Students are provided with a combination(组合密码) for their room door locks upon checkin.Do not share your room door lock combination with anyone.The Office of Residence Life may change the door lock combination at any time at the expense of the resident if it is found that the student has shared the combination with others.The fee is $25 to change a room combination.
Cooking Policy
Students living in buildings that have kitchens are only permitted to cook in the kitchen.Students must clean up after cooking.This is not the responsibility of housekeeping staff.Kitchens that are not kept clean may be closed for use.With the exception of using a small microwave oven(微波炉) to heat food, students are not permitted to cook in their rooms.
Pet Policy
No pets except fish are permitted in student rooms.Students who are found with pets, whether visiting or owned by the student, are subject to an initial fine of $100 and a continuing fine of $50 a day per pet.Students receive written notice when the fine goes into effect.If, one week from the date of written notice, the pet is not removed, the student is referred to the Student Court.
Quiet Hours
Residential buildings must maintain an atmosphere that supports the academic mission of the University.Minimum quiet hours in all campus residences are 11：00 pm to 8：00 am Sunday through Thursday.Quiet hours on Friday and Saturday nights are 1：00 am to 8：00 am.Students who violate quiet hours are subject to a fine of $25.
★1.Which of the following items are allowed in student rooms?
A．Ceiling fans and waterbeds.B．Wireless routers and radios.
C．Hair dryers and candles. D．TVs and electric blankets.
★2.What if a student is found to have told his combination to others?
A．The combination should be changed.B．The Office should be charged.
C．He should replace the door lock. D．He should check out of the room.
★3.What do we know about the cooking policy?
A．A microwave oven can be used.B．Cooking in student rooms is permitted.
C．A housekeeper is to clean up the kitchen.
D．Students are to close kitchen doors after cooking.
★4.If a student has kept a cat in his room for a week since the warning, he will face ________.
A．parent visits B．a fine of $100C．the Student Court D．a written notice
★5.When can students enjoy a party in residences?
A．7：00 am, Sunday. B．7：30 am, Thursday.
C．11：30 pm, Monday. D．00：30 am, Saturday.
Passage 12 (2015·福建)
Food festivals around the world
Stilton Cheese Rolling
May Day is a traditional day for celebrations, but the 2,000 English villagers of Stilton must be the only people in the world who include cheese rolling in their annual plans.Teams of four，dressed in a variety of strange and funny clothes, roll a complete cheese along a 50metre course.On the way, they must not kick or throw their cheese, or go into their competitors' lane(赛道)．Competition is fierce and the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese weighing about four kilos (disappointingly, but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wooden ones)．All the competitors are served with beer or port wine, the traditional accompaniment for Stilton cheese.
Fiery Foods Festival—The Hottest Festival on Earth
Every year more than 10,000 people head for the city of Albuquerque, New Mexico.They come from as far away as Australia, the Caribbean and China, but they all share a common addiction—food that is not just spicy(辛辣)，but hot enough to make your mouth burn, your head spin and your eyes water.Their destination is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival which is held over a period of three days every March.You might like to try a chocolatecovered habanero pepper—officially the hottest pepper in the world—or any one of the thousands of products that are on show.But one thing's for sure—if you don't like the feeling of a burning tongue, this festival isn't for you!
La Tomatina—The World's Biggest Food Fight
On the last Wednesday of every August, the Spanish town of Bunol hosts La Tomatina—the world's largest food fight.A weeklong celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the week's events.The early morning sees the arrival of large trucks with tomatoes—official fightstarters get things going by casting tomatoes at the crowd.
The battle lasts little more than half an hour, in which time around 50,000 kilograms of tomatoes have been thrown at anyone or anything that moves, runs, or fights back.Then everyone heads down to the river to make friends again—and for a muchneeded wash!
★1.In the Stilton cheese rolling competition, competitors on each team must ________.
A．wear various formal clothesB．roll a wooden cheese in their own lane
C．kick or throw their cheese D．use a real cheese weighing about four kilos
★2.Where is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival held?
A．In New Mexico. B．In the Caribbean.C．In Australia. D．In China.
★3.The celebration of La Tomatina lasts ________.
A．three days B．seven days
C．less than three days D．more than seven days
★4.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A．The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition is beer or port wine.
B．More than 10,000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.
C．Thousands of spicy foods are on show in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.
D．An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning of La Tomatina.
Passage 13 (2014·四川)
Do you want to get home from work knowing you have made a real difference in someone's life?
If yes，don't care about sex or age！Come and join us，then you'll_make_it!
Position：Volunteer Social Care Assistant(No Pay with Free Meals)
Place：Manchester
Hours：Part Time
We are now looking for volunteers to support people with learning disabilities to live active lives！Only 4 days left.Don't miss the chance of lending your warm hands to help others!
Role：
You will provide people with learning disabilities with all aspects of their daily lives.You will help them to develop new skills.You will help them to protect their rights and their safety.But your primary concern is to let them know they are valued.
Skills and Experience Required：
You will have the right values and great listening skills.You will be honest and patient.You will have the ability to drive a car and to communicate in fluent written and spoken English since you'll have to help those people with different learning disabilities.Previous carerelated experience will be a great advantage for you.
1．The text is meant to ________.
A．leave a note B．send an invitation
C．present a document D．carry an advertisement
2．What does the underlined part mean?
A．You'll make others' lives more meaningful with this job.
B．You'll arrive home just in time from this job.
C．You'll earn a good salary from this job.
D．You'll succeed in getting this job.
★3.The volunteers' primary responsibility is to help people with learning disabilities ________.
A．to get some financial suppor tB ．to properly protect themselves
C．to learn some new living skills D．to realize their own importance
★4.Which of the following can first be chosen as a volunteer?
A．The one who can drive a car.B．The one who has done similar work before.
C．The one who has patience to listen to others.
D．The one who can use English to communicate.
Passage 14 (2014·江苏)
However wealthy we may be，we can never find enough hours in the day to do everything we want.Economics deals with this problem through the concept of opportunity cost，which simply refers to whether someone's time or money could be better spent on something else.
Every hour of our time has a value.For every hour we work at one job we could quite easily be doing another，or be sleeping or watching a film.Each of these options has a different opportunity cost—namely，what they cost us in missed opportunities.
Say you intend to watch a football match but the tickets are expensive and it will take you a couple of hours to get to and from the stadium.Why not，you might reason，watch the game from home and use the leftover money and time to have dinner with friends？This—the alternative use of your cash and time—is the opportunity cost.
For economists，every decision is made by knowledge of what one must forgo—in terms of money and enjoyment—in order to take it up.By knowing precisely what you are receiving and what you are missing out on，you ought to be able to make betterinformed，more reasonable decisions.Consider that most famous economic rule of all：there's no such thing as a free lunch.Even if someone offers to take you out to lunch for free，the time you will spend in the restaurant still costs you something in terms of forgone opportunities.
Some people find the idea of opportunity cost extremely discouraging：imagine spending your entire life calculating whether your time would be better spent elsewhere doing something
more profitable or enjoyable.Yet，in a sense it's human nature to do precisely that—we assess the advantages and disadvantages of decisions all the time.
In the business world，a popular phrase is“value for money.”People want their cash to go as far as possible.However，another is fast obtaining an advantage：“value for time.”The biggest restriction on our resources is the number of hours we can devote to something，so we look to maximize the return we get on our investment of time.By reading this passage you are giving over a bit of your time which could be spent doing other activities，such as sleeping and eating.In return，however，this passage will help you to think like an economist，closely considering the opportunity cost of each of your decisions.
★1.According to the passage，the concept of“opportunity cost”is applied to ________.
A．making more money B．taking more opportunities
C．reducing missed opportunities D．weighing the choice of opportunities
★2.The“leftover...time”in Paragraph 3 probably refers to the time ________.
A．spared for watching the match at homeB．taken to have dinner with friends
C．spent on the way to and from the matchD．saved from not going to watch the match
3．What are forgone opportunities?
A．Opportunities you forget in decisionmaking.B．Opportunities you give up for better ones.C．Opportunities you miss accidentally.D．Opportunities you make up for.
Passage 15 (2014·安徽)
Recordings of angry bees are enough to send big，tough African elephants running away，a new study says.Beehives (蜂窝)—either recorded or real—may even prevent elephants from damaging farmers' crops.
In 2002，scientist Lucy King and her team found that elephants avoid certain trees with bees living in them.Today，Lucy wants to see if African honeybees might discourage elephants from eating crops.But before she asked farmers to go to the trouble of setting up beehives on their farms，she needed to find out if the bees would scare elephants away.
Lucy found a wild beehive inside a tree in northern Kenya and set up a recorder.Then she threw a stone into the beehive，which burst into life.Lucy and her assistant hid in their car until the angry bees had calmed down.Next，Lucy searched out elephant families in Samburu National Reserve in northern Kenya and put a speaker in a tree close to each family.
From a distance，Lucy switched on the prerecorded sound of angry bees while at the same time recording the elephants with a video camera.Half the elephant groups left the area within ten seconds.Out of a total of 17 groups，only one group ignored the sound of the angry bees.Lucy reported that all the young elephants immediately ran to their mothers to hide under them.When Lucy played the sound of a waterfall (瀑布) instead of the angry bees to many of the same
elephant families，the animals were undisturbed.Even after four minutes，most of the groups stayed in one place.
Lucy is now studying whether the elephants will continue to avoid the sound of angry bees after hearing it several times.She hasn't tested enough groups yet to know，but her initial (最初的) results were promising enough to begin trials with farmers.She has now begun placing speakers in the fields to see if elephants are frightened away.
★1.We know from the passage that elephants may be frightened of ________.
A．loud noises B．some cropsC．video cameras D．angry bees
★2. As mentioned in the passage，Lucy ________.
A．works by herself in AfricaB．needs to test more elephant groups
C．has stopped elephants eating crops
D．has got farmers to set up beehives on their farms
★3.Why did Lucy throw a stone into a wild beehive?
A．To record the sound of bees.B．To make a video of elephants.
C．To see if elephants would run away. D．To find out more about the behavior of bees.
★4.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Young elephants ignore African honeybees.
B．Waterfalls can make elephants stay in one place.
C．Elephants do not go near trees with bees living in them.
D．Farmers do not allow Lucy to conduct tests in their fields.
Passage 16 (2014·北京)
Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium (水族馆)
The allnew Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium，situated in the heart of Melbourne's CBD，is one of Victoria's leading visitor attractions and an unforgettable outing for the whole family.Having 12 amazing zones of discovery，Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium is the very place that you cannot miss when you visit the city.
* Opening Times
Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium is open from 9：30 am until 6：00 pm every day of the year，including public holidays.Last admission is at 5：00 pm，one hour before closing.
* Location (位置)
Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium is located on the corner of Flinders Street and King Street，Melbourne.It is situated on the Yarra River，opposite Crown Entertainment Complex.
* Getting to Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium
Train
Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium is a short walk from either Flinders or Southern Cross train stations.
Tram(有轨电车)
The Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium tram stop is located on the free City Circle Tram route (公交线路) and also routes 70 and 75.City Circle trams run every 10 minutes in both directions.
Shuttle Bus
The Melbourne City Tourist Shuttle is a free bus service，stopping at key tourist attractions in and around the City.Running daily，every 15 minutes from 10：00 am to 4：00 pm.
* Car Parking
While there is no public car parking at Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium，there are several public car parking lots available only a short walk away.
* Wheelchair Access
Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium provides people in wheelchairs with full access to all 12 zones.Each floor also has wheelchair accessible toilets.
* Terms
Tickets will be emailed to you immediately after purchase or you can download and print your ticket once payment has been accepted.Please print out all tickets purchased and present at the front entrance of Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium.No ticket，no entry！
★1.Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium ________.
A．is located at the center of the CBD in the city
B．has 12 most attractive places in Melbourne
C．admits visitors from 9：30 am until 6：00 pm
D．is beside Crown Entertainment Complex
★2.Getting to Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium，visitors can take ________.
A．trains from Southern Cross train stationB．shuttle buses around the train station
C．boats across the Yarra RiverD．either tram route 70 or 75
★3.Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium offers visitors ________.
A．free car parkingB．wheelchair accessC．Internet connection D．transportation service
★4.Tickets to Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium ________.
A．are free to all visitors B．can be purchased by email
C．are checked at the entrance D．can be printed at the ticket office
Passage 17 (2014·新课标全国Ⅰ)
As more and more people speak the global languages of English，Chinese，Spanish，and Arabic，other languages are rapidly disappearing.In fact，half of the 6,000～7,000 languages
spoken around the world today will likely die out by the next century，according to the United Nations Educational，Scientific，and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)．
In an effort to prevent language loss，scholars from a number of organizations—UNESCO and National Geographic among them—have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.
Mark Turin，a scientist at the Macmillan Center，Yale University，who specializes in the languages and oral traditions of the Himalayas，is following in that_tradition.His recently published book，A Grammar of Thangmi with an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture，grows out of his experience living，working and raising a family in a village in Nepal.
Documenting the Thangmi language and culture is just a starting point for Turin，who seeks to include other languages and oral traditions across the Himalayan reaches of India，Nepal，Bhutan，and China.But he is not content to simply record these voices before they disappear without record.
At the University of Cambridge Turin discovered a wealth of important materials—including photographs，films，tape recordings，and field notes—which had remained unstudied and were badly in need of care and protection.
Now，through the two organizations that he has founded—the Digital Himalaya Project and the World Oral Literature Project—Turin has started a campaign to make such documents，found in libraries and stores around the world，available not just to scholars but to the younger generations of communities from whom the materials were originally collected.Thanks to digital technology and the widely available Internet，Turin notes，the endangered languages can be saved and reconnected with speech communities.
★1.Many scholars are making efforts to ________.
A．promote global languages
B．rescue disappearing languages
C．search for language communities
D．set up language research organizations
2．What does“that tradition”in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Having full records of the languages.
B．Writing books on language teaching.
C．Telling stories about language users.
D．Living with the native speakers.
★3.What is Turin's book based on?
A．The cultural studies in India.
B．The documents available at Yale.
C．His language research in Bhutan.
D．His personal experience in Nepal.
4．Which of the following best describes Turin's work?
A．Write，sell and donate.
B．Record，repair and reward.
C．Collect，protect and reconnect.
D．Design，experiment and report.
Passage 18 (2014·北京)
话题：做正确的决定
词数：426
Choosing the Right Resolution (决定)
Millions of Americans began 2014 with the same resolution they started 2013 with，a goal of losing weight.However，setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake.
To reach our goal of losing weight—the output，we need to control what we eat—the input (输入)．That is，we tend to care about the output but not to control the input.This is a bad way to construct goals.The alternative is to focus your resolution on the input.Instead of resolving to lose weight，try an actionable resolution：“I'll stop having dessert for lunch，”or“I'll walk every day for 20 minutes.”Creating a goal that focuses on a wellspecified input will likely be more effective than concentrating on the outcome.
Recently a new science behind incentives (激励)，including in education，has been discussed.For example，researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see what works best in motivating children to do better in school.In some cases，he gave students incentives based on input，like reading certain books，while in others，the incentives were based on output，like results on exams.His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect when based on output.Fryer's conclusion was that the incentives for inputs might be more effective because students do not know how to do better on an exam，aside from general rules like“study harder.”Reading certain books，on the other hand，is a wellset task over which they have much more control.
As long as you have direct control over your goal，you have a much higher chance of success.And it's easier to start again if you fail，because you know exactly what you need to do.
If you want to cut down on your spending，a good goal would be making morning coffee at home instead of going to a café，for example.This is a wellspecified actionbased goal for which you can measure your success easily.Spending less money isn't a goal because it's too general.Similarly，if you want to spend more time with your family，don't stop with this general
wish.Think about an actionable habit that you could adopt and stick to，like a family movie night every Wednesday.
In the long run，these new goals could become a habit.
★1.The writer thinks that setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake because ________.
A．it is hard to achieve for most Americans
B．it is focused too much on the result
C．it is dependent on too many things
D．it is based on actionable decisions
★2.In Roland Fryer's research，some students did better than the others because ________.
A．they obeyed all the general rules
B．they paid more attention to exams
C．they were motivated by their classmates
D．they were rewarded for reading some books
★3.According to the writer，which of the following statements is a good goal?
A．“I'll give up dessert.”
B．“I'll study harder.”
C．“I'll cut down my expenses.”
D．“I'll spend more time with my family.”
★4.The writer strongly believes that we should ________.
A．develop good habits and focus on the outcome
B．be optimistic about final goals and stick to them
C．pick specific actions that can be turned into good habits
D．set ambitious goals that can balance the input and output
Passage 19 (2014·天津)
话题：大学指南
词数：340
A Guide to the University
Food
The TWU Cafeteria is open 7 am to 8 pm.It serves snacks(小吃)，drinks，ice cream bars and meals.You can pay with cash or your ID cards.You can add meal money to your ID cards at the Front Desk.Even if you do not buy your food in the cafeteria，you can use the tables to eat your lunch，to have meetings and to study.
If you are on campus in the evening or late at night，you can buy snacks，fast food，and drinks in the Lower Café located in the bottom level of the Douglas Centre.This area is often used for entertainment such as concerts，games or TV watching.
Relaxation
The Globe，located in the bottom level of McMillan Hall，is available for relaxing，studying，cooking，and eating.Monthly activities are held here for all international students.Hours are 10 am to 10 pm，closed on Sundays.
Health
Located on the top floor of Douglas Hall，the Wellness Centre is committed to physical，emotional and social health.A doctor and nurse is available if you have health questions or need immediate medical help or personal advice.The cost of this is included in your medical insurance.Hours are Monday to Friday,9 am to noon and 1：00 to 4：30 pm.
Academic Support
All students have access to the Writing Centre on the upper floor of Douglas Hall.Here，qualified volunteers will work with you on written work，grammar，vocabulary，and other academic skills.You can sign up for an appointment on the signup sheet outside the door：two 30minute appointments per week maximum.This service is free.
Transportation
The TWU Express is a shuttle(班车) service.The shuttle transports students between campus and the shopping centre，leaving from the Mattson Centre.Operation hours are between 9 am and 3 pm，Saturdays only.Round trip fare is $1.
★1.What can you do in the TWU Cafeteria?
A．Do homework and watch TV.
B．Buy drinks and enjoy concerts.
C．have meals and meet with friends.
D．Add money to your ID and play chess.
★2.Where and when can you cook your own food?
A．The Globe，Friday.
B．The Lower Café，Sunday.
C．The TWU Cafeteria，Friday.
D．The McMillan Hall，Sunday.
★3.The Guide tells us that the Wellness Centre ________.
A．is open six days a week
B．offers services free of charge
C．trains students in medical care
D．gives advice on mental health
★4.How can you seek help from the Writing Centre?
A．By applying online.
B．By calling the centre.
C．By filling in a signup form.
D．By going to the centre directly.
5．What is the function of TWU Express?
A．To carry students to the lecture halls.
B．To provide students with campus tours
C．To take students to the Mattson Centre.
D．To transport students to and from the stores.
Passage 20 (2014·江西)
话题：度假村活动
词数：411
HOLIDAY FUN AT THE POWERHOUSE
500 HARRIS STREET ULTIMO ·TELEPHONE (02)9217 0111
Join in the holiday fun at the Powerhouse this month linked to our new exhibition，Evolution & Revolution：Chinese dress 1700s to now.DON'T FORGET our other special event，the Club Med Circus School which is part of the Circus(马戏团)！150 years of circus in Australia exhibition experience!
◆Chinese Folk Dancing：Colorful Chinese dance and musical performances by The Chinese Folk Dancing School of Sydney.Dances include：the Golden stick dance and the Chinese drum dance.A feature will be the Qin Dynasty Emperor's court dance.Also included is a show of face painting for Beijing Opera performances.
Sunday 29 June and Wednesday 2 July in the Turbine Hall，at 11.30 am & 1.30 pm.
◆Australian Chinese Children's Arts Theatre：Wellknown children's play experts from Shanghai lead this dynamic youth group.Performances include Chinese fairy tales and plays.
Thursday 3 to Sunday 6 July in the Turbine Hall，at 11.30 am & 1.30 pm.
◆Chinese Youth League: A traditional performing arts group featuring performance highlights such as the Red scarf and Spring flower dances，and a musician playing Er Hu.
Sunday 6 to Tuesday 8 July in the Turbine Hall,11.30 am to 1.30 pm.
◆Kids Activity：Make a Paper Horse: Young children make a paper horse cutout.(The horse is a frequent theme in Chinese painting，indicating a kind of advancement.) Suitable for ages 812 years.
Saturday 28 June to Tuesday 8 July in the Turbine Hall，12.00 pm to 1.00 pm.
◆Club Med Circus School: Learn circus skills，including the trapeze，trampolining and magic.Note only for children over 5.There are 40 places available in each 1 hour session and these must be booked at the front desk，level 4，on the day.
Tuesday 1 to Saturday 5 July at 11.30 am & 1.00 pm.
Enjoy unlimited free visits and many other benefits by becoming a Family member of the Powerhouse.Our family memberships cover two adults and all children under the age of 16 years at the one address.
Members receive Powerline，our monthly magazine，discounts in the shops and the restaurants，as well as free admission to the Museum.All this for as little as $50,00 a year！Call (02)9217 0600 for more details.
★1.When can you watch the Chinese drum dance?
A．On July 2. B．On July 3.
C．On July 6. D．On July 8.
★2.To learn the magic tricks，you can go to ________.
A．Kids Activity
B．Chinese Youth League
C．Club Med Circus School
D．Children's Arts Theatre
★3.What is required if you want to enjoy free visits to the Museum?
A．Calling (02)9217 0600.
B．Gaining family membership.
C．Coming for the holiday fun.
D．Paying Powerline $50.00 a year.
4．What is the main purpose of the text?
A．To attract visitors.
B．To present schedules.
C．To report the performances.
D．To teach kids Chinese arts.
Passage 21 (2014·广东)
话题：洋流研究
词数：341
Scientists today are making greater effort to study ocean currents (洋流)．Most do it using satellites and other hightech equipment.However，ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer does it in a special way—by studying movements of random floating garbage.A scientist with many years' experience，he started this type of research in the early 1990s when he heard about hundreds of athletic shoes washing up on the shores of the northwest coast of the United States.There were so many shoes that people were setting up swap_meets to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear.
Ebbesmeyer found out in his researches that the shoes—about 60,000 in total—fell into the ocean in a shipping accident.He phoned the shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back.As expected，the company told him that they didn't.Ebbesmeyer realized this could be a great experiment.If he learned when and where the shoes went into the water and tracked where they landed，he could learn a lot about the patterns of ocean currents.
The Pacific Northwest is one of the world's best areas for beachcombing(海滩搜寻) because winds and currents join here，and as a result，there is a group of serious beachcombers in the area.Ebbesmeyer got to know a lot of them and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed.In a year he collected reliable information on 1,600 shoes.With this data，he and a colleague were able to test and improve a computer program designed to model ocean currents，and publish the findings of their study.
As the result of his work，Ebbesmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean.He has even started an association of beachcombers and ocean experts，with 500 subscribers from West Africa to New Zealand.They have recorded all lost objects ranging from potatoes to golf gloves.
1．The underlined phrase swap meets in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ________.
A．fitting rooms B．trading fairs
C．business talks D．group meetings
★2.Ebbesmeyer phoned the shoe company to find out ________.
A．what caused the shipping accident
B．when and where the shoes went missing
C．whether it was all right to use their shoes
D．how much they lost in the shipping accident
★3.How did Ebbesmeyer prove his assumption?
A．By collecting information from beachcombers.
B．By studying the shoes found by beachcombers.
C．By searching the web for ocean currents models.
D．By researching ocean currents data in the library.
★4.Ebbesmeyer is most famous for ________.
A．traveling widely the coastal cities of the world
B．making records for any lost objects on the sea
C．running a global currents research association
D．phoning about any doubtful objects on the sea
5．What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage?
A．To call people's attention to ocean pollution.
B．To warn people of shipping safety in the ocean.
C．To explain a unique way of studying ocean currents.
D．To give tips on how to search for lost objects on the beach.
Passage 22 (2014·湖北)
话题：宽容的力量
词数：397
Before I had my son，I spent two years working with children with disabilities.I learned that shouting and threats of punishment would result in a disaster.Coming up against their behaviour could only make the job harder and their behaviour more extreme.I found something that worked，though.
There was a very naughty boy in the nursery and a teacher who was generally very confident with the children was asked to take charge of him.One day the boy joined a session in the room next to mine.His appearance created an atmosphere of tension.He spent the entire session running around，hitting and kicking，and destroying property.
I was in the craft room working with some other children when my coworker told me that this boy's teacher was in tears，and could not get control of the situation.As we were talking，the boy ran in.I told my coworker that I would take care of him.
I closed the door.He was full of energy，throwing things around and making a huge mess.But I could see that he was doing all these to annoy me.He needed connection，and this was the only way he knew how to ask for it.So I sat back down and kept quiet.Then he slowed down and began making a rocket.I talked to him about it.We continued like this for a few minutes before I slipped into the conversation：
“So what happened today？”
It was purely a question，no blame or anger in my tone.I believe that if I had criticized him，the gate that was slowly opening would have shut firmly closed.He told me that the teacher didn't let him do what he knew well due to safety but asked him to do what he disliked.He also admitted that he had enjoyed making her run around and saw it as a game.I explained that his teacher had not seen it as a game and was very upset.This again was stated simply as a fact.I suggested that next time he had a session，he talk about what he hoped to do at the start，which might be easier for everyone.He agreed and was quiet for a moment.Then he looked at me with tears in his eyes before quietly asking if he could go to find his teacher to apologize.
★1.The boy made trouble for his teacher because he ______________________________.
A．was accused of destroying property
B．was told not to yell at other children
C．was made to do things against his will
D．was blamed for creating an air of tension
★2.Why didn't the author do anything about the boy's bad behavior at first?
A．She didn't want to make it worse.
B．She didn't mind the huge mess at all.
C．She was tired of shouting and threats.
D．She hadn't thought of a coping strategy.
★3.The author managed to get the boy to talk to her by ________.
A．playing games with him
B．giving him a good suggestion
C．describing his teacher's feelings
D．avoiding making critical remarks
★4.Why did the boy have tears in his eyes in the end?
A．He was sorry about his reputation.
B．He was regretful about his behavior.
C．He was fearful of the author's warning.
D．He was sad for the author's misunderstanding.
Passage 23 (2014·大纲全国)
话题：地铁指南
词数：294
Metro Pocket Guide
Metrorail(地铁)
Each passenger needs a farecard to enter and go out.Up to two children under age five may travel free with a paying customer.
Farecard machines are in every station.Bring small bills because there are no change machines in the stations and farecard machines only provide up to $5 in change.
Get one day of unlimited Metrorail rides with a One Day Pass.Buy it from a farecard machine in Metro stations.Use it after 9：30 a．m.until closing on weekdays，and all day on weekends and holidays.
Hours_of_service
Open：5 a．m.Mon.Fri 7 a．m.SatSun.
Close：midnight Sun.Thurs.3 a．m.Fri.Sat.nights
Last train times vary.To avoid (避免) missing the last train，please check the last train times posted in stations.
Metrobus
When paying with exact change，the fare is $1.35.When paying with a SmarTrip® card the fare is $1.25
Fares_for_senior/disabled_customers
Senior citizens 65 and older and disabled customers may ride for half the regular fare.On Metrorail and Metrobus，use a senior/disabled farecard or SmarTrip® card.For more information about buying senior/disabled farecards，SmarTrip® cards and passes，please visit MetroOpensDoors.com or call 2026377000 and 2026378000.
Senior citizens and disabled customers can get free guide on how to use proper Metrobus and Metrorail services by calling 2029621100.
Travel_tips
·Avoid riding during weekday rush periods—before 9：30 a．m.and between 4 and 6 p．m.
·If you lose something on a bus or train or in a station，please call Lost & Found at 2029621195.
★1.What should you know about farecard machines?
A．They start selling tickets at 9：30 a．m.
B．They are connected to change machines.
C．They offer special service to the elderly.
D．They make change for no more than $5.
★2.At what time does Metrorail stop service on Saturday?
A．At midnight. B．At 3 a．m.
C．At 5 a．m. D．At 7 p．m.
★3.What is good about a SmarTrip® card?
A．It is convenient for old people.
B．It saves money for its users.
C．It can be bought at any time.
D．It is sold on the Internet.
★4.Which Number should you call if you lose something on the Metro?
A．2029621195 B．2029621100
C．2026377000 D．2026378000
考点三 推理判断题
Passage 1 (2016·全国Ⅰ)
话题：父母照顾孙子现象
词数：277
Grandparents Answer a Call
As a third－generation native of Brownsville, Texas, Mildred Garza never planned to move away.Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help their children, she politely refused.Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms Garza finally say yes.That was
four years ago.Today all three generations regard the move as a success，giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.
No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to the children and grandchildren.Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing.Even President Obama’s mother－in－law, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters.According to a study of grandparents. com，83 percent of the people said Mrs.Robinson’s decision will influence grandparents in the American family.Two－thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family.
“In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough and fast enough to prove we could do it on our own，”says Christine Crosby, publisher of Grand magazine for grandparents. “We now realize how important family is and how important to be near them, especially when you’re raising children.”
Moving is not for everyone.Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead.Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder.
★1.Why was Garza’s move a success?
A．It strengthened her family ties.
B．It improved her living conditions.
C．It enabled her make more friends.
D．It helped her know more new places.
★2.What was the reaction of the public to Mrs.Robinson’s decision?
A．17% expressed their support for it.
B．Few people responded sympathetically.
C．83% believed it had a bad influence.
D．The majority thought it was a trend.
3．What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s?
A．They were unsure of themselves.
B．They were eager to raise more children.
C．They wanted to live away from their parents.
D．They had little respect for their grandparent.
★4.What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph?
A．Make decisions in the best interests of their own
B．Ask their children to pay more visits to them
C．Sacrifice for their struggling children
D．Get to know themselves better
Passage 2 (2016·全国Ⅱ)
话题：拼装玩具的魔力
词数：278
Five years ago, when I taught art at a school in Seattle, I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students.I put a small set of Tinkertoys in front of each student, and said：“Make something out of the Tinkertoys.You have 45 minutes today—and 45 minutes each day for the rest of the week.”
A few students hesitated to start.They waited to see the rest of the class would do.Several others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans provided.Another group built something out of their own imaginations.
Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time.His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home.I was delighted at the presence of such a student.Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work.His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染) other students.
Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside．I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.Without fail one would declare, “But I’m just not creative.”
“Do you dream at night when you’re asleep？”
“Oh, sure.”
“So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.” The student would tell something wildly imaginative.Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads.“That’s pretty creative.Who does that for you？”
“Nobody.I do it.”
“Really—at night, when you’re asleep？”
“Sure.”
“Try doing it in the daytime, in class, okay？”
★1.The teacher used Tinkertoys in class in order to________．
A．know more about the students
B．make the lessons more exciting
C．raise the students’ interest in art
D．teach the students about toy design
2．What do we know about the boy mentioned in Paragraph 3?
A．He liked to help his teacher.
B．He preferred to study alone.
C．He was active in class.
D．He was imaginative.
3．What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Mistake. B．Drawback.
C．Difficulty. D．Burden.
★4.Why did the teacher ask the students to talk about their dreams?
A．To help them to see their creativity.
B．To find out about their sleeping habits.
C．To help them to improve their memory.
D．To find out about their ways of thinking.
Passage 3 (2015·新课标全国Ⅰ)
话题：不一样的冬天
词数：353
The freezing Northeast hasn't been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter，so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota，Florida，my bags were packed before you could say “sunshine”．I left for the land of warmth and vitamin C(维生素C)，thinking of beaches and orange trees.When we touched down to blue skies and warm air，I sent up a small prayer of gratefulness.Swimming pools，wine tasting，and pink sunsets(at normal evening hours，not 4 in the afternoon) filled the weekend，but the best part—particularly to my taste，dulled by months of coldweather root vegetables—was a 7 a．m.adventure to the Sarasota farmers' market that proved to be more than worth the early wakeup call.
The market，which was founded in 1979，sets up its tents every Saturday from 7 a．m. to 1 p．m.rain or shine，along North Lemon and State streets.Baskets of perfect red strawberries，the redpainted sides of the Java Dawg coffee truck；and most of all，the tomatoes：amazing，large，soft and round red tomatoes.
Disappointed by many a broken，vineripened(蔓上成熟的) promise，I've refused to buy winter tomatoes for years.No matter how attractive they look in the store，once I get them home they're unfailingly dry，hard，and tasteless.But I homed in，with uncertainty，on one particular table at the Brown's Grove Farm's stand，full of fresh and soft tomatoes the size of my fist.These were the real deal—and at that moment，I realized that the best part of Sarasota in winter was going to be eating things that back home in New York I wouldn't be experiencing again for months.
Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight，my happiness deepened when I learned that Brown's Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty，a newly opened restaurant at the
Sarasota Ritz Carlton，where—luckily for me—I was planning to have dinner that very night.Without even seeing the menu，I knew I'd be ordering every tomato on it.
★1.What did the author think of her winter life in New York?
A．Exciting. B．Boring. C．Relaxing. D．Annoying.
2．What made the author's getting up early worthwhile?
A．Having a swim.
B．Breathing in fresh air.
C．Walking in the morning sun.
D．Visiting a local farmer's market.
★3.What can we learn about tomatoes sold in New York in winter?
A．They are soft. B．They look nice.
C．They taste great. D．They are juicy.
★4.What was the author going to do that evening?
A．Go to a farm. B．Check into a hotel.
C．Eat in a restaurant. D．Buy fresh vegetables.
Passage 4 (2015·新课标全国Ⅰ)
话题：精神咖啡馆
词数：310
Conflict is on the menu tonight at the cafe La Chope.This evening，as on every Thursday night，psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France's favorite pastimes，coffee drinking and the “talking cure”．Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings.It isn't always easy.The customers—some thirty Parisians who pay just under $2 (plus drinks) per session—are quick to intellectualize (高谈阔论)，slow to open up and connect.“You are forbidden to say ‘one feels，’ or ‘people think’，”Lehanne told them.“Say ‘I think，’ ‘Think me’．”
A cafe society where no intellectualizing is allowed？It couldn't seem more unFrench.But Lehanne's psychology cafe is about more than knowing oneself：It's trying to help the city's troubled neighborhood cafes.Over the years，Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle—longer working hours，a fastfood boom and a younger generation's desire to spend more time at home.Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation.Cafes focused around psychology，history，and engineering are catching on，filling tables well into the evening.
The city's “psychology cafes”，which offer great comfort，are among the most popular places.Middleaged homemakers，retirees，and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about
love，anger and dreams with a psychologist.And they come to Lehanne's group just to learn to say what they feel.“There's a strong need in Paris for communication，”says Maurice Frisch a cafe La Chope regular who works as a religious instructor in a nearby church.“People have few real friends.And they need to open up.”Lehanne says she'd like to see psychology cafes all over France.“If people had normal lives，these cafes wouldn't exist，”she says，“If life weren't a battle，people wouldn't need a special place just to speak.”But then，It wouldn't be France.
★1.What are people encouraged to do at the cafe La Chope?
A．Learn a new subject.
B．Keep in touch with friends.
C．Show off their knowledge.
D．Express their true feelings.
★2.How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes?
A．They are less frequently visited.
B．They stay open for longer hours.
C．They have bigger night crowds.
D．They start to serve fast food.
★3.What are theme cafes expected to do?
A．Create more jobs. B．Supply better drinks.
C．Save the cafe business. D．Serve the neighborhood.
★4.Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris?
A．They bring people true friendship.
B．They give people spiritual support.
C．They help people realize their dreams.
D．They offer a platform for business links.
Passage 5 (2015·天津)
话题：书的魅力
词数：407
One day when I was 12, my mother gave me an order: I was to walk to the public library, and borrow at least one book for the summer.This was one more weapon for her to defeat my strange problem—inability to read.
In the library, I found my way into the “Children's Room.” I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf at random.The cover of a book caught my eye.It presented a picture of a beagle.I had recently had a beagle, the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child.He was my secret sharer, but one morning, he was gone, given away to someone who had the space and the money to care for him.I never forgot my beagle.
There on the book's cover was a beagle which looked identical(相同的) to my dog.I ran my fingers over the picture of the dog on the cover.My eyes ran across the title, Amos, the Beagle with a Plan.Unknowingly, I had read the title.Without opening the book, I borrowed it from the library for the summer.
Under the shade of a bush, I started to read about Amos.I read very, very slowly with difficulty.Though pages were turned slowly, I got the main idea of the story about a dog who, like mine, had been separated from his family and who finally found his way back home.That dog was my dog, and I was the little boy in the book.At the end of the story, my mind continued the final scene of reunion, on and on, until my own lost dog and I were, in my mind, running together.
My mother's call returned me to the real world.I suddenly realized something: I had read a book, and I had loved reading that book.Everyone knew I could not read.But I had read it.Books could be incredibly wonderful and I was going to read them.
I never told my mother about my “miraculous” (奇迹般地) experience that summer, but she saw a slow but remarkable improvement in my classroom performance during the next year.And years later, she was proud that her son had read thousands of books, was awarded a PhD in literature, and authored his own books, articles, poetry and fiction.The power of the words has held.
1．The author's mother told him to borrow a book in order to ________.
A．encourage him to do more walking
B．let him spend a meaningful summer
C．help cure him of his reading problem
D．make him learn more about weapons
2．The book caught the author's eye because ________.
A．it contained pretty pictures of animals
B．it reminded him of his own dog
C．he found its title easy to understand
D．he liked children's stories very much
3．Why could the author manage to read the book through?
A．He was forced by his mother to read it.
B．He identified with the story in the book.
C．The book told the story of his pet dog.
D．The happy ending of the story attracted him.
★4.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．The author has become a successful writer.
B．The author's mother read the same book.
C．The author's mother rewarded him with books.
D．The author has had happy summers ever since.
5．Which one could be the best title of the passage?
A．The Charm of a Book
B．Mum's Strict Order
C．Reunion with My Beagle
D．My Passion for Reading
Passage 6 (2015·陕西)
话题：生还的奇迹
词数：295
When the dog named Judy spotted the first sheep in her life，she did what comes naturally.The fouryearold dog set off racing after the sheep across several fields and，being a city animal，lost both her sheep and her sense of direction.Then she ran along the edge of a cliff (悬崖) and fell 100 feet，bouncing off a rock into the sea.
Her owner Mike Holden panicked and called the coastguard of Cornwall，who turned up in seconds.Six volunteers slid down the cliff with the help of a rope but gave up all hope of finding her alive after a 90minute search.
Three days later，a hurricane hit the coast near Cornwall.Mr.Holden returned home from his holiday upset and convinced his pet was dead.He comforted himself with the thought she had died in the most beautiful part of the country.
For the next two weeks，the Holdens were heartbroken.Then，one day，the phone rang and Steve Tregear，the coastguard of Cornwall，asked Holden if he would like his dog back.
A birdwatcher，armed with a telescope，found the pet sitting desperately on a rock.While he sounded the alarm, a student from Leeds climbed down the cliff to collect Judy.
The dog had initially been knocked unconscious (失去知觉的) but had survived by drinking water from a fresh stream at the base of the cliff.She may have fed on the body of a sheep which had also fallen over the edge.“The dog was very thin and hungry，”Steve Tregear said.“It was a very lucky dog.She survived because of a plentiful supply of fresh water，”he added.
It was，as Mr.Holden admitted，“a minor miracle (奇迹)”．
1．The dog Judy fell down the cliff when she was ________.
A．rescuing her owner B．caught in a hurricane
C．blocked by a rock D．running after a sheep
2．Who spotted Judy after the accident?
A．A birdwatcher. B．A student from Leeds.
C．Six volunteers. D．The coastguard of Cornwall.
★3.What can we infer from the text?
A．People like to travel with their pets.
B．Judy was taken to the fields for hunting.
C．Luck plays a vital role in Judy's survival.
D．Holden cared little where Judy was buried.
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Miracle of the Coastguard.
B．Surviving a Hurricane.
C．Dangers in the Wild.
D．Coming Back from the Dead.
Passage 7 (2015·福建)
话题：父亲的教育
词数：412
Papa, as a son of a dirtpoor farmer, left school early and went to work in a factory, for education was for the rich then.So, the world became his school.With great interest, he read everything he could lay his hands on, listened to the town elders and learned about the world beyond his tiny hometown.“There's so much to learn，” he'd say.“Though we're born stupid, only the stupid remain that way.” He was determined that none of his children would be denied (拒绝) an education.
Thus, Papa insisted that we learn at least one new thing each day.Though, as children, we thought this was crazy, it would never have occurred to us to deny Papa a request.And dinner time seemed perfect for sharing what we had learned.We would talk about the news of the day; no matter how insignificant, it was never taken lightly.Papa would listen carefully and was ready with some comment, always to the point.
Then came the moment—the time to share the day's new learning.
Papa, at the head of the table, would push back his chair and pour a glass of red wine, ready to listen.
“Felice，” he'd say, “tell me what you learned today.”
“I learned that the population of Nepal is....”
Silence.
Papa was thinking about what was said, as if the salvation(拯救) of the world would depend upon it.“The population of Nepal.Hmm.Well ....” he'd say.“Get the map; let's see where Nepal is.” And the whole family went on a search for Nepal.
This same experience was repeated until each family member had a turn.Dinner ended only after we had a clear understanding of at least half a dozen such facts.
As children, we thought very little about these educational wonders.Our family, however, was growing together, sharing experiences and participating in one another's education.And by
looking at us, listening to us, respecting our input, affirming(肯定) our value, giving us a sense of dignity, Papa was unquestionably our most influential teacher.
Later during my training as a future teacher，I studied with some of the most famous educators.They were imparting(传授) what Papa had known all along—the value of continual learning.His technique has served me well all my life.Not a single day has been wasted, though I can never tell when knowing the population of Nepal might prove useful.
1．What do we know from the first paragraph?
A．The author's father was born in a worker's family.
B．Those born stupid could not change their life.
C．The town elders wanted to learn about the world.
D．The poor could hardly afford school education.
2．The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “________”．
A．one new thing B．a request
C．the news D．some comment
★3.It can be learned from the passage that the author ________.
A．enjoyed talking about news
B．knew very well about Nepal
C．felt regret about those wasted days
D．appreciated his father's educational technique
4．What is the greatest value of “dinner time” to the author?
A．Continual learning.
B．Showing talents.
C．Family gettogether.
D．Winning Papa's approval.
5．The author's father can be best described as ________.
A．an educator expert at training future teachers
B．a parent insistent on his children's education
C．a participant willing to share his knowledge
D．a teacher strict about everything his students did
Passage 8 (2015·湖南)
话题：灯塔管理员的故事
词数：356
Have your parents ever inspected your room to see if you cleaned it properly? Imagine having your entire house, garage, and yard inspected at any time—with no warning. Inspections were a regular part of lighthouse (灯塔) living, and a keeper's reputation depended on the results.
A few times each year, an inspector arrived to look over the entire light station. The inspections were supposed to be a surprise, but keepers sometimes had advance notice.
Once lighthouses had telephones, keepers would call each other to warn that the inspector was approaching. After boats began flying special flags noting the inspector was aboard, the keeper's family made it a game to see who could notice the boat first. As soon as someone spotted the boat, everyone would do lastminute tidying and change into fancy clothes. The keeper then scurried to put on his dress uniform and cap. Children of keepers remember inspectors wearing white gloves to run their fingers over door frames and windowsills looking for dust.
Despite the serious nature of inspections, they resulted in some funny moments. Betty Byrnes remembered when her mother did not have time to wash all the dishes before an inspection. At the time, people did not have dishwashers in their homes. In an effort to clean up quickly, Mrs. Byrnes tossed all the dishes into a big bread pan, covered them with a cloth and stuck them in the oven. If the inspector opened the oven door, it would look like bread was baking. He never did.
One day, Glenn Furst's mother put oil on the kitchen floor just before the inspector entered their house. Like floor wax, the oil made the floors shiny and helped protect the wood.This time, though, she used a little too much oil. When the inspector extended his hand to greet Glenn's mother, he slipped on the freshly oiled surface. “He came across that floor waving his arms like a young bird attempting its first flight，” Glenn later wrote. After he steadied himself, he shook Glenn's mother's hand, and the inspection continued as though nothing had happened.
1．What does Paragraph 1 tell us about the inspection at the light station?
A．It was carried out once a year.
B．It was often announced in advance.
C．It was important for the keeper's fame.
D．It was focused on the garage and yard.
2．The family began making preparations immediately after ________.
A．one of the members saw the boat
B．a warning call reached the lighthouse
C．the keeper put on the dress uniform and cap
D．the inspector flew special flags in the distance
★3.Mrs. Byrnes put the dishes in the oven because this would________.
A．result in some fun
B．speed up washing them
C．make her home look tidy
D．be a demand from the inspector
★4.If the inspector had opened the oven door, he would have seen________.
A．an empty pan
B．many clean dishes
C．pieces of baked bread
D．a cloth covering something
★5.The inspector waved his arms ________.
A．to try his best to keep steady
B．to show his satisfaction with the floor
C．to extend a warm greeting to Glenn's mother
D．to express his intention to continue the inspection
Passage 9 (2014·四川)
话题：男性和女性的差异
词数：329
Women are friendly.But men are more competitive.Why？Researchers have found it's all down to the hormone oxytocin(荷尔蒙催生素)．Although known as the love hormone，it affects the sexes differently.
“Women tend to be social in their behavior.They often share with others.But men tend to be competitive.They are trying to improve their social status，”said Professor Ryan.
Generally，people believe that the hormone exytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions(互动)such as falling in love or giving birth.
But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.
Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitive relationships，but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship.
Professor Ryan's recent experiment used 62 men and women aged 20 to 37.
Half of the participants(参与者)received oxytocin.The other half received placebo(安慰剂)．
After a week，the two groups switched with participants.They went through the same procedure with the other material.
Following each treatment，they were shown some video pictures with different social interactions.Then they were asked to analyze the relationships by answering some questions.The questions were about telling friendship from competition.And their answers should be based on gestures，body language and facial expressions.
The results indicated that，after treatment with oxytocin，men's ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved，but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better.
Professor Ryan thus concluded：“Our experiment proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise people's abilities to better distinguish different social interactions.And the behavior differences between men and women are caused by biological factors(因素)that are mainly hormonal.”
1．What causes men and women to behave differently according to the text?
A．Placebo. B．Oxytocin.
C．The gesture. D．The social status.
★2.What can we learn from Professor Ryan's previous experiment?
A．Oxytocin affects our behavior in a different way.
B．Our body lets out oxytocin when we are deep in love.
C．Our body produces oxytocin when we feel unhappy about others' success.
D．Oxytocin improves our abilities to understand people's behavior differences.
3．Why did Professor Ryan conduct the recent experiment?
A．To test the effect of oxytocin on the ability to recognize social interactions.
B．To know the differences between friendship and competition.
C．To know people's different abilities to answer questions.
D．To test people's understanding of body language.
4．The author develops the text by ________.
A．explaining people's behaviors
B．describing his own experiences
C．distinguishing sexual differences
D．discussing research experiments
Passage 10 (2014·天津)
话题：远距离签名
词数：368
A worldfamous Canadian author，Margaret Atwood，has created the world's first longdistance signing device(装置)，the LongPen.
After many tiring booksigning tours from city to city，Atwood thought there must be a better way to do them.She hired some technical experts and started her own company in 2004.Together they designed the LongPen.Here's how it works：The author writes a personal message and signature on a computer tablet(手写板) using a special pen.On the receiving end，in another city，a robotic arm fitted with a regular pen signs the book.The author and fan can talk with each other via webcams(网络摄像机) and computer screens.
Work on the LongPen began in Atwood's basement(地下室)．At first，they had no idea it would be as hard as it turned out to be.The device went through several versions，including one that actually had smoke coming out of it.The inventing finally completed，test runs were made in Ottawa，and the LongPen was officially launched at the 2006 London Book Fair.From here，Atwood conducted two transatlantic book signings of her latest book for fans in Toronto and New York City.
The LongPen produces a unique signature each time because it copies the movement of the author in real time.It has several other potential applications.It could increase credit card security and allow people to sign contracts from another province.The video exchange between signer and receiver can be recorded on DVD for proof when legal documents are used.
“It's really fun，” said the owner of a bookstore，who was present for one of the test runs.“Obviously you can't shake hands with the author，but there are chances for a connection that you don't get from a regular book signing.”
The response to the invention hasn't been all favorable.Atwood has received criticism from authors who think she's trying to end book tours.But she said，“It will be possible to go to places that you never got sent to before because the publishers couldn't afford it.”
1．Why did Atwood decide to invent the LongPen?
A．To set up her own company.
B．To win herself greater popularity.
C．To write her books in a new way.
D．To make book signings less tiring.
2．How does the LongPen work?
A．It copies the author's signature and prints it on a book.
B．It signs a book while receiving the author's signature.
C．The webcam sends the author's signature to another city.
D．The fan uses it to copy the author's signature himself.
★3.What do we know about the invention of the LongPen?
A．It has been completed but not put into use.
B．The basement caught fire by accident.
C．Some versions failed before its test run.
D．The designers were wellprepared for the difficulty.
4．How could the LongPen be used in the future?
A．To draft legal documents.
B．To improve credit card security.
C.To keep a record of the author's ideas.
D．To allow author and fan to exchange videos.
★5.What could be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6?
A．Atwood doesn't mean to end book tours.
B．Critics think the LongPen is of little use.
C．Bookstore owners don't support the LongPen.
D．Publishers dislike the LongPen for its high cost.
Passage 11 (2014·福建)
话题：风能发电机
词数：359
As has been all too apparent in recent days at Balcombe，few issues cause greater concern than energy policy.Many village communities feel their countryside is being ruined by the powerproducing machines of wind farms；yet they never take“direct action”，even though the planning laws put them at a severe disadvantage.And the generous subsidies (财政补贴)，which encourage the expansion of wind power，are not favorable to the village communities and set landowners in conflict with other residents (居民)．
Those who disagree with the rapid expansion of wind farms state that the damage they cause is out of proportion(比例) to the benefits they bring，because their energy output cannot match that of the carbonbased power stations they are supposed to replace.Supporters insist that wind must be part of a mix of renewables，nuclear and carbon，and that the country is committed to meeting EU (European Union) targets for noncarbon energy generation.
Against this background，the fact that there is an argument within the government over whether to publish an official report on wind farms' impact on the countryside becomes even more extraordinary.The two parties in the coalition (联合) government are in disagreement over what it should say.
We have some advice for the two parties：publish the report，and let the country be the judge.Even if it contains evidence that wind farms are harmful，it will hardly be a pleasant surprise to people who do not like them.Equally，supporters must argue their case by acknowledging the concerns and explaining why they are either misplaced or worthy of much attention.
The suggestion that further negotiations are to take place to produce an“acceptable”report suggests that the politics of coalition government are doing the country harm in a certain way.Given the sensitivities involved，all the information should be available so that people can reach their own conclusions，rather than being left with the suspicion(猜疑)that facts are being replaced by political beliefs.
1．We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.
A．energy policy catches much attention of the public
B．the residents are in favor of the expansion of wind farms
C．many village communities are satisfied with the subsidies
D．the planning laws offer great benefits to the residents
2．Supporters think that the expansion of wind power ________.
A．is more rapid than that of carbonbased power
B．guarantees an increase in energy output
C．is expected to be much better than that of nuclear power
D．agrees with EU targets for noncarbon energy generation
★3.It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A．an official report will settle the energy problem
B．the two parties are divided over the issue of wind farms
C．the two parties have agreed on a further negotiation
D．political beliefs concerning energy issue go against facts
★4.Which of the following reflects the author's opinion?
A．Increase political impact on energy policy.
B．Release a statement of supporters on wind farms.
C．Let the nation judge the facts about wind power.
D．Leave the two parties to reach their own conclusions.
Passage 12 (2014·广东)
话题：灯塔自愿者
词数：351
Like many new graduates，I left university full of hope for the future but with no real idea of what I wanted to do.My degree，with honors，in English literature had not really prepared me for anything practical.I knew I wanted to make a difference in the world somehow，but I had no idea how to do that.That's when I learned about the Lighthouse Project.
I started my journey as a Lighthouse Project volunteer by reading as much as I could about the experiences of previous volunteers.I knew it would be a lot of hard work，and that I would be away from my family and friends for a very long time.In short，I did not take my decision to apply for the Lighthouse Project lightly.Neither did my family.
Eventually，however，I won the support of my family，and I sent in all the paperwork needed for application.After countless interviews and presentations，I managed to stand out among the candidates and survive the test alone.Several months later，I finally received a call
asking me to report for duty.I would be going to a small village near Abuja，Nigeria.Where？What？Nigeria？I had no idea.But I was about to find out.
After completing my training，I was sent to the village that was small and desperately in need of proper accommodation.Though the local villagers were poor，they offered their homes，hearts，and food as if I were their own family.I was asked to lead a small team of local people in building a new schoolhouse.For the next year or so，I taught in that same schoolhouse.But I sometimes think I learned more from my students than they did from me.
Sometime during that period，I realized that all those things that had seemed so strange or unusual to me no longer did，though I did not get anywhere with the local language，and I returned to the United States a different man.The Lighthouse Project had changed my life forever.
1．What do we know about the author?
A．His university education focused on theoretical knowledge.
B．His dream at university was to become a volunteer.
C．He took pride in having contributed to the world.
D．He felt honored to study English literature.
★2.According to Paragraph 2，it is most likely that the author ________.
A．discussed his decision with his family
B．asked previous volunteers about voluntary work
C．attended special training to perform difficult tasks
D．felt sad about having to leave his family and friends
★3.In his application for the volunteer job，the author ________.
A．participated in many discussions
B．went through challenging survival tests
C．wrote quite a few papers on voluntary work
D．faced strong competition from other candidates
4．On arrival at the village，the author was ________.
A．asked to lead a farming team
B．sent to teach in a schoolhouse
C．received warmly by local villagers
D．arranged to live in a separate house
★5.What can we infer from the author's experiences in Nigeria?
A．He found some difficulty adapting to the local culture.
B．He had learned to communicate in the local language.
C．He had overcome all his weaknesses before he left for home.
D．He was chosen as the most respectable teacher by his students.
Passage 13 (2014·湖北)
话题：迷人的海滩
词数：424
You've flown halfway around the world；you've sniffed out this place that nobody in Falongland or Thailand seems to have ever heard of；so what on earth is there to do here？You consider this question as you sink into an old wooden beach chair that holds you above the sand.
It was a long journey from Bangkok to Huaplee.By the time you found the bus station and got yourself sorted out，it took almost as long as the flight from Falongland.
Huaplee is located just south of Hua Hin，about two hundred kilometres from Bangkok，down the west side of the Gulf of Thailand.Not many tourists find this place，and the ones that do wonder if finding it has been their purpose all along.
There's an apparent laziness that surrounds you here.It's what this place offers，and it's free of charge.The small waves that tap the shoreline seem to slow everything down.You settle into your beach chair in preparation for a long rest.You sit there and watch the sea.
It's early afternoon，so the cook comes out and asks what you'd like to eat this evening.Before long he's rushed off to the market to buy the ingredients for whatever it was that you ordered—every meal fresh and to order.No menu here.
There is no poolside noise here but just that wonderfully warm，clear blue sea.There's no street noise.The only sounds are the murmurs of nature.
For now you just count your blessings (福祉)，listing them in the sand with your toe (脚趾)．You don't have to worry about being late for work.You don't have to do anything.
The beach to your right stretches off to the horizon (地平线)，slowly narrowing to nothingness only to reemerge again on your left，now steadily widening until it covers the chair beneath you.Sand to your left and sand to your right；it's unbroken，endless.No start，no end，just sand，sun，and peace.Step off it，and you reenter the world of traffic，stress，work，and hurry.
Normally you're the type who can't sit still for more than ten minutes，but you're on Huaplee Lazy Beach now and，in the right frame of mind，it stretches all the way around the world.
“How could it take me so long to find it？”you wonder.
★1.When the author first went to Huaplee Beach，________________________________.
A．he found it unworthwhile
B．he failed to sort himself out
C．he became sensitive to smell
D．he had difficulty in finding it
2．What is special about the food service at Huaplee Beach?
A．No menu. B．Free food.
C．Self service. D．Quick delivery.
★3.In the author's opinion，a tourist can enjoy Huaplee Beach most when he ________.
A．sits in a beach chair
B．forgets his daily routine
C．plans a detailed schedule
D．draws pictures in the sand
★4.What does the author imply by his question at the end of the passage?
A．He shouldn't have counted his blessings.
B．He should have understood the wonder of nature.
C．He shouldn't have spent so much time on the trip.
D．He should have come to the place earlier.
Passage 14 (2014·山东)
话题：热天的回忆
词数：316
It was one of those terribly hot days in Baltimore.Needless to say，it was too hot to do anything outside.But it was also scorching in our apartment.This was 1962，and I would not live in a place with an air conditioner for another ten years.So my brother and I decided to leave the apartment to find someplace indoors.He suggested we could see a movie.It was a brilliant plan.
Movie theaters were one of the few places you could sit all day and—most important—sit in air conditioning.In those days，you could buy one ticket and sit through two movies.Then，the theater would show the same two movies again.If you wanted to，you could sit through them twice.Most people did not do that，but the manager at our theater, Mr.Bellow，did not mind if you did.
That particular day，my brother and I sat through both movies twice，trying to escape the heat.We bought three bags of popcorn and three sodas each.Then，we sat and watched The Music Man followed by The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance.We'd already seen the second movie once before.It had been at the theater since January，because Mr.Bellow loved anything with John Wayne in it.
We left the theater around 8，just before the evening shows began.But we returned the next day and saw the same two movies again，twice more.And we did it the next day too.Finally，on the fourth day，the heat wave broke.
Still，to this day I can sing half the songs in The Music Man and recite half of John Wayne and Jimmy Stewart's dialogue from The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance！Those memories are
some of the few I have of the heat wave of 1962.They're really memories of the screen，not memories of my life.
1．In which year did the author first live in a place with an air conditioner?
A．1952. B．1962. C．1972. D．1982.
2．What does the underlined word“It”in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A．The heat.
B．The theater.
C．The Music Man.
D．The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance.
★3.What do we know about Mr.Bellow?
A．He loved children very much.
B．He was a fan of John Wayne.
C．He sold air conditioners.
D．He was a movie star.
★4.Why did the author and his/her brother see the same movies several times?
A．The two movies were really wonderful.
B．They wanted to avoid the heat outside.
C．The manager of the theater was friendly.
D．They liked the popcorn and the soda at the theater.
★5.What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A．The author turned out to be a great singer.
B．The author enjoyed the heat wave of 1962.
C．The author's life has been changed by the two movies.
D．The author considers the experience at the theater unforgettable.
Passage 15 (2014·湖南)
话题：能源的使用
词数：353
The behaviour of a building's users may be at least as important as its design when it comes to energy use，according to new research from the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC)．The UK promises to reduce its carbon emissions (排放)by 80 percent by 2050，part of which will be achieved by all new homes being zerocarbon by 2016.But this report shows that sustainable building design on its own—though extremely important—is not enough to achieve such reductions：the behaviour of the people using the building has to change too.
The study suggests that the ways that people use and live in their homes have been largely ignored by existing efforts to improve energy efficiency (效率)，which instead focus on architectural and technological developments.
‘Technology is going to assist but it is not going to do everything，’explains Katy Janda，a UKERC senior researcher，‘consumption patterns of building users can defeat the most careful design.’In other words，old habits die hard，even in the bestdesigned ecohome.
Another part of the problem is information.Households and billpayers don't have the knowledge they need to change their energyuse habits.Without specific information，it's hard to estimate the costs and benefits of making different choices.Feedback (反馈) facilities，like smart meters and energy monitors，could help bridge this information gap by helping people see how changing their behaviour directly affects their energy use；some studies have shown that households can achieve up to 15 percent energy savings using smart meters.
Social science research has added a further dimension (方面)，suggesting that individuals' behaviour in the home can be personal and cannot be predicted—whether people throw open their windows rather than turn down the thermostat (恒温器)，for example.
Janda argues that education is the key.She calls for a focused programme to teach people about buildings and their own behaviour in them.
★1.As to energy use，the new research from UKERC stresses the importance of ________.
A．zerocarbon homes
B．the behaviour of building users
C．sustainable building design
D．the reduction of carbon emissions
2．The underlined word“which”in Paragraph 2 refers to “________.”
A．the ways B．their homes
C．developments D．existing efforts
★3.What are Katy Janda's words mainly about?
A．The importance of changing building users' habits.
B．The necessity of making a careful building design.
C．The variety of consumption patterns of building users.
D．The role of technology in improving energy efficiency.
4．The information gap in energy use ________.
A．can be bridged by feedback facilities
B．affects the study on energy monitors
C．brings about problems for smart meters
D．will be caused by building users' old habits
5．What does the dimension added by social science research suggest?
A．The social science research is to be furthered.
B．The education programme is under discussion.
C．The behaviour of building users is unpredictable.
D．The behaviour preference of building users is similar.
Passage 16 (2014·四川)
话题：冒险经历
词数：332
In 1943，when I was 4，my parents moved from Coeur d'Alene，Idaho，to Fairbanks，Alaska，where adventure was never very far away.
We arrived in the summer，just in time to enjoy the midnight sun.All that sunlight was fantastic for Mom's vegetable garden.Working in the garden at midnight tended to throw her timing off，so she didn't care much about my bedtime.
Dad was a Railway Express agent and Mom was his clerk.That left me in a mess.I usually managed to find some trouble to get into.Once I had a little fire going in the dirt basement of a hotel.I had tried to light a barrel(桶)of paint but couldn't really get a good fire going.The smoke got pretty bad，though，and when I made my exit，a crowd and the police were there to greet me.The policemen took my matches and drove me home.
Mom and Dad were occupied in the garden and Dad told the police to keep me，and they did！I had a tour of the prison before Mom rescued me.I hadn't turned 5 yet.
As I entered kindergarten，the serious cold began to set in.Would it surprise you to know that I soon left part of my tongue on a metal handrail at school?
As for Leonhard Seppala，famous as a dog sledder(驾雪橇者)，I think I knew him well because I was taken for a ride with his white dog team one Sunday.At the time I didn't realize what a superstar he was，but I do remember the ride well.I was wrapped(包裹)heavily and well sheltered from the freezing and blowing weather.
In 1950，we moved back to Coeur d'Alene，but we got one more Alaskan adventure when Leonhard invited us eight years later by paying a visit to Idaho to attend a gathering of former neighbors of Alaska.
★1.What can be inferred about the author's family?
A．His father was a cruel man.
B．His parents didn't love him.
C．His parents used to be very busy.
D．His mother didn't have any jobs.
2．What happened when the author was 4?
A．He learned to smoke.
B．He was locked in a basement.
C．He was arrested by the police.
D．He nearly caused a fire accident.
3．Which of the following is true?
A．Leonhard was good at driving dog sleds.
B．The author spent his whole childhood in Alaska.
C．Leonhard often visited the author's family after 1950.
D．The author suffered a lot while taking the dog sled in Alaska.
★4.What is the author's purpose of writing the text?
A．To look back on his childhood with adventures.
B．To describe the extreme weather of Alaska.
C．To express how much he misses Leonhard.
D．To show off his pride in making trouble.
考点四 词义猜测题
Passage 1 (2016·全国Ⅰ)
话题：一次非同寻常的投递
词数：254
I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem courier．Since March 2012, I’ve done 89 trips of those, 51 have been abroad, I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干细胞)in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last.In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most, So I am always conscious of time.
I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America.I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London.But when I arrived at the check－in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said：“Well, I’m really sorry, I’ve got some bad news for you—there are no flights from Washington.”So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said：“In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient—please, please, you’ve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.”She just dropped everything.She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me.re－routed(改道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.
For this courier job, you’re consciously aware that in that box you’ve got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life.
★1.Which of the following can replace the underlined word“courier” in Paragraph 1?
A provider B delivery man
C collector D medical doctor
2．Why does Peter have to complete his trip within 42 hours?
A．He cannot stay away from his job too long.
B．The donor can only wait for that long.
C．The operation needs that very much.
D．The ice won’t last any longer.
3．Which flight did the woman put Peter on first?
A．To London. B．To Newark.
C．To Providence. D．To Washington.
Passage 2 (2016·全国Ⅲ)
话题：一个有趣的故事
词数：304
On one of her trips to New York several years ago, Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner.They settled in at a comfortable East Slide café and within minutes, another customer was approaching their table.
“Hey, aren’t you from Mississippi？” the elegant, white－haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger.“I’m from Mississippi too.”
Without a second thought, the woman joined the Welty party.When her dinner partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair.
“They began telling me all the news of Mississippi，” Welty said.“I didn’t know what my New York friends were thinking.”
Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine.By the time the group got up to leave, it was pouring outside.Welty’s new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab.Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her big－city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi.
“My friends said: ‘Now we believe your stories，’” Welty added.“And I said: ‘Now you know.These are the people that make me write them．’”
Sitting on a sofa in her room, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, looked pleased with this explanation.
“I don’t make them up，” she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years.“I don’t have to.”
Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty’s people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations overheard on a bus.It annoys Welty that, at 78, her left ear has now given out.Sometimes, sitting on a bus or a train, she hears only a fragment(片段) of a particularly interesting story.
1．What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe?
A．Two strangers joined her.
B．Her childhood friends came in.
C．A heavy rain ruined the dinner.
D．Some people held a party there.
★2.The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty’s________．
A．readers B．parties C．friends D．stories
3．What can we learn about the characters in Welty’s fiction?
A．They live in big cities
B．They are mostly women
C．They come from real life
D．They are pleasure seekers
Passage 3 (2015·安徽)
话题：小蚂蚁大力量
词数：288
There are an extremely large number of ants worldwide. Each individual (个体的) ant hardly weigh anything, but put together they weigh roughly the same as all of mankind. They also live nearly everywhere, except on frozen mountain tops and around the poles. For animals their size, ants have been astonishingly successful, largely due to their wonderful social behavior.
In colonies (群体) that range in size from a few hundred to tens of millions, they organize their lives with a clear division of labor. Even more amazing is how they achieve this level of organization. Where we use sound and sight to communicate, ants depend primarily on pheromones (外激素), chemicals sent out by individuals and smelled or tasted by fellow members of their colony. When an ant finds food, it produces a pheromone that will lead others straight to where the food is. When an individual ant comes under attack or is dying, it sends out an alarm pheromone to warn the colony to prepare for a conflict as a defense unit.
In fact, when it comes to the art of war, ants have no equal. They are completely fearless and will readily take_on a creature much larger than themselves, attacking in large groups and overcoming their target. Such is their devotion to the common good of the colony that not only soldier ants but also worker ants will sacrifice their lives to help defeat an enemy.
Behaving in this selfless and devoted manner, these little creatures have survived on Earth, for more than 140 million years, far longer than dinosaurs. Because they think as one, they have a collective (集体的) intelligence greater than you would expect from its individual parts.
1．We can learn from the passage that ants are________.
A．not willing to share food
B．not found around the poles
C．more successful than all other animals
D．too many to achieve any level of organization
2.Ants can use pheromones for________.
A．escape B．communication
C．warning enemies D．arranging labor
★3.What does the underlined expression “take on” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．Accept. B．Employ.
C．Play with. D．Fight against.
4．Which of the following contributes most to the survival of ants?
A．Their behavior. B．Their size.
C．Their number. D．Their weight
Passage 4 (2015·湖北)
话题：自给种植
词数：369
What Theresa Loe is doing proves that a large farm isn't a prerequisite for a modern growyourown lifestyle.On a mere 1/10 of an acre in Los Angeles，Loe and her family grow，can(装罐) and preserve much of the food they consume.
Loe is a master food preserver，gardener and canning expert.She also operates a website，where she shares her tips and recipes，with the goal of demonstrating that everyone has the ability to control what's on their plate.
Loe initially went to school to become an engineer，but she quickly learned that her enthusiasm was mainly about growing and preparing her own food.“I got into cooking my own food and started growing my own herbs(香草) and foods for that fresh flavor，” she said.Engineer by day，Loe learned cooking at night school.She ultimately purchased a small piece of land with her husband and began growing their own foods.
“I teach people how to live farmfresh without a farm.”Loc said.Through her website Loc emphasizes that “anybody can do this anywhere.”Got an apartment with a balcony(阳台)？Plant some herbs.A window？Perfect spot for growing.Start with herbs，she recommends，because “they're very forgiving.”Just a little of the herbs “can take your regular cooking to a whole new level.”she added.“I think it's a great place to start.”Then？Try growing something from a seed，she said，like a tomato or some tea.
Canning is a natural extension of the planting she does.With every planted food.Loe noted，there's a moment when it's bursting with its absolute peak flavor.“I try and keep it in a time capsule in a canning jar.”Loe said.“Canning for me is about knowing what's in your food，knowing where it comes from.”
In addition to being more in touch with the food she's eating，another joy comes from passing this knowledge and this desire for good food to her children: “Influencing them and telling them your opinion on not only being careful what we eat but understanding the_bigger_picture.” she said，“that if we don't take care of the earth，no one will.”
★1.The underlined word “prerequisite”(Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to “________”．
A．recipe B．substitute
C．requirement D．challenge
2．Why does Loe suggest starting with herbs?
A．They are used daily.
B．They are easy to grow.
C．They can grow very tall.
D．They can be eaten uncooked.
3．According to Loe，what is the benefit of canning her planted foods?
A．It can preserve their best flavor.
B．It can promote her online sales.
C．It can better her cooking skills.
D．It can improve their nutrition.
4．What is the “the bigger picture”(Para .6) that Loe wishes her children to understand?
A．The knowledge about good food.
B．The way to live a growourown life.
C．The joy of getting in touch with foods.
D．The responsibility to protect our earth.
Passage 5 (2015·四川)
话题：父亲的蔬菜
词数：299
Nothing could stop Dad.After he was put on disability for a bad back, he bought a small farm in the country, just enough to grow food for the family.He planted vegetables, fruit trees and even kept bees for honey.
And every week he cleaned Old Man McColgin's chicken house in exchange for manure(肥料)．The smell really burned the inside of your nose.When we complained about the terrible smell, Dad said the stronger the manure, the healthier the crops, and he was right.For example, just one of his cantaloupes filled the entire house with its sweet smell, and the taste was even sweeter.
As the vegetables started coming in, Dad threw himself into cooking.One day, armed with a basket of vegetables, he announced he was going to make stew(炖菜)．Dad pulled out a pressure
cooker and filled it up with cabbages, eggplants, potatoes, corns, onions and carrots.For about half an hour，the pressure built and the vegetables cooked.Finally, Dad turned off the stove, the pot began to cool and the pressure relief valve sprayed out a cloud of steam.If we thought Dad's pile of chicken manure was bad, this was 10 times worse.When Dad took off the lid, the smell nearly knocked us out.
Dad carried the pot out and we opened doors and windows to air out the house.Just how bad was it? The neighbors came out of their houses to see if we had a gas leak!
Determined, Dad filled our plates with steaming stew and passed them around.It didn't look that bad, and after the first wave had shut down my ability to smell, it didn't offend the nose so much, either.I took a taste.It would never win a prize in a cooking competition, but it was surprisingly edible, and we drank up every last drop of soup.
1．Why did Dad clean Old Man McColgin's chicken house regularly?
A．To earn some money for the family.
B．To collect manure for his crops.
C．To get rid of the terrible smell.
D．To set a good example to us.
2．What can we infer about Dad's stew?
A．It is popular among the neighbors.
B．It contains honey and vegetables.
C．It looks very wonderful.
D．It tastes quite delicious.
★3.What does the underlined word “offend” in the last paragraph mean?
A．To attract. B．To upset.
C．To air. D．To shut.
4．What can we learn about Dad from the text?
A．He is an experienced cook.
B．He is a troublesome father.
C．He has a positive attitude to life.
D．He suffers a lot from his disability.
Passage 6 (2015·天津)
话题：勇气的力量
词数：348
Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk, I went to a friend.He looked at me for a moment, and then wrote a sentence containing the best advice I've ever had: Be bold and brave — and mighty (强大的) forces will come to your aid.
Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past, it was seldom because I had tried and failed.It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all.On the other hand, whenever I had plunged into deep water, forced by courage or circumstance, I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again.
Boldness means a decision to bite_off_more_than_you_are_sure_you_can_eat.And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces.They are potential powers we possess: energy, skill, sound judgment, creative ideas—even physical strength greater than most of us realize.
Admittedly, those mighty forces are spiritual ones.But they are more important than physical ones.A college classmate of mine, Tim, was an excellent football player, even though he weighed much less than the average player.“In one game I suddenly found myself confronting a huge player, who had nothing but me between him and our goal line，” said Tim.“I was so frightened that I closed my eyes and desperately threw myself at that guy like a bullet(子弹)—and stopped him cold.”
Boldness—a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme—is not one that can be acquired overnight.But it can be taught to children and developed in adults.Confidence builds up.Surely, there will be setbacks (挫折) and disappointments in life; boldness in itself is no guarantee of success.But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeeds.
So, always try to live a little bit beyond your abilities—and you'll find your abilities are greater than you ever dreamed.
1．Why was the author sometimes unable to reach his goal in the past?
A．He faced huge risks.
B．He lacked mighty forces.
C．Fear prevented him from trying.
D．Failure blocked his way to success.
2．What is the implied meaning of the underlined part?
A．Swallow more than you can digest.
B．Act slightly above your abilities.
C．Develop more mysterious powers.
D．Learn to make creative decisions.
3．What was especially important for Tim's successful defense in the football game?
A．His physical strength.
B．His basic skill.
C．His real fear.
D．His spiritual force.
4．What can be learned from Paragraph 5?
A．Confidence grows more rapidly in adults.
B．Trying without success is meaningless.
C．Repeated failure creates a better life.
D．Boldness can be gained little by little.
5.What is the author's purpose in writing this passage?
A．To encourage people to be courageous.
B．To advise people to build up physical power.
C．To tell people the ways to guarantee success.
D．To recommend people to develop more abilities.
Passage 7 (2015·陕西)
话题：父母参与与孩子成绩
词数：295
Parents who help their children with homework may actually be bringing down their school grades.Other forms of parental_involvement,_including volunteering at school and observing a child's class，also fail to help，according to the most recent study on the topic.
The findings challenge a key principle of modern parenting (养育子女) where schools expect them to act as partners in their children's education.Previous generations concentrated on getting children to school on time, fed，dressed and ready to learn.
Keith Robinson，the author of the study，said，“I really don't know if the public is ready for this but there are some ways parents can be involved in their kids' education that leads to declines in their academic performance.One of the things that was consistently negative was parents' help with homework.”Robinson suggested that may be because parents themselves struggle to understand the tasks.“They may either not remember the material their kids are studying now，or in some cases never learnt it themselves，but they're still offering advice.”
Robinson assessed parental involvement performance and found one of the most damaging things a parent could do was to punish their children for poor marks.In general，about 20% of parental involvement was positive，about 45% negative and the rest statistically insignificant.
Common sense suggests it was a good thing for parents to get involved because “children with good academic success do have involved parents”，admitted Robinson.But he argued that this did not prove parental involvement was the root cause of that success.“A big surprise was that AsianAmerican parents whose kids are doing so well in school hardly involved.They took a more reasonable approach，conveying to their children how success at school could improve their lives.”
★1.The underlined expression “parental involvement” in Paragraph 1 probably means________.
A．parents' expectation on children's health
B．parents' participation in children's education
C．parents' control over children's life
D．parents' plan for children's future
2．What is the major finding of Robinson's study?
A．Modern parents raise children in a more scientific way.
B．Punishing kids for bad marks is mentally damaging.
C．Parental involvement is not so beneficial as expected.
D．Parents are not able to help with children's homework.
3．The example of AsianAmerican parents implies that parents should________.
A．help children realize the importance of schooling
B．set a specific life goal for their children
C．spend more time improving their own lives
D．take a more active part in school management
Passage 8 (2014·天津)
话题：回归健康
词数：366
People aren't walking any more—if they can figure out a way to avoid it.
I felt superior about this matter until the other day I took my car to mail a small parcel.The journey is a matter of 281 steps.But I used the car.And I wasn't in any hurry，either.I had merely become one more victim of a national sickness：motorosis.
It is an illness to which I had thought myself immune(免疫的)，for I was bred in the tradition of going to places on my own two legs.At that time，we regarded 25 miles as a good day's walk and the ability to cover such a distance in ten hours as a sign of strength and skill.It did not occur to us that walking was a hardship.And the effect was lasting.When I was 45 years old I raced—and beat—a teenage football player the 168 steps up the Statue of Liberty.
Such enterprises today are regarded by many middleaged persons as bad for the heart.But a wellknown British physician，Sir Adolphe Abrahams，pointed out recently that hearts and bodies need proper exercise.A person who avoids exercise is more likely to have illnesses than one who exercises regularly.And walking is an ideal form of exercise—the most familiar and natural of all.
It was Henry Thoreau who showed mankind the richness of going on foot.The man walking can learn the trees，flowers，insects，birds and animals，the significance of seasons，the very feel of himself as a living creature in a living world.He cannot learn in a car.
The car is a convenient means of transport，but we have made it our way of life.Many people don't dare to approach Nature any more；to them the world they were born to enjoy is all
threat.To them security is a_steel_river thundering on a concrete road.And much of their thinking takes place while waiting for the traffic light to turn green.
I say that the green of forests is the mind's best light.And none but the man on foot can evaluate what is basic and everlasting.
1．What is the national sickness?
A．Walking too much.
B．Traveling too much.
C．Driving cars too much.
D．Climbing stairs too much.
2．What was life like when the author was young?
A．People usually went around on foot.
B．People often walked 25 miles a day.
C．People used to climb the Statue of Liberty.
D．People considered a tenhour walk as a hardship.
3．The author mentions Henry Thoreau to prove that ______.
A．middleaged people like getting back to nature
B．walking in nature helps enrich one's mind
C．people need regular exercise to keep fit
D．going on foot prevents heart disease
★4.What is compared to“a steel river”in Paragraph 6?
A．A queue of cars.
B．A ray of traffic light.
C．A flash of lightning.
D．A stream of people.
5．What is the author's intention of writing this passage?
A．To tell people to reflect more on life.
B．To recommend people to give up driving.
C．To advise people to do outdoor activities.
D．To encourage people to return to walking.
Passage 9 (2014·大纲全国)
话题：美国孩子学汉语
词数：302
One of the latest trends(趋势) in American Childcare is Chinese au pairs.Au Pair in Stamford，Conn.，for example，has got increasing numbers of requests for Chinese au pairs from zero to around 4,000 since 2004.And that's true all across the country.
“I thought it would be very useful for him to learn Chinese at an early age，”Joseph Stocke，the managing director of a company，says of his 2yearold son.“I would at least like to give him the chance to use the language in the future.”After only six months of being cared for by a 25yearold woman from China，the boy can already understand basic Chinese daily expressions，his dad says.
Li Drake，a Chinese native raising two children in Minnesota with an American husband，had another reason for looking for an au pair from China：She didn't want her children to miss out on their roots.“Because I am Chinese，my husband and I wanted the children to keep exposed to(接触) the language and culture(文化)，”she says.
“Staying with a native speaker is better for children than simply sitting in a classroom，”says Suzanne Flynn，a professor in language education of children.“But parents must understand that just one year with an au pair is unlikely to produce wonders.Complete mastery demands continued learning until the age of 10 or 12.”
The popularity of au pairs from China has been strengthened by the increasing numbers of American parents who want their children to learn Chinese.It is expected that American demand for au pairs will continue to rise in the next few years.
★1.What does the term“au pair”in the text mean?
A．A mother raising her children on her own.
B．A young foreign woman taking care of children.
C．A professor in language education of children.
D．A child learning a foreign language at home.
2．Li Drake has her children study Chinese because she wants them ________.
A．to live in China some day
B．to speak the language at home
C．to catch up with other children
D．to learn about the Chinese culture
3．How can children learn a foreign language best according to Flynn?
A．From their parents.
B．By attending classes.
C．From a native speaker.
D．By starting at an early age.
4．What can we infer from the text?
A．Learning Chinese is becoming popular in America.
B．Educated woman do better in looking after children.
C．Chinese au pairs need to improve their English skills.
D．Children can learn a foreign language well in six months.
Passage 10 (2014·新课标全国Ⅰ)
话题：旅鸽的历史
词数：333
Passenger pigeons(旅鸽)once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers.Written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks(群)so large that they darkened the sky for hours.
It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point，there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons—a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States，making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world.Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller，a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles (about 515 kilometers) long was seen near Cincinnati.
Sadly，the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing.Where the birds were most abundant，people believed there was an everlasting supply and killed them by the thousands.Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain，waited until pigeons had settled to feed，then threw large nets over them，taking hundreds at a time.The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.
By the closing decades of the 19th century，the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by Americans' need for wood，which scattered(驱散)the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north，where cold temperatures and spring storms contributed to their decline.Soon the great flocks were gone，never to be seen again.
In 1897，the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons，but by then，no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years.The last confirmed wild pigeon in the United States was shot by a boy in Pike County，Ohio，in 1900.For a time，a few birds survived under human care.The last of them，known affectionately as Martha，died at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden on September 1,1914.
1．In the 18th and early 19th centuries，passenger pigeons ________.
A．were the biggest bird in the world
B．lived mainly in the south of America
C．did great harm to the natural environment
D．were the largest bird population in the US
★2.The underlined word“undoing”probably refers to the pigeons' ________.
A．escape B．ruin
C．liberation D．evolution
3．What was the main reason for people to kill passenger pigeons?
A．To seek pleasure. B．To save other birds.
C．To make money. D．To protect crops.
4．What can we infer about the law passed in Michigan?
A．It was ignored by the public.
B．It was declared too late.
C．It was unfair.
D．It was strict.
Passage 11 (2014·广东)
话题：善举的传播
词数：379
It was a cold winter day.A woman drove up to the Rainbow Bridge tollbooth (收费站)．“I'm paying for myself，and for the six cars behind me，”she said with a smile，handing over seven tickets.One after another，the next six drivers arriving at the tollbooth were informed，“Some lady up ahead already paid your fare.”
It turned out that the woman，Natalie Smith，had read something on a friend's refrigerator：“Practice random kindness and senseless acts of beauty.”The phrase impressed her so much that she copied it down.
Judy Foreman spotted the same phrase on a warehouse wall far away from home.When it stayed on her mind for days，she gave up and drove all the way back to copy it down.“I thought it was beautiful，”she said，explaining why she'd taken to writing it at the bottom of all her letters，“like a message from above.”Her husband，Frank，liked the phrase so much that he put it up on the classroom wall for his students，one of whom was the daughter of Alice Johnson，a local news reporter.Alice put it in the newspaper，admitting that though she liked it，she didn't know where it came from or what it really meant.
Two days later，Alice got a call from Anne Herbert，a woman living in Marin.It was in a restaurant that Anne wrote the phrase down on a piece of paper，after turning it around in her mind for days.
“Here's the idea，”Anne says.“Anything you think there should be more of，do it randomly.”Her fantasies include painting the classrooms of shabby schools，leaving hot meals on kitchen tables in the poor part of town，and giving money secretly to a proud old lady.Anne says，“Kindness_can_build_on_itself_as_much_as_violence_can.”
The acts of random kindness spread.If you were one of those drivers who found your fare paid，who knows what you might have been inspired to do for someone else later.Like all great events，kindness begins slowly，with every single act.Let it be yours!
1．Why did Natalie Smith pay for the six cars behind her?
A．She knew the car drivers well.
B．She wanted to show kindness.
C．She hoped to please others.
D．She had seven tickets.
2．Judy Foreman copied down the phrase because she ________.
A．thought it was beautifully written
B．wanted to know what it really meant
C．decided to write it on a warehouse wall
D．wanted her husband to put it up in the classroom
3．Who came up with the phrase according to the passage?
A．Judy Foreman. B．Natalie Smith.
C．Alice Johnson. D．Anne Herbert.
★4.Which of the following statements is closest in meaning to the underlined sentence above?
A．Kindness and violence can change the world.
B．Kindness and violence can affect one's behavior.
C．Kindness and violence can reproduce themselves.
D．Kindness and violence can shape one's character.
5．What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A．People should practice random kindness to those in need.
B．People who receive kindness are likely to offer it to others.
C．People should practice random kindness to strangers they meet.
D．People who receive kindness are likely to pay it back to the giver.
Passage 12 (2014·湖北)
话题：狒狒的发现
词数：344
Working with a group of baboons (狒狒) in the Namibian desert，Dr.Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology，Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box.Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task，while others had to learn for themselves.To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were，Dr.Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake.
She found that personality had a major impact on learning.The braver baboons learnt，but the shy ones did not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform the task of finding
the novel food just as long as the brave ones did.In effect，despite being made aware of what to do，they were still too shy to do what the experienced baboon did.
The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones.The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not，even though they spent more time watching.
This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals，something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things.The findings are significant because they suggest that animals may perform poorly in cognitive (认知的) tasks not because they aren't clever enough to solve them，but because they are too shy or nervous to use the social information.
The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning.If some individuals are unable to get information from others because they don't associate with the knowledgeable individuals，or they are too shy to use the information once they have it，information may not travel between all group members，preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning.
1．What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A．The design of Dr.Carter's research.
B．The results of Dr.Carter's research.
C．The purpose of Dr.Carter's research.
D．The significance of Dr.Carter's research.
2．According to the research，which baboons are more likely to complete a new learning task?
A．Those that have more experience.
B．Those that can avoid potential risks.
C．Those that like to work independently.
D．Those that feel anxious about learning.
★3.Which best illustrates the“mismatch”mentioned in Paragraph 4?
A．Some baboons are intelligent but slow in learning.
B．Some baboons are shy but active in social activities.
C．Some baboons observe others but don't follow them.
D．Some baboons perform new tasks but don't concentrate.
4．Dr.Carter's findings indicate that our culture might be formed through ________.
A．storing information
B．learning from each other
C．understanding different people
D．travelling between social groups
Passage 13 (2014·大纲全国)
话题：失而复得的文件
词数：290
Arriving in Sydney on his own from India，my husband，Rashid，stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.
During the first week of his stay，he went out one day to do some shopping.He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone.He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers，including his passport(护照).
He reported the case to the police and then sat there，lost and lonely in a strange city，thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.
Late in the evening，the phone rang.It was a stranger.He was trying to pronounce my husband's name and was asking him a lot of questions.Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can(垃圾桶)that had been left out on the footpath.
My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents(文件)．Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers.Her parents had carefully sorted them out，although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents.At last they had seen a halfwritten letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.
That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people.We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.
1．What did Rashid plan to do after his arrival in Sydney?
A．Go shopping. B．Find a house.
C．Join his family. D．Take a vacation.
2．The girl's parents got Rashid's phone number from ________.
A．a friend of his family B．a Sydney policeman
C．a letter in his papers D．a stranger in Sydney
★3.What does the underlined word“restored”in the last paragraph mean?
A．Showed. B．Sent out.
C．Delivered. D．Gave back.
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．From India to Australia.
B．Living in a New Country.
C．Turning Trash to Treasure.
D．In Search of New Friends.
Passage 14 (2014·重庆)
话题：追踪孟加拉虎
词数：289
One moment it was quiet and calm in the forest，the next，the air was charged with tension.The elephant had heard the distant alarm calls of animals and her mood suddenly changed.I urged the elephant deeper into the forest.We sounded like a forest fire—crackling，snapping，trailblazing.But through all the noise came a sharp warning cry.The elephant stopped and we heard it again—the telltale call of a spotted deer.
I looked quickly around the shadows of the forest.Rays of sunlight shone through tree branches，beneath which the patchwork (交错) of green plants and shadowswithinshadows would make tiger stripes (条纹) look more attractive.Apart from an occasional noise from the elephant's stomach，the forest was silent.
Gradually，the tension slipped from our bodies.The elephant seized a nearby branch and put it into her mouth.I reached forward and gently moved my hand over the elephant's neck；there was a soft part，free of wrinkles and hairs，behind her ear.
This was my fourth time to_sense_the_aura of the forest in Corbett，although I saw no tigers in the end.Located at the foot of the Himalayan mountains，Corbett is home to about 135 Bengal tigers，but the forest seemed to be guarding their whereabouts(出没处)，a silent reminder of their secrecy and rarity.Still，I was happy enough touching the elephant behind the ear.If I had so desperately wanted to see a tiger，I could have gone to a zoo.After all，spotting tigers merely confirms their beauty；tracking them can make you aware of something more.
1．Which of the following was a clear signal of alarm?
A．The elephant stopped.
B．A spotted deer called.
C．The elephant seized a branch.
D．The forest was silent for a while.
2．The author begins his account of the tour in the forest mainly by ________.
A．describing various sounds
B．comparing different animals
C．listing different activities
D．introducing various plants
★3.What does the underlined part“to sense the aura”most probably mean?
A．To see the diversity.
B．To enjoy the scenery.
C．To feel the atmosphere.
D．To experience the freedom.
4．How does the author feel after several visits to Corbett?
A．Seeing a Bengal tiger is quite thrilling.
B．It is very timeconsuming to travel in Corbett.
C．It is really worthwhile to study the animals in Corbett.
D．The process of finding Bengal tigers is most appealing.
考点五 观点态度题
Passage 1 (2016·北京)
话题：为什么大学不是家
词数：439
Why College Is Not Home
The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity.However，now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence，during which many of today’s students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.
For previous generations，college was decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed help from people of the same age and from within.In the past two decades，however，continued connection with and dependence on family，thanks to cellphones，email and social media，have increased significantly.Some parents go so far as to help with coursework.Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility，universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.
To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility，college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation.This process involves “trying on ” new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思维方面) and personally.While we should provide “safe spaces” within colleges，we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views.Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered on debate and questioning.
Learning to deal with the social world is equally important.Because a college community(群体) differs from the family，many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging.If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern，they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.
Moreover，the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders.If
acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(规定) and controlled，the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.
It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out，particularly when there are reasons to do so.Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency.What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescent’s desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world.Therefore，there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth.
Every college discussion about community values，social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self－regulation，of the necessary tension between safety and self－discovery.
★1.What’s the author’s attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students?
A．Sympathetic. B．Disapproving.
C．Supportive. D．Neutral.
2．The underlined word “passage” in Paragraph 2 means ________．
A．change B．choice
C．text D．extension
3．According to the author，what role should college play?
A．To develop a shared identity among students.
B．To define and regulate students’ social behavior.
C．To provide a safe world without tension for students.
D．To foster students’ intellectual and personal development.
4．Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?
I：Introduction P：Point Sp：Sub－point(次要点)
C：Conclusion
Passage 2 (2015·湖北)
话题：书评
词数：354
Science has a lot of uses.It can uncover laws of nature，cure diseases，make bombs，and help bridges to stand up.Indeed science is so good at what it does that there's always a temptation(诱惑) to drag it into problems where it may not be helpful.David Brooks，author of The Social Animal，The Hidden Sources of Love，Character，and Achievement，appears to be the latest in a long line of writers who have failed to resist the temptation.
Brooks gained fame for several books.His latest book The Social Animal，however，is more ambitious and serious than his earlier books.It is an attempt to deal with a set of weighty topics.The book focuses on big questions：What has science revealed about human nature? What are the sources of character? And why are some people happy and successful while others aren't?
To answer these questions，Brooks surveys a wide range of disciplines (学科)．Considering this，you might expect the book to be a dry recitation of facts.But Brooks has structured his book in an unorthodox (非常规的)，and perhaps unfortunate，way.Instead of introducing scientific theories，he tells a story，within which he tries to make his points，perhaps in order to keep the reader's attention.So as Harold and Erica，the hero and heroine in his story，live through childhood，we hear about the science of child development，and as they begin to date we hear about the theory of sexual attraction.Brooks carries this through to the death of one of his characters.
On the whole，Brooks' story is acceptable if uninspired.As one would expect，his writing is mostly clear and，to be fair，some chapters stand out above the rest.I enjoyed ，for instance，the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own.While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters，the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere.These problems partly involve Brooks's attempt to translate his tale into science.
1．The author mentions the functions of science at the beginning of the passage to ________.
A．illustrate where science can be applied
B．demonstrate the value of Brooks's new book
C．remind the readers of the importance of science
D．explain why many writers use science in their works
2．According to the author，which of the following could be a strength of the book?
A．Its strong basis.
B．Its convincing points.
C．Its clear writing.
D．Its memorable characters.
★3.What is the author's general attitude towards the book?
A．Contradictory. B．Supportive.
C．Cautious. D．Critical.
4．What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph?
A．Problems with the book.
B．Brooks's life experience.
C．Death of the characters.
D．Brooks's translation skills.
Passage 3 (2014·重庆)
话题：水上行走
词数：288
The idea of being able to walk on water has long interested humans greatly.Sadly，biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aid－we simply weigh too much，and all our mass pushes down through our relatively small feet，resulting in a lot of pressure that makes us sink.
However，several types of animals can walk on water.One of the most interesting is the common basilisk Basilicus basilicus，a lizard (蜥蜴) native to Central and South America.It can run across water for a distance of several meters，avoiding getting wet by rapidly hitting the water's surface with its feet.The lizard will take as many as 20 steps per second to keep moving forward.For humans to do this，we'd need huge feet that we could bring up to our ears in order to create adequate“hitting”．
But fortunately there is an alternative：cornflour.By adding enough of this common thickening agent to water (and it does take a lot)，you can create a“nonNewtonian”liquid that doesn't behave like normal water.Now，if the surface of the water is hit hard enough，particles(粒子) in the water group together for a moment to make the surface hard.Move quickly enough and put enough force into each step，and you really can walk across the surface of an adequately thick liquid of cornflour.
Fun though all this may sound，it's still rather messy and better read about in theory than carried out in practice.If you must do it，then keep the water wings handy in case you start to sink—and take a shower afterward!
1．Walking on water hasn't become a reality mainly because humans ________.
A．are not interested in it
B．have biological limitations
C．have not invented proper tools
D．are afraid to make an attempt
2．What do we know about Basilicus basilicus from the passage?
A．It is light enough to walk on water.
B．Its huge feet enable it to stay above water.
C．It can run across water at a certain speed.
D．Its unique skin keeps it from getting wet in water.
3．What is the function of the cornflour according to the passage?
A．To create a thick liquid.
B．To turn the water into solid.
C．To help the liquid behave normally.
D．To enable the water to move rapidly.
★4.What is the author's attitude toward the idea of humans' walking on water?
A．It is risky but beneficial.
B．It is interesting and worth trying.
C．It is crazy and cannot become a reality.
D．It is impractical though theoretically possible.
Passage 4 (2014·新课标全国Ⅰ)
话题：面对困惑
词数：335
A typical lion tamer (驯兽师) in people's mind is an entertainer holding a whip (鞭)and a chair.The whip gets all of the attention，but it's mostly for show.In reality，it's the chair that does the important work.When a lion tamer holds a chair in front of the lion's face，the lion tries to focus on all four legs of the chair at the same time.With its focus divided，the lion becomes confused and is unsure about what to do next.When faced with so many options，the lion chooses to freeze and wait instead of attacking the man holding the chair.
How often do you find yourself in the same position as the lion？How often do you have something you want to achieve (e.g.lose weight，start a business，travel more)－only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress?
This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best，the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information.The end result is that we feel like we can't focus or that we're focused on the wrong things，and so we take less action，make less progress，and stay the same when we could be improving.
It doesn't have to be that way.Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face，remember this ：All you need to do is focus on one thing.You just need to get started.Starting before you feel ready is one of the habits of successful people.If you have somewhere you want to go，something you want to accomplish，someone you want to become...take immediate action.If
you're clear about where you want to go，the rest of the world will either help you get there or get out of the way.
1．Why does the lion tamer use a chair?
A．To trick the lion.
B．To show off his skills.
C．To get ready for a fight.
D．To entertain the audience.
2．In what sense are people similar to a lion facing a chair?
A．They feel puzzled over choices.
B．They hold on to the wrong things.
C．They find it hard to make changes.
D．They have to do something for show.
★3.What is the author's attitude towards the experts mentioned in Paragraph 3?
A．Tolerant. B．Doubtful.
C．Respectful. D．Supportive.
4．When the world is“waving a chair in your face”，you're advised to ________.
A．wait for a better chance B．break your old habits
C．make a quick decision D．ask for clear guidance
Passage 5 (2014·陕西)
话题：运动日
词数：296
One afternoon last week，I saw three tearful children from my son's school being comforted by teachers.That morning，my 11yearold had stomach pains，retching(干呕)into a bowl.Talking to other mothers later，I heard about other children with stomachache or difficulty sleeping the night before.
What caused so much pain？Sports day.Sports day might be necessary at a highlycompetitive independent school，but not at a village primary school.For the children who can fly like the wind，sports day cause no problem.For those who are overweight or just not good at sport，it is nightmare(噩梦)．Even for those who enjoy running but fall halfway down the track in front of the entire school and their parents，it can prove a disaster.
Why do we put our children through this annual suffering？Some may say competition is character building；or it's taking part，not winning，that's important；or that it is a tradition of school life.I just felt great pity for those children in tears or in pain.
Team games at the end of sports day produced some close races，wild enthusiasm，lots of shouting－and were fun to watch.More importantly，the children who were not so fast or quick at passing the ball were hidden a little from everyone's eyes.Some of them also had the thrill of being on the winning side.
I wish that sports day could be abandoned and replaced with some other less competitive event.Perhaps an afternoon of team games，with a few races for those who want them，would be less stressful for the children and a lot more fun to watch.
1．What can we learn about the author's son from Paragraph 1?
A．He talked with some mothers.
B．He comforted his classmates.
C．He had difficulty in sleeping.
D．He suffered from stomachache.
2．Sports day is still an annul event in this school probably because ________.
A．this is an independent school
B．it is a tradition of the school
C．it helps children lose weight
D．children enjoy watching sports
3．What does the author think about team games?
A．They should include more stressful races.
B．They are acceptable to different children.
C．They should be abandoned at primary schools.
D．They are less fun for those who love running.
★4.What is the author's attitude towards sports day?
A．Critical. B．Neutral.
C．Positive. D．Ambiguous.
B组 2016～2015模拟精选题
Passage 1 (2016·福建省闽粤联合体高三联考)
话题：父母与子女
词数：296
My dearest son and daughter，
The story of New Jersey high school student Rachel Canning suing (起诉) her parents for child support and high school education inspired me to write you a little letter.Let me just put this out there: the only way I expect to see you in a court is as a lawyer or a judge.
There are two things about this case that seem to be disaster.
First，it’s natural for parents and children to argue.I can guarantee that we will disagree.One or both of you will，at some point，scream at the top of your lungs the various ways you hate me.And I won’t always like you，either.But I will always love you and do everything I can to keep your best interests as my focus，even when I’m so angry.We are family.That means we are as much a part of one another as the flesh，blood and bones in our body.And we all should think about it very deeply instead of breaking that bond.
Second，I’ll be honest，no matter how far apart we are on your life choices，your father and I will most certainly pay everything we can for your higher education.But that doesn’t mean you deserve it.To be clear，that is a privilege we happily extend (给予) to you—not a right you are born with.And you will have to work hard to earn that privilege.Growing up is hard work.
If I do my job properly as your mother—and you do yours as my children—you would sooner get a job or two，and find a way to make your dreams come true than go to trial over what you think you have the right to.
Love always，
Mom
1．The mother writes this letter because she wants her children to ________．
A．be prepared for education
B．learn a lesson from the case
C．take up the legal profession
D．remember Rachel Canning
2．When in disagreement，the mother expects her children not to ________．
A．guarantee anything
B．scream out their anger
C．break the family bond
D．forget their best interests
3．The mother thinks of parents’ paying for their children’s higher education as ________．
A．a way in which children realize their dreams
B．a test of whether parents love their children
C．a privilege that children should earn
D．a right that parents are born with
Passage 2 (2016·山东临沂一模)
话题：旗杆上的猫
词数：355
“I honestly have no idea how that cat got up there.It’s a hundred－foot－metal pole.There’s no way he climbed that thing，”Jim said to the worried woman.It wasn’t even her cat，but she was passing by and saw it，immediately calling the fire－station to come to save it.Jim saw a lot of strange things as a fireman，often sad or upsetting things，but this was new.
“I suppose we could get the blanket and see if we can convince the poor cat to jump down.But he doesn’t really look too scared...”Jim said to the woman.
“Dave，get over here！” Jim called over his shoulder to the fire truck driver.Dave walked over and looked where Jim was pointing.
“How’d he get up there？”
Jim shrugged，similarly puzzled.“Do you suppose we could get the blanket and convince him to jump？”
Dave shrugged in response.“I don’t see why not.”
Jim looked up at the black mass on the top of the flagpole，the American nag waving proudly beneath him．It was definitely a cat，and he regarded the people gathered below as if they were his subjects (臣民) and he their king，his yellow eyes scanning his surroundings with apparent disinterest.
When the blanket was spread out below the cat，Jim and Dave began striking the flagpole.The cat looked down，and then gazed into the sky as if it were looking for something.Jim and Dave followed his gaze.Suddenly，out of the clear sky，appeared a dark figure.The figure swooped (俯冲) low toward the flagpole.It was an eagle! As it got closer，the cat leaped down the pole swiftly onto the ground，and then got lost in the bushes.
Jim，Dave，and the old woman were left with their mouths open.They all agreed it was the best way to get it down.
1．Why did the woman call the fire station ?
A．Because the pole was on fire.
B．Because her cat was missing.
C．Because she felt it was strange.
D．Because she wanted to save the cat.
2．What does the underlined word “him” refer to?
A．The cat. B．Jim.
C．The king. D．Dave.
3．What did the firemen plan to do at first?
A．To strike the pole.
B．To spread the blanket.
C．To shout at the cat.
D．To shrug helplessly.
4．Who saved the cat?
A．An eagle. B．The firemen.
C．The cat itself. D．The people around.
答案 C [推理判断题。根据倒数第二段the cat leaped down the pole swiftly onto the ground，and then got lost in the bushes.可知是猫自己从旗杆顶上爬了下来，故选C。]
Passage 3 (2016·石嘴山市一模)
话题：大运河申请世界文化遗产
词数：316
When it comes to cultural heritage protection, the Grand Canal of China is probably the world’s greatest project of its kind.The big inland waterway system in the north－eastern and central eastern plains passes through eight of the country’s present－day provinces.
The Canal runs from Beijing in the north to Zhejiang Province in the south.Constructed in sections from the 5th century BC onwards, it was designed as a means of communication in the 7th century AD.The Canal is the world’s greatest civil engineering project before the Industrial Revolution.
The Grand Canal reached a peak in the 13th century, providing an inland navigation(航行) network consisting of more than 2，000 kilometers of artificial waterways, linking five of the most important river basins in China, including the Yellow River and the Yangtze.It entered a bid as a UNESCO(联合国教科文组织) cultural heritage site in 2008.
The Grand Canal cultural square is located in Beijing’s Tongzhou district.Ever since the Yuan dynasty 800 years ago, the Tongzhou section of the Grand Canal has been the life blood of Beijing.Grain and building materials were all transported to meet the endless demands of the big cities.Even today, the Grand Canal plays a major role in the lives of its citizens.
“I grew up near the Grand Canal.In the past the waterway was a lot narrower, but now it’s nice and wide and bridges are built over it.I think if the bid for world heritage status succeeds, it will greatly make Tongzhou more famous in the world, especially with Tongzhou aiming to be a sub－center of the capital Beijing，” a citizen said.
The result of the bid is set to be released next week, and no doubt it will certainly make it into the history books if the Canal is listed as a world heritage site.
1．It can be concluded from the passage that________．
A．The bid’s result of the Canal will be announced soon
B．the Canal is the UNESCO’s newest world heritage site
C．the Canal is to connect Tongzhou with Zhejiang Province
D．the Canal will be a bid for a UNESCO cultural heritage site
2．The Grand Canal was in the most glorious time________．
A．when it was aimed as a means of communication
B．when it crossed theYellow River and the Yangtze
C．when it was born about six hundred years later
D．when it was designed as an artificial waterway
3．What can we infer by reading the passage?
A．Tongzhou used to be the capital of the Yuan dynasty.
B．Most citizens living inTongzhou depend on the Canal.
C．Tongzhou will benefit if the Canal is made a heritage site.
D．Some citizens think the Canal not to be a cultural heritage item.
Passage 4 (2016·河北定兴月考)
话题：女儿给我的启示
词数：290
I stopped to watch my little girl busy playing in her room.In one hand was a plastic phone；in the other a toy.I listened as she was speaking to her make－believe little friend.And I’ll never forget the words she said，even though it was pretend.
She said，“Suzie’s in the corner because she’s not been very good.She didn’t listen to a word I said or do the things she should.” In the corner I saw her baby doll well dressed.It was obvious she’d been put there to sit alone and think.
My daughter continued her “conversation”，as I sat down on the floor.She said，“I’m all fed up，I just don’t know what to do with her anymore? She never lets me do the things that I just have to do？”
And that day I thought a lot about making some changes in my life；As I listened to her innocent words that cut me like a knife.I hadn’t been paying enough attention to what I hold most dear.I’d been caught up in responsibilities that increased throughout the year.
But now my attitude has changed，because，in my heart，I realize...I’ve seen the world in a different light through my little darling’s eyes.So，let the cobweb(蜘蛛网) cut the corners and the children rule the floor，I’m not going to worry about keeping up with them anymore.I’m going to fill the house with memories of a child and her mother...For we have only one childhood，and we will never get another.
1．Who is Suzie?
A．My girl’s phone. B．A baby doll.
C．The author. D．My girl’s friend.
2．How did the author feel when hearing my little girl’s words?
A．Uncomfortable. B．Moved.
C．Interested. D．Unbelievable.
3．The passage leads you to believe that ________．
A．the little girl doesn’t hate her mother any more
B．the author wants her little girl to have a happy childhood
C．the author cares nothing about her daughter’s happiness
D．the author has become lazy because of her daughter
4．What might be the best title?
A．How to deal with my daughter
B．My lovely daughter
C．Only one childhood
D．A world of children
Passage 5 (2016·皖江名校联考)
话题：聪明的女孩
词数：302
(CNN)—A 12－year－old girl who had a feeling that she might be quite clever has taken a test and proved she was absolutely right.
Lydia Sebastian achieved the top score of 162 on Mensa，Cattell III B paper，suggesting she has a higher IQ than well－known geniuses Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.The comparison doesn’t__sit__well__with the British student，who’s currently in Year 8 at Colchester County high school，a selective girl’s grammar school in Essex，England.
“I don’t think I can be compared to such great intellectuals such as Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.They’ve achieved so much.I don’t think it’s right，” Lydia told CNN.
Lydia sat the test in her summer holidays，after raising the idea with her parents and pestering (纠缠)them for the best part of a year.It turns out the test wasn’t that hard after all.
“I was really nervous before the test and I thought it was going to be really hard.But as I started the test，I thought it was a bit easier than I thought it was going to be，” she said.
Lydia’s not quite sure what she wants to do when she leaves school，although she’s leaning toward something “based around Maths，because it’s one of my favorite subjects.” “All I’m going to do is work as hard as I can，and see where that gets me，” she said.
To explain Lydia’s mark’s level，the top adult score in the Cattell III B test，which primarily tests verbal(语言) reasoning，is 161.A top 2% score—which allows entry to
Mensa，the club for those with high IQs—would be 148 or over.Lydia scored 162，placing her in the top 1% of the population.
1．Lydia wanted to have an IQ test because ________．
A．all people around thought that she was smart
B．she felt that she might have a high IQ
C．her parents strongly wanted her to do so
D．the grammar school advised her to do so
2．What does the underlined words mean in the second paragraph?
A．is not accepted by B．is not related to
C．does not satisfy D．does not affect
3．What is Lydia’s plan about the future according to the text?
A．She doesn’t have to work hard with her high IQ.
B．She has a tendency to focus around Maths.
C．She is quite sure about what to do in the future.
D．She will drop out of the grammar school.
4．What do we know from the last paragraph?
A．No one has achieved a higher IQ than Lydia.
B．Whoever has a high IQ can enter Mensa.
C．Only adults with high IQs can enter Mensa.
D．Mensa is a club for those with high IQs at least 148.
Passage 6 (2015·临沂调研)
话题：水上作业
词数：294
Students from Florida International University in Miami walked on water Thursday for a class assignment.To do it，they wore aquatic (水上的)shoes they designed and created.
Alex Quinones was the first to make it to the other side of a 175－foot lake on campus in record time—just over a minute.Quinones，who wore oversized boat－like shoes，also won last year and will receive $500.
Students had to wear the aquatic shoes and make it across the lake in order to earn an “A” on the assignment for Architecture Professor Jaime Canaves’Materials and Methods Construction Class.“It’s traditional in a school of architecture to do boats out of cardboard for a boat race.I thought our students were a little bit more special than that，” Canaves said.“We decided to do the walk on water event to take it to the next level.”
A total of 79 students competed in the race this year in 41 teams.Only 10 teams failed to cross the lake.Others who fell got back up and made it to the end.The race is open to all students and anyone in the community.The youngest person to ever participate was a 9－year－old girl who competed in place of her mother，while the oldest was a 67－year－old female.
A large crowd on campus joined Canaves as he cheered on the racers.He shouted encouraging words，but also laughed as some unsteadily made their way to the end.
“A part of this is for them to have more understanding of designing and make it work better，” he said.It is also a lesson in life for the students.
Anything，including walking on water，is possible，if you do the research，test it and go through the design process seriously.
1．Which statement about Alex Quinones is true ?
A．He finished the race in less than a minute.
B．He won the race with the help of 2 boats.
C．He failed the race last year.
D．He set a new record this year.
2．For what purpose did the students take part in the race?
A．To go across the lake to school.
B．To test their balance on the water.
C．To pass Professor Canaves’ class.
D．To win the prize money of $ 500.
3．Which of the following is true about the race?
A．The students who fell into the water had to quit.
B．More than 20 teams failed to cross the lake.
C．The students kept silent when the other racers competed.
D．The youngest competitor competed instead of her mother.
4．According to Canaves，this race can help the students ________．
A．understand designing better
B．achieve almost everything
C．work together and unite as one
D．walk on the surface of water
Passage 7 (2015·潍坊期末)
话题：黄石公园大火
词数：250
Starting in 1972，the National Park Service established a policy for forest fires called Natural Burn.It was acknowledged that some forest fires，such as those caused by lightning, were
necessary for forests to maintain balanced ecosystems，so the fire should be allowed to burn.However，a big fire in Yellowstone National Park in 1988 caused this policy to be abandoned since the fire was initially allowed to burn yet soon out of control.As a result，the fire of 1988 destroyed much of Yellowstone，which is America’s oldest and most beloved national park.Massive areas of plants were destroyed，and large empty spaces and acres of burned and blackened trees greeted visitors.The rivers and streams were choked with ash，and the ecosystem of the park was changed beyond repair.
In addition，great numbers of animals were killed by the fires that burned out of control.The fires were driven by high winds，moving as many as ten miles a day.Many small animals died in the flames.The fires’ rapid advances gave the wildlife little chance to escape.Even today，few of these small forest animals have returned to live in the park.In the years immediately following the fires，the numbers of visitors declined rapidly.No one was interested in seeing a blackened and treeless park on vacation.Yellowstone had previously been famous for its amazing views and unique geological formations such as the geyser Old Faithful.But now its reputation as America’s wonder is damaged permanently.
(Natural Burn：因自然现象而产生的森林之火可放任行之)
1．Natural Burn was adopted because some forest fires were ________．
A．hard to put out
B．started by lightning
C．good for the balance of nature
D．approved by National Park Service
2．The big fire in Yellowstone in 1988 ________．
A．became out of control at first
B．destroyed the park completely
C．was allowed to burn continuously
D．brought the natural burn policy to an end
3．Why were so many animals killed in the big fire?
A．Because winds were blown from high places.
B．Because the animals moved only ten miles a day.
C．Because the animals lived in lower places.
D．Because strong winds contributed to the fire a lot.
4．The text probably comes from ________．
A．a science fiction B．a news report
C．a commercial ad D．a geography magazine
Passage 8 (2015·河北衡水调研)
话题：江南style
词数：274
Recently，South Korean star PSY’s “Gangnam style” video has been popular on the Internet.It has become most people’s favorite music.
In fact，the song has set the Guinness World Record for the most popular video in the history of the Internet.More than two million people have said “like” since the song was on the Internet on July 15.
PSY’s special dance moves and funny horse riding style have attracted many people.Although many people do not understand the language，the video has become the talk of the Internet.The song has come to first place in the music charts in 31 countries，including the United States，the United Kingdom，and Canada.
“I just sang for my South Korean fans.I have never expected it to be popular in other countries，” PSY told the reporters on a concert.The song was so popular that a few of South Korean’s politicians showed PSY’s moves to attract supporters.
The song came out in mid－July.It sings about the rich life of South Korea—especially Gangnam in Seoul，where a lot of rich people live.
Millions of people have watched the video.Many stars，such as Katy Perry，Robbie Williams and Nelly Furtado said that they love the song.These stars performed part of the song at a recent concert.
Riding high on the success of “Gangnam Style”，PSY was signed by Scooter Braun to Braun’s Schoolboy Records，a label distributed by Universal Republic.
PSY has written many hit songs of varying styles for different singers.Prior to “Gangnam Style” his most famous composition perhaps was Lee Seung Gi’s debut(首次亮相) song “Because You Are My Woman”．
1．What makes PSY’s “Gangnam Style” the famous music of millions of people?
A．The song has set the Guinness World Record.
B．The song has come to first place in the music chart.
C．They like the dance moves and the horse riding style.
D．They don’t understand the words of the song.
2．Why did some of South Korea’s politicians show PSY’s moves?
A．They wanted to tell people that they were also fond of music.
B．They wanted people to support them.
C．They were PSY’s fans.
D．They liked PSY’s dancing style.
3．What’s “Gangnam Style” about?
A．The way of horse riding.
B．The rich life of people of Gangnam in Seoul.
C．The Guinness World Record.
D．The love of stars.
4．What is the best title of the passage?
A．Life of the Music Star PSY
B．“Gangnam Styly”—Most people’s favorite Music
C．PSY’s Famous Compositions
D．Meaning of “Gangnam Style”
Passage 9 (2015·长沙市高考模拟)
话题：Granny Look网站
词数：335
Christmas，Easter and Birthday parties can be difficult times for grandmothers and parents as they rush around trying to arrange the perfect celebration or making everyone as happy as possible! What’s better than a birthday party that makes your grandchild smile throughout or a celebration that impresses relatives and close friends?
That is why Granny Look has supplied in this section，one of the most comprehensive guides to making these special occasions that happen perhaps once a year a real success.
From a selection of Advent Calendars to party planning or Christmas－stocking fillers we have all the possibilities covered so that your children and grandchildren will really have a memorable time with attractive gifts and original ideas.
Bring that festive spirit to all those traditional days，and ensure you are always ready for any possibility.Granny Look’s extensive links are bound to make every special occasion an entirely different experience from the year before and allow everyone to feel entertained and content.
CHRISTMAS－STOCKING__FILLERS
LOOK no further！！ Granny Look helps the family to prepare in time for FATHER CHRISTMAS.Give SANTA CLAUS some ideas.He can fill all the children’s Christmas－stockings with goodies! Unique Christmas gifts for children－stocking fillers.
A Granny Look favorite!
ADVENT__CALENDARS
All children love the build－up to CHRISTMAS! What is better than choosing one of Granny Look’s selection of Advent Calendars! Here you will find a list of websites to buy traditional or fun Advent Calendars for children at Christmas time.
A Granny Look favorite!
BIRTHDAYS
LOOKING for a SPECIAL BIRTHDAY GIFT? Explore Granny Look’s selection of PRESENTS，PARTY PLANNING，PARTY TOYS and PARTY GAMES for your Children and Grandchildren’s BIRTHDAYS.
Plan and organize the KIDDIE’S PARTIES ahead of time！！
Don’t forget the PERSONALISED INVITATIONS!
CHRISTMAS
LOOK and BOOK now！！ Granny Look’s selection of CHRISTMAS GIFTS for children.
Some guides to “What’s on in your area”．..for the kids.PANTOS，SHOWS，THEATRES...at Christmas time!
UNIQUE Christmas gifts for Children.Spend QUALITY TIME with your Children’s Children this FESTIVE SEASON!
1．From the text，we know that “Granny Look” is ________．
A．a person who guides you to make your yearly celebration a real success
B．a magazine that helps the family to prepare for special occasions
C．a company that sells all sorts of products on the Internet
D．a website that helps you to prepare for special occasions
2．The purpose of the text is ________．
A．to make children have a memorable holiday
B．to show you how to shop on the Internet
C．to give you some information about Granny Look
D．to introduce some goods
3．If you want to send some invitations to your daughter’s classmates，where will you search for the information?
A．At Birthdays.
B．At Advent Calendars.
C．At Christmas－stocking fillers.
D．At Christmas.
4．You will fail to find any information at Christmas when you need ________．
A．Christmas cards B．fun Advent Calendars
C．Christmas gifts D．tickets for theatres
5．If your son wants a traditional Advent Calendar，you should search________．
A．Birthdays B．Advent Calendars
C．Christmas－stocking fillers D．Christmas
参考答案
A组 2016～2014年各省市高考题（改编）
考点一 主旨大意与写作意图题
Passage 1
【语篇导读】 这是一篇议论文。不同的文化对于沉默有着不同的解读。有的认为沉默意味着深思熟虑或脑海中一片空白；有的认为沉默就是执拗；也有的把沉默当成理解他人的必备谈话技巧而倍加珍视。
1．C [推理判断题。由第一段中的thoughtful, empty, stubbornness, extremely uncomfortable, necessity等关键词可以看出，不同文化对于沉默的解读是有很大差异的，意即它与特定的文化有关。因此答案为C。]
2．A [推理判断题。题干中的“as a call for careful thought”与第二段末句“a call for reflection”相对应，reflection意思是“审慎的思考”，再联系本段首句可知答案为A。]
3．D [推理判断题。第四段讲述护理人员对于病人沉默的处理技巧。由末句可知答案只能选D。]
★4. B [标题归纳题。全文自始至终都是围绕沉默而展开，论述其在不同文化中的含义及影响。因此答案为B。值得注意的是，D项(言语是银，沉默是金)迷惑性较大，但用它作标题，过于片面，不能概括全文。]
Passage 2
【语篇导读】 这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了BookCrossing.com网站所举办的图书分享活动，内容涉及这一活动的目的和一些具体情况。
★1. B [目的意图题。根据第一段内容可知，作者谈到读书小组经常在一起阅读、讨论，是为了介绍有此功能的BookCrossing.com网站。]
2．A [代词指代题。根据本句的内容可知，那些把书留在在公共场所的人希望自己的书能够随着阅读它的人走得更远。本句的it指代前面的the book。]
3．C [推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句话可知，让书蒙尘是一种很自私的行为，这个网站的目的正是鼓励人们与他人分享图书，所以拿到书的人读完后最有可能继续把书传递给其他的读者。]
★4. D [标题概括题。通读全文可知，这个网站把人们生命中最重要的两个事物——人和书紧密联系在一起。故D项最能概括全文主旨。]
Passage 3
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了英国的苹果节。
1．D [细节理解题。根据第二段中首句Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples.可知，在苹果节人们可以尝到各种各样的苹果。故选 D。]
2．C [细节理解题。根据第二段末句．..as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的) Cat’s Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.可知，Decio是一种很罕见的苹果。故选C。]
3．B [词义猜测题。根据．..but you’ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it，和．..for most apple lovers who fall for it.可知，对大多数苹果爱好者来说，种植这种苹果是无法实现的。故选 B。]
★4.B [写作意图题。纵观全文推知，作者主要介绍了英国的苹果节。故选B。]
Passage 4
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇议论文，研究表明好消息要比坏消息在网络上传播的更快、更广。
1．A [细节理解题。根据首段中的Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers.可知，这些规则适用于新闻报道。故选A。]
2．C [细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句可知，像Debbie Downer那样的人是不替别人着想的。故选 C。]
3．B [细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句可知，人们更愿意发送一些科学类的文章。故选B。]
★4. D [文章标题题。文章主要表明了通过研究证明了好消息要比坏消息在网络上传播的更快、更广。故选 D。]
Passage 5
Passage 5
【语篇导读】 这是一篇科普说明文。短文主要说明了人的食量与房子粉刷的颜色、灯光的明暗等有着密切的关系。它们对人的身材会产生一定的影响。
1. B [推理判断题。短文主要说明了饮食与室内光线、墙壁的颜色、餐具的尺寸及进餐的速度等有着密切的关系。显然这对于那些注重体型的人是有所帮助的。故答案为B。]
2. B [事实细节题。根据第三段“...people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.”可知，蓝色的用餐环境有助于减少食物摄入量。因此B项正确。]
3. C [事实细节题。由第四段第二句可知，进餐快的人比进餐慢的人每顿饭多消耗70卡路里的热量。由此可知A项错误。由第四段倒数第二句中的“turn on relaxing music”可知B项不对。而由第二段首句中的“turn up the lights”可知D项也是错误的。根据最后一段“when we choose a large spoon over a smaller one，total intake jumps by 14 percent.”也可直接推知答案为C。]
4．A [标题归纳题。短文首句即为主题句：房子可能影响住户的身材。接下来从房子的颜色、室内灯光等方面说明了对饮食的影响。用A项作标题，既能总括全文，又能吸引读者。]
Passage 6
【语篇导读】 文章通过讲述家庭企业的发展历程来强调家庭团结的重要性。介绍了Helene An和她的丈夫离开越南时，他们并不富有。Helene An以筷子为例教育孩子在家庭及事业中要团结起来，只要有梦想，一定会成功。
1．A [句意：海琳把几支筷子绑在一起来显示家庭团结的力量。考查细节理解。由第一段Helene An always told them that there was strength in unity与B项意思相近。]
2．B [考查细节理解。由they didn't have much money与B项意思相近。]
3．C [考查推理判断。由第三段Our mother taught us that to succeed we must have unity可知。]
4．D [考查主旨大意。由文章最后一段可知文章主要讲的是家庭团结对取得成功的重要性。文章没有讲怎样经营一家大型公司，也没有提到怎样实现伟大梦想。]
Passage 7
【语篇导读】 该篇介绍了专家们通过实验了解了互联网是如何改变我们记忆内容以及方式的，但这并不意味着我们是否能变得聪明，但毫无疑问的是，我们记忆的方式正在改变。
1．A [考查写作意图。由第一段可知作者使用两个问题是为了引出要讨论的话题。]
2．C [考查细节理解。由第二段so they did not try to remember it可知。]
3．D [考查细节理解。由第三段Rather, they remember how to find it可知在交互记忆里，人们记得如何找到信息。]
4．A [考查推理判断。由第四段but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing可知。]
Passage 8
【语篇导读】 本文主要讲述的是关于金字塔的建造，不同的专家有着不同的见解。这篇文章主要讲述了两种看法。
1．C [细节理解题。根据文章第四段的 The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths，可知选择C。 ]
2．D [词义猜测题。根据第四段的To make the work easier以及下文的either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle可知，这样做是为了让路更加平滑，故选择D。]
3．A [代词指代题。由于是指代词，可知内容应该在上文，根据第六段的内容可知工人把木料绑在石块上，然后滚动石块。]
4．D [细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的 workers wouldn't have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths.可知，滚动石块不需要有准备工作，故选择D。]
5．D [主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，文章主要讲述了一种新的把石块移动到金字塔地址的方法，故选择D。]
Passage 9
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是社交机器人未来的发展情况。无论是在家里或工作场所，社交机器人将在未来的几年中变得更为常见。
1．B [细节理解题。根据第一段中的Social robots are ... in a more humanized way.和第二段内容可知，社交机器人更人性化。]
2．D [细节判断题。根据第三段最后一句话可知，Jibo机器人服从命令，并能提醒你按时吃药。]
3．C [细节判断题。根据倒数第二段中The company's “Oshbot” robot is built to assist customers in a store可知，Oshbot机器人可以作为店员帮助顾客查找需要的东西。]
4．B [推理判断题。根据最后一段中的Oshbot, like other social robots...but to work alongside other employees.可知，社交机器人将会成为我们的同事，和我们一起工作。]
5．D [主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍的是社交机器人。故答案为D。]
Passage 10
【语篇导读】 咖啡豆的生产和咖啡树的种植给人类带来了意想不到的结果。因为咖啡树生长需要充足的阳光，人类不仅破坏了遮荫的森林，还破坏了生态平衡，进而威胁人类的健康。
1．B [细节事实题。根据第四段的第二句可知：靠阳光生长的咖啡树的大量种植导致了遮荫树的减少，这已经引起了世界气候的变化，研究表明这些能释放氧气的树的减少也导致了空气污染和全球变暖。对应B项。A项错在limit一词上；C项错在slow down上；D项错在improve一词上，不是改善了土壤，而是使变成了酸性土壤。]
2．D [作者意图题。根据文章的描述，特别是最后一段话，咖啡树的大量种植不仅给当地环境，而且给全球生态都带来了影响。所以对于消费者来说，他们可以有不同的选择，他们可以选择购买在树荫下成长起来的咖啡，虽然价格会昂贵一点，但是和人类和全球的健康相比，那也是值得的。作者的目的是劝说人们不要为了咖啡破坏生态平衡。]
3．A [文章出处题。本题可以使用排除法，和咖啡种植有关的一定是agriculture农业一词，而不是medical，engineering，tourist等。]
4．A [文章结构题。全文是以总分总的结构进行叙述的。第一段提出问题(最后一句)，第二、三、四段分别针对咖啡树的种植对当地、全球、整个生态平衡的影响做了描述，最后一段总结，提出解决问题的办法。]
Passage 11
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇记叙文，论述了黑人奴隶Elizabeth Freeman为争取自由而与生命抗争的故事。
1．A [事实细节题。根据第一段，她出生在一个奴隶家庭，根据历史背景知识，故选A项。]
2．C [推理判断题。根据第二段可知，Mumbet保护她的姐姐，代为受罚，愤然离开，拒绝回来，后咨询律师，可知答案。]
3．B [推理判断题。根据第三段第二句话，她认为自由平等也“适用”于她，故选B项。]
4．A [事实细节题。根据第四段“She declined and instead went to work for Sedgewick.”故选A项。]
5．C [主旨大意题。根据全文大意，讲述的是一位黑人奴隶勇敢的故事，故选C项。]
Passage 12
【语篇导读】 “我”是一个不拘小节的人，宿舍经常被弄得一团糟，而“我”的室友Kate却生活条理，喜欢整洁，终于，我们由于各自不同的生活习惯产生争吵，幸亏一个电话终止了我们的争吵：Kate的奶奶去世了，Kate陷入悲痛，“我”表现出了对她的关切和照顾，我们重归于好。我也学会了如何与室友相处。
1．D [细节理解题。根据文章第二自然段第三句话可知。]
2．C [细节推断题。上文提到“我”看到Kate伤心，心中升起一股温暖的同情感，下文就写到我整理房间，可以推知“我”想表达对她的关切和安慰。故选C。]
3．B [推理判断题。第一段通过对比“我”与室友的不同为下文产生矛盾做好铺垫，故选B。]
4．D [主旨大意题。文章通过记叙自身经历使自己学会了如何和室友相处，最后一自然段结尾点明“我”学得的共处经验，是文章的中心句，故选D。]
Passage 13
【语篇导读】 关于胖瘦和锻炼等话题，人们有很多普遍认同的观点，但这些观点并不都是正确的，对于几个观点，作者给予了详细的阐述与论证。
1．D [细节理解题。根据文章第二自然段最后一句话可知。]
2．A [细节推断题。根据文章第四自然段可知让锻炼变得不枯燥的办法是“develop a balanced and varied program that's fun as well as progressive.”故选A。]
3．B [细节推断题。根据文章第五自然段第三句话可推知“如果身体出问题也会疼，继续锻炼只能导致更严重的伤害。”第五句就提到如果是持续疼痛，就要休息和看医生。故选B。]
4．B [主旨大意题。根据文章第一自然段第一句话可知本文的写作目的是为了纠正人们关于肥胖和锻炼的不正确的看法。]
Passage 14
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇记叙文，记述了Samuel Osmond一个音乐天才的人物故事。
1．D [事实细节题。由第一段中的However，he can play very difficult musical pieces by musicians...可知，故选D项。]
2．D [事实细节题。由第二段最后两句“but music teachers told him he should study music instead.Now，he studies law and music”可知选D。]
3．C [事实细节题。由第三段最一句Samuel can't understand why everyone is so surprised和第三、四句“I suddenly decided to start playing the piano，without being able to read music and without having any lessons.It comes easily to me...each and every note”可知，他不用看音符就能弹钢琴，故选C项。]
4．C [推理判断题。由第四段最后一句Samuel says confidently，“It's all about super memory—I guess I have that gift.”可推出。]
5．B [主旨大意题。全文都是说学法律的Samuel有音乐天才。]
Passage 15
【语篇导读】 文章论述了伦敦新的摩天大楼the Shard的建造所带来的争议。有人认为它是英国传统文化的传承，是一项很好的变化。但也有批评者认为Shard造成了社会(贫富) 分化。
1．B [细节理解题。根据第二段第四行到第五行So the building has an unusual shape.It looks like a very thin，sharp piece of broken glass.And that is how the building got the name：Shard.可知答案为B。]
2．B [细节理解题。根据第二段的倒数第二句：Piano says that the spire shape of the Shard is part of a great London tradition可知答案为B。]
3．B [细节理解题。根据第五段第三句Only very rich people can afford to buy the expensive private apartments and stay in the hotel.可知答案为B。]
4．D [主旨大意题。整篇文章论述的是伦敦新的摩天大楼的建造所带来的争议。有人认为它是英国传统的传承，是一个很好的变化。但也有人提出质疑，认为Shard造成了社会(贫富) 分化。因此答案选D。]
Passage 16
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇说明文。分别介绍了巴西、新加坡、阿联酋和瑞士的习俗和社交礼仪。
1．C [主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了巴西、新加坡、阿联酋和瑞士的习俗和社交礼仪，故选C。]
2．D [细节理解题。根据“In Singapore”部分最后三句话可知，等级和特权是非常重要的，这就决定了人们在开会时如何互动，下级应该服从上级，故选D。]
3．B [细节理解题。根据“In the United Arab Emirates”部分倒数第三句“When meetings are one－to－one，...”可知，在阿联酋当单独与主人见面时不能喝主人提供的咖啡。故选B。]
4．D [细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第二句话可知，在瑞士人们通常把手放桌上，肘部远离桌子，这是他们正规的餐桌礼仪，故选D。]
Passage 17
【语篇导读】 本文为说明文。大千世界，无奇不有。树和人类一样，也是依靠彼此的合作与支持，树的家族才得以延续。“母亲树”，在死亡前夕会无私地将自己的财富传递给下一代。
1．C [句意猜测题。根据第二段最后一句话对the opposite is true的解释：trees survive through their co－operation and support，passing around necessary nutrition“depending on who needs it”树是通过他们的合作、支持并传递必要的营养，得以生存的。]
2．B [细节理解题。根据第四段的第一、二句话可知，“母亲树”之所以十分重要，是因为她们是其他树赖以生存的基础，她们死亡前会把财富，特别是一些重要的矿物质输送给年轻的树，来促进它们的生长，因此B项正确，与pass on nutrition to young trees 正好吻合。]
3．A [代词指代题。根据最后一段前两句话：Dying trees move nutrition into the young trees before dying，but we never give them chance.垂死的“母亲树”在死亡前把营养传递给年轻树，但我们从未给它们机会，可以看出，it指的是“树的家族”固有的生存法则。]
4．C [主旨大意题。本题可用排除法来做，A.老树像人类一样交流；B.小树需要保护；C.树远远超出你的想像；D.树有助于我们的社会。从以上题目来看，只有C符合本文大意。]
Passage 18
【语篇导读】 这是一篇说明文，向读者介绍了ORBIS(奥比斯)——一个致力于为世界各国盲人和眼疾患者恢复光明的国际性慈善机构。
1．C [推理判断题。作者在第一段让读者闭上眼睛想象三件事：生活会是什么样子？如何度过余生？不用眼睛仅用指尖阅读书页。这会使读者体会到盲人生活的艰难。由此可知其目的是为了引起公众对盲人的关注。]
2．C [细节理解题。由短文第二段的开头两句可知答案。]
3．B [细节理解题。根据短文第二段最后两句话，尤其第三段第三句“ORBIS has taught sight－saving techniques to over 35，000 doctors and nurses...”可知B为最佳答案。]
4．A [推理判断题。作者列举的一连串的数据表明：任何数目的捐款都会有助于提高盲人的生活质量。显然他是在呼吁更多的人为ORBIS募捐。]
5．C [主旨大意题。通篇文章都是围绕ORBIS这一国际慈善机构在世界各地的开展情况进行说明的，故排除B、D两项。A项以偏概全，故C项为最佳答案。]
Passage 19
【语篇导读】 这是一则新闻报道。35岁的卡车司机Colm因突发严重过敏反应而导致心脏骤停。跟妈妈学过心肺复苏术的九岁女孩Izzy竟挽救了父亲的生命。
1．D [细节理解题。根据第二段首句的“...restarted father Colm's heart by stamping on his chest...”可知答案。]
2．C [细节理解题。根据生活常识可知，妈妈不可能在Colm出现危险后再教给女儿心肺复苏术，所以③应排在④的前面。由第3段可知②在①之前发生。由此可知答案。]
3．A [主旨大意题。通读全段可知，本段并没有描述过敏反应的症状和原因，只是说明Colm罹患此病而两次被送进医院的事。因此答案为A。注意B项为最后一段的大意。]
4．C [写作意图题。开头一段是这则新闻的导语。导语即是新闻的主旨大意，而这段文字的中心人物正是小女孩Izzy。因此答案为C。]
Passage 20
【语篇导读】 经研究发现生活方式和饮食习惯影响人的体重。法国人当感觉饱时就会停止吃饭，而美国人直到盘子空了才会停止，且喜欢罐装食品和快餐，因此美国人的肥胖率远高于法国人。
1．C [细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句话可知答案为C。]
2．B [判断推理题。根据文章最后一段可知答案为B。]
3．A [写作手法题。文章把法国人和美国人的生活理念和饮食习惯在第二段作了对比，最后一段在肥胖率方面作了对比，故答案为A。]
4．C [考查文章出处。文章旨在说明饮食习惯影响人的体重，习惯不当易引起肥胖，与健康有关，故选C。]
考点二 细节理解题
Passage 1
【语篇导读】 这是一篇记叙文，属于人物传记。介绍了近一百年来涌现出来的四位杰出的女性。
★1. A [事实细节题。第二段第一句的意思是，任何一位得到过帮助的人都要感谢Jane Addams。由此可知，Jane Addams以a social worker的身份帮助了他人。故答案为A。]
2．C [推理判断题。根据第四段“...she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman.”可知，由于O’Connor是女性，而未能在法律事务所找到工作。由此可以推断这是对妇女的歧视。因此答案只能选C。]
★3. D [事实细节题。由题干可以迅速将答案锁定在文章最后一段，根据“Her simple act landed Parks in prison...and kicked off the civil rights movement.”所提供的信息可知，Parks为国内的人权运动做出了极大贡献。故选D项。]
4．C [推理判断题。根据短文对四位妇女的介绍可知，她们在各自的领域所做出的贡献开创了历史的新局面，起着带头人的作用。因此答案为C。此外，由文中出现两次的the first woman也可推断答案。]
Passage 2
【语篇导读】 这是一篇应用文。主要介绍了四则广告，涉及四个娱乐节目的时间、地点和具体内容等。
★1. A [事实细节题。根据第一个广告中的最后一句话可知，Jules Skye可以告诉你怎样找到合适的人。所以如果你想制作自己的音乐，应该找Jules Skye。]
★2. B [事实细节题。根据第二个广告中的8.30pm—10.30pm Comedy at Kaleidoscope和This joyful show will please everyone from the youngest to the ddest.可知，在Kaleidoscope举办的这个演出能让所有的人感到开心快乐。]
★3.D [事实细节题。根据第三个广告中的Wednesdays at Victoria Stage可知，Simon’s Workshop的表演是在每个周三进行。B项与5.00 pm.—7.30 pm.不相符。]
★4.C [事实细节题。根据第四个广告中的8.00 pm.—11.00 pm. Pizza World可知，Charlotte Stone将在晚上8.00 pm.—11.00 pm.之间演唱。]
Passage 3
【语篇导读】 这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述的是Frank Hurley收集的照片把过去一次不成功的航海活动重新展现了出来。
★1. D [事实细节题。根据第二段中的they were shot from 1914 through 1916, most of them after a disastrous shipwreck可知，这些照片记录的是一次海难。]
★2. C [事实细节题。根据第三段最后一句话中的Captain Scott had reached the South Pole可知，到达南极的是Robert Falcon Scott。]
★3. C [事实细节题。根据最后一段中的．..start a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography可知，Alexander认为他1914航行的目的就是为了挣钱发财。]
Passage 4
【语篇导读】 本文是几则广告，主要介绍了五支乐队的表演地点、时间、联系方式等信息。
★1. A [细节理解题。只有第一段是opera的演出。根据此段最后一句中Phone: 241－2742.http：//www.cityopera.com.可知，如果想看歌剧应拨打此电话。故选A。]
★2. B [细节理解题。根据第二则广告中的．..which offers several concerts from March through June.可知，五月份在演出的时间范围之内。故选B。]
★3. C [细节理解题。根据第四则广告中的Students with I．D.card can attend the events for free.可知，带有身份证的学生可以免费观看CCM组织的一系列的演出。故选 C。]
★4. A [细节理解题。根据第五则广告中的Large outdoor theater with the closest seats under cover (price difference)．可知，只有Riverbend Music Theater拥有在户外的座位。故选A。]
Passage 5
【语篇导读】 这篇短文主要介绍了现代著名艺术家Dali的作品风格及the world of Dali中的展品情况。
1．B [推理判断题。短文首段介绍了艺术家Dali的作品。由“...with an exhibition bring together over 200 paintings，sculptures，drawings and more.”一句可知，Dali的作品众多，是一个多产画家。故答案为B。]
2．A [推理判断题。根据第一段“...the visitors will find the best pieces，most importantly the Persistence of Memory”可知，该作品在Dali的最佳作品中是最重要的，由此可以推断它是Dali的杰作之一。]
3．D [事实细节题。根据第二段末句中的“...follows a path of time and subject.”可知，Dali的作品是按时间和主题进行布展的。答案选D。]
4．A [词义猜测题。由最后一段可知，展出的作品主要来源于两个途径：一是与马德里的一家艺术馆密切合作；一是靠像Salvador Dali Museum这样的机构的捐赠。联系全文大意及前一分句不难推测其它机构捐赠的是艺术作品。因此答案为A。]
Passage 6
【语篇导读】 这是一篇记叙文。作者用幽默诙谐的笔调向我们讲述了他购买的一台电视机所带来的一系列烦恼的故事。
1. C [推理判断题。根据“...newspaper advertisements for the set at seventy－five dollars less than I had paid.”可知，作者是在一天后看到自己所购买的电视机降了75美元才感觉自己上当受骗了。由此可知他本可以以更低的价格购买这台电视机的。因此C项正确。]
2. A [词义猜测题。由下一句的内容可知，我没有彻夜播放电影的频道，不然就无法睡觉了。据此可以推断作者一直看到一天的节目结束为止。故A项为正确答案。]
3. D [事实细节题。由短文最后“My trip to the repair shop cost me $62.”一句可知，作者把电视机送到维修店请人修理。]
4. D [推理判断题。纵览全文，尤其是第二段末句“I actually began to build up my arm muscles，shaking my set.”(通过摇晃电视机，我手臂的肌肉增强了不少)，字里行间流露出作者幽默调侃的语气。因此答案为D。]
Passage 7
【语篇导读】 这是一篇议论文。越来越多的学生在上大学期前都会度过一个间隔年。然而人们对于这一现象所持的看法却大相径庭。有的人十分推崇，而有的人却极力反对。
1．C [事实细节题。由短文首句及第三段“That is a record 14.7% increase in the number of students taking a gap year.”一句可知，这种现象日渐流行。因此答案为C。]
2. A [推理判断题。根据第三段Tony Higgins的话可知，度过这个间隔年的学生会变得更加成熟和富有责任感，从而更有可能完成他们所选的课程。故A项正确。]
3. B [推理判断题。由第四段首句及接下来引用Owain James的话可知，他对这一现象并不感到快乐，而是对学生的学业感到担忧。]
4. C [推理判断题。由短文最后一句可知，假期里多达90%的学生被迫去工作。结合前文“...young people are being forced into earning money.”可知答案非C莫属。]
Passage 8
【语篇导读】 该篇介绍了食品作为一种交流的两个基本方面，来说明它是世界各地不同文化的一个重要组成部分。
1．B [考查细节理解。由第一段．..can promote unity and trust可知。]
2．B [考查细节理解。由第三段signifies (预示)．..success in the New Year可知。]
3．A [考查推理判断。由第三段可知。]
4．D [考查主旨大意。由最后一段可知。]
Passage 9
【语篇导读】 在Haytor附近的自然保护区Dartmoor内有一千头小马驹，这里的小马驹很调皮。游客们喂养小马驹给它们增加了一些不安全隐患，也使得小马驹的一年一度的迁移变得困难。自然保护区的官员们正在想方设法找到一个解决困扰保护区持续发展的最大问题——财政问题。
1．C [细节理解题。由第三段By feeding the ponies，tourists increase the risk of them getting hit by a car，and make them harder to gather during the area's annual pony drift(迁移)．可知，通过喂小马驹，使它们增加被汽车撞到的危险，并且使它们每年的迁移都变得更困难。因此选C。]
2．B [细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句，Some of them are also later sold，in order to limit the number of ponies according to the rules set by Natural England.可知其中一个原因是控制小马驹的数量。]
3．D [推理判断题。由第五段assuming he was just rolling for fun，认为小马驹打滚玩耍。]
4．B [判断推理题。由第六段(最后一段)最后一句，most financially－troubled elements可知财政问题是困扰保护小马驹的最棘手的难题。]
Passage 10
【语篇导读】 这是一篇写在母亲节的文章，在母亲节这一天，每个人都会对母亲做一些事，比如送一束花等等，但是作者认为，母亲这一职业值得全年的关注，因为它包含太多。
1．B [细节理解题。根据文章的they would earn as much as$172，000 a year.以及This would make their yearly income ￡3，000 more than the Prime Minister earns.可知，总理的工资是172，000－3，000＝142，000。故选择B。]
2．A [细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段的It also asked mothers about the challenges they face, with 80 percent making emotional(情感的) demand as the hardest thing about motherhood.可知，选择A。]
3．B [细节理解题。根据最后一段的The emotional，physical and mental energy mothers devote to their children can be never－ending, but children are also sources of great joy and happiness.可知，选择B，指母亲付出的牺牲是巨大的，但是又是值得的。]
4．C [推理判断题。根据文章第一段的But, according to a new study, we should be placing a higher value on motherhood all year.可知，作者认为母亲的重要性应该得到更多的关注，故选择C。]
Passage 11
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇应用文，主要谈论的是学生宿舍管理的一些具体要求及违犯规定所受的惩罚等。
1．D [细节理解题。根据第一部分第一句话可知，电视和电热毯是允许学生在宿舍使用的。而不允许使用的有candles, ceiling fans, fireworks, waterbeds, sun lamps and wireless routers。]
2．A [细节理解题。根据第二部分中的The Office of Residence Life may change the door lock combination...if it is found that the student has shared the combination with others.可知，如果一个学生被发现与他人共享组合密码，那么组合密码就会被更改。]
3．A [细节理解题。根据第三部分最后一句话可知，除了可以使用微波炉热食物外，学生们不允许在房间里做饭。其他选项与本部分的内容不相符。]
4．C [细节判断题。根据第四部分最后一句话可知，如果得到警告后仍在房间养宠物一周，那他就会被交到学生法庭。]
5．D [细节判断题。根据最后一部分中的Minimum quiet hours ... are 11：00 pm to 8：00 am Sunday through Thursday.Quiet hours on Friday and Saturday nights are 1：00 am to 8：00 am.可知，只有D项属于安静时间之外，可以举办聚会。故答案为D。]
Passage 12
【语篇导读】 这是一篇说明文，介绍了世界各地有趣的“美食节”。
1．B [细节理解题。根据题干可知答案在第一段中寻找。根据倒数第二句中的括号内的内容，可知，斯蒂尔顿奶酪翻滚大赛上翻滚的是木制奶酪。]
2．A [细节理解题。根据题干可知答案需要在第二段中寻找，根据第二段第一句可知，激烈的食品烧烤节是在新墨西哥举行的。]
3．B [细节理解题。根据题干可知答案在第三段中寻找，第三段的第二句提到a week－long celebration可以看出选B。]
4．C [细节判断题。根据第二段的倒数第二句可知，any one of the thousands of the products that are on show.在食品烧烤节上，会有上千种食品展示。]
Passage 13
【语篇导读】 这是一篇实用文体，作者向社会发出倡议，呼吁更多的人利用业余时间报名参加志愿活动，帮助在学习上存在困难的人们。
1．D [推理判断题。既然是招募志愿者，而且还列出了“Position，Place，Hours，Role，Skills and Experience Required”等条目，显然这篇文章的意旨是做广告宣传。]
2．A [句意推断题。画线句子本是“成功”的意思。但联系前文“...knowing you have made a real difference in someone's life.”可知答案非A莫属。]
3．D [事实细节题。“But your primary concern is to let them know they are valued.”一句是解答本题的依据。]
4．B [事实细节题。短文最后一句“Previous care－related experience will be a great advantage for you.”说明以往的相关经验是申请这一职位的最大优势，由此可以推断该条件是优先考虑的。A、C、D三项内容在文中均被提及，但由题干中first一词予以排除。]
Passage 14
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇说明文，作者通过生动简洁的例子向读者论述了经济学家提出的“机会成本”的概念。
1．D [细节理解题。根据文章第一自然段第二句话对“机会成本”这一概念的论述可知“机会成本”是用来衡量机会选择的。故选D。]
2．C [细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句话内容可知，一开始观看现场表演需金钱和路途上的时间，而后选择在家看比赛就可节省出来回途中的时间，故选C。]
3．B [词义理解题。根据文章第四自然段可以看出做出每一决定都会放弃另一种机会forgone opportunity的概念即指为了更好的选择而放弃掉的机会，故选B。]
Passage 15
【语篇导读】 本文讲述了科学家Lucy King和她的团队发现大象害怕蜜蜂，并且做实验来证实这个事情。
1．D [事实细节题。根据文章第一段“Recordings of angry bees are...farmers' crop”可知愤怒的蜜蜂为大象所害怕。故选D。]
2．B [事实细节题。根据文章最后一段中“Lucy is now studying...she hasn't tested enough groups yet to know”可知Lucy需要对更多的象群进行实验，故选B。]
3．A [事实细节题。根据文章第三段中“Lucy found a wild beehive...and set up a recorder”和第四段中“Lucy switched on the pre－recorded sound...a video camera.”可知Lucy向野蜂窝扔石头是为了激怒蜜蜂以便录下它们的声音。故选A。]
4．C [事实细节题。根据文章第二段“In 2002，scientist Lucy King and her team...living in them”一句，可知大象不敢靠近住有蜜蜂的树。故选C。]
Passage 16
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇介绍类应用文，介绍了Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium(水族馆)的开放时间、位置、到达的交通方式、停车场服务、轮椅服务以及条款(主要是门票事宜)等信息。此类文章可以根据题干信息，采用逆读法做题。
1．A [细节理解题，由文章第一句话 situated in the heart of Melbourne's CBD可知，它与选项A：is located at the center of the CBD in the city 是同义句，situated in＝located in位于。]
2．D [细节理解题。根据题干信息和选项，答案必然在Getting to Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium 这段，根据这一段中的Train分段所表达的信息，从Southern Cross train stations到水族馆，只需要走walk一小段路即可，因此A不对；B项说的shuttle buses不是在火车站周围，而是in and around the city；C项未提到；D项定位到Tram段落，水族馆就位于Tram公交线路上，且后面明确说到乘坐路线70，75均可，所以选D。]
3．B [细节理解题。根据选项关键词，定位到Car Parking，Wheelchair Access和Getting to Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium段落。A项未涉及停车场免费与否，不选；B选项段落中明确表达了．..provides people in wheelchairs with full access to 12 zones，即提供轮椅通道；C网络未提到；D交通服务，根据前面的Getting to Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium段落中可知，需要乘客自行选择，而不是水族馆提供的。]
4．C [细节理解题。根据题干Tickets定位到最后一段Terms段落，根据present tickets at the front entrance以及no ticket，no entry可以确定选择C。]
Passage 17
【语篇导读】 本文叙述了学者们正在努力记录濒临消失的语言和文化，来挽救这些语言。
1．B [事实细节题。根据文章第二段中“In an effort to prevent...they reflect.”可知学者们正在努力挽救濒临消失的语言。]
2．A [词义猜测题。根据文章第四段中“But he is not content...without record.”可知“that tradition”是指Turin记录语言。故选A。]
3．D [事实细节题。根据文章第二段中“...grows out of his experience living，looking and raising a family in a village in Nepal.”可知Turin的书以其在尼泊尔的个人经历为基础。故选D。]
4．C [推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Generations of communities from whom...collected”和“Turin notes the endangered languages...speech communities.”可知，Turin的工作是“收集，保护和使再接合”，故选C。]
Passage 18
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇说明文，文章主要向大家说明在选择做出正确决定的时候，我们应该关注的是问题的产生以及事件的过程，而不是结果。比如在减肥中，我们应该关注饮食和运动，在教育过程中，应该鼓励孩子多读书，关注学习过程，而不是考试结果。通过这两个例子来论证了做出正确决定的重要性，也就是说，要达到一个目标，必须使你的目标具体，具有可操控性。
1．B [细节理解题。根据第一段Setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake.和第二段的To reach our goal of losing weight—the output，we need to control what we eat—the input (输入)．That is，we tend to care about the output but not to control the input.This is a bad way to construct goals.这句即可找出答案。整篇文章都在阐述我们在做决定或寻求问题的解决方案的时候，我们不能从结果的角度入手，而应该从问题的过程或起因入手，对于减肥这个问题，我们应该关注的是我们的饮食以及运动情况，而不是关注我们要减重多少，这种只关注结果的行为是没有效果的。]
2．D [细节理解题。答案在第三段中，列举了这种关注过程和起因的行为分别在教育中的体现，在Roland Fryer的案例中，孩子们会因为过程中的努力，如读了某些书而受到奖励，而这些孩子所获得的成就要比那些关注结果，即考试考得好会得到奖励的孩子们的收获或成就多。具体信息源在：His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect when based on output.一句中。]
3．A [细节理解题。只有A选项是将目标放在了事物的进程中，是一个具体的目标，也是一个好目标，而其他选项都只关注了结果。]
4．C [细节理解题。A，B，D都只关注了final goal 以及outcome，根据倒数第二段可知，C 建议我们坚持细节行为：即一个特殊的目标a well－specified action－based goal，形成好的习惯。]
Passage 19
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇应用说明文，主要是对某大学的应用指南，文章从饮食、休闲、健康、学习、交通几个方面对该大学的服务场所、设施、开放时间、注意事项等方面进行阐述和说明，以供读者获得所需信息。
1．C [本题考查细节理解。根据第一部分“Food”中第二句“It serves snacks，drinks，ice cream bars and meals.”和第一自然段最后一句“you can use the tables to eat your lunch，to have meetings and to study.”可知道答案。]
2．A [本题考查细节理解。根据第二部分“Relaxation”可知答案。]
3．D [本题考查细节理解。根据第三部分“Health”第一句话：“...the Wellness Centre is committed to physical，emotional and social health.”可知答案。]
4．C [本题考查细节理解。根据第四部分“Academic Support”中第三句话“You can sign up for an appointment on the sign－up sheet outside the door...”可知答案。]
5．D [本题考查细节推断。根据第五部分“Transportation”第二句话“The shuttle transports students between campus and the shopping centre，...”可知答案。]
Passage 20
【语篇导读】 这是一篇实用文体。介绍了度假村the Powerhouse本月举办各类活动的时间、特色及有关事宜。
1．A [细节理解题。根据题干中的“dance”一词可在Chinese Folk Dancing一段中找到“Sunday 29 June and Wednesday 2 July”这一信息。]
2．C [细节理解题。由题干中的关键词“magic tricks”在文章倒数第二段找到呼应词magic，该段落对应的即是Club Med Circus School。]
3．B [细节理解题。本题答案源于末段首句。]
4．A [推理判断题。根据文首“DON'T FORGET our other special event...”和最后一段“Members receive Powerline，our monthly magazine，discounts in the shops and restaurants，as well as free admission to the museum.”可以推断此文的目的是为了吸引更多的游客到度假村来。]
Passage 21
【语篇导读】 本文是说明文，介绍了一种研究洋流的特别方式。
1．B [词义猜测题。由前面的so many shoes和后面的to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear，特别是sell，可知是建立交易市场，故选B。]
2．C [事实细节题。由第二段二、三、四句“He phoned the shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back.As expected，the company told him that they didn't.Ebbesmeyer realized this could be a great experiment”可知，选C。]
3．A [事实细节题。由第三段第二句Ebbesmeyer got to know a lot of them (serious beachcombers) and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed及其后几句可知，选A，“通过海滩清理者收集信息”。]
4．D [事实细节题。由第四段第一句Ebbesmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean可知，选D。]
5．C [主旨大意题。文章主题句在第一段，即However，ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer does it in a special way—by studying movements of random floating garbage，由此可知选C。]
Passage 22
【语篇导读】 作者通过和一个小男孩相处的故事，告诉我们，大声地批评和恐吓调皮的孩子只能使事情变得更糟糕，给予孩子更多的时间和宽容可以使事情变得好起来。
1．C [细节理解题。根据文中最后一段“He told me that the teacher didn't let him do what he knew well due to safety but asked him to do what he disliked.”可知，老师让他做他不喜欢的事情。]
2．A [细节理解题。根据第四段第2至3行But I could see that he was doing all these to annoy me.He needed connection，and this was the only way he knew how to ask for it.So I sat back down and kept quiet.可知作者一开始不去纠正这个男孩的不良行为是因为这是孩子特有的表达方式，作者要做的不是批评、要求孩子，而是耐心地等孩子平静下来。同时，作者处理这件事的方式与全文主题句I learned that shouting and threats of punishment would result in a disaster相对应。故选A。]
3．D [细节理解题。根据文章最后一段第二句I believe that if I had criticized him，the gate that was slowly opening would have shut firmly closed.答案为D。]
4．B [细节理解题。根据文章最后一段最后一句Then he looked at me with tears in his eyes before quietly asking if he could go to find his teacher to apologize可知男孩要向老师道歉，为自己之前的行为感到后悔，故选B。]
Passage 23
【语篇导读】 本文题目为地铁袖珍指南。文中详细介绍了一些地铁站的信息。
1．D [事实细节题，根据文章第二段“There are no change machines...up to $5 in change”可知D项正确。]
2．B [事实细节题。根据“Hours of service”中的信息“Close：midnight Sun—Thurs；3a.m.Fri－Sat.nights”可知周六凌晨三点地铁停止服务，故B项正确。]
3．B [事实细节题。根据“Metrobus”中“When paying with exact...the fare is $1.25”可知使用Smar Trip® card可以节省钱。故B项正确。]
4．A [事实细节题。根据文章最后一段中“If you lose something...please call...”可知A项正确。]
考点三 推理判断题
Passage 1
【语篇导读】 这是一篇夹叙夹议文。介绍了父母为了帮助孩子照顾其子女而搬家至他们很近的地方或与他们住在一起这一现象。
★1. A [推理判断题。由第一段“...regard the move as a success, giving them a closer relationship...”一句可知，Garza一家子孙三代住在一起，加强了家人之间的纽带。因此答案为A。]
★2. D [推理判断题。由“Two－thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family”不难看出，多数人认为这是一种趋势。]
3．C [事实细节题。由第三段首句可知，人们急切地想挣脱父母的束缚来证明自己能独立行事。因此C为正确答案。]
★4. A [推理判断题。本段首句即为主题句。由接下来的解释可知，祖父母不可盲从，要视自己的兴趣做出相应的抉择。故答案为A。]
Passage 2
【语篇导读】 这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述的是作为老师，作者让学生拼装玩具是为了更多地了解他们，从中发现并激励他们的创造力。
★1. A [推理判断题。根据第二段的内容可知，拼装玩具时，有些学生看别人如何行动，有些学生查看了使用说明并根据模型拼装。而另外一些学生则根据自己的想象力进行。由此可判断出作者这么做是为了对学生的情况有更多的了解。]
2．D [细节判断题。根据第三段中的Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work.可知，他是一个很有创造力的人。]
3．B [词义猜测题。画线句为段落主题句。结合后面的句子I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.我冒着有可能失去那些思维方式不同的学生的危险，可判断出激励的教育方式也有缺点。drawback缺点，符合语境。]
★4.A [推理判断题。根据最后的对话内容可知，作者让孩子们谈论他们那些富有想象力的梦想，是为了帮助他们看到自己的创造力。]
Passage 3
【语篇导读】 这是一篇记叙文。“我”生活在美国东北部的纽约，那儿的冬季实在让人难以忍受。一次去佛罗里达的Sarasota度周末的机会让“我”深切感受到了宜人的气候是多么令人惬意。尤其是那又大、又软又圆的西红柿。
1．B [推理判断题。由第一段最后一句“dulled by months of cold－weather root vegetables”所提供的信息尤其是dulled一词的意义可以推测纽约寒冷的冬季是令人厌烦的。故答案为B。]
2.D [事实细节题。根据首段末句可知，让作者最感惬意的事情是逛一逛早七点的农贸市场。因此D项为最佳答案。]
3．B [推理判断题。根据第三段第二句可知，作者之所以不再购买冬季的西红柿是因为不论商店里的西红柿看起来多么诱人，买到家里就会变得又干又硬，索然无味。故选B项。]
4．C [推理判断题。由最后一段所述可知，Brown's Grove Farm是新开业的一家餐馆。Jack Dusty是供货方之一。再结合“I was planning to have dinner that very night.”一句可知作者打算去那儿用餐。因此答案为C。]
Passage 4
【语篇导读】 这是一篇议论文。作者从La Chope咖啡馆的经营特色谈起，介绍了巴黎的一些主题咖啡馆经营理念的变化及其大受欢迎的原因。
1．D [推理判断题。根据短文第一段第二句可知，顾客在这里可以学着与他们内心的真实情感取得联系。亦即将自己的真实情感表达出来。故答案为D。]
2．A [推理判断题。由第二段“Over the years，Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle...”一句可知，在过去的几年里，巴黎咖啡馆的生意因法国人生活方式的变化而受损。由此可以推断，人们不再那么频繁地光顾咖啡馆了。因此答案为A。]
3.C [推理判断题。第二段最末两句所传达的信息是：许多主题咖啡馆似乎要改变这种状况。那些聚集心理、历史和工程的咖啡馆大受欢迎，顾客盈门。据此可以判断这些咖啡馆是想通过改变管理理念挽回惨淡的生意。因此答案为C。]
4．B [推理判断题。根据短文最后一段的前两句可知，料理家务的中年人，退休及失业人员来到这些心理咖啡馆，敞开心扉，与心理专家谈论爱恨情仇，以期获得精神上的支持。offer great comfort(提供慰藉)为解答本题的关键信息。因此答案选B。]
Passage 5
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇记叙文，作者通过自己成功的经历来说明读书可以矫正阅读困难的毛病。
1．C [细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句话可知，作者的母亲让作者去借书，目的是帮助他矫正阅读困难的毛病。]
2．B [细节理解题。根据第二段后半部分的描述可知，这本书的封皮使作者想起了自己曾经养过的一只猎兔犬。]
3．B [细节判断题。根据第三段第一句话及后文的内容可知，作者认同封面上的狗就是他曾经拥有过的狗，所以他不知不觉地读了起来。]
4．A [推理判断题。根据最后一段中的．..authored his own books, articles, poetry and fiction可判断出，作者创作了自己的书、文章、诗歌和小说，也就是说他成为了一位成功的作家。]
5．A [主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述的是作者通过读书矫正了自己阅读困难的毛病。所以“书的魅力”最适合作本文的标题。]
Passage 6
【语篇导读】 小狗Judy在追赶一只绵羊的过程中掉下了悬崖，所有的人都以为它死了，可是两个星期后，主人被告知它还活着。
1．D [细节事实题。根据第一段的信息可以知道，Judy在追赶它平生遇到的第一只绵羊的时候迷失了方向，掉下了悬崖。]
2．A [细节事实题。根据倒数第三段的第一句话，可以看出一位拿着望远镜的观鸟者发现了Judy。]
3．C [推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的信息可以知道，Judy最初失去了知觉，但是苏醒之后，他依靠悬崖下的一条小溪里的水存活，也许还吃掉了同样不慎落下悬崖的一只羊，但是能够存活两个星期，它的确是很幸运。C项正确。B项中说Judy是被带到乡下打猎的，文章中没有提及，Judy追赶绵羊，是天性使然，根据文中的第一句she did what comes naturally可知。]
4．D [标题概括题。本文描写一只小狗Judy在掉下悬崖后，奇迹般生还的故事，只有D项 Coming Back from the Dead从死亡线上生还最为贴切。]
Passage 7
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇记叙文，作者回忆了自己的父亲，因为家境贫穷而中途辍学，但是父亲却以自己的方式对子女进行教育，不让他们失去教育的机会，对作者一生产生了深远影响。
1．D [细节理解题。根据文章第一段的描述，特别是第一段的第一句话，...for education as for the rich then.可知当时的穷人上不起学。]
2．C [词义猜测题。根据上文中的We would talk about the news of the day; no matter how insignificant, it was never taken lightly.我们吃饭的时间就谈论当天的新闻，无论它有多么微不足道，它都不会被等闲视之。可以看出，it指的是news。]
3．D [推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的描述，在父亲的坚持下，我们的家庭凝聚力更强了。通过分享，肯定我们自己的价值，给我们尊严感，父亲无疑是我们最有影响力的老师，可以看出作者十分欣赏父亲的教育方式。]
4．A [根据最后一段可以知道，作者父亲和许多著名的教育专家、教授的学习方式是一样的——即晚餐时间的“终身学习”。]
5．B [根据最后一段的描述，作者父亲的教育方式使他终身受用，可见Papa是一位对孩子的教育影响很深的父亲。答案选B。]
Passage 8
【语篇导读】 灯塔管理员时刻面临着被检查的命运。这些检查是突然袭击，但是他们也找到了许多应对的办法，还发生了许多有趣的故事。
1．C [考查细节理解。根据第一段a keeper's reputation depended on the results.可知检查结果会影响到管理员的声誉。]
2．A [考查细节理解。根据第二段As soon as someone spotted the boat, everyone would do last－minute tidying.可知一有人看到检查员乘坐的船，全家人都会马上开始做最后时刻的突击打扫。]
3．C [考查推理判断。根据第三段可知，Mrs.Byrnes没有足够的时间洗完所有的盘子，为了提高整理房间的速度，她把盘子放在了炉子里。]
4．D [考查推理判断。根据第三段，炉子里的东西是没洗完的盘子，上面用一块布盖着。]
5．A [考查推理判断。根据最后一段He came across that floor waving his arms like a young bird attempting its first flight. 和after he steadied himself可知他为了保持平衡，挥舞着手臂划过地板，像一只开始学飞的小鸟。]
Passage 9
【语篇导读】 这是一篇科普说明文。研究表明，男女性格的差异是由一种叫作“爱情荷尔蒙”——荷尔蒙催生素决定的。这种催生素作用于男性时会使他们识别竞争关系的能力增强，而作用于女性时则会提升她们辩识友情的能力。
1．B [事实细节题。短文开头的“...it's all down to the hormone oxytocin.”这句话正是答题的依据。]
2．C [推理判断题。第四段的意思是“在像忌妒这样的负面社交互动中，人体也会产生催生素。”选项C中的when we feel unhappy about others' success与envy含义相近。故答案为C。]
3．A [事实细节题。由短文最后一段Professor Ryan说的这段话可知答案。]
4．D [归纳总结题。为了说明荷尔蒙催生素对男女的影响，作者先是谈到积极的社交互动，然后提及消极的社交互动，最后又说到通过62人做的对比实验。以上研究均以实验结果为依据，因此答案为D。]
Passage 10
【语篇导读】 由于对于长期亲笔签名的疲惫，世界著名的作家，加拿大的Margaret Atwood 发明了一种可以使人不必亲自到场，远距离也可签名的装置——the LongPen.本文介绍了它的工作原理、使用方法和各种功能，包括一些潜在的功用以及人们对该发明的评价。
1．D [细节理解题。根据第二自然段第一句话“After many tiring book－signing tours from city to city，Atwood thought there must be a better way to do them.”可知，Atwood是疲于应付各种各样的签名售书活动才有了发明该装置的想法。]
2．B [归纳总结题。文章第二自然段第四至六句话“Here's how it works...”详细讲解了该装置的工作原理。]
3．C [细节推断题。根据文章第三自然段第三句话“The device went through several versions，including one that actually had smoke coming out of it.”可知在该检测进行前也曾经历过失败。]
4．B [细节理解题。根据文章第四自然段第三句话“It could increase credit card security and allow people to sign contracts from another province.”可知该装置在将来可以提高信用卡的安全性。]
5．A [推理判断题。文章第五、六自然段主要陈述该装置和本人亲自签名均有各自不同的利弊，而Atwood也因为发明该装置被一些作家认为她将结束作家们的签名旅行而受到抱怨，她特意做出解释，可知她的初衷并非完全终结作家们的签名之旅。]
Passage 11
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇新闻报道，报道了风能发电机给当地村民带来的危害，然而他们却没有采取“直接行动”……
1．A [事实细节题。根据第一段的few issues cause greater concern than energy policy可知能源政策最能引起公众的注意，故选A项。]
2．D [事实细节题。根据Supporters insist that wind must be part of a mix of renewables，nuclear and carbon，and that the country is committed to meeting EU targets for non－carbon energy generation，故选D项。]
3．B [推理判断题。根据第三段可知，两个党派对于风力发电场这个事件产生分歧，故选B项。]
4．C [推理判断题。根据最后一段的后两句话可知作者的观点是让人民来判断风能的这些事实，故选C项。]
Passage 12
【语篇导读】 本文作者叙述的是自己申请叫做灯塔计划的志愿者工作的过程和被选作志愿者后去阿布加附近的一个小村庄工作的经历，这段经历让作者学到了许多，改变了人生。
1．A [事实细节题。由第一段第二句“My degree，with honors，in English literature had not really prepared me for anything practical”可知，作者的大学教育注重的是理论知识，选A。]
2．A [推理判断题。由第二段最后一句In short，I did not take my decision to apply for the Lighthouse Project lightly.Neither did my family(总之，我并不是轻易决定申请灯塔计划的，我的家人也一样不是轻易决定的)和第三段首句Eventually，however，I won the support of my family(然而，最后我赢得了家人的支持)可以推断出，作者是同家人讨论商量过的。]
3．D [推理判断题。由第二段的第二句“After countless interviews and presentations，I managed to stand out among the candidates and survive the test alone”可推知，作者面临了与其他候选人的激烈竞争。故选D。]
4．C [事实细节题。由第四段Though the local villagers were poor，they offered their homes，hearts，and food as if I were their own family可知，一到达那个村庄时，他受到村民的热情接待，故选C。文中信息具体，正确选项是对其概括。]
5．A [推理判断题。由最后一段第一句all those things that had seemed so strange or unusual to me no longer did(他当初觉得奇怪或不寻常的所有事情现在都不再觉得奇怪了)可推断，已适应了，但当初不适应时要适应这些，是有困难的，故选A。]
Passage 13
【语篇导读】 文章描述了 Huaplee Beach的大体位置、饮食和在这里度过的美好时光。
1．D [推理判断题。根据文章第二段It was a long journey...it took almost as long as the flight from Falongland，第三段第二句Not many tourists find this place.可知这个地方不好找，作者找到这个地方耗时很长，因此答案为D。]
2．A [细节理解题。第五段文章涉及饮食，根据该段最后一句No menu here 可知答案为A。]
3．B [推理判断题。文章第七段：For now you just count your blessings ，listing them in the sand with your toe.You don't have to worry about being late for work.You don't have to do anything，和第八段：No start，no end，just sand，sun，and peace.都描述了在Huaplee Lazy Beach享受的美好时光。但第八段的最后一句Step off it，and you re－enter the world of traffic，stress，work and hurry，一旦走出这里，人们又要回到日常生活中，面临工作、交通、压力和快节奏的生活，而要享受Huaplee Beach则需要暂时抛开这些，即答案为B。]
4．D [推理判断题。根据最后一句：“How could it take me so long to find it？”结合全篇文章所讲的在Huaplee Lazy Beach旅游的舒适惬意，可知作者是在感叹自己应该早点来到这里的。因此答案为D。]
Passage 14
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇记叙文，记述了“我”对以前“热天”里的生活回忆。
1．C [事实细节题。根据第一段“This was 1962，and...for another ten years.”可知。]
2．D [词义猜测题。根据第三段We'd already seen the second movie once before，因此“it”指上句中的第二部电影。]
3．B [推理判断题。第三段中最后一句提到第二部电影，The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance自从一月份就开始在剧院上映，是因为Bellow先生喜欢关于在该电影出演的John Wayne的一切，由此可推断Bellow先生是Wayne的粉丝。]
4．B [推理判断题。根据文章第二、三段可知，作者与他的哥哥为了避暑而重复地看电影。]
5．D [推理判断题。根据最后一段最后两句话可以推断出答案。]
Passage 15
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇科普说明文，讲到能源使用的问题，建筑物的使用者的行为至少和它的设计是一样的重要，文章通过列举研究发现的结论及相关研究者的评论，说明人们家庭对于能源的消费量直接影响我们的生活环境的质量。
1．B [推理判断题。根据文章首句The behaviour of a building's users may be at least as important as its design when it comes to energy use，可知英国能源研究中心的研究表明了人们行为举止对环境的重要性，故选B。]
2．D [词义猜测题。该句是非限制性定语从句，which是引导词，其先行词是existing efforts，故选D。]
3．A [推理判断题。根据第三自然段中的consumption patterns of building users can defeat the most careful design.一句可知专家强调改变人们的家庭生活习惯的重要性，故选A。]
4．A [细节理解题。根据第四自然段中的Feedback (反馈) facilities，like smart meters and energy monitors，could help bridge this information gap by helping people see how changing their behaviour directly affects their energy use；可知本题选A，此处bridge 是名词用作动词，“为……搭建桥梁，沟通”之意。]
5．C [本题考查细节理解。根据第五自然段的首句Social science research has added a further dimension (方面)，suggesting that individuals'behaviour in the home can be personal and cannot be predicted可知人们在家庭的行为活动是不可预知的，故选C。]
Passage 16
【语篇导读】 这是一篇记叙文，作者回顾了儿时在阿拉斯加的冒险经历：由于父母无暇照顾作者，他差点因点燃一个油漆桶而酿成大祸。
1．C [推理判断题。根据第三段首句可知父母都要上班。而“That left me in a mess.”的意思是“这让我处于混乱状态。”由此可以推断父母工作繁忙，没时间照管孩子。]
2．D [事实细节题。作者在前四段讲述的就是在地下室点火的事，那是他4岁时搬到阿拉斯加之后发生的。故选D。]
3．A [事实细节题。由第六段可知里昂哈德是一位以驾驶雪橇而出名的人。由此可知A项正确。]
4．A [推理判断题。作者回忆的在阿拉斯加的几件冒险经历都是发生在童年时期的。因此答案为A。短文并没有体现出C、D两项的意思，而B项仅是短文描述的一个细节，并非作者的写作意图。]
考点四 词义猜测题
Passage 1 (2016·全国Ⅰ)
【语篇导读】 这是一篇记叙文。作者Peter Hodes是一名干细胞快递员。他在文中讲述了遭遇飓风之后的一次非同寻常的投递经历。
★1. B [词义推断题。由下文及作者在机场的经历可知，他是一名志愿者，从事干细胞递送的工作。所以答案为B。]
2．D [事实细节题。根据“...because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last.”一句可知，用于冷藏干细胞的两个冰块42小时之后就会融化，因此正确答案为D。]
3．B [事实细节题。由第二段可知，由于没有飞往华盛顿的航班，航空公司为作者安排了一架小型飞机。根据“...re－routed me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than original scheduled.”一句可知答案非B莫属。]
Passage 2
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了Eudora Welty在纽约请朋友吃饭时发生的有趣的故事。
1．A [细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句．..another customer was approaching their table.和第三段中的When her dinner partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair.可知两个陌生人加入了她们。故选A。]
★2. D [词义猜测题。根据上一句“My friends said：’Now we believe your stories，’” Welty added.和本句中的动词write. 可知，them代替是stories。故选D。]
3．C [推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“I don’t make them up，” she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years.“I don’t have to.”推知，Welty小说中的人物都来自现实生活。故选C。]
Passage 3
【语篇导读】 文章主要讲的是蚂蚁。单个的蚂蚁显得微不足道，但成群结队的蚂蚁却蕴含着巨大的力量。蚂蚁的数量之众，加起来可以与人类的重量相媲美。蚂蚁分布极为广泛，除了寒冷的山顶和两极地区，几乎到处都有它们的踪影。因为他们集体的智慧远远大于人们的预期。
1．B [考查细节理解。由第一段except on frozen mountain tops and around the poles可知。]
2．B [考查细节理解。由第二段Where we use sound and sight to communicate, ants depend primarily on pheromone可知。]
3．D [考查词义猜测。根据下文的 attack和defeat可知。]
4．A [考查推理判断。由Behaving in this selfless and devoted manner可知。]
Passage 4
【语篇导读】 自给自足不一定有大农场。Leo和家人种植、罐装、存储他们消费的食物。
1．C [猜测词义题。Theresa Leo的所作所为证实一个大农场并不是现代化的自给自足生活方式的必要条件，即要求，选C。]
2．B [细节理解题。由第四段anybody can do this anywhere.可知，很容易种植。]
3．A [推理判断题。由第五段There's a moment when it is bursting with its absolute peak flavor.迸发出极佳的味道。由此可知，罐装食品能够保存极佳的味道。]
4．D [推理判断题。that引导同位语从句，if we don't take care of the earth，no one will。解释、说明先行词the bigger picture，说明保护地球的责任。]
Passage 5
【语篇导读】 本文主要讲述了作者的父亲买了一个小农场，在里面种满了各种蔬菜、果树甚至还养了蜜蜂。但作者的父亲收获的时候，他炖了一锅蔬菜，闻到味道时，作者和其他人觉得烧得很糟糕，但是最后全部都吃光了。
1．B [细节理解题。 根据文章第一段的And every week he cleaned Old Man McColgin's chicken house in exchange for manure(肥料)．可知是为了收集肥料。]
2．D [推理判断题。根据最后一段的 we drank up every last drop of soup.可知选择D。意为父亲的炖菜非常美味。]
3．B [词义判断题。根据文章上文的 the first wave had shut down my ability to smell可知，此处指的是鼻子闻不到那种味道，意为搅乱。]
4．C [推理判断题。根据文中内容可知，父亲在背部受伤后，不愿意休息，而是自己经营着小农场，而且在收获后，还自己种菜。可知父亲对生活有着积极的态度。]
Passage 6
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇议论文。主要谈论的是如何做才能变得勇敢。勇敢不可能突然一下子就能得到，它需要一个逐渐培养的过程。
1．C [细节理解题。根据第二段中的It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all.可知，作者过去不能实现自己的目标是因为恐惧使自己不敢尝试，从而导致失败。]
2．B [词义猜测题。根据前面的Boldness和后面的greater than most of us realize可判断出，画线部分的意思是“勇敢地采取超出自己能力的行动”。]
3．D [细节判断题。第四段以蒂姆成功的例子来说明those mighty forces are spiritual ones，也就是说蒂姆在足球比赛中成功防御主要是依靠他的精神力量。故答案为D。]
4．D [细节判断题。根据第五段第一、二句话可知，勇敢不可能突然一下子就能得到的，它要有一个逐渐培养的过程。]
5．A [目的意图题。第一段点明文章的主旨：Be bold and brave，后面的段落对这一中心话题详细论述，所以作者写这篇文章的目的是激励人们要大胆、勇敢。]
Passage 7
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇议论文。最新研究表明，父母的参与并不能提高孩子的成绩。
1．B [词义猜测题。根据文章的第一句可知，帮助孩子做家庭作业的家长也许真的会让孩子的成绩下降。其他形式的参与也没有多大帮助。involvement涉及；卷入，对应B项中的participation一词。]
2．C [推理判断题。从第四段中提供的Robinson调查数据表明：只有20%的父母参与是积极的，而45%的参与是消极的，还有剩下的数据表明，父母的参与没有意义，因此可以看出，父母的参与并不像我们想象的那样有好处。]
3．A [细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句话可知，一些亚洲裔美国人父母提出了更合理的方式，他们向自己的孩子传达学校里的成功能怎么样影响他们的未来生活。也就是帮助孩子意识到学校成功的重要性。]
Passage 8
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇议论文。主要强调现代人过度依赖交通工具，而忽略了最好的锻炼方式——步行，作者呼吁大家改掉动辄坐车开车的坏毛病，返璞归真，回归自然健康的生活方式。
1．C [细节理解题。根据文章第二自然段最后一句可知。]
2．A [细节理解题。根据文章第三自然段第三句话“At that time，we regarded 25 miles as a good day's walk and the ability to cover such a distance in ten hours as a sign of strength and skill.”可知。]
3．B [推理判断题。议论文中的例子是为论点服务的。前文提到步行是很好的锻炼方式，后文引用Henry Thoreau的话来说明该观点的重要性。]
4．A [词义猜测题。本段第一句话提到车辆是一种便捷的交通方式，但我们却把它当成了我们的生活方式。很多人不敢接近自然，对他们而言，只有这种在水泥路面上呼啸而过的“钢铁之河”才能给他们安全感，因而，此处的“钢铁之河”应是指车流。]
5．D [主旨大意题。作者写作此议论文的目的就是呼吁人们回归最自然的锻炼方式——步行。故选D。该题易错选B，但文章不仅建议人们放弃开车，而且呼吁人们放弃坐车，摆脱对车辆的依赖，并推荐了步行的方式，故排除B。]
Passage 9
【语篇导读】 本文讲到了美国现在存在的一种趋势，即越来越多的美国人想找中国女佣照顾孩子，以利于孩子学习汉语。
1．D [词义猜测题。根据文章第二段中“After only six months of being cared for by 25－year－old woman...daily expressions”和第三段中“...had another reason for looking for an au pair from China”和第四段中“Staying with a native...in a classroom”可知“au pair”是照顾孩子的外国年轻女佣，故D项正确。]
2．D [事实细节题。根据文章第三段中“Because I am Chinese...the language and culture.”可知Li Drake让孩子学习汉语是想使他们了解中国文化。故D项正确。]
3．C [细节理解题。由短文第四段第一句“‘Staying with a．..’；says Suzanne Flynn...”可知C项为正确答案，并由此排除B项；A、D两项均非Flynn的观点。]
4．A [推理判断题。越来越多的美国人请中国年轻女佣照顾孩子以利于孩子学汉语，所以汉语学习在美国变得很受欢迎。故A正确。]
Passage 10
【语篇导读】 本文叙述了旅鸽逐渐消失的过程。
1．D [事实细节题。根据文章第一段所述在18和19世纪，美国大群的旅鸽飞起来可以遮住天空几个小时，所以美国旅鸽的数量是最大的，故选D。]
2．B [词义猜测题。根据文章第三段中“Where the birds were abundant...by the thousands”可知旅鸽遭到捕杀，所以ruin和undoing词义相似，故选B。]
3．C [事实细节题。根据文章第二段中“Commercial hunters attracted them...sold in restaurants”可知旅鸽遭到捕杀的主要原因是捕杀者要赚钱。故选C。]
4．B [推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“In 1897，the state of...for 10 years”可知通过法律后的10年，鸽群数量仍然不多，所以制定法律为时已晚，故选B。]
Passage 11
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇记叙文，记述了“随意的善举是可以传播的”的感人故事。
1．B [事实细节题。第一段说Natalie Smith为其后面的六辆车交费，是她因看到的“Practice random kindness and senseless acts of beauty”这句话给了她深刻印象，她是受这句话的启发，“想给他人施恩”，故选B。]
2．A [事实细节题。由第三段第三句“I thought it was beautiful，”she said，explaining why she'd taken to writing it at the bottom of all her letters可知，选A。]
3．D [事实细节题。由第四段中的“It was in a restaurant that Anne wrote the phrase down on a piece of paper”可知，是Anne Herbert想出这句话来的。]
4．C [词义猜测题。本段中先是Anne Herbert解释她想出的那句话意为：你认为(生活中或世界上)应该多一些存在的事，那么你就随意去做这样的事。接着说她想象中的这类事包括“给破旧教室粉刷墙”“在穷人区的厨房里留下热饭”等善举。那么该段结尾的话“善举和暴力一样可以在它们自己的基础上建立起来”，可知“善举同暴力一样是可以自我繁衍的”，故选C。]
5．B [推理判断题。由最后一段的第一和第二句可以推知：受到恩惠的人很可能会施惠于他人，将恩惠传播下去。]
Passage 12
【语篇导读】 文章通过狒狒学习抓取食物的实验告诉我们，个性对学习能力有重大影响。文化是通过人们的相互学习和交流形成的。
1．A [主旨大意题。通过第一段第二句Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task，while others had to learn for themselves.和最后一句Dr.Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake等细节，第一段主要论述了Dr.Carter进行研究的设计，故答案为A。]
2．D [细节理解题。通过第三段第二句The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not，even though they spent more time watching可知，答案选D。]
3．C [猜测词义题。画线词mismatch处于第四段第一句话中，此句为以上实验得出的结论，所以这种mismatch 的行为应在上文第三段已经提及，因此根据The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not，even though they spent more time watching.可知答案为C。]
4．D [推理判断题。通过最后一段最后一句If some individuals are unable to get information from others because they don't associate with the knowledgeable individuals，or they are too shy to use the information once they have it，information may not travel between all group members，preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning.可知文化是在人们的相互学习、交流中形成。因此答案为 D。]
Passage 13
【语篇导读】 本文是记叙文，讲述了作者丈夫行李箱中的文件失而复得的事情。通过这件事，作者一家又重新找回了对他人的信任。
1．B [事实细节题。根据文章第一段中“...stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.”可知作者丈夫到达悉尼计划要做的事情就是为“我和孩子”找房子，故B项正确。]
2．C [事实细节题。根据文章倒数第二段中“At last they had seen a half－written letter in the pile...to a friend.”可知作者的电话号码是从文件中夹的一封信中找到的，故C项正确。]
3．D [词义猜测题。文章倒数第二段中讲到小女孩一家努力找到失主的联系方式并把重要文件物归原主。这个善举使作者一家不仅找回了文件，而且重新找回了对人的信任。故D项“归还”正确。A.展示；B.发送；C.递送。]
4．C [主旨大意题。丈夫丢失的重要文件被丢到了垃圾箱。一个好心家庭整理好物归原主，这些别人眼中的垃圾对作者丈夫来说非常珍贵。故C项最能体现文章大意。]
Passage 14
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者在森林里追踪寻找孟加拉虎的经历。
1．B [细节理解题。根据第一段最后两句可知我们听到的尖锐的警报声来自一只梅花鹿，故选B。]
2．A [写作手法题。根据第一段可知，作者在森林里听到了各种各样的声音，因此作者是通过描述各种声音来展开叙述的，应选A。]
3．C [词义猜测题。根据文章可知作者听到了各种声音，之后森林回归平静，逐渐我们的紧张也消失不见了，大象也变得安静了。尽管我没有发现老虎，但是我依然感觉到了这种紧张后平静的氛围，故选C。]
4．D [推理判断题。根据文章最后一段最后一句话可知，我本可以在公园里看到老虎，但是追踪孟加拉虎使我感知更多的东西，所以这个过程是非常吸引人的，故选D。]
考点五 观点态度题
Passage 1
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇议论文。大学期间本来应该是学生自主性成长的一个重要阶段，但是，却变成了青春期的延伸。从而，使学生无法肩负起成人的责任。本文就这种现象进行了阐述。
★1. B [观点态度题。根据第一段作者说现在的大学生没有承担起成人的责任，以及第二段作者说由于父母的引导延伸到了大学导致学生自主能力的缺失。由此可见，作者对父母给大学生的持续引导是不赞成的。故选B。]
2．A [词义猜测题。根据第二段最后一句话中的．..from the shelter of family to autonomy and adult responsibility...可知从家庭的庇护到自主性和成人的责任感之间过渡应该是改变，故选A项。]
3．D [推理判断题。根据第三段可知大学应该给学生提供在智力和人格发展方面的“安全空间”，从而使学生在严格的辩论和质疑中得到智力和人格方面发展。故选D项。]
4．C [篇章结构题。文章的第一段和第二段分别介绍了目前大学阶段所存在问题和家长对大学生呵护所产生的影响；第三段是论点一，讲述了大学是一段思维发展和个人发展方面的尝试；第四段、第五段是论点二，分别讲述大学应该放手让学生了解社会，面对挑战和大学对学生控制的不利影响。最后两段提出了家长和大学所应采取的有效措施，进行了总结。故选C项。]
Passage 2
【语篇导读】 这是一篇书评。介绍了Brooks的最新作品The Social Animal。关于这部作品的内容，写作方法，以及作品的缺陷。
1．D [推理判断题。文章一开始作者提到科学的功能目的在于引出话题，解释作者在他们的作品中，为什么使用科学作为主题，所以选D。]
2．C [细节理解题。第四段第二句As one would expect，his writing is mostly clear...可知，这本书最大的优点是表述清晰，因此C是正确的。]
3．D [观点态度题。第四段第四句While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters，the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie everywhere.可知，作者对作品的态度是批评性的。]
4．A [判断推理题。最后一段最后一句These problems partly involve Brooks's attempt to translate his tale into science.可推知，接下去作者主要论及作品存在的问题。]
Passage 3
【语篇导读】 本文为说明文。水上行走一直是人类的梦想，但由于身体的局限性很难完成，但现在有一种折中的方法——在水面上撒玉米粉。
1．B [细节理解题。根据第一段第二句话可知因为我们太重了，如果没有人工辅助，我们的身体很难突破局限完成水上行走的动作，故选B。]
2．C [细节理解题。根据第二段第二句和第三句话可知，这种蜥蜴每秒移动二十步来保持高速水上行走，故选C。]
3．A [细节理解题。根据第三段可知，把足够的玉米粉撒在水面上，水中的粒子群可以使水面变得坚固一些，只要速度够快，每一步都用力均匀就能走过水面，故选A。]
4．D [观点态度题。根据第四段可知，利用玉米面在水面上行走听起来不错，但在实践时有一定危险，一定要做好防护措施，因此作者认为这种法在理论上是可能的，但不实际，故选D。]
Passage 4
【语篇导读】 本文以驯兽师在驯兽时用椅子挡在狮子面前来分散它的注意力使狮子不知所措为引子，联想到当人们面临多种选择感到困惑时该怎么办？
1．A [事实细节题。根据文章第一段中“When a lion tamer holds a chair...what to do next.”可知，驯兽师拿一把椅子是想哄骗狮子，故选A。]
2．A [推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“With its focus divided...what to do next”可知，当人们面临选择时和狮子面对椅子时的感觉相似，就是困惑，不知所措，故选A。]
3．B [推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段中“This upsets me to no end...is best”可知，作者对专家的态度是怀疑的，故选B。]
4．C [推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Anytime you find the world...you just need to get started.”可知，作者建议人们快速做出决定，故选C。]
Passage 5
【语篇导读】 学校的传统节日——运动日对于热爱运动且体质好的学生而言是一种享受，但对于肥胖或体质差的孩子就成了噩梦，引起各种问题和疾病，因此作者希望减少一些竞技项目，多增加娱乐活动，给孩子带来更多的快乐和更少的压力。
1．D [事实细节题。根据文章第一段第二句可知答案为D。]
2．B [事实细节题。根据文章第三段倒数第二句可知答案为B。]
3．B [推理判断题。根据文章第二段可知不同的孩子对团体运动的接受程度是不同的，有的孩子认为是享受，有的认为是噩梦，故选B。]
4．A [观点态度题。根据文章最后一段可知，作者希望减少一些竞技项目，多加入一些娱乐项目以减小孩子的压力。因此作者是持批评态度的。故选A。]
B组 2016～2015模拟精选题
Passage 1
【语篇导读】 本文是一封母亲看完新泽西州孩子起诉父母的一桩案件后，写给子女的一封信。信中谈到由这起事件引发的感想。
1．B [推理判断题。由全文整体可知，这位母亲想让子女们从这起事件中得到些启示。故选B项。]
2．C [细节理解题。由第三段最后一句 And we all should think about it very deeply instead of breaking that bond.可知母亲希望子女不要拆散血缘纽带。故选C项。]
3．C [细节理解题。由倒数第二段第三句 To be clear, that is a privilege we happily extend (给予) to you－not a right you are born with.可知这是一种孩子们应当挣得的而不是天生的权利。故选C项。]
Passage 2
1．D [细节推理题。根据第一段It wasn’t even her cat，but she was passing by and saw it，immediately calling the fire－station to come to save it.可知这位妇女想救旗杆顶上的猫，故选D。]
2．A [词义猜测题。此处指这只猫在旗杆顶上，人们在她下面焦急的想办法救她，him指这只猫，故选A。]
3．B [细节推理题。人们救猫的计划是先在地上铺上毯子，再把猫从上面赶下来。根据When the blanket was spread out below the cat，Jim and Dave began striking the flagpole.可知选B。]
4．C [推理判断题。根据倒数第二段the cat leaped down the pole swiftly onto the ground，and then got lost in the bushes.可知是猫自己从旗杆顶上爬了下来，故选C。]
Passage 3
1．A [细节理解题。根据最后一段的第一句The result of the bid is set to be released next week，可知大运河申请世界遗产的结果将在下周就公布了，故应选A。]
2．C [细节理解题。根据第二段所讲的内容，可知大运河建于公元前5世纪，在公元七世纪成为了重要的交通枢纽，并且从第二段的最后一句“The Canal is the world’s greatest civil engineering project before the Industrial Revolution”，可知应选C。]
3．C [推理判断题。根据第第五段中一名市民所说的话“I think if the bid for world heritage status succeeds，it will greatly make Tongzhou more famous in the world，especially with Tongzhou aiming to be a sub－center of the capital Beijing”，可知若大运河申遗成功，整个地区将受益不少，故选C正确。]
Passage 4
1．B [细节理解题。根据第二段中的句子Suzie’s in the corner与In the corner I saw her baby doll well dressed.可知“Suzie就是她的小布娃娃”。]
2．A [推理判断题。根据第四段中的句子As I listened to her innocent words that cut me like a knife.可知“作者很难受”。]
3．B [推理判断题。最后一段谈到So，let the cobweb(蜘蛛网) cut the corners and the children rule the floor, I’m going to fill the house with memories of a child and her mother...For we have only one childhood，and we will never get another.可知“作者希望女儿度过一个快乐的童年”。]
4．C [主旨大意题。文章从我的小女儿的话语入手，谈到对我的触动，最后作者明白，孩子仅有一次的童年，别让孩子背负太多，就让他们好好享受吧，判断C项恰当。]
Passage 5
1．B [考查细节理解。根据第一段内容A 12－year－old girl who had a feeling that she might be quite clever has taken a test and proved she was absolutely right.可知B项正确。]
2．A [考查语境词汇理解。根据下文Lydia的表态可知她对这个比较不认同，因而A符合。]
3．B [考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段内容“based around maths，because it’s one of my favorite subjects.”可知B正确。]
4．D [考查推理判断。根据最后一段A top 2% score—which allows entry to Mensa，the club for those with high IQs—would be 148 or over.可知D正确。]
Passage 6
【语篇导读】 本文主要介绍了佛罗里达国际学院的学生为了完成作业，需穿自己设计的鞋在水上活动。
1．D [细节理解题。根据第二段第一句的明确信息可选出答案。其它选项通过这一段的信息均可排除。]
2．C [细节理解题。由第三段的第一句“in order to earn an ‘A’ on the assignment for Architecture Professor Jaime Canaves”可知答案。]
3．D [细节理解题。根据第四段的最后一句可知选项D正确。A、B选项通过这段信息可排除。根据第五段可知C表述不准确。]
4．A [细节理解题。通过第六段可知答案。]
Passage 7
【语篇导读】 文章主要讲述了森林里Natural Burn政策的终止，这源于黄石公园1988年的大火。
1．C [细节理解题。根据第一段第3行“ to maintain balanced ecosystems”可知。]
2．D [细节理解题。由第一段第6行“...caused this policy to be abandoned”可知D项正确。]
3．D [细节理解题。第二段中“The fires’ rapid advances gave the wildlife little chance to escape.”可知答案。D项中的contributed to意为：导致。]
4．D [推理判断题。全文主要讲了黄石公园因火灾而发生的变化，故文章可能摘自地理杂志。A项：科幻小说；B项：新闻报道；C项：商业广告，均可排除。]
Passage 8
【语篇导读】 本文主要讲述了朴载相(鸟叔)的《江南style》成为全民最受欢迎的歌曲。
1．C [细节理解题。根据第三段的第一句可知，这首歌特别的骑马动作及搞笑的骑马风格吸引了众多的人，故选C。]
2．B [细节理解题。通过第四段的最后一句可知B项正确。]
3．B [细节理解题。根据第五段内容可知答案。]
4．B [主旨大意题。通读全文，可知本文的重点是放在歌曲《江南style》上，尤其是第一段便点出了文章的文眼，故选B。]
Passage 9
【语篇导读】 本文主要介绍了一个网站：Granny Look。该网站的主要功能是帮助祖父母或者父母为一些诸如圣诞节、复活节、生日聚会等特别的场合做准备。
1．D [结合第二段和ADVENT CALENDARS部分中的内容可知，Granny Look是帮助人们为特别的场合做准备的网站。故答案选D。]
2．C [本文主要介绍了Granny Look这个网站的一些相关信息。故答案选C。]
3．A [根据文中BIRTHDAYS部分的最后一句话“Don’t forget the PERSONALISED INVITATIONS！”可知，要想给女儿的同学发请柬的话，可以在BIRTHDAYS部分寻找信息。故答案选A。]
4．B [根据文章CHRISTMAS部分的内容可知，文中没有提及“fun Advent Calendars”。故答案选B。]
5．B [根据ADVENT CALENDARS部分中的“Here you will find a list of websites to buy traditional or fun Advent Calendars for children at Christmas time.”可知，如果你儿子想要一个传统的基督降临日历，你应该去搜索Advent Calendars。故答案选B。]
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