专题11定语从句教学案高考英语热点题型和提分秘籍Word版含解析 18页

‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 考生在定语从句的学习过程中存在着以下几个问题：(1)考生不能辨别定语从句的结构；(2)关系代词与关系副词的选择混乱，不清楚关系代词与关系副词的使用情况；(3)习惯性以翻译的方式来理解定语从句、同位语从句，而使自己陷入困境之中；(4)由于对句型结构分析不到位，经常出现代词与关系代词错用的情况。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 热点题型一 关系代词引导的定语从句 例1、【2018·天津】Kae, _________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.‎ A. whom B. that C. whose D. her ‎【答案】C ‎ ‎ ‎【变式探究】 [2017·北京卷] The little problems ________ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.‎ A．that B．as C．where D．when ‎ ‎【答案】A 【解析】考查定语从句。先行词是 the little problems, 在从句中作 meet的宾语，故选关系代词that。句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的那些小问题有可能会成为伟大发明的灵感。 ‎ ‎【提分秘籍】‎ 引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语等。‎ ‎1．who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。‎ I've become good friends with several of the students in my school who I met in the English speech contest last year.‎ 我已与去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的我校的几个学生成为了好朋友。‎ ‎2．whose既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作定语。指物时，“whose＋名词”可用“the＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名词”来代替。‎ ‎①Do you know the boy whose handwriting is very beautiful?‎ 你认识那个书法非常漂亮的男孩吗？‎ ‎②This is the house whose window broke last night.＝This is the house, the window of which broke last night.＝This is the house, of which the window broke last night.‎ 这就是昨晚窗户被打破的那所房子。‎ ‎3.which, that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。‎ ‎①There used to be much shade of an old tree in the middle of the yard, which gave us much cool in summer.‎ 过去，院子中央的一棵古树遮成的大片树荫使我们在夏季非常凉爽。‎ ‎②We hope the measures to control house prices, which are taken by the government，will succeed.‎ 我们希望政府采取的控制房价的措施会成功。‎ ‎4.指物时，关系代词that和which一般情况下可换用，但以下几种情况下一般用that，而不用which。‎ ‎(1)先行词是all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much等不定代词，或先行词被all, every, some, any, no, few, little等修饰时。‎ I have read all the books (that) you gave me.‎ 你给我的书我都已经读过了。‎ 注意：当something确指某物或某事时，用that或which都可以。 ‎ There is something that/which keeps worrying me.‎ 有一件事一直令我不安。‎ ‎(2)先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词the first，the second, ...，the last修饰时。‎ This is the best film (that)I have ever seen.‎ 这是我看过的最好的电影。‎ ‎(3)先行词被the only，the very，the right等修饰时。‎ The only thing that matters is to find our way home.‎ 唯一一件要紧的事情是找到我们回家的路。‎ ‎(4)先行词既有人又有物时。‎ They talked about the persons and things (that) they remembered in the school.‎ 他们谈论起他们记得的学校里的人和事。‎ ‎5．在以下情况中，只能用which，不能用that。‎ ‎(1)在非限制性定语从句中，如从句中缺少主语或宾语指物，只能用which。‎ Our football team won the final, which made us excited.‎ 我们的足球队赢得了决赛，这使我们非常兴奋。‎ ‎(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时，只能用which。‎ The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.‎ 过去我居住的房子变成了鞋店。‎ 热点题型二 关系副词引导的定语从句 例2、 Greg decided to take some of my songs that I had recorded to a local radio station, ________ he explained about my illness.‎ ‎【解析】考查定语从句用法。从句中不缺少主语和宾语，先行词表示地点，故用关系副词where。‎ ‎【答案】where ‎【提分秘籍】 ‎ 当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语和表语时，要选用关系副词。其中when, where, why是常见的三个关系副词。‎ when＝表时间的介词(in, on, at, during等)＋which。‎ where＝表地点的介词(如in, at, on, under等)＋which；‎ why＝表原因的介词(如for)＋which。‎ ‎1．关系副词when, where, why的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。‎ ‎①Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live.‎ 现代人更加关心他们居住的环境。‎ ‎②The reason why I don't trust him is that he often tells lies.‎ 我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。‎ 当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语和表语时，要选用关系副词。其中when, where, why是常见的三个关系副词。‎ when＝表时间的介词(in, on, at, during等)＋which。‎ where＝表地点的介词(如in, at, on, under等)＋which；‎ why＝表原因的介词(如for)＋which。‎ ‎1．关系副词when, where, why的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。‎ ‎①Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live.‎ 现代人更加关心他们居住的环境。‎ ‎②The reason why I don't trust him is that he often tells lies.‎ 我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。‎ ‎2．way和time后接定语从句的情况。‎ ‎(1)当先行词是way(意为“方式、方法”，且关系词在定语从句中作状语)时，引导定语从句的关系词可以是that, in which或省略。如：‎ I don't like the way (that/in which) he looks at me.‎ 我不喜欢他看我的方式。‎ ‎(2)先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲，应用关系副词when或“介词at/during＋which”引导定语从句。如：‎ ‎①This is the first time (that) I have talked with a foreigner face to face.‎ 这是我第一次和一个外国人面对面交流。‎ ‎②There was a time when I hated going to school.‎ 曾经有一段时间我讨厌上学。‎ 热点题型三 “介词＋which/whom”引导的定语从句 ‎ 例3． I'm sorry not to have replied to your letter earlier, ________ I must say, I apologize.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【答案】for which ‎【提分秘籍】‎ 掌握“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，要注意以下几点：‎ ‎1关系代词的确定 在介词后作宾语的关系代词只有which和whom。如果先行词是物，引导词用which；如果先行词是人，则引导词用whom。如：‎ ‎①This is the train on which I went to Shanghai.‎ 这就是我去上海所乘坐的那列火车。‎ ‎②This is the student for whom I bought the dictionary.‎ 这就是我为他买词典的那个学生。‎ ‎2介词的位置 介词一般放在关系代词which和whom之前，但也可以放在原来的位置上。如：‎ ‎①The house in which we live is very large.‎ ‎＝The house (which/that) we live in is very large.‎ 我们住的房子很大。‎ ‎②This is the man from whom I learned the news.‎ ‎＝This is the man (that/whom) I learned the news from.‎ 就是这个男人，我从他那里得到的这个消息。‎ 注意：如果介词和句中动词组成固定词组时，这个介词一般不前置。如：‎ My youngest brother， whom I have to look after， is demanding.‎ 我得照看我的小弟弟，真是让人费神。‎ ‎3关系代词前介词的确定 ‎(1)依据定语从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配来确定。如：‎ The fellow to whom I spoke made no answer at first.‎ 我与之说话的那个人起初没有回答。(speak to)‎ The West Lake, for which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place.‎ 西湖是一个美丽的地方，杭州以此而闻名。(be famous for)‎ ‎(2)根据先行词来确定。如：‎ I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.‎ 我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。(during the time)‎ ‎(3)根据所表达的意思来确定。如：‎ Air, without which man can't live, is really important.‎ 空气真的很重要，没有它人类就不能生存。(live without)‎ ‎4“名词/代词＋介词＋关系代词”结构 此类结构常见的有“some/many/most/all/none/the largest＋of＋which/whom”等。如：‎ ‎①Here are the questions, some of which I think are difficult for you.‎ 问题都在这儿，其中一些我认为对你来说很难。‎ ‎②He has three sons, none of whom are doctors.‎ 他有三个儿子，没有一个是当医生的。‎ ‎5“复合介词短语＋关系代词which”引导的定语从句，其从句部分常与先行词用逗号隔开，且从句部分常用倒装语序。‎ He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tree.‎ 他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵大树。‎ ‎6“介词＋which/whom＋不定式”结构 The poor man has no house in which to live.‎ ‎＝The poor man has no house to live in.‎ ‎＝The poor man has no house in which he can live.‎ 那个穷人没房子住。‎ 热点题型四 as引导的定语从句 例4、 Children under fifteen are not permitted to see such kind of film ________ is bad for their mental development.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【答案】as ‎【提分秘籍】‎ ‎1．as作为关系代词，在定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时使用，通常先行词由the same, as, such, so等修饰时，关系代词用as。‎ ‎①They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English.‎ 他们只能读类似这样的一些简易英语改写的故事。(as作主语)‎ ‎②These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.‎ 这些房子以人们期望的低价出售。(as作宾语)‎ ‎③This is the same knife as I lost.‎ 这把小刀和我丢的那把一样。‎ 注意：such...as...与such...that...的区别 such...as...中的as引导的是定语从句，而such...that...中的that引导的是结果状语从句。当as引导定语从句时，as在从句中一般作主语或宾语，而that引导结果状语从句时，that在从句中不作任何成分。‎ ‎①This is such a difficult problem as all of us can't work out.‎ 这是一个我们所有人都不能解决的难题。‎ ‎(从句中的work out缺少宾语，前面的as是关系代词，用作work out的宾语。)‎ ‎②This is such a difficult problem that all of us can't work it out.‎ 这个问题很难，我们中无人能解决它。‎ ‎(从句是完整的句子，前面的that只起引导从句的作用，在从句中不作成分。‎ ‎2．关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别 ‎(1)位置不同 as引导的非限制性定语从句可以置于主句之前、之中或之后，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。如：‎ ‎①As is often the case, little boys tend to be very active and out of control.‎ 小男孩总是很活泼好动，很难控制，这是常见的情况。‎ ‎②Einstein, as is well known, is a famous scientist.‎ 众所周知，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。‎ ‎③There was a bank around here as I remember.‎ 我记得过去这儿附近有一家银行。‎ ‎④He failed in the exam, which was unexpected.‎ 他考试没及格，这是意料之外的。‎ ‎(2)意义不同 as常译作“正如，像”，多用于下列习惯用语中：as anybody can see正如人人都能看到的那样；as is well known＝as is known to all众所周知；as we had expected 正如我们所预料的那样；as (it) often happens正如经常发生的那样；as is often the case正如经常发生的那样；as has been said before如上所述；as is mentioned above正如上面提到的；as I remember (it)正如我所记得的那样。which常译作“这一点，这件事”，此时指前面主句所提到的那件事。如：‎ ‎①He opposed the idea, as could be expected.‎ 不出所料，他反对这个意见。‎ ‎②Tom has made great progress, which makes his parents very happy.‎ 汤姆进步很大，这使他父母很高兴。‎ ‎(3)用法不同 ‎①当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用which。如：‎ He came here very late, which was unexpected (not expected)．‎ 他来得很晚，这是未预料到的。‎ ‎②当as在句中作主语时，后常接动词的被动语态。如：be known, be said, be reported等。如果从句中动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。如：‎ She has been absent again, as is expected.‎ 她又缺席了，正如预料的那样。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎1.【2018·天津】Kae, _________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.‎ A. whom B. that C. whose D. her ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查定语从句关系词。句意：凯特已经去澳大利亚工作了。我们在大学的时候，我和她的姐姐共住一室。分析句子，句中先行词为Kate，在非限定性定语从句中作名词sister的定语，故用关系代词whose。故选C。‎ ‎2.【2018·江苏】Self-driving is an area _______ China and the rest of the world are on the ‎ same starting line.‎ A. that B. where C. which D. when ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查定语从句。句意：自动驾驶是一个中国和世界其它国家都在同一起跑线的领域。句中先行词为area，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where，相当于in which。故选B。‎ ‎3.【2018·北京】She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.‎ A. which B. who C. as D. that ‎【答案】A ‎ ‎ ‎1.[2017·北京卷] The little problems ________ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.‎ A．that B．as C．where D．when ‎ ‎【答案】A 【解析】考查定语从句。先行词是 the little problems, 在从句中作 meet的宾语，故选关系代词that。句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的那些小问题有可能会成为伟大发明的灵感。 ‎ ‎2.[2017·江苏卷] In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme，one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.‎ A．which B．its ‎ C．whose D．whom ‎ ‎【答案】C 【解析】考查定语从句。先行词the World Food Programme在非限制性定语从句中作定语，修饰名词purposes，所以用关系代词whose引导，故选C项。句意：1963年，联合国成立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一就是缓解世界范围内的饥荒。‎ ‎3.[2017·天津卷] My eldest son, ________ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.‎ A．that B．whose ‎ C．his D．who ‎【答案】B ‎ ‎ ‎1.【2016·北京】22. I live next door to a couple ________ children often make a lot of noise.‎ A. whose B. why C. where D. which ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】a couple是先行词，这对夫妻的孩子很吵，children和couple是所属关系，故用whose作定语，whose children相当于the children of whom，故选A。‎ ‎2.【2016·江苏】23.Many young people, most ______were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase theirdreams.‎ A. of which B. of them C. of whom D. of those ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】本题定语从句的先行词是Many young people，关系代词whom指代先行词，在定语从句中作介词of的宾语。故C项正确。‎ ‎3.【2016·天津】9. We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ____ the weather may be better.‎ ‎ A. that B. where C. which D. when ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】句意：我们将把公园的野餐推迟到下个星期，那时天气可能会更好。使用定语从句，先行词是next ‎ week，定语从句中不缺少主宾表，缺少时间状语。故选D。‎ ‎4.【2016·浙江】11. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears , none of ______ has been proved.‎ A. whom B. which C. what D. that ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】句意：关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪，科学家已经提出了很多理论，没有一个被证明了。使用定语从句，先行词是theories，指物，定语从句中用代词+介词+关系代词which引导。故选B。‎ ‎【考点】考查定语从句。‎ ‎1．(2014·北京卷)I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week,‎ ‎ ________ my classmates recommended to me.‎ ‎【答案：】which ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2．(2014·福建卷)Students should involve themselves in community activities________they can gain experience for growth. ‎ ‎【答案：】where ‎ ‎【解析】本题考查定语从句的引导词。句意：学生们应该积极参与社团活动，在这些活动中他们可以获得成长的经验。分析句子结构可知，本句的先行词是community activities，将其移到后面的定语从句中为：they can gain experience for growth (in) community activities，由此可知关系词代替先行词在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故用where引导。解答此类题目的关键是找到正确的先行词，然后看关系词代替先行词在后面的定语从句中所作的成分，若作主语、宾语就用that，which，who，whom，as引导；若作状语就用when，where，why引导；若作定语就用whose引导。‎ ‎3．(2014·湖南卷)I am looking forward to the day ________ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.‎ ‎【答案：】when ‎ ‎【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我盼望我的女儿能读这本书并懂得我对她的感情的那一天的到来。先行词是the day，后面是定语从句不缺少主语、宾语或表语，故用关系副词when在定语从句中作时间状语。‎ ‎4．(2014·重庆卷)We'll reach the sales targets in a month ________ we set at the beginning of the year.‎ ‎【答案：】which ‎ ‎【解析】本题考查定语从句的引导词。句意：我们将在一个月之内完成年初设定的销售目标。which是关系代词，指代物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。先行词为the sales targets，定语从句中缺少宾语，把先行词代入定语从句后为“we set the sales targets at the ‎ beginning of the year”， 故用关系代词which引导定语从句，而且which也可以省略。‎ ‎5．(2014·四川卷)Until now, we have raised 50, 000 pounds for the poor children, ________ is quite unexpected.‎ ‎【答案：】which ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎6．(2014·安徽卷)The exact year________Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.‎ ‎【答案：】which ‎ ‎【解析】考查定语从句。句意：安吉拉和她的家人一起在中国度过的确切年份是2008年。本题定语从句中的谓语动词spent为及物动词，缺少宾语，先行词为其宾语，故用关系代词which。‎ ‎7．(2014·陕西卷)Please send us all the information ________ you have about the candidate for the position. ‎ ‎【答案：】that ‎ ‎【解析】本题考查定语从句的引导词。句意：请把你有的有关申请那个职位的人的所有信息发给我们。分析题意和句子结构可知，you have about the candidate for the position作定语修饰前面的information。选择什么样的引导词，关键是分析先行词以及定语从句中缺少什么成分。句中have是一个及物动词，由此可以看出定语从句中缺少宾语，故用关系代词。又因为information被all修饰，所以不能用which作关系代词。注意：先行词(指物)前面有the only，few，little，no，all，every，the very等词(语)修饰时，关系代词只能用that。而as引导限制性定语从句时，先行词前面一般有same，as，such修饰，如：I want to have such a dictionary as he has.我想要一本和他的一样的字典。I studied in the same school as she did in Beijing. 我和她在北京的同一所学校就读。‎ ‎8．(2014·天津卷)English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of ________uses it differently.‎ ‎【答案：】which ‎ ‎【解析】考查定语从句和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，这是一个主从复合句，each of which引导非限制性定语从句。‎ ‎9．(2014·山东卷)A company________profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.‎ ‎【答案：】whose ‎ ‎【解析】考查关系代词。句意：国内市场的利润有所下降的公司有可能到国外寻求机遇。A company为先行词，whose引导定语从句，且在定语从句中作定语。‎ ‎10. (2014·江西卷)Among the many dangers ________ sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.‎ ‎【答案：】which ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎