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第三章 冠词和数词
冠词是一种辅助性的词，不可在句中独立担任一个成分。放在名词前，帮助说明名词的含义，使用极为频繁。冠词有不定冠词（a, an）和定冠词（the）两种。a和an的基本含义是“一，一个”，表示泛指，不强调数目，只表示名词不是特定的；the的基本含义是“这个，那个”，表示特指，在可数的单复数名词或不可数名词前面都可以用。冠词本身是虚词，没有意义，同时也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义
数词可分为基数词（Cardinal Numbers）和序数词（Ordinal Numbers）两种。前者表示数量，后者表示顺序。
高考重点要求：
一、冠词
1、不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词的基本用法
2、不定冠词和定冠词的位置
3、冠词常见的习惯搭配用法
二、数词
1、掌握基数词、序数词构成
2、掌握基数词、序数词的基本用法
3、基数词、序数词在表示倍数、百分数、年、月、日等的基本用法
第一节 知识点概述
一、冠词
（一） 不定冠词
不定冠词用a还是an由后面一个词的首音决定。以元音开头的词前用an，以辅音（包括半元音，不是元音字母）开头的词前用a。例如：
辅音字母或半元音开头：a tree, a university, a house, a European country, a one-eyed man
元音或半元音开头：an apple, an umbrella, an hour, an elephant, an opera
值得注意的是：
1．如果不定冠词后面第一个词以辅音音素开头就用a。例如university, useless, useful, unit, uniform; 以元音音素开头用an .例如:an uncle , an apple 。
2．如果不定冠词后面第一个词以不发音的h开头，而h后面第一个音的音素是元音因素，就用an。例如hour, honest。
3．如果不定冠词和名词之间有其他词，不定冠词的形式仍取决于它后面第一个词的语音形式。例如a rich uncle , a beautiful actress。
不定冠词的用法如下：
1．用在单数可数名词前，表示一类人或事物，如：
A dictionary is a useful book.
An underground train can start and stop quickly.
2．说明某人或某东西属于哪一类，如：
This is a book.
He used to be an engineer.
3．泛指某人或某物，但未具体说明何人、何物，如：
A boy is waiting for me.
Give me a pen, please.
4．表示数量，有“一”的意思，如：
Behind the house there is a garden.
once a week.
5．用于某些固定词组中，如：
a few, a little, a lot of, a number of, just a minute, in a hurry, for a while, for a long time, a cup of, a bottle of, have a rest, have a talk, have a fever, have a good time, have(take) a walk, have a toothache, take a bath, give a lesson
（二）定冠词
定冠词的用法如下：
1．指彼此都知道的人或事物，如：
Open the door, please.
Go and close the window.
2．特指某（些）人或某（些）事物，如：
The girl in red is my sister.
The man over there is our English teacher.
The book on the desk is mine.
3．指前面提到过的人或事物，如：
Here is a picture of a modern car factory. My father works in the factory.
4．用在序数词和形容词最高级前,以及在方位词前。如：
The Nile is the longest river in the world.
He won the first prize.
The sun rises in the east.
5．用在某些名词化的形容词或过去分词前，表示一类人或事物， 如：
the rich, the sick, the new , the false, the wounded
6．用在某些专用名词前， 如：
the Great Wall
the People’s Republic of China
the United Nations
the Netherlands
7．在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称的前面，如：
the North China Plain
the Rocky Mountains
the Yangtse River
8．在一些用语中，如：
in the morning(/afternoon/evening), in the day, by the way, on the whole, the next morning, all the year around, the other day, at the same time
（三）不用冠词的情况
1．在不含普通名词或某些专有名词如表示人名,地名，机构等
China, Beihai Park
2．名词前面已有用作定语的 this, that, my, your, some, any 等代词前，如：
The letter is from my father.
I have a book in my hand.
3．在复数名词表示一类人或事物时，如：
Horses are useful animals.
I like cakes.
4．在节日名称、星期、月份、季节前。如：
Today is Sunday.
Spring is the best season in the year.
Children’s Day
5．在某些固定搭配和习惯用语中，如：
go to school , be in hospital, be in prison
6．一天三餐，球类运动的名称前，如:
I like to play basketball.
We have lunch at school.
二、数词
（一） 数词的词形
（1）在1-12中，1-12为基数词中的数词；序数词1-3为特殊变化，序数词4-12在基数词词尾加-th。[注意 fifth (第五)；ninth (第九)和 twelfth (第十二)的特殊拼写]。
（2）在13-19中，13-19基数词在数词3-9后加-teen构成。其中13 和15 发生拼写变化 ：thirteen 和 fifteen ，相应序数词在基数词后加-th构成。13-19岁的少年用teens (in one’s teens在某人十多岁时)。
（3）在20-90整十位数，在基数词2-9之后加-ty构成。其中20、30、40、50拼法特殊。在构成相应的序数词时，将词尾y变i，再加-eth。表示二十多岁等用twenty 等的复数twenties (in one’s twenties 在某人二十多岁时)。
（4）两位数之间的数，由十位数加个位数构成，中间用连字符。构成序数词时，连字符前为基数词，后为序数词。如：二十五 twenty-five; 第九十九 ninety-ninth.
（5）100以上数词,整百位数由1-9加 hundred构成，序数词在词尾加-th；整千位数由1-9加thousand构成，序数词在词尾加-th。在百位和个位之间须加and,如：141 one hundred and forty-one；1201 one thousand two hundred and one ，构成序数词只将最后一个数变成序数词。
（二）使用基数词的情况
（1）念数 (o 念作 /o /或 zero)
（2）电话号码（62083338）
（3）事物表示编号顺序 (名词在前，如：Room 303; World War Two)
（4）货币 (100 dollars)
（5）度量 (50 kilos)
（6）小数 (2.5 meters)
（三）使用序数词的情况
（1）第几
（2）月份后的号 (August 5th)
（3）事物表示顺序 (名词在后，如：the fiftieth page; the Second World War)
（四）分数、小数、百分比、倍数、四则运算的表示方法
类别
说明
例词或例句
分数
分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1，分母的序数词用复数。
1/2 读作 a (one) half
1/3 读作 a (one) third
1/4 读作a (one) quarter或a (one) fourth
4/5 读作four fifths
4 2/3 读作four and two thirds
Two thirds of the earth surface is covered by water.（地球表面的三分之二覆盖着水）
小数
小数点读作point。小数点后面各数都按个位基数词读；小数点前面仍按基数词读。零读作o或zero.
0.7 读作zero point seven
25.25 读作twenty-five point two five
百分比
百分比由基数词+percent组成 （ % ）
2% 读作two percent
44% 读作forty-four percent
100% 读作one hundred percent
More than 25 percent of the surface of the ground is covered with grass. 百分之二十五以上的地面被草覆盖着。
倍数
(1) 倍数+as+形(副)原级+as
(2) 倍数+形(副)比较级+than
(3) 倍数+ the size(length , height , width , etc .)+ of (表示大小或数量的名词)
This room is three times as large as that one .
This room is two times larger than that one.
This room is three times the size of that one .
注意：上述三个结构的意义是相同的。
汉译表达：
这间房是那间房的三倍大 。
加、减、乘、除四则运算
用基数词表示
加号用plus / and
减号用minus
乘号用times
除号用divided by
9+8=17， 读作 Nine plus (and) eight is seventeen.
11-5=6 ， 读作 Eleven minus five is six.
6×5=30， 读作 Six times five is thirty.
35÷7=5， 读作 Thirty-five divided by seven is five.
第二节 实战演练
一、复习时需注意的要点
1、如两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。
例如：My grandpa raises a black and a white dog. 我爷爷养了一只黑狗和一只白狗。
The black and the white dogs are his. 这只黑狗和白狗都是他的。
2、如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。
例如：My grandpa raises a black and white dog. 他养了一只黑白花狗。
3、several 或基数词修饰 hundred, thousand, million 表示计数时,一般不用复数形式.
例如:several hundred students watched the match.
4、dozens of, scores of, hundreds of, millions of, tens of thousands of, hundreds of thousands of, tens of millions of等结构可用来表示不确定的数量.
例如：Hundreds of thousands of people are going to watch the fireworks in the Central Park.
She bought dozens of eggs last week.
二、历届高考试题分析
例1、I earn 10 dollars_________ hour as _________ supermarket cashier on Saturdays.
A. a...an B. the...a C. an...a D. an...the
答案为C。
【解析】 hour以元音开头，前面加不定冠词an，an hour“每小时”；a表示“一个”，放在supermarket cashier前面表示类指，说明属哪类人。译文：星期六我作为超市出纳员每小时挣10美元。a/an的用法规则：以元音音素开头的单词前用an，以辅音音素开头的单词前用a。
例2、One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain________ good knowledge of basic word formation.
A. / B. the C. a D. one
答案为C。
【解析】 knowledge是不可数名词，当被某些修饰语修饰时，前面要加不定冠词，如：He has a very good knowledge of English.他在英语方面有丰富的知识。
例3、Alexander Graham Bell invented ________telephone in 1876.
A. / B. a C. the D. one
答案为C 。
【解析】 the+可数名词单数表示一类泛指。
例4、The cakes are delicious. He'd like to have ________ third one because _______ second one is rather too small.
A. a…a B. the…the C. a…the D. the…a
答案为C。
【解析】 注意序数词前面的冠词的用法：当序数词表示顺序时用定冠词the；表示再来一次使用不定冠词a (an)。从句子的意思可知，third one表示再吃一个，所以填a；second one表示所吃的第二个，所以填the。这句话的意思是：蛋糕很好吃。他想再吃一个，因为他吃的第二个太小了。
例5、A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in ________leg.
A. a B. one C. the D. his
答案为C。
【解析】 伤及某人某部位或拍、打、拉某人某部位要用句式wound/bit/beat/pat/take+sb+介词+the+部分。译文：子弹击中了战士，他的腿受了伤。
例6、________people in the world are sending information by email every day.
A. Several million B. Many million C. Several millions D. Many million
答案为A。
【解析】 在million，hundred等前如果有具体数字或several等词时，要用单数形式。many一般不与million等词连用。在表示不确切数目时用复数，例如：表示“数百万”，英语为millions of。译文：每天，世界上有百十万人通过email传递信息。
例7、________ of the land in that district ________covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth...is B. Two fifth...are C. Two fifths...is D. Two fifths...are
答案为C。
【解析】 分数的分子用基数词，分母用序数词表示。如果分子大于1，序数词后加-s。分数和百分比作主语时，谓语动词的形式取决于分数和百分数后的名词。句子中的主语land是单数，所以谓语动词要用is covered。
例8、Paper produced every year is ________ the world's production of vehicles.
A. the three times weight of B. three times the weight of
C. as three times heavy as D. three times as heavier as
答案为B。
【解析】 表示倍数的词数放在the weight of前，意思是“……重量的几倍”。
例9、 An accident happened at_________ crossroads a few metres away from_______ bank.
A. a…a B. /…a C. /…the D. the…/
答案为A。
【解析】 at a crossroads表示“在十字路口”，crossroads“十字路口”是复数形式单数用法；bank是可数名词，不能单独使用(要加冠词或复数)，又非特指，不能用the。此处是泛指，前面要用不定冠词a。
例10、Smith _____ me to buy several _____ eggs for the dinner
A、asked…dozen B、suggested…dozens of
C、had…dozen D、persuaded…dozens of
答案为A。
【解析】 “dozen +复数名词”前除了用具体数词修饰外，还可以用several, many 修饰，如several dozen people, many dozen students等，dozen 不加s。
第三节 巩固练习
Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.
1. It takes us ________ hour or more to go to my hometown by ________ train.
A. an…a B. a…an C. an… / D. a…/
2. They had ___wonderful train ride to Chengdu before they went on to ___Mount Emei by bus.
A. a…the B. /… the C. a…/ D. the…a
3. For a long time they walked without saying _____ word. Jim was the first to break _____
silence.
A. the...a B. a...the C. a.../ D. the.../
4. —By the way, have you got ________ E-mail address?
—Oh, yes, it’s cthsc @ citiz.net.
A. the B. an C. a D. /
5. ______ book on the desk is _______ useful one.
A. The...an B.A...a C. The...a D. The.../
6 My good friend Liqing studies at ______ Middle School.
A. 18 B. the 18 C. 18th No. D. No.18
7. —What date is it?
—It’s _______.
A. the April thirteenth B. the thirteenth of April
C. thirteenth April D. April thirteen
8. His uncle has lived at _______ for ten years.
A. No.103 Xinhua Street B. 103 Xinhua Street
C. Xinhua Street 103 D. Xinhua Street
No.103
9. Please wait here. I’ll be back in _______ hours.
A. two and half a B. two and a half C. half and two D. two a half.
10. When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to _____ hotel. I can find you _____ bed in my flat.
A. the...a B. the.../ C. a...the D. a.../
11.China is _______ larger than the United States.
A. one six B. one sixth C. one sixes D. a sixths
12.Two ______ died of cold last winter.
A. hundreds old people B. hundreds old peoples
C. hundred old people D. hundred old peoples
13. 999 reads nine hundred ______.
A. and ninety ninth B. and ninety-nine C. ninety and nine D. and nine nine
14.Our teacher told us to write a _________ composition.
A. two-thousand-word B. two-thousand-words
C. two thousands words D. two-thousands-word
15.Henry is ______ tallest in their class.
A. three B. the three C. third D. the third
16. Would you like to try _______ time?
A. two B. second C. a two D. a second
17. When spring comes, _______ trees are planted in our city.
A. millions of B. a million of C. two millions D. million of
18. The number of the girls in our school ______ more than six ______.
A. are...hundreds B. is...hundred C. are...hundred D. is...hundred
19. _______ is a happy time for _______.
A. Chinese New Year…children B. The Chinese New Year…children
C. Chinese New Year…the children D. The Chinese New Year…the children
20. In _____ Marx began to learn Russian.
A. a 1870 B. the 1870 C. the 1870’s D. his 1870
21. Most English people have _____ names: _____ name, a middle name and the family name.
A. three...first B. three...a first C. the three...the first D. the third...one
first
22. _____ of the world’s books and newspapers are written in English.
A. Three quarter B. Three of quarters C. Third fourths D. Three fourths
23.Today we’re going to learn the _____ lesson.
A. twenty B. 20 C. twentieth D. twentyth
24. —How deep is the hole?
—It is _____.
A. four metre deep B. four metres deep C. four-metre deep D. four-metres-deep
25. _____ books must be produced for the children.
A. Many thousands B. Many thousands of C. Many thousand of D. Many thousand
26.There are _____ days in June and _____ day is Children’s Day.
A. thirteen, first B. thirty...the second C. thirty...the first D. thirteen...the first
27. When you finish reading the book, you will have ____ better understanding of _____life.
A. a...the B. the...a C. /...the D. a.../
28. —I heard that as many as 4,000 people were killed in 9.11 Horror Attack.
—Yes, _____ news came as _____ shock to us.
A. the...the B. the...a C. /.../ D. /...a
29. ____ _ on-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is _____ major concern of the country.
A. The.../ B. The...a C. An...the D. An.../
30. I spoke to younger Mr. Hamilton, not Hamilton manager.
A. /…the B. the…/ C. the…the D. /…/
31. There's ________ dictionary on ________ desk by your side.
A. a...the B. a...a C. the...a D. the...the
32. —Where is my blue shirt?
—It's in the washing machine. You have to wear _________different one.
A. any B. the C. a D. other
33. I don't like talking on _______ telephone, I prefer writing _______letters.
A. a...the B. the.../ C. the...the D. a.../
34. Mr. Smith, there’s a man at _______ front door who says he has _______news for you of great importance.
A. the…/ B. the...the C./…/ D./…the
35. Summers in ________south of France are for ________most part dry and sunny.
A. /…a B. the…/ C. /…/ D. the...the
36. He got hurt in a traffic accident _____ other day. Now he has been in _______ hospital for a week.
A. the, / B. the, the C. /, / D. /, the
37. Mark wished for ______ rest after having ______ hard time at school.
A. a…a B. the…the C. a…the D. a…/
38. ______school usually begins in ______September , when the weather is still warm .
A. /…/ B. The …/ C. The…the D. A…/
39. We stood at the top of the mountain _____ east of the city, watching ______ burning sun rising.
A. /…a B. the…a C. the…the D. /…the
40. —Put ______ waste bag in the dustbin.
—It’s not ______ waste bag. It’s my shopping bag.
A. a… a B. the…the C. the…a D. a… the
41. His car suddenly got burnt in ______crossroads a few metres away from ______ grocery.
A. /…the B. a…a C. the …a D. a …one
42. —What do you think of the director of the film?
—Oh, he is ______ director who is pleasant to work with. It’s ______ pleasure to work with him.
A. the…the B. a…a C. a…the D. the…/
43. The family was in ______ difficult situation. When her father was in ______ poor health.
A. a…a B. a…/ C. the…/ D. /…/
44. —Where’s ______ nearest bookstore?
—There’s one of _______ end of the street.
A. the…an B. a…the C. the…the D. a…an
45. In China, ______ bicycle is _______ popular means of transportation.
A. the…a B. a…/ C. the…the D. a…the
46. He said he couldn’t see clearly ______ number of the car among ______ number of cars.
A. the…the B. a…a C. the…a D. a…the
47. I assure you that you can have ______ good time in ______ space. It must be your ______ best choice.
A./ …the…the B. a… /…/ C./…/…the D. a…the…/
48. The policeman stood in ______ front of _____ robber and hit him on ______ nose.
A. the…a…his B. /…/…his C. /…the…the D. the…the…the
49. ______ Christmas for westerners is like ______ Spring Festival for us Chinese.
A. The…the B. The…/ C. /…the D. /…/
50. Shanghai is ______ most beautiful city and all of us are sure the 2010 World Expo will be ______ great success.
A. the…a B. a…a C. a…the D. the…the
第三章 冠词和数词
1. C 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. D 7. B 8. B 9. B 10. C
11. B 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. D 16. D 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. C
21. B 22. D 23. C 24. B 25. D 26. C 27. A 28. B 29. B 30. C
31. A 32. C 33. D 34. A 35. D 36. A 37. A 38. A 39. A 40. C
41. B 42. B 43. B 44. C 45. A 46. C 47. B 48. C 49. C 50. B
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