高考综合语文文言文阅读答题技巧教师 90页

高考文言文答题技巧 ‎（一）. 翻译方法 ‎ ‎ “留”，就是保留。凡是古今意义相同的词，以及古代的人名、地名、物名、官名、国号、年号、度量衡单位等，翻译时可保留不变 ‎ ‎ “删”，就是删除。删掉无须译出的文言虚词。比如“沛公之参乘樊哙者也”－－沛公的侍卫樊哙。“者也”是语尾助词，不译 ‎ ‎“补”，就是增补。（1）变单音词为双音词；（2）补出省略句中的省略成分；（3）补出省略了的语句。注意：补出省略的成分或语句，要加括号 ‎ ‎ “换”，就是替换。用现代词汇替换古代词汇。如把“吾、余、予”等换成“我”，把“尔、汝”等换成“你”。 ‎ ‎ “调”就是调整。把古汉语倒装句调整为现代汉语句式。主谓倒装句、宾语前置句、介宾后置句、定语后置句等翻译时一般应调整语序，以便符合现代汉语表达习惯。 ‎ ‎ “变”，就是变通。在忠实于原文的基础上，活译有关文字。如“波澜不惊”，可活译成“（湖面）风平浪静” ‎ ‎ 古文翻译口诀 ‎ ‎ 古文翻译，自有顺序，首览全篇，掌握大意； ‎ ‎ 先明主题，搜集信息，由段到句，从句到词， ‎ ‎ 全都理解，连贯一起，对待难句，则需心细， ‎ ‎ 照顾前文，联系后句，仔细斟酌，揣摩语气， ‎ ‎ 力求做到，合情合理，词句之间，联系紧密。 ‎ ‎ 若有省略，补出本意，加上括号，表示增益。 ‎ ‎ 人名地名，不必翻译，人身称谓，依照贯例， ‎ ‎ "吾""余"为我，"尔""汝"为你。省略倒装，都有规律 ‎ ‎ 实词虚词，随文释义，敏化语感，因句而异。 ‎ ‎ 译完之后，还须仔细，逐句对照，体会语气， ‎ ‎ 句子流畅，再行搁笔 ‎（二）.归纳要点 概括中心 ‎ ‎1、整体阅读，总体把握，依据文体特点抓重点。‎ ‎  “归纳内容要点，概括中心意思”‎ ‎，阅读是基础。阅读时要始终带着如下几方面的问题思考：（1）文章写了一些什么人的一些什么事；（2）事情的发生、发展和结局如何；（3）文章说了一些什么道理；（4）是以什么作为说理依据的。具体说，对记叙性文字，要理清时间、地点、人物、事件的前因后果；一般的传记文，要弄清作者记了哪几件事，表现了人物的哪些性格特点和精神风貌。议论性文字要理清论点、论据及论证方法等。说明性文字要理清说明对象、说明内容和说明方法。只有整体阅读，总体把握，才能高屋建瓴地驾驭阅读材料，才能准确、完整地去分析、评价人物和事件。‎ ‎ 2、抓中心句、找关键句，理清文章的层次读一篇文章时，应当特别关注中心句、关键句，这样便于快速把握文意。‎ 中心句、关键句的位置，常在文章（或段落）的开头或结尾处，如《六国论》的中心句“六国破灭，非兵不利，战不善，弊在赂秦。”在文章的开头；《过秦论》中“仁义不施，攻守之势异也”这个中心句在文末。再则，文章的层次结构，是文章的骨架和脉络，它具体展现作者记叙、描写、说明、议论的思路。而作者的思路是通过层与层之间、段与段之间的内在联系反映出来的。分析的方法可按时间顺序归纳，也可按地点的转移归纳，可按时空结合归纳，可按材料性质或类别归纳。这些方法视具体的文章而定。‎ ‎  3、在把握要点和中心的基础上，分析判断细节围绕文意，仔细判断各选项中的有关细节，才能明辨各项表述的正确与否。‎ 要注意细节中是否存在着诸如人物的张冠李戴、事件的前后倒置、事件杂糅、层次混乱、强加因果、内容上的归纳不完整、故意曲解、中心概括上的无中生有、片面遗漏、强拉硬连、任意拔高等常见错误。‎ ‎ 4、充分利用各种信息，加深对文章内容及主旨的理解。‎ ‎  归纳、概括时，要注意充分利用文章的题目、文中或文后的注释、文章出处、作者情况等信息，结合学过的有关知识作综合分析，从而多方面理解文章的内容。‎ ‎ 5、回文查对，将选项中现代文叙述文字与文言原文对应文字比照判断。‎ ‎ 要坚持把选项中诸如事情的发展、因果，人物行为的程度、实效等方面内容，细细从原文词句中查出核对；努力培养能把题目中用现代汉语叙述的内容，一一迅速地从原文中找出对应内容的能力。分析、评价选项叙述与文中用词造句的细微差别，正是把握全文的关键所在。‎ 四、文言句式及其用法  ‎ ‎（一 ）判断句 判断句是对事物的性质、情况、事物之间的关系做出肯定或否定判断的句子。文言中常用以下几种形式表示判断。  ‎ ‎    1．用“者”或“也”表判断。这是典型的文言判断形式。有用“……者，…也”的，其中“者”表停顿，“也”表判断；有单用“者” 或“也”的；也有“者也”在句尾连用的。  ‎ 例如：  ‎ ‎    陈胜者，阳城人也。(司马迁《陈涉世家》)  ‎ ‎    师者，所以传道受业解惑也。(韩愈《师说》)  ‎ ‎    四人者，庐陵萧君圭君玉，长乐王回深父，……(王安石《游褒禅山记》)  ‎ ‎    项脊轩，旧南阁子也。(归有光《项脊轩志》)  ‎ ‎    夫战，勇气也。(《左传?曹判论战》)  ‎ ‎    莲，花之君子者也。(周敦颐《爱莲说》)  ‎ ‎  2．用副词“乃”“则”“即”“皆”等表判断。这种形式也较为多见。例如：  ‎ ‎    当立者乃公子扶苏。(司马迁《陈涉世家》)  ‎ ‎    此则岳阳楼之大观也。(范仲淹《岳阳楼记》)  ‎ ‎    即今之全然在墓者也。(张溥《五人墓碑记》)  ‎ ‎    夫六国与秦皆诸侯。 (苏洵《六国论》)  ‎ ‎    3．用动词“为”“是”表判断。其中“是”表判断，要注意和用作代词的“是”的区别。例如：  ‎ ‎    故今之墓中全乎为五人也。(张溥《五人墓碑记》)  ‎ ‎    如今人方为刀俎，我为鱼肉，何辞为? (司马迁《鸿门宴》)  ‎ ‎    问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。(陶渊明《桃花源记》)  ‎ ‎    巨是凡人，偏在远郡，行将为人所并。 (司马光《赤壁之战》)  ‎ ‎    石之铿然有声者，所在皆是也。(代词，这样) (苏轼《石钟山记》)  ‎ 同行十二年，不知木兰是女郎。（《木兰诗》）  ‎ ‎    4．用否定副词“非”等表示否定的判断。例如：  ‎ ‎    六国破灭，非兵不利，战不善，弊在赂秦(苏洵《六国论》)  ‎ ‎    城非不高也，池非不深也，兵革非不坚利也……(《孟子?得道多助，失道寡助》  ‎ ‎    5．直接表示判断。既不用判断词，也不用语气词，通过语意直接表示判断。例如：  ‎ ‎    刘备天下枭雄。(司马光《赤壁之战》)  ‎ ‎    刘豫州王室之胃。(同上)  ‎ ‎ 其句式有如下几种表示法：  ‎ ‎   “......者，......也。”这是文言判断句最常见的形式。主语后用“者”，表示提顿，有舒缓语气的作用，谓语后用“也”结句，对主语加以肯定的判断或解说。如：“陈涉者，阳城人也。”（《史记．了涉世家》）  ‎ ‎    “......，......也。”判断句中，有时“者”和“也”不一定同时出现，一般省略"者"，只用“也”表判断。如：“操虽托名汉相，其实汉贼也。”（《资治通鉴》）  ‎ ‎   “......者，......。”有的判断句，只在主语后用“者”表示提顿，这种情况不常见。如：“四人者，庐陵萧君圭君玉，长乐王回深父，余弟安国平父，安上纯父。”（王安石《游褒禅山记》）  ‎ ‎ “......者也。”在句末连用语气词“者也”，表示加强肯定语气，这时的“者”不表示提顿，只起称代作用。这种判断句，在文言文中也比较常见。如：“城北徐公，齐国之美丽者也。”（《战国策．齐策》）  ‎ ‎     无标志判断句。文言文中的判断句有的没有任何标志，直接由名词对名词作出判断。如：“刘备天下枭雄。”（《赤壁之战》）  ‎ 需要注意的是，判断句中谓语前出现的“是”一般都不是判断词，而是指示代词，作判断句的主语。 ‎ ‎ （二） 被动句  ‎ ‎ 被动句主要有两大类型：一是有标志的被动句，即借助一些被动词来表示，二是无标志的被动句，又叫意念被动句。被动句是表示被动意义的句子。文言中，常常借助一些介词表示被动。 ‎ ‎    1．用介词“于”“受……于……”表被动(“于”引出动作的主动者)。例如：  ‎ ‎    则今之高爵显位，一旦抵罪，或脱身以逃，不能容于远近。(张溥《五人墓碑记》)  ‎ ‎    六艺经传皆通习之，不拘于时，学于余。(韩愈《师说》)  ‎ ‎    吾不能举全吴之地，十万之众，受制于人。(司马光《赤壁之战》)  ‎ ‎    2．用“为”“为……所……”(“为”引出动作的主动者)或“……为所……”表被动。  ‎ 例如：  ‎ ‎    及其衰也，数十伶人困之，而身死国灭，为天下笑。(欧阳修《伶官传序》)  ‎ ‎    吴广素爱人，士卒多为用者。(司马迁《陈涉世家》)  ‎ ‎    今不速往，恐为操所先。(司马光《赤壁之战》)  ‎ ‎    有如此之势，而为秦人积威之所劫。(苏洵《六国论》)  ‎ ‎    不者，若属皆且为所虏。(司马迁《鸿门宴》)  ‎ ‎   3．用“见”“见……于……”表被动(“于”引出动作的主动者)。例如：  ‎ ‎     吾长见笑于大方之家。(《庄子?秋水》)  ‎ 见”有一种特殊用法和表被动的“见”的形式很相近，如：“冀君实或见恕也。”（《答司马谏议书》）这里的“见”不表被动，它是在动词前，表示对自己怎么样的客气说法，像现代汉语中的“见谅”等那为此种用法。  ‎ ‎   4．用介词“被”表被动。例如：  ‎ ‎    予犹记周公之被逮。(张溥《五人墓碑记》)  ‎ ‎   5．无标志的被动句，这种情况是指没有被动词的被动句。动词本身表被动。这是意念上的被动句，需要根据上下文来判别。例如：  ‎ ‎“荆州之民附操者，逼兵势耳。”（《资治通鉴》）这里的“逼兵势”是“被兵势所逼”的意思。  ‎ ‎ （三） 省略句  ‎ ‎ 常见的有以下几种情形：  ‎ ‎ 1.省略主语有承前面的主语省略，有呼应下文省略，在对话中也常常省略主语。  ‎ ‎ （1）承前省。如：永州之野产异蛇，(蛇)黑质而白章；(蛇)触草 木，(草木)尽死；(蛇)以啮人，(人)无御之者。  ‎ ‎ （2承后省。如：“沛公谓张良曰：‘（公）度我至军中，公乃入。  ‎ ‎ （3自述省。如：“（予）爱是溪，（予）得其尤绝者家焉。”  ‎ ‎ （4对话省。如：“（孟子）曰：‘独乐乐，与人乐乐，孰乐？’（王）曰：‘不若与人。’”  ‎ ‎   2.省略谓语 谓语是句子里最重要的成分，一般是不能省略的。但在特定情况下也有承接上文、呼应下文或因对话而省略的。  ‎ 如：“择其善者而从之，（择）其不善者而改之。”（《论语》六则）       ‎ ‎  “夫战，勇也气。一鼓作气，再（鼓）而衰，三（鼓）而竭……。  ‎ ‎  3.省略宾语的省略有两种情况：省略动词的宾语和省略介词的宾语。  ‎ 如：“以相如功大，拜（之）为上卿。”（《廉颇蔺相如列传》）  ‎ ‎ “竖子不足与（之）谋！”（《鸿门宴》）  ‎ ‎ 郑穆公使(人)视客馆。  ‎ ‎ 屠惧，投（之）以骨。（《狼》）  ‎ ‎ 在文言文中,介词“以”、“为”、“与”的宾语"之"往承上文省略。在译成现代汉语时，省略了的动词宾语或介词宾语要补充出来。  ‎ ‎     4.省略介词  在文言文中，介词“于”和“以”常被省略。  ‎ ‎ “赐之（以）彘肩。”  ‎ ‎ 死马且买之(以)五百金，况生马乎？  ‎ ‎ 臣与将军戮力而攻秦，将军战(于)河南，臣战(于)河北。  ‎ ‎ 译为现代汉语时，省略了的介词也要补充出来。  ‎ ‎ 5.修饰语和中心词的省略。如：  ‎ ‎ 　吾妻之美我者，私我也；(吾)妾之美我者，畏我也；(吾)客之美我者，欲有求于我也。 [修饰语的省略]  ‎ ‎ 行一不义(事)，杀一无罪(人)，而得天下，不为也。[中心词的省略]    ‎ ‎ （四） 倒装句（宾语前置；状语后置；定语后置；主语后置）  ‎ ‎ 1. 宾语前置  ‎ ‎ （1）．否定句中代词宾语前置  ‎ ‎ 这类宾语前置，要具备两个条件：一是宾语必须是代词；二是必须是否定句，由“不”、“未”、“毋”、“莫”等否定词表示。  ‎ ‎ “三岁贯汝，莫我肯顾。”  ‎ ‎ 忌不自信。  ‎ ‎ 然而不王者，未之有也。  ‎ ‎ 古之人不余欺也！  ‎ ‎ 是以后世无传焉，臣未之闻也。 《齐桓晋文之事》〈孟子〉  ‎ ‎ 保民而王，莫之能御也。 《齐桓晋文之事》〈孟子〉  ‎ ‎ 而良人未之知也。 《齐人有一妻一妾》〈孟子〉  ‎ ‎ (2)、疑问句中代词宾语前置  ‎ ‎    文言文中用疑问代词“谁”、“何”、“奚”、“安”等做宾语时往往放在动词的前面。  ‎ ‎ “良问曰：‘大王来何操？’”    ‎ ‎ 彼且奚适也？ 《逍遥游》〈庄子〉  ‎ ‎ 沛公安在？ 《鸿门宴》〈史记〉  ‎ ‎ 洞庭君安在哉？ 《柳毅传》李朝威  ‎ ‎ (3)、介词宾语提前：  ‎ ‎   微斯人吾谁与归？  ‎ ‎ 一旦山陵崩，长安君何以自托于赵？  ‎ ‎ 不为者与不能者之形（情形）,何以异？ 《齐桓晋文之事》  ‎ ‎  是以区区不能废远。 《陈情表》李密 ‎ ‎ 是以君子远庖厨也。 《齐桓晋文之事》〈孟子〉  ‎ ‎ 奚以知其然也？ 《逍遥游》〈庄子〉  ‎ ‎ 介词宾语前置，还有一种情况，就是方位词、时间词作宾语时，有时也前置；  ‎ 例如：“东乡坐。”  ‎ ‎ （4）、特殊结构：用"之"、"是"将宾语提前。  ‎ ‎　 宋何罪之有？(宋国有什么罪过？)　  ‎ ‎ 惟命是听 （成语）  ‎ ‎ 惟利是图 （成语）  ‎ ‎ 惟马首是瞻 《冯婉贞》  ‎ ‎ 惟兄嫂是依 《祭十二郎文》韩愈  ‎ ‎ 惟你是问。  ‎ ‎   句读之不知，惑之不解。  ‎ ‎ 2 定语后置   ‎ ‎    在古汉语中将定语移置在中心词之后的现象。定语后置一般有三种情况：  ‎ ‎ （1）、中心词+定语+者    中心词+之+定语+者  ‎ ‎     楚人有涉江者。（《察今》）  ‎ ‎     石之铿然有声者，所在皆是也。（《石钟山记》）  ‎ ‎ 大阉之乱，缙绅而能不易其志者，四海之大，有几人欤？   ‎ ‎ （2）、中心词+之+形容词（定语）  ‎ ‎      蚓无爪牙之利，筋骨之强，上食埃土，下饮黄泉，用心一也。（《劝学》）  ‎ ‎     带长铗之陆离兮，冠切云之崔嵬。（《涉江》）  ‎ ‎ 四海之大，有几人欤？  ‎ ‎ （3）、中心词+数量词（定语）  ‎ ‎     马之千里者，一食或尽粟一石。（《马说》）  ‎ ‎     我持白璧一双，欲献项王；玉斗一双，欲与亚父。（《鸿门宴》）       ‎ ‎3. 状语后置   ‎ ‎ 现代汉语中状语置于谓语之前，文中，处于补语的成分往往要以状语来理解。例如：  ‎ ‎ 将军战河北，臣战河南。  ‎ ‎ 覆之以掌。      ‎ ‎ 若亡郑而有益于君，敢以烦执事。 《烛之武退秦师》〈左传〉  ‎ ‎ 虽董之以严刑，振（震）之以威怒 《谏太宗十思疏》魏征  ‎ ‎ 孰与君少长？——与君孰少长？ 《鸿门宴》〈史记〉  ‎ ‎ 青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝。 《劝学》〈荀子〉  ‎ ‎ 4.主语后置： （主谓倒装 ）‎ ‎   为了强调谓语，有时将谓语置于主语之前。这仅仅是因为语言表达的需要。  ‎ ‎ 甚矣，汝之不惠（慧）。 《愚公移山》〈列子〉   ‎ ‎ 快哉此风！（宋玉《风赋》）  ‎ ‎ “美哉,我少年中国。  ‎ ‎（五） 固定句式  ‎ ‎1　"……孰与……"、"……何如……"。这两种说法都是询问比较的结果，用法相同。  ‎ ‎　公之视廉将军孰与秦王？(你们看廉将军和秦王相比，谁更厉害？)  ‎ ‎　吾孰与城北徐公美？(我和城北徐公相比，谁更美？)  ‎ ‎　汝意谓长安何如日远？(长安和太阳相比，哪一个离得更远？)  ‎ ‎　"孰与"、"何如"还可以用来询问利害得失，或表示抉择取舍。  ‎ ‎2日食饮得无衰乎？——得无，该不会，表揣测的疑问词  ‎ ‎《触龙说赵太后》〈战国策〉  ‎ 反复自念，得无教我猎虫所耶？——得无，该不会，  ‎ 表揣测的疑问词《促织》蒲松龄  ‎ ‎3求，无乃尔是过与（同“欤”，语气词）——无乃…与？恐怕…吧  ‎ ‎《季氏将伐颛臾》〈论语〉  ‎ ‎4是社稷之臣也，何以伐为？——何（以）…为，表反问的句式，为什么要…呢  ‎ ‎《季氏将伐颛臾》〈论语〉  ‎ ‎5故不积跬步,无以致千里；不积小流,无以致江海。——无以，没有用来…的（办法）  《劝学》〈荀子〉  ‎ ‎6奚以之九万里而南为？——奚以…为，哪里用得着…呢，表反问 《逍遥游》〈庄子〉  ‎ ‎7“他人之心，予忖度之。”——夫子之谓也。  ‎ 闻道百，以为莫己若者，我之谓也。（《庄子?秋水》）  ‎ ‎——…之谓也，…说的就是…《齐桓晋文之事》〈孟子〉  ‎ ‎8  "不亦……乎？"可译为："不……吗？"，"难道不……吗？"  ‎ 学而时习之，不亦乐乎？  ‎ 有过不罪，无功受赏，虽亡，不亦可乎？  ‎ ‎9  以为、以……为……意思是以为、认为、把……当作、用……做……。例如：  ‎ ‎  而陋者乃以斧斤考击而求之，自以为得其实。（《石钟山记》）  ‎ ‎  至丹以荆卿为计，始速祸焉。（《六国论》）  ‎ ‎10 唯……是 “是”无意，起宾语提前作用；“唯”表示对象的唯一性  ‎ ‎11岂……哉（乎）、独……哉    意思是难道……吗例如：  ‎ ‎   赵岂敢留璧而得罪于大王乎？  ‎ ‎   王侯将相宁有种乎！  难道 （《陈涉世家》）  ‎ ‎12与其……孰若……、与其……宁……    ‎ 可译为与其……不如（宁可）……  ‎ 与其坐而待亡，孰若起而拯之。（《鸿门宴》）  ‎ 与人刃我，宁自刃。（《鲁仲连传》）  ‎ 与其……宁…… 相当于“与其……宁可……”  ‎ ‎13"如……何"、"奈……何"、"若……何"。这是三个同义的说法。意思是"把……怎么样"、"对……怎么办"或"怎么对付(处置、安顿)……"。例如：  ‎ 如太行、王屋何？(如何处理太行、王屋这两座大山呢？)  ‎ 虞兮虞兮奈若何？(虞啊虞啊我拿你怎么办呢？)‎ 五、实词的判断方法 ‎1、课文求义法 利用课内学过的知识来解决新问题，即遇到某一实词可以联想到课内曾经学过的这一实词的解释，看用它作为当前句中的解释是否合适。如下例：‎ ‎2003年高考卷文言文阅读第一题的四个选项：‎ A. 讽帝大征西方奇技。讽：劝告（出自《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》）‎ B. 咸私哂其矫饰焉。哂：讥笑（出自读本《子路、曾皙、冉有、公西华侍坐》）‎ C. 恐为身祸，每遇人尽礼。遇：优待（出自《屈原列传》出则接遇诸侯，遇，接待。从而推出此项错误。）‎ D. 太宗初即位，务止奸吏。务：致力（出自《过秦论》）‎ 除B选项是在语文读本中出现外，另三项皆根据课文。文言文知识考查一直是“题在课外，功在课内”。文言文阅读考查的语段和内容是新的，但它要考查的文言实词大都在课本中学过，所以在学习过程中，对课内文言文要充分重视，步步夯实。‎ ‎2、成语印证法 即借助成语来推断实词词义。成语是人们长期以来习用的、简洁精辟的定型词组或短语。成语的含义未因时间的流逝而改变，为我们推断实词词义提供了方便。如：‎ ‎“举类迩而见义远”。（《屈原列传》）“闻名遐迩”这个成语大家很熟悉，“迩”对应“远”。把“近”的意思套进原句去，语意很通顺。因此，可推知，此句中的“迩”也是“近”的意思。这样的例子很多，如：‎ ‎①设五寸之的，引十步之远。（有的放矢 的：箭靶）‎ ‎②君子生非异也，善假于物也。（狐假虎威 假：借助）‎ ‎③其文约，其辞微。（微言大义微：深奥、微妙）‎ 成语求义可以和成语的运用结合起来，反推也可，互相印证，相互促进，可谓双赢。‎ ‎3、结构求义法 古汉语相对于现代汉语在语言结构上更具对称美，上下文对应位置上的词语往往在意义上相同、相近或相反、相对，依据这一特点，可有效帮助我们理解词义。如：‎ ‎①秦无亡矢遗镞之费。“亡矢”与“遗镞”的结构是一样的，词的配搭是一致的。“亡”与“遗”相应，“矢”与“镞”相应。从而知道“亡”、“遗”都是失，就不会把“遗”理解为遗留或馈赠了。同样，可从“矢”是箭推知“镞”也是武器了。）‎ ‎②秦有余力而制其弊，追亡逐北。（“追亡”与“逐北”意思相同。由“追”可知“亡”是“逃亡”；“北”因与“亡”相应，则可推知“北”不是“北方”，而是“败北”之义。）‎ ‎③简能而任之，择善而从之。（利用上下文的对称结构，可据易推难。“择”‎ 易于理解，可推出“简”也作“选择或选拔”讲。）‎ 有时借助整齐的句式，还可以先推断出一个词的词性，进而推断出这个词的正确意思。‎ ‎①“据崤函之固，拥雍州之地”一句中借助“地”可以推断“固”应当是名词，进而解释为“坚固的地方”。‎ ‎②良将劲弩守要害之处。借助“良”可以推断“劲”应为形容词，进而解为“硬”、“硬的”、“强有力的”。‎ ‎③变姓名，诡踪迹。借助“变”可以推断“诡”应为动词，就可以避免将“诡”解为“诡秘”的错误，而较为顺利地将“诡”解为“隐蔽”。‎ ‎4、语法分析法 根据词性可以更准确地推出词义。我们在阅读文言文时，可以先确定它在文中做什么成分，然后确定词性，进而确定词义。‎ ‎①况吾与子渔樵于江渚之上，侣鱼虾而友糜鹿。‎ ‎②每至客舍，自放驴，取樵炊。‎ ‎③故久立与其客语。‎ ‎④徒立故琅琊王泽为燕王。‎ 解析：①句中“渔樵”作句子的谓语，而谓语一般由动词、形容词充当，故“渔樵”应释为动词“捕鱼砍柴”。②句中“取樵”为动宾短语，“樵”作“取”的宾语，而宾语多由名词充当，故“樵”应释为名词“柴”，而不能释为动词“打柴”。③句中“故”作动词“立”的状语，而状语一般由副词或形容词充当，据此可推“故”作副词“故意”讲。④句中“故”作名词“琅琊王”的定语，而定语相当部分由形容词充当，因此可释为“旧有的、原来的”。‎ ‎⑤方其系燕父子以组，函梁君臣之首。（《伶官传序》）句中“梁君臣之首”是名词性短语，作宾语，而“函”带这个宾语，由此可推知“函”此时应由名词（“匣子”）活用为动词，可理解为“用匣子装”。‎ ‎⑥人皆得以隶使之。（《五人墓碑记》）“使”是动词，很显然这个动作是由“人”而不是“隶”发出的。这样“隶”只能作状语来修饰“使”，是“像奴隶那样”的意思。‎ ‎5、形训求义法 运用形训，即通过字形结构的剖析释义。分析字形能说明字的本义，有助于我们了解词的本义，也有利于我们去推断词的引申义或其他义项。许慎的《说文解字》主要是凭字形来说明字的本义的。汉字中的形声字占百分之八十以上，其义符为我们领悟词义提供了有利条件。‎ 如：“君径造袁所寓之法华寺”一句中“造的意义。“造”的义符为“之”，联系下文“袁所寓之法华寺”，不难推测与处所关联的词义应是“到”、“去”的意思，“造”的其他意义“制造”、“成就”显然与文意不符。‎ ‎①1999年高考题文言文中有一句“启听淮北取籴”，句中的“籴”就是一个会意字，联系“粜”字，“粜”的意思是卖出粮食，“籴”与“粜”相对，意思是买进粮食。‎ ‎②若少屈，冀得一归觐。觐，义符为“见”，联系下文推断为“拜见”之义。‎ ‎③ “卒然边境有急，数千百万之众，国胡以馈之？”“馈”的意义可由它的“饣”旁推断出它是供军队吃的东西，即“军饷”。‎ ‎6、音训求义法 这种方法就是在本义或引申义解释不通的情况下，试着找通假关系，从而释出符合语境的意思。‎ 语言里的“词”是音义结合物，古人在记录语言里的某一个“词”的时候，往往用声音相同或相近的字来书写，有时写成这个样子，有时写成那个样子。后人便称之为通假。例如早晨的“早”，在“旦日不可不蚤自来谢项王”（《鸿门宴》）中，写成“蚤”。“蚤”的本义是跳蚤，早晨的“早”之所以写成“蚤”，只是因为二者声音相同，“早”是“蚤”的假借义。‎ 通假字的特点基本上是“同音代替”，可分三种情况：‎ ‎①完全同音，如“惠”通“慧”，“畔”通“叛”。‎ ‎②声母相同（双声通假）。如“亡”通“无”，“胡”通“何” 。‎ ‎③韵母相同（叠韵通假）。如“信”通“伸”。这一方法可以让我们在“山重水覆疑无路”的时候，扫除古文阅读上的障碍。这里，再略举几例说明这种现象。‎ ‎①师者，所以传道受业解惑也。（《师说》）“受”通“授”，义为“给予”。‎ ‎②徐公来，孰视之，自以为不如。（《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》）“孰”通“熟”，义为“仔细”。‎ ‎③（陈涉）趣赵兵亟入关。（《史记·陈涉世家）对“趣”字按其字面无法解释，如联系下文的“亟”（意同“急”），前后参照，可推知“趣”通“促”，意为“催促” 。‎ 以上几种方法不是孤立的，也不是非此即彼的，应该在拥有扎实的课内知识的基础上，结合上下语境，综合考虑，灵活运用。‎ 六、虚词的推断方法 ‎1、对照比较法。‎ 就是熟记一些文言虚词的典型例子，将句子、意义和用法一同记住，在做题过程中，将给定的句子与典型例句进行比较，推出文言虚词的意义和用法的虚词判断方法。‎ ‎ 例如 “之”的用法，我们可以熟记“石之铿然有声者，所在皆是也。 ” “句读之不知，惑之不解。”“子孙视之不甚惜 ”等三个句子，我们可以分清它们的用法分别是定语后置的标志、宾语前置的标志、代词。‎ ‎ 了解了这些用法，下面的三个题就可以迎刃而解了。‎ ‎ ①蚓无爪牙之利。 ‎ ‎ ②夫晋，何厌之有 。 　‎ ‎ ③侵之愈急。 ‎ ‎  2、语境推断法。‎ 就是联系语境作具体分析，判定虚词的具体意义和用法的方法。‎ ‎①针针丛棘，青麻头伏焉（蒲松龄《促织》）‎ ‎ 语境是一只“青麻头”（蟋蟀）藏匿在“针针丛棘”之中。由此可推断“焉”是兼词“于此”。“伏焉”即“伏在那里”。‎ ‎3、“删” “换” “代”法。‎ 有些文章虚词的用法，可以通过删除或替换的方法来推断。删除或替换虚词后句意表达不受影响的一般是连词。‎ ‎4、语法分析法。‎ 根据语法知识判别虚词意义，首先将句子主干抽出，划分句子成分，而后看虚词的功能。一般来说，代词充当句子的主语、宾语和定浯；副词充当句子的状语；介词往往与名词、代词组合构成介宾短语充当句子的状语、补语；连词在句子中只起连接作用，不作句子的成分，表动态或语气。‎ ‎①吾妻之美我者，私我也（《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》） ‎ ‎ “吾妻”是主语：“美”形容词的意动用法，作谓语：“我”是宾语；由此可确定“之”介于主谓间，取消句子独立性。‎ ‎②卑贱之人，不知将军宽之至此也（《廉颇蔺相如列传》）‎ ‎ “鄙贱之人”中，“人”是中心词，“鄙贱”是定语，所以“之”应是助词，相当于“的”。‎ ‎5、句式分析法 ‎①多于南亩之农夫（杜牧《阿房宫赋》）‎ 是介宾短语后置句，“于南亩之农夫”介宾短语，“于”是介词“比”的意思。‎ ‎②石之铿然有声者（苏轼《石钟山记》）‎ 是定语后置句， “石”是中心语，“铿然有声者”是定语，“之”是助词，定语后置的标志。‎ ‎6、对句互推法 语言结构相同或相似的词句构成的对文，其对应位置上的词语的用法往往相同或相似。由此可从句中熟悉的虚词的用法，推断对应位置的疑难虚词的用法 ‎① 舟遥遥以轻颺，风飘飘而吹衣。（陶潜《归去来兮辞》）‎ ‎ “以”和“而”处于对应位置，“而”是表修饰的连词。‎ ‎② 因利乘便，宰割天下，分裂山河（贾谊《过秦论》）‎ ‎“因”和“乘”处于对应位置，“乘”是介词“趁着”的意思，由此可推断“因”也是乘着的意思。‎ ‎《寓山注》序 祁彪佳 予家高士里，固山阴道上也。家旁小山，若有夙缘者，其名曰“寓”。往予童稚时，季超、止祥两兄以斗粟易之。剔石栽松，躬荷畚锸，手足为之胼胝。予时亦捧土作婴儿戏。迨后余二十年，松渐高，石亦渐古，季超兄辄弃去，余则委置于丛篁灌莽中。予自引疾南归，偶一过之，于二十年前情事，若有感触焉者。于是卜筑之兴，遂勃不可遏，此开园之始末也。‎ 卜筑之初，仅欲三五楹而止。客有指点之者，某可亭，某可榭，予听之漠然，以为意不及此。及于徘徊数回，不觉问客之言，耿耿胸次。某亭、某榭，果有不可无者。前役未罢，辄于胸怀所及，不觉领异拔新，迫之而出。每至路穷径险，则极虑穷思，形诸梦寐，便有别辟之境地，若为天开。以故兴愈鼓，趣亦愈浓。朝而出，暮而归。祁寒盛暑，体粟汗浃，不以为苦。两年以来，橐中如洗。予亦病而愈，愈而复病，此开园之痴癖也。‎ 园尽有山之三面，其下平田十余亩，水石半之，室庐与花木半之。其他轩与斋类，而幽敞各极其致。室与山房类，而高下分标共胜。与夫为桥、为榭、为径、为峰，参差点缀。大抵虚者实之，实者虚之；聚者散之，散者聚之；险者夷之，夷者险之。如良医之治病，攻补互投；如良将之治兵，奇正并用；如名手作画，不使一笔不灵；如名流作文，不使一语不韵。此开园之营构也。‎ 园开于乙亥之仲冬，至丙子孟春，草堂告成，斋与轩亦已就绪。迨于中夏，经营复始，凡一百余日，曲池穿牗，飞沼拂几，绿映朱栏，丹流翠壑，乃可以称园矣。此开园之岁月也。‎ 至于园以外山川之丽，古称万壑千岩；园以内花木之繁，不止七松五柳。四时之景，都堪泛月迎风；三径之中，自可呼云醉雪。此予亦不暇缕述之矣。‎ ‎（有改动）‎ ‎5．对下列句子中加点字的解释，不正确的一项是（3分）（ ▲ ）‎ A．两兄以斗粟易之 易：换取 B．于是卜筑之兴，遂勃不可遏 勃：兴起的样子 C．险者夷之，夷者险之 夷：使……平坦 D．四时之景，都堪泛月迎风 堪：堪称 ‎6．下列句子中，全部表现作者“卜筑之兴”的一组是（3分）（ ▲ ）‎ ‎①于二十年前情事，若有感触焉者 ‎②辄于胸怀所及，不觉领异拔新，迫之而出 ‎③每至路穷径险，则极虑穷思，形诸梦寐 ‎④朝而出，暮而归 ‎⑤虚者实之，实者虚之 ‎⑥曲池穿牗，飞沼拂几，绿映朱栏，丹流翠壑 A．①③⑤ B．①④⑥ C．②③④ D．②⑤⑥‎ ‎7．下列对原文有关内容的分析和概括，不正确的一项是（3分）（ ▲ ）‎ A．作者和家旁的寓山好像有夙缘，儿时哥哥在山中劳作，他也在旁边游戏，经历变故引病南归后，偶过而有所感，便一步步将它兴建成景色优美的园林。‎ B．山园兴建之初，仅想造三五间房子，对客人的建议也漠然，但万壑千岩的丽景和哥哥未罢的工程使作者兴趣愈发浓厚，不惧奇寒酷暑，耗尽了家财，建园成痴。‎ C．园中水石、花木互相映衬，桥、榭、径、峰参差点缀，轩斋深幽宽敞极尽情趣，各类房屋各显其妙；园内外的景色，赏心悦目，令人陶醉。‎ D．文章从“始末”、“痴癖”、“营构”、“岁月”等方面介绍开园的过程，虽然每节各述一个方面，但“兴”“趣”贯穿始终，各节叙事互为补充，似断实连。‎ ‎8．把文中画线的句子翻译成现代汉语。（10分）‎ ‎（1）剔石栽松，躬荷畚锸，手足为之胼胝（3分）‎ 译文： ▲ ‎ ‎（2）客有指点之者，某可亭，某可榭（3分）‎ 译文： ▲ ‎ ‎（3）如名流作文，不使一语不韵。此开园之营构也（4分）‎ 译文： ▲ ‎ ‎5．D（3分。可以）‎ ‎6．C（3分。①是原因，不是表现；⑤卜筑的做法；⑥客观描述园内景致）‎ ‎7．B（3分。“万壑千岩的丽景”原因错，“哥哥未罢的工程”理解错）‎ ‎8．（1）他们剔除石头栽上松树，亲自挑着箕畚，扛着铁锹，手脚因此生了很厚的老茧。（3分。每句1分） （2）有一个指点山园建设的客人，说某处可以建亭，某处可以建敞屋。（3分。定语后置，“亭”、“榭”活用为动词、语句通顺各1分） （3）如同名流写文章，不让一句话不押韵。这是开园的经营构建。（3分。“作文”、“韵”、“营构”、语句通顺各1分）‎ ‎[附]译文 我家住在高士里，在原来的山阴道上。家旁有一座小山，好像和我有前定的缘分，它的名字叫“寓山”。以往我还是幼小的孩童的时候，季超、止祥两个兄长用斗粟换取它。他们剔除石头栽上松树，亲自挑着箕畚，扛着铁锹，手脚因此生了很厚的老茧。我当时也捧着土做小孩的游戏。等到后来二十年，松树渐渐长高，山石也渐渐变古，季超兄就弃掷离去，我却丢弃在竹子、灌木和杂草丛生的地方。我自从托病辞官南归，偶尔经过这里，对于二十年前的情境事况，好像深有感触。于是兴建山园之兴致，就兴起而不可抑止，这就是开园之始末。‎ 兴建之初，仅仅欲想建三五座房子就行了。有一个指点山园建设的客人，说某处可以建亭，某处可以建敞屋，我听了之后很不在意，认为想法没有达到这个地步。等到在山上徘徊了几回，不觉寻思客人的话，心中很是难忘。某处可以建亭、某处可以建敞屋，果然是不可缺少的。前面的建筑之事还没有结束，常在心中思考，不知不觉与众不同，突出新颖的园林构思，急迫地奔涌而出。每每到路途困窘险恶的地方，就穷尽心思考虑，表现在梦寐之中，于是便有了另辟的境地，好像是天设的一般。因此兴致更加振奋，趣味也更加浓厚。早晨出去，傍晚回来。奇寒酷暑，身体因冷而起小疙瘩，因热而汗流浃背，都不认为是苦。两年以来，橐中一贫如洗。我身体也病了好，好了再病，这是开园的痴癖啊。‎ 园子全部拥有山的三面，山下有平田十多亩，水和石各占一半，房屋和花木各占一半。其他轩与斋以类相从，但深幽宽敞各尽其情趣。室与山房以类相从，但高的、低的分别揭出、共显佳妙。与那些桥、榭、径、峰，高低不齐，略加衬托、装饰。大抵上虚的地方充实它，充实的地方使他虚空；聚集的地方使它分散，分散的地方使它聚集；危险的地方使它平坦，平坦的地方使它险峻。就像良医治病，克制和滋补互相下药；就象良将率兵，奇兵、正兵兼用；就象名手绘画，不让一笔不灵巧；如同名流写文章，不让一句话不押韵。这是开园的经营构建。‎ 园开于乙亥年的仲冬，至丙子年孟春，草堂才宣告成功，斋与轩也完成了。等到到了这年仲夏，经营又开始，总共一百多天，弯曲的水流流过窗下，池沼的水珠飞溅，飘拂到几案上，绿色映衬着红色的栏杆，青绿、朱红流动和浮现，色彩鲜明艳丽。这才可以称为园林。这是开园的时间。‎ 至于山园外山川的秀丽，古时称为万壑千岩；园内花木的繁茂，不只是七松五柳这些隐者宅中树木。四时的风景，都可以泛月迎风；三径小路，自然可以呼云醉雪。这些美景我也没有空暇详尽地叙述它们了。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2012高考英语翻盘逆转押题预测 必考点知识清单 主讲人：吴军 第一部分：单项选择 定语从句出题思路预测 先行词 n./pron ---被定语从句修饰的,根据先行词选择连接词 物：which/that//whose 人：who/whom/that/whose 当先行词与连接词后面的名词n存在所属关系时（…的）‎ ‎〖2012定从预测1〗My friend showed me round the town, was very kind of him. ‎ A. which B. that C. where D. it ‎ ‎〖2012定从预测2〗The road conditions there turned out to be very good, ______was more than we could expect. A.it B.what C.which D.that ‎〖2012定从预测3〗I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school ____I met in the English speech contest last year. ‎ ‎ A. who B. where C. when D. which ‎ ‎〖2012定从预测4〗The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of left their village homes for a better life in the city. ‎ A. whom B. which C. them D. those ‎〖2012定从预测5〗A person ______ e-mail account is full won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails.‎ A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoever ‎〖2012定从预测6〗In china, the number of cities is increasing ______development is recognized across the world. ‎ A. where B. which C. whose D. that ‎〖2012定从预测7〗Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from effects the people are still suffering.‎ A.that B.whose C.those D.what as与which均可替代整个主句 在非限制性定语从句中，均可替代整个主句. 如从句在主句之后，两者皆可用；如从句在主句之前，用as。 介词/逗号后, 永远不用that!‎ They failed in the exam，as/which is natural.‎ As is known to all，the earth moves around the sun.‎ ‎ He passed the College Entrance Examination, made his parents very happy.‎ ‎ A. as B. which C. that D. it ‎〖2012定从预测8〗_____is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.   A. It   B. As   C. That   D. What      ‎ 比较：___is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.‎ ‎〖2012定从预测9〗Jim passed the driving test, surprised everybody in the office. A.which B.that C.this D.it ‎〖2012定从预测10〗____ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.‎ A. It B. As C. That D. What ‎ ‎〖2012定从预测11〗Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, ______, of course, made the others envy him.   A. who   B. that    C. what    D. which   ‎ ‎〖2012定从预测12〗____ has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month.   A. That   B. As   C. It   D. What ‎ ‎ ‎ 地点：where/which /that 时间：when/which/that ‎〖2012定从预测13〗The Science Museum, we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London’s tourist attractions.‎ A.which B.what C.that D.where ‎〖2012定从预测14〗I can think of many cases _____ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay.   A. why    B. which   C. as   D. where ‎ ‎〖2012定从预测15〗Occasions are quite rare .I have the time to spend a day with my kids.‎ A.who B.which C.why D.when ‎〖2012定从预测16〗We are living in an age ______ many things are done on computer.   A. which   B. that   C. whose   D. when ‎ ‎〖2012定从预测17〗The film brought the hours back to me_______I was taken good care of in that far-away village. ‎ A. until          B. that          C. when          D. where 怎么确定关系代词前用什么介词?‎ ‎（1）定语从句中动词和什么介词搭配 Gun control is a subject _____ Americans have argued for a long time. ‎ ‎(about which--- argue about sth)‎ ‎ There is no one _____ she can turn when in trouble ‎ ‎(to whom----turn to sb for help)‎ ‎（2）先行词常和什么介词搭配。‎ The reason _________ he was late was that he got up late.‎ ‎(for which----- the reason for)‎ ‎〖2012定从预测18〗Wind power is an ancient source of energy we may return in the near future. ‎ A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which ‎〖2012定从预测19〗Gun control is a subject Americans have argued for a long time. ‎ A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which ‎〖2012定从预测20〗For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, New York is an example.‎ A.for which B.in which C.of which D.from which ‎〖2012定从预测21〗By nine o’clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, appeared a rare rainbow soon.‎ A.of which B.on which C.from which D.above which 易错点:插入语和定语干扰!‎ ‎〖2012定从预测22〗She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction had taken more than three years.‎ A．for which B．with which C．of which D．to which ‎〖2012定从预测23〗The newly built café, the walls of_______ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, specially after hard work. ‎ A. that B. it C. what D. which ‎〖2012定从预测24〗Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, , of course, made all the others upset.‎ A. who B. which C. what D. that ‎〖2012定从预测25〗She brought with her three friends, none of I had ever met before.‎ A. them B. who C. whom D. these ‎〖2012定从预测26〗Last week, only two people came to look at the house, wanted to buy it.‎ A.none of them B.both of them C.none of whom D.neither of whom 定语从句真题练习 ‎〖2009辽宁〗They’ve won their last three matches, ________I find a bit surprising ‎ A. that B. when C. what D. which ‎ ‎〖2007辽宁〗Eric received training in computer for one year, he found a job in a big company. A.after that B.after which C.after it D.after this ‎〖2006辽宁〗I was told that there were about 50 foreign students Chinese in the school, most were from Germany. A.study;of whom B.study;of them C.studying;of them D.studying;of whom ‎〖2004辽宁〗The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% ______ are sold abroad.   A. of which   B. which of   C. of them   D. of that  ‎ ‎ ‎ DBDA 名词性从句出题思路预测 区别什么从句应看主句，主句不完整时从句肯定是名词性从句。主句完整时，从句可能是定语从句，状语从句，或者同位语从句。‎ I have forgotten ∧where we went yesterday.‎ Where we went yesterday∧ is covered with all kinds of flowers.‎ Oh! This is ∧where we came yesterday. ‎ This is the place where we came yesterday.‎ Here, he made the promise that he would come here 10 years later.‎ I will make a mark where he made the promise.‎ where unemployment and crime are high, it can be assumed that the latter is due to the former.‎ 需要用什么引导词看从句。名词性从句中缺什么意思用什么意思的引导词; ‎ 缺名词性成份时，指人用who/whom，指物用what; 不缺意思和成份时用that。That只有在宾语从句中可以省略。‎ ‎〖2011江西卷〗The villagers have already known we’ll do is to rebuild the bridge.‎ A．this B．that C．what D．which ‎〖2011四川卷〗Our teachers always tell us to believe in we do and who we are if we want to succeed.‎ A. why B. how C. what D. which ‎〖2011陕西卷〗I’d like to start my own business –that’s I’d do if I had the money. ‎ A.why B.when C.which D.what 易错点:插入语干扰!‎ ‎〖2012名词性从句预测1〗The companies are working together to create they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. ‎ ‎ A. which B. that C. what D. who ‎〖2012名词性从句预测2〗 was most important to her, she told me, was her family.‎ A.It B.This C.What D.As ‎〖2012名词性从句预测3〗The shopkeeper did not want to sell for he thought was not enough.‎ A.where B.how C.what D.which ‎[1] In my eyes, _______ is known to all _____ Chinese economy has taken off.‎ ‎[2] ______ is known to all, Chinese economy has taken off.‎ ‎[3] I took some medicine for the bad cold, but _____ didn’t help.‎ ‎[4] I took some medicine for the bad cold, ______ didn’t help.‎ ‎[5] I find ______ is a pity that he failed in the driving test.‎ A. which B. that C. it D. As ‎〖2012名词性从句预测4〗 is known to us all is that the 2014 Olympic Games will take place in L.‎ A.It B.What C.As D.Which Whether是解! ‎ 不充当从句的任何成分，表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性。不可以省略。‎ 通常，引导主语从句、表语从句和引导同位语从句时，要用连词whether，不用if；习惯上也只能说whether or not，而不说if …or not。‎ ‎____ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet.‎ A. Whenever B. If C. Whether D. That 试题中的从句位于句首，不难知道这是一个主语从句，所以答案是C。但是在宾语从句中表达“是否”既可用if也可用whether。‎ 主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,只能用 whether 引导，不能用 if .‎ 主语从句Whether it is true remains a problem. 这件事是否真实还是个问题。‎ 表语从句What the doctors really doubt is whether my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.医生真正怀疑的是我母亲能否很快从重病中恢复过来。‎ 同位语从句I am in doubt whether I should agree to the plan. ‎ ‎〖2012名词性从句预测5〗We’ve offered her the job, but I don’t know______ she’ll accept it.‎ A. where B. what C. whether D. which ‎〖2012名词性从句预测6〗Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and it is ‎ rough or smooth.‎ A./ B.whether C.how D.what ‎〖2012名词性从句预测7〗What the doctors really doubt is _____my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. A. when B. how C. whether D. why ‎ 名词性从句真题练习 ‎〖2006辽宁〗 makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services.‎ A.What B.Who C.Whatever D.Whoever A 状语从句出题思路预测 转折关系:but,however,Altough,Though,什么时候选?‎ ‎〖2011四川卷〗Frank insisted that he was not asleep I had great difficulty in waking him up.‎ A. whether B. although C. for D. so ‎〖2009湖南〗______ the police thought he was the most likely one, since they had no exact ‎ proof about it, they could not arrest him.‎ A. Although B. As long as C. If only D. As soon as ‎〖2007全国Ⅰ〗Between the two generations, it is often not their age, their education that causes misunderstanding.‎ A.like B.as C.or D.but ‎〖2007湖南〗Reality is not the way you wish things to be, nor the way they appear to be, _______ the way they actually are.‎ A.as B.or C.but D.and ‎〖2012状从预测1〗Excuse me for breaking in, _______ I have some news for you. ‎ A.so B.and C.but D. yet ‎[1] It was in this city ______ he was born.‎ ‎[2] It was this city ______ he was born.‎ ‎[3] It was in 1989 ______ he was born.‎ ‎[4] It was three days _____ he was born.‎ ‎[5] It is three days _____ he was born.‎ A. where B. which C. that D. before E.since ‎〖20100陕西〗John thinks it won’t be long he is ready for his new job. ‎ ‎ A. when B. after C. before D. since ‎〖2008北京〗I’m sorry you’ve been waiting so long, but it’ll still be some time ___ Brian gets back. ‎ A. before B. since C. till D. after ‎〖2011四川卷〗 As it reported, it is 100 years Qinghua University was founded.‎ A. when B. before C. after D. since ‎〖2012状从预测2〗The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months; it will be a long time we meet them again.‎ A.after B.before C.since D.when ‎〖2012状从预测3〗He was told that it would be at least three more months he could recover and return to work. A.when B.before C.since D.that ‎〖2012状从预测4〗That was really a splendid evening. It’s years I enjoyed myself so much. A.when B.that C.before D.since ‎ but,however, although ‎ ‎ didn’t Unless/if ...not ‎ ‎ never Without 接名词,主句有would或could ‎ ‎ until ‎ ‎ so, therefore, as a result, accordingly ‎ because, since, as, for 前后两句一肯一否，除了转折关系,2009-2011年考的更多的是因果关系,until和unless. However和 instead同时出现在选项中时，容易选instead ；However和otherwise同时出现在选项中时容易选otherwise；but和so同时出现在选项中时容易选so（therefore） ；but和because同时出现在选项中时容易选because（as,since），具体结合语境。‎ ‎〖2008北京〗—Did you return Fred’s call? ‎ ‎ —I didn’t need to ____ I’ll see him tomorrow.‎ ‎ A. though B. unless C. when D. because ‎〖2006北京〗He found it increasingly difficult to read, his eyesight was beginning to fail.‎ A.and B.for C.but D.or ‎〖2007天津〗It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life______we’ve actually had that lesson. A.until B.after C.since D.when ‎〖2006广东〗“You can’t have this football back_____you promise not to kick it at my cat again.” the old man said firmly.‎ ‎ A.because  B.since  C.when  D.until ‎〖2010上海〗 our manager objects to Tom’s joining the club, we shall accept him as a member. ‎ A. Until B. Unless C. If D. After ‎〖2010全国Ⅰ〗The little boy won’t go to sleep ______ his mother tells him a story.‎ A. or B. unless C. but D. whether so that(宾语从句后面有can)是解!‎ ‎〖2005北京〗I’d like to arrive 20 minutes early I can have time for a cup of tea.‎ A.as soon as B.as a result C.in case D.so that ‎〖2004全国I〗Roses need special care ______ they can live through winter.‎ A. because B. so that C. even if D. as ‎ ‎〖2003安徽春〗Sally worked late in the evening to finish her report ______ her boss could read it first thing next morning.‎ A. so that B. because C. before D. or else ‎〖2002 NMET〗John shut everybody out of the kitchen _________ he could prepare his grand surprise for the party.‎ A. which B. when C. so that D. as if in case (万一, 以防)是解!‎ ‎〖2011山东卷〗He had his camera ready_____ he saw something that would make a good picture.‎ A. even if B. if only C. in case D. so that ‎ ‎〖2010浙江〗I guess we’ve already talked about this before but I’ll ask you again just . ‎ A．by nature B.in return C．in case D．by chance ‎〖2007北京〗Leave your key with a neighbor you lock yourself out one day. A.ever since B.even if C.soon after D.in case While ‎◆主句从句主语不同,表示“而…” ‎ I do every single bit of housework __ my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then.‎ ‎ A. since B. while C. when D. as ‎◆While置于句首可表示As long as 或 Although While I admit his good points, I can see his bad ones.‎ ‎（2008湖南)______ the Internet is of great help, I don’t think it’s a good idea to spend too much time on it. A. If B. While C. Because D. As ‎〖2011四川卷〗 volleyball is her main focus, she’s also great at basketball.‎ A. Since B. Once C. Unless D. While ‎〖2010全国Ⅰ〗Mary made coffee ________ her guests were finishing their meal .‎ A. so that B. although C. while D. as if ‎〖2008湖南〗 the Internet is of great help, I don’t think it’s a good idea to spend too much time on it. A.If B.While C.Because D.As ‎〖2008四川〗In some places women are expected to earn money men work at home and raise their children. A.but B.while C.because D.though where ‎〖2010重庆〗Today, we will begin _____we stopped yesterday so that no point will be left out.‎ A. when B. where C. how D. what ‎〖2009江苏〗 __ unemployment and crime are high, it can be assumed that the latter is due to the former.‎ A. Before B. Where C. Unless D. Until ‎〖2009山东〗The little girl who got lost decided to remain _____she was and wait for her mother.‎ A.where B.what C.how D.who ‎〖2004全国III〗There were dirty marks on her trousers ____ she had wiped her hands.‎ A. where B. which C. when D. that ‎ as long as ‎ ‎〖2010江西〗— Our holiday cost a lot of money.‎ ‎ — Did it? Well, that doesn’t matter______ you enjoyed yourselves.‎ A as long as B unless C as soon as D though However Whatever However 接形容词或副词!‎ However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, I’ll take it.无论它有多贵，我也要买下它。‎ ‎_______, I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week. ‎ ‎ A. However the study is amusing B. No matter amusing the story is ‎ C. However amusing the story is D. No matter how the story is amusing Whatever 接名词或从句谓语动词少宾语!‎ Whatever (=No matter what) I say or how I say it, he always thinks I’m wrong.‎ 无论我说什么或怎么说，他总认为是我错。‎ The old tower must be saved, the cost.‎ A.however B.whatever C.whichever D.wherever ‎〖2010上海〗 you may have, you should gather your courage to face the challenge.‎ ‎ A. However a serious problem B. What a serious problem C. However serious a problem D. What serious a problem ‎〖2008全国Ⅰ〗The lawyer seldom wears anything other than a suit______the season. A.whatever B.wherever C.whenever D.however 什么情况下When是答案？‎ ‎◆be about to do…. When …‎ ‎= be on the point of doing … when…‎ ‎◆Was/were doing … when…‎ It was raining when we arrived.(指时间点)‎ ‎〖2004上海〗Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park _____ she was bitten on the leg by a lion. ‎ A. when                B. while                 C. since               D. once ‎ When we were at school, we went to the library every day.(在一段时间内)‎ ‎〖2007北京〗—Where’s that report? ‎—I brought it to you you were in Mr. Black’s office yesterday. A.if B.when C.because D.before ‎◆Had just done… when… hardly / scarcely … when…和no sooner … than …‎ ‎〖2009福建〗She had just finished her homework her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday.‎ A. when B. while C. after D. since ‎◆受思维定势看到so容易错选that，符合逻辑应该是when！‎ ‎〖2009重庆〗Peter was so excited _______he received an invitation from his friend to visit Chongqing.‎ A. where        B. that ks5u C. why          D. when ‎〖2008福建〗Nancy enjoyed herself so much she visited her friends in Sydney last year.‎ A.that B.which C.when D.where ‎〖2010四川〗Because of the heavy traffic, it was already time for lunch break she got to her office. ‎ ‎ A. since B. that C. when D. until ‎ ‎〖2009福建〗She had just finished her homework her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday.‎ A. when B. while C. after D. since ‎〖2007北京〗—Where’s that report? ‎—I brought it to you you were in Mr. Black’s office yesterday. A.if B.when C.because D.before ‎〖2006湖南〗I had just stepped out of the bathroom and was busy drying myself with a towel ‎ I heard the steps. A.while B.when C.since D.after ‎〖2004上海〗Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park _____ she was bitten on the leg by a lion. ‎ A. when                B. while                 C. since               D. once ‎ 状语从句真题练习 ‎〖2010辽宁〗The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair_ _he wanted to sit next to his wife.‎ A．although B．unless C．because D．if ‎〖2008辽宁〗______hungry I am. I never seem to be able to finish off this loaf of bread. A.Whatever B.Whenever C.Wherever D.However ‎〖2008辽宁〗I used to love that film I was a child, but I don’t feel it that way any more. A.once B.when C.since D.although ‎〖2007辽宁〗We had to wait half an hour we had already booked a table. A.since B.although C.until D.before ‎〖2006辽宁〗He was about halfway through his meal a familiar voice came to his ears. A.why B.where C.when D.while CDBBC 非谓语出题思路预测 有宾语主动,无宾语被动 He seats himself at the back of the classroom.（做谓语）‎ Seating himself at the back of the classroom, he can’t see the words on the blackboard clearly.（做状语）‎ He is seated at the back of the classroom. （做谓语）‎ Seated at the back of the classroom, he can’t see the words on the blackboard clearly. ‎ ‎（做状语）‎ Dressed (dress) in a new beautiful dress, she feels more confident.‎ Compared to /with cars, bicycles have some advantages.‎ ‎ Judging from his expression / look on his face, he is far from satisfactory.‎ ‎ Seen from space, the earth looks blue.‎ Tasting good, the food was soon sold out.‎ ‎【2011重庆卷】Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself ‎ of his own dreams.‎ A. reminding B. to remind C. reminded D. remind ‎【2011陕西卷】Claire had her luggage an hour before her plane left. ‎ A.check B.checking C.to check D.checked ‎【2011陕西卷】More highways have been built in China,_ it much easier for people to travel ‎ form one place to another. ‎ A. making B. made C. to make D. having made ‎【2011全国卷II】Sarah pretended to be cheerful,_ nothing about the argument.‎ ‎ A. says B. said C. to say D. saying ‎【2011天津卷】 into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.‎ A. Translating B. Translated C. To translate D. Having translated ‎【2011上海春招】Mike found his missing car in the street outside his house, newly cleaned and polished.‎ A. looked B. to look C. looking D. to be looking ‎【2011上海春招】 in 1955, Disneyland in California is regarded by many as the riginal fun park. ‎ A. Opened B. Having opened C. Opening D. Being opened ‎【2011全国卷II】The island, to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to.‎ ‎ A. joining B. to join C. joined D. having joined ‎【2011湖南卷】The players from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game .‎ A selecting B to selece C selected D having selected ‎【2011江西卷】On receiving a phone call from his wife she had a fall, Mr. Gorden immediately rushed home from his office. ‎ A. says B.said C.saying D.to say ‎【2011浙江卷】Bats are surprsingly long-lived creatures, some a life span of around 20 years.‎ A.having B had C. have D. to have 不及物动词做状语只有working 和to work两种形式,相当于及物动词后面有了宾语doing sth/to do sth. 没有worked形式!‎ ‎【2011全国卷】The next thing he saw was smoke from behind the house.‎ A.rose B.rising C. to rise D.risen ‎〖2010安徽〗He had a wonderful childhood, _____with his mother to all corners of the world A. travel B. to travel C. traveled D. traveling ‎〖2010湖南〗Dina, for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.‎ A. struggling B. struggled C. having struggled D. to struggle ‎ have sth to do the only (best,first等)way to do be done to do sth ‎【2011重庆卷】 More TV programs, according to government officials, will be produced ‎ people’s concern over food safety.‎ A.to raise B.raising C.to have raised D. having raised ‎【2011天津卷】Passeagers are permitted only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.‎ A.to carry B. carrying C. to be carried D. being carried ‎〖2010上海〗Thai is the only way we can imagine the overuse of water in students’ bathrooms. ‎ A. reducing B. to reduce C. reduced D. reduce ‎〖2007全国I〗—The last one _________ pays the meal. ‎ ‎—Agreed! ‎ ‎ A. arrived B. arrives C. to arrive D. arriving ‎ 接双宾动词少一个宾语即被动done做状语!‎ ‎【2011四川卷】 an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous.‎ A.Offer B.Offering C.Offered D.To offer ‎〖2009江西〗_____ the right kind of training , these teenage soccer players may one day grew the international stars. ‎ A. Giving B. Having given C. To give D. Given ‎ ‎〖2005福建〗When_______ help, one often says“Thank you. ” or “ It’ s kind of you. ” ‎ A．offering B．to offer C．to be offered D．offered 〖2003北京〗____ time,he’ll make a first-class tennis player. ‎ A .Having given B.To give C. Giving D. Given 非谓语真题练习 ‎【2011辽宁卷】 around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people.‎ A. Gather B. To gather C. Gathering D. To be gathering ‎〖2010辽宁〗Alexander tried to get his work _______in the medical circles.‎ A. to recognize B. recognizing C. recognize D. recognized ‎〖2009辽宁〗______, you need to give all you have and try your best. A Being a winner B To be a winner C Be a winner D Having been a winner ‎〖2008辽宁〗He was busy writing a story, only once in a while to smoke a cigarette.‎ A.to stop B.stopping C.to have stopped D.having stopped ‎〖2007辽宁〗You can’t imagine what difficulty we had ______ home in the snowstorm. ‎ A. walked B. walk C. to walk D. walking ‎〖2007辽宁〗The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported ______ the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race. ‎ A. breaking B. having broken C. to have broken D. break ‎〖2004辽宁〗 by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm. A.Attracting B.Attracted C.To be attracted D.Having attracted.‎ CDBBDCB ‎ 情态动词 can be 可表示“有时候会”，猜测时，can/could用于疑问句和否定句；‎ must be 只用于肯定句/表示很有把握的猜测/翻译成“肯定/一定”；‎ may/might be 用于肯定句/表示没有把握的猜测/翻译成“可能也许”.‎ ‎〖2011湖南卷〗No one ________ be compared with Yao Ming in playing basketball.‎ A. can B. need C. must D. might ‎ ‎〖2008福建〗It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it be rather cold sometimes.‎ A.must B.can C.should D.would ‎〖2009安徽〗Some people who don’t like to talk much are not necessarily shy；they just be quiet people.‎ A. must B. may C. should D. would ‎〖2008四川〗Although this sound like a simple task, great care is needed. A.must B.may C.shall D.should ‎〖2005浙江〗The World Wide Web is sometimes jokingly called the World Wide Wait because it ‎ be very slow. A.should B.must C.will D.can ‎〖2004上海〗Children under 12 years of age in that country be under adnlt’s supervision when in a public library. A. must B.may C.can D.need ‎ ‎ must可表示“硬要，偏偏”。‎ ‎---How old are you, madam?   ‎ ‎----If you must know, I’m twice my son’s age.‎ shall可用于一、三人称疑问句表示征求对方的意见或向对方请示。‎ ‎---Shall he come to see you? ‎ ‎---I’d rather he didn’t.‎ 也可用于二、三人称陈述句中表示命令、警告、允诺、威胁或法规。‎ ‎--- What does the sign over here read?‎ ‎--- No person shall smoke or carry a lighted cigarette, cigar or pipe in this area.‎ should可表示“按理说应该”。‎ ‎---When can I call for my TV set?  ‎ ‎----It should be ready this afternoon.‎ 也可表示说话人对某事感到意外、惊异、不能理解等，译作“竟然；居然”。‎ You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman should be so rude to a lady.‎ ‎2012完形高分策略（Skills of Cloze Tests）‎ ‎（课时1－5）‎ 一、高考完形填空命题趋势 选材特点: 以记叙文为主, 多以记叙文和夹叙夹意为主 命题特点: (1) 设空特点: 名词 动词(5-8个)为主 ‎ (2) 考点层次分三部: ‎ 里边层次：(语篇层次30%以上)体现了突出语篇的命题思路 句子层次：(占70%左右)‎ 单词层次：(只须读懂单词所在句子就能做,分数较少)‎ ‎ (3)考查重点: 短文第一句不设问.‎ 高考完形填空题型特点 ‎1. 以叙为主, 叙议结合; 2. 篇章短小, 意义完整;‎ ‎3. 首句完整, 主题明确;‎ ‎4. 结构清晰, 层次分明;‎ ‎5. 考查语境, 侧重辨析;‎ ‎6. 实词为主, 虚词为辅;‎ ‎7. 逻辑推理, 隐于语篇;‎ ‎8. 常识语法, 每年出现。‎ 完型填空 之能力训练目标：‎ ‎1.词语辨析能力 ‎2.语法结构分析能力 ‎3.语篇理解能力 ‎4.逻辑推理能力 ‎5.文化背景透析能力 ‎6.作者意图剖析能力 ‎8.生活常识综合运用能力 二、考生易失分之处：‎ ‎1、忽视行文逻辑，断章取义，就题论题。‎ ‎2、脱离语境，滥用固定搭配。‎ ‎3、缺乏必要的生活常识和不了解中西文化的差异。‎ 做题三忌：‎ v 急于求成，未通读全文便忙于答题，不了解文意，无整体概念边读边填，两眼忙于空白与选项之间，欲速则不达。‎ v 只抠字眼，语法，不顾文意，抓不住关键。‎ v 断章取义，就题论题，不管前后联系，互不照应，前后矛盾。‎ 三、做题三步法方法：‎ 四、巧解完形填空——高分技巧 ‎1、研究首尾——找主题 ‎2、上下联系——寻信息 ‎3、左顾右盼——找搭配 ‎4、思前想后——觅逻辑 ‎5、语境分析——辨词义 ‎6、集中精力——破难题 ‎7、回读检查——补漏洞 ‎1、提高阅读能力（速度、理解）‎ ‎2、打好语法基础 （固定搭配）‎ ‎3、扩充词汇量（动词、名词）‎ ‎4、增长生活常识，培养广泛的兴趣爱好 ‎5、多做多练，以提高实战能力 How to get high scores？‎ ‎1. 正确的答题步骤2. 必要的答题技巧 ‎3. 适量的实践训练 九大方法巧解完形 一、利用首句来解题，根据全文来选择 ‎ I did very badly at school. My headmaster thought I was   36   and when I was 14 he said, “You’re never going to be 37(anything) but a failure. ”   ‎ ‎ A. bright       B. useless        C. simple      D. hopeful 二、根据上下文语境，合理推断来解题 Our father was a struggling lawyer, but I always knew he was  37 . He never criticized us, but used 38 to bring out our best.    ‎ ‎ 37. A. strict       B. honest       C. special    D. learned ‎ 38. A. help B. peace C. smile D. praise Practice：‎ ‎ His big stomach has always ballooned out between his T-shirt and trousers. Although his family often 43 about that, Ed refused to buy a 44 T-shirt or to lose weight.‎ ‎ 43. A. cared B. forgot C. quarreled D. joked ‎ 44. A. clean B. straight C. larger D. darker 三、利用语篇标志解题（三找）‎ 常见的标志性的词语有以下几种：结构层次:firstly, secondly, thirdly；逻辑关系：thus, therefore, so；递进关系：besides, what’s more, further;转折关系：but, while, however, on the other hand等。‎ She told the front-desk clerk she had had a(n) 41 vacation, but was heart-broken about losing several rolls of Kodak color film she had not yet developed.‎ ‎ A. disappointing B. wonderful C. uncomfortable D. important ‎1、找逻辑关系题（转折、让步、解释、对立、因果、并列、总分、递进）‎ ‎2、找NOT题（在原文中找not）‎ 句式结构：前面肯定后面否定、前面否定后面肯定，则选对立关系的词。‎ 考点：（以下条件缺一不可）‎ ①考查的是一个肯定句和否定句之间的逻辑关系，空前后必须是独立的句子；‎ ②出题位置在两个句子之间或第二个句子的开头，不能处在一个句子的末尾或中间；‎ ③选项中必须要有对立关系的词。‎ ‎3、找AND题（在原文中找and）‎ 考点：‎ ①and前后选同义词，词性一致；‎ ②and前后选同一范围词；‎ ③and前后句子对应成分相同；‎ ④在文章中，并列关系词前后如果出题，利用已知关系解题。‎ ‎3、找同现复现原则 Liumei is among the __22__ ones. The Chinese University of Hong Kong granted (答应给）Liu a full scholarship --- HK$500,000. Not all students are so fortunate. ‎ ‎22. A. poor B. smart C. lucky D. silent ‎ Friendship is one of the permanent themes in the literature of all language. … Some of us like __2__ friends while others like different friends. Personally I prefer both.‎ ‎ Having similar friends has many advantages. …‎ ‎2. A. true B. right C. same D. similar 四、根据逻辑推理解题 ‎…and the officers then began to eat their meal , saying that the mushrooms had a ‎ very strange___quite pleasant taste. A. besides B. but C. and D. or ‎ 五、根据常识和文化背景的角度来选择 The amount of usable water has always been of great interest in the world. 36(Owning) springs and streams sometimes means control , particularly in the 37 areas like the desert.                ‎ ‎ A．dry       B．distant        C．deserted        D．wild ‎ 六、从语法角度来解题 I went into a café and asked for a coffee .   21   I was waiting for my drink, I realized that there were other people in the place , but I sensed  22 (loneliness). ‎ ‎ A．Before        B．Since        C．Although       D．While Have you ever shouted at a teacher, told someone you were lonely, or said you were in love, and then 23 later you had kept your mouth shut?‎ ‎23. A. wished B. hoped C. blamed D. shared 解题思路：利用语法分析解题，选项中的动词都是过去式，其后句宾语从句had kept是过去完成时，故判断是虚拟。‎ 七、从惯用法和固定搭配方面来解题 ‎ ‎1) He was only fourteen and was not good at swimming__1_.So he shouldn’t have gone into that place.‎ ‎ 1.A.after all B. in all C.at all D. for all 八、从词语辨析的角度来解题 When, two weeks later, I 38 this same boy, I was more aware of my position in Nigerian society. I should 9(enjoy) this country as the son of a minister.‎ A. ran after B. ran into C. ran over D. ran to ‎ 九、同义近义复现来解题 I believe that a mixture of friends is equally advantageous. One can ___7___‎ ‎ from various sorts of friends in three aspects. First, frequent contacts with different friends broaden my world outlooks. Just as various kinds of nutriments keep you healthy, making a __8__ of friends keep you lively. … Secondly, I have found that different friends can not only lead to new adventures but also show me new avenues to success in life. …‎ ‎7. A. obtain B. benefit C. suffer D. earn ‎8. A. range B. series C. quantity D. variety 完型填空实战四招：‎ 抓首——抓住首句,预测全文。‎ 完形填空所选短文多没有标题,但一般首句是一个不设空(或较简单)的完整的句子,往往用以点明短文的体裁,如议论、说明或叙述等。因此,我们在解题时一定要注意以首句的时态、语态及表述方式为立足点来进行逻辑思维,判断文章体裁,找出文章中心。‎ 捕眼——捕捉题眼,寻找契机 所谓“题眼”,就是指那些在短文中起重要作用的关键词以及能够帮助我们解决问题问题的特定的语境。捕捉题眼,就是要迅速找到语篇中的特殊的内在联系——那些表示因果、递进、转折、指代等意义的连接词及动词、形容词、副词、同位语等,还有那些明确具体的事实(如时间、地点、人物、形状、色彩、顺序),以及它们之间的关系等。‎ 跳身——避难就易,节省时间 在解题过程中,我们应该遵循“先易后难”的原则,遇到少数疑难问题时不可徘徊不前。为了不影响做题速度,我们可以暂时跳过难点,去解决那些靠上下文能确定的、比较直接具体的问题。或许在上文中难以判断的题在下文中就有暗示或明确的表示,或许一个在前面不能解的题在填出了另一空后会令你豁然开朗。一般说来,固定词组、习惯搭配、常见句型及明显的语法结构等易于判断。‎ 扫尾——复读全文,解决残敌 到了这时,借助已经补全的空白,我们应该对全文有了更清楚的理解,可以集中解决所遗留的少数疑难问题,如采用排除法逐步缩小包围圈等方法。对于实在无从下手的个别题目,我们则完全可以凭语感来确定：‎ 把几个选项逐一放在空格内念两遍,哪个念起来顺口、舒服就选哪个。注意：凭语感选定的答案不要轻易改动,因为最初的感觉很可能是正确的。‎ 在各空都已填出后,再复读全文。我们必须重视这最后的弥补疏漏,改正错误的扫尾机会,以争取最好成绩。‎ 真题实战演练 ‎（2011·全国新课标卷）完形填空（ 共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分 ）‎ ‎ In our discussion with people on how education can help them succeed in life, a woman remembered the first meeting of an introductory__36__（同义复现）course about 20 years ago.（记叙文，回忆、人物、时间、事件education）‎ ‎ The professor __37__the lecture hall, placed upon his desk a large jar filled with dried beans（豆）, and invited the students to _38_（同义复现）how many beans the jar contained. After __39__shouts of wildly wrong guesses the professor smiled a thin, dry smile, announced the __40__ answer,（与前面wrong 相对应）and went on saying, ”You have just __41__an important lesson about science. That is: Never__42__ your own senses.”‎ ‎ Twenty years later, the __43__（上文提到的人物）could guess what the professor had in mind. He __44__himself, perhaps,as inviting his students to start an exciting __45__(概括的是答案)into an unknown world invisible（无形的）to the 46 ,which can be discovered only through scientific 47 .But the seventeen-year-old girl could not accept or顺接关系）even 48 the invitation. She was just 49 to understand the world. And she 50 that her firsthand experience could be the 51 .The professor, however, 与小女孩的观点相反的said that it was 52（与51相对）.he was taking away her only 53 for knowing and was providing her with no substitute. “I remember feeling small and 54 ,”（找and）the women ‎ says, “and I did the only thing I could do. I 55 the course that afternoon, and I haven’t gone near science since.”（找否定词）‎ ‎36．A. art B. history C. science D. math ‎37．A. searched fo B. looked at C. got through D. marched into ‎38．A. count B. guess C. report D. watch ‎39．A. warning B. giving C. turning away D. listening to ‎40．A. ready B. possible C. correct D. difficult ‎41．A. learned B. prepared C. taught D. taken ‎42．A. lose B. trust C. sharpen D. show ‎43．A. lecturer B. scientist C. speaker D. woman ‎44．A. described B. respected C. saw D. served ‎45．A. voyage B. movement C. change D. rush ‎46. A. professor B. eye C. knowledge D. light ‎47. A. model B. senses C. spirit D. methods ‎48. A. hear B. make C. present D. refuse ‎49. A. suggesting B. beginning C. pretending D. waiting ‎50. A. believed B. doubted C. proved D. explained ‎51. A. growth B. strength C. faith D. truth ‎52. A. firm B. interesting C. wrong D. acceptable ‎53. A. task B. tool C. success D. connection ‎54. A. cruel B. proud C. frightened D. brave ‎55. A. dropped B. started C. passed D. missed ‎【要点综述】本文是记叙文。二十年前，在第一节理科实验课上，一位教授做了一个实验，这个实验告诉学生们，不要相信自己的判断。正是这个实验让一位妇女以后远离了理科。‎ ‎36. C 联系下文an important lesson about science我们知道，这是一节理科实验课。‎ ‎37. D 从空后的placed upon his desk a large jar filled with…我们可以知道，老师走进了教室。‎ ‎38. B 联系空后的how many beans the jar contained我们可以知道，教授让学生们猜一下，这个坛子能装多少豆子。‎ ‎39. D 联系空后的shouts of wildly wrong guesses我们知道，学生们喊出了各种错误的推测，教授听了他们喊出的答案。‎ ‎40. C 联系空前的announced和空后的answer我们知道，教授向学生们公布了正确答案。‎ ‎41. A 联系空后的an important lesson about science我们知道，教授认为他们学到了一堂非常重要的理科课程。‎ ‎42. B 学生们的推测都是错误的，因此教授说，“不要相信你们的意识。”‎ ‎43. D 联系下文But the seventeen-year-old girl could not accept…我们知道，这个妇女能够推测教授心里是怎么想的。‎ ‎44. C 前文有提示：The professor 37 (marched into) the lecture hall，由此我们可以得出答案。‎ ‎45. A 联系空后的into the unknown world我们知道，教授的目的是带学生们进行一次激动人心的知识旅行。‎ ‎46. B 联系后文which can be discovered only through scientific 47 (method)我们知道，这个世界是眼睛看不到的，只有通过科学方法才可以看到。 ‎ ‎47. D 联系前文的invisible to the eye我们知道，这个世界只有通过科学的方法才可以看到。‎ ‎48. A 联系空前的could not accept我们知道，她不能接受，甚至听到这个邀请。or在这里表达前后为顺接关系，因此其他选项可以排除。‎ ‎49. B 联系前文的the seventeen-year-old girl我们可以推断，这个小女孩年龄很小，只是刚刚开始认识这个世界。‎ ‎50. A 空后的her firsthand experience could be the 51 (truth)是她的认识，因此我们选believed。‎ ‎51. D 联系前文我们知道，教授想告诉学生的是第一手经验并不一定是事情的真相，我们要通过科学实验来验证真相，但是小女孩的想法与之相反。‎ ‎52. C 联系前文我们可以知道，教授认为小女孩认识世界的方式是错误的。‎ ‎53. B 显然空前提到的her first-hand experience就是她认识世界的工具。‎ ‎54. C 联系下文的haven’t gone near science since我们知道，她对理科产生了恐惧。‎ ‎55. A 联系空后的haven’t gone near science since我们知道，那天下午她就放弃了理科。D有一定干扰性，miss意思是“错过”，因此可以排除。‎ 高考英语完型填空实战演练二 （ 共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分 ）‎ Sometimes people call each other “scared-cat”, but have you ever thought about this expression? When a cat is frightened, its heart starts beating faster, its muscles get tense, and there are changes in the chemicals in its blood- stream.‎ Although the cat doesn’t 16 this, its body is getting ready for action.‎ If the danger continues, this animal will do one of the two things. It will 17 itself, or it will run away as fast as it can.‎ ‎ 18 , when people are excited, angry, scared, or aroused by other emotions, our bodies also go through many 19 changes. Our hearts beat faster, and our muscles get tense. All of these changes make us more alert and ready to react. We, too, get ready to defend ourselves 20 run.‎ Human beings, 21 , have a problem that animals never face. If we give way to our feelings and let them 22 , we can get into trouble. Have you ever said something in anger, or hit somebody and regretted it later? Have you ever shouted at a teacher, told someone you were lonely, or said you were in love, and then 23 later you had kept your mouth shut? It isn’t always 24 to express your feelings freely.‎ Does this mean that it’s smarter always to 25 our feelings? No! If you 26 feelings of anger, sadness, and bitterness hidden away or bottled up inside, your body stays 27 . Physical illnesses can develop. It can actually be 28 for your health.‎ Feelings that you keep all bottled up inside, don’t just 29 . It’s like you bought some bananas and stuck them in a cupboard. You might not be able to see them, but 30 you’d smell them. And if you opened the cupboard, you’d 31 little fruit flies hovering (盘旋) all over them. They’d be rotten.‎ You can try to treat emotions 32 they were bananas in the cupboard. You can 33 they don’t exist, but they’ll still be 34 . And at last you’ll have to 35 them. Just like those bananas.‎ ‎16. A. mind B. admit C. realize D. remember ‎17. A. save B. help C. defend D. hide ‎18. A. Truly B. Frequently C. Similarly D. Differently ‎19. A. chemical B. physical C. health D. ill ‎20. A. and B. or C. but D. yet ‎21. A. therefore B. but C. besides D. however ‎22. A. take off B. take on C. take over D. take up ‎23. A. wished B. hoped C. blamed D. shared ‎24. A. useful B. right C. easy D. wise ‎25. A. handle B. hurt C. hide D. prevent ‎26. A. keep B. find C. control D. let ‎27. A. relaxed B. tense C. same D. different ‎28. A. good B. harmful C. helpful D. useful ‎29. A. go away B. go on C. go up D. go out ‎30. A. long before B. as usual C. before long D. right away ‎31. A. meet B. observe C. catch D. see ‎32. A. as if B. just as C. just after D. even though ‎33. A. pretend B. expect C. decide D. assume ‎34. A. in B. around C. over D. beyond ‎35. A. eat up B. deal with C. throw away D. send out Sometimes people call each other “scared-cat”, but have you ever thought about this expression? When a cat is frightened, its heart starts beating faster, its muscles get tense, and there are changes in the chemicals in its blood- stream.‎ Although the cat doesn’t 16 this, its body is getting ready for action.‎ If the danger continues, this animal will do one of the two things. It will 17 itself, or it will run away as fast as it can.‎ ‎16. A. mind B. admit C. realize D. remember 解题思路：题眼法代入法 捕捉题眼，寻找契机：所谓“题眼”就是解题线索，就是那些原句中出现的、对解题起重要暗示作用的关键词。找准关键词语,有时题干中带有对解题起着关键作用的词语，如果能迅速找准这些词语，再结合各选项的意义和特点，就能很快选出正确答案。‎ ‎17. A. save B. help C. defend D. hide 解题思路：没有同义复现或固定搭配，考虑概括的是解。‎ 并列结构法: 根据文章中表示并列关系的连词或副词如:and/also/or或逗号“，”等，它们的提点是and前后的成分结构相似，意义相关，再做出准确判断。‎ ‎ 18 , when people are excited, angry, scared, or aroused by other emotions, our bodies also go through many 19 changes. Our hearts beat faster, and our muscles get tense. All of these changes make us more alert and ready to react. We, too, get ready to defend ourselves 20 run. ‎ ‎18. A. Truly B. Frequently C. Similarly D. Differently 解题思路：前后呼应法代入法 前后呼应法：做完形填空要始终抓住文章本身，联系“双语境”判断做题，即大语境——全文中心和基调；小语境——空格前后所构成的语意环境；再根据前有伏笔，后有呼应的思路做题。‎ 句群、段落、篇章等。语篇与语篇之间往往有表明其内在联系的词语，这些词语被称为“语篇标志”。 如表示结构层次的语篇标志语有： firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally等；   表示逻辑关系的语篇标志语有： thus, therefore, so等；   表示改变话题的语篇标志语有： by the way等；  表示递进关系的语篇标志语有： besides, what’s more, further等；   表示时间关系的语篇标志语有： before, so far, yet, meanwhile, later等。 ‎ ‎19. A. chemical B. physical C. health D. ill 解题思路：摆脱思维定势，排除“陷阱” chemical， 后提示句Our hearts beat faster, and our muscles get tense.都是physical。‎ ‎20. A. and B. or C. but D. yet 解题思路：与前面句子It will 17 itself, or it will run away as fast as it can. 同义复现。‎ 同义复现：是英语中常见的一种现象。为强调某一意思，但又不想重复使用某个词，文中前后两处会使用一组同义词或同义词组。由于在完形填空题中，这两个同义词的位置多半比较靠近，很容易找到。无须过多推理，只须确定相同的是哪个意思，然后找出选项中与之相符的一项即可。‎ Human beings, 21 , have a problem that animals never face. If we give way to our feelings and let them 22 , we can get into trouble. Have you ever said ‎ something in anger, or hit somebody and regretted it later? Have you ever shouted at a teacher, told someone you were lonely, or said you were in love, and then 23 later you had kept your mouth shut? It isn’t always 24 to express your feelings freely.‎ ‎21. A. therefore B. but C. besides D. however 解题思路：转折特点：‎ but转折法：文中一出现“but” “Although” “though” “however,” “while”等词，应该马上想到前后语意有转折。只要知道其中一方的语意，就可以反向推出另一方的意思，从而解题。完形填空题中，but一词后多半会设题。所以，大家在考试时，只要看到but就做一个标记，遇到类似but这样表转折的词也同样处理。这样便于回到原文去寻找解题的依据。‎ ‎22. A. take off B. take on C. take over D. take up 解题思路：and并列结构法,give way to的同义词let 。。take ‎ ‎23. A. wished B. hoped C. blamed D. shared 解题思路：利用语法分析解题，选项中的动词都是过去式，其后句宾语从句had kept是过去完成时，故判断是虚拟。‎ ‎24. A. useful B. right C. easy D. wise 解题思路：后暗示法，smarter的近义词是 。‎ 利用暗示和对应解题：虽然重点是对语法、短语和词的辨析、句子结构的考查，但对文章故事情节发展线索的逻辑考查仍是重点。暗示与上下对应的思维方法，是突破此类完形填空最关键的思维方式。 ‎ Does this mean that it’s smarter always to 25 our feelings? No! If you 26 feelings of anger, sadness, and bitterness hidden away or bottled up inside, your body stays 27 . Physical illnesses can develop. It can actually be 28 for your health.‎ ‎25. A. handle B. hurt C. hide D. prevent 解题思路：同义复现法 ‎26. A. keep B. find C. control D. let 解题思路：利用语法分析解题，动词 可以带宾补hidden away or bottled up inside。‎ ‎27. A. relaxed B. tense C. same D. different 解题思路：跨段落篇章复现tense 查找文章多处反复复现概念的已知词：复现可以是相同的词在文章的不同地方重复出现。复现的解题意义在于：如果判断出一个未知填空与上下文的那些已知词汇有复现关系，只要从选项中选出与那些词汇意义相同的就是正确答案。‎ ‎28. A. good B. harmful C. helpful D. useful 解题思路：利用关联成分，将illnesses设置成已知，另一个是未知的，这样那个已知的词语便成为破解未知词语的关键线索。illnesses会对health ？‎ Feelings that you keep all bottled up inside, don’t just 29 . It’s like you bought some bananas and stuck them in a cupboard. You might not be able to see them, but 30 you’d smell them. And if you opened the cupboard, you’d 31 little fruit flies hovering (盘旋) all over them. They’d be rotten.‎ ‎29. A. go away B. go on C. go up D. go out 解题思路：看清上下文，找准定位词充分利用文章的上下文和前后句，找到对选择有提示作用的词或句，go ? ‎ 看看文章中动词都与哪些副词或介词搭配成动词短语？ ‎ It will 17 itself, or it will run away as fast as it can. ‎ No! If you 26 feelings of anger, sadness, and bitterness hidden away or bottled up inside, your body stays 27 . ‎ ‎30. A. long before B. as usual C. before long D. right away 解题思路：利用语法分析解题，but 30 you’d smell them. 句中的’d=would是过去将来时.in no time=by and by=in a flash=before long=soon是将来时的时间状语，表示“很快”；而right away=right now=quickly=at once=immediately则不受限制！‎ ‎31. A. meet B. observe C. catch D. see 解题思路：利用语法分析解题，you’d 31 little fruit flies hovering (盘旋) all over them. （A. meet ，B. observe， C. catch ，D. see）little fruit flies hovering (盘旋)。‎ You can try to treat emotions 32 they were bananas in the cupboard. You can 33 they don’t exist, but they’ll still be 34 . And at last you’ll have to 35 them. Just like those bananas.‎ ‎32. A. as if B. just as C. just after D. even though 解题思路：利用语法分析解题，You can try to treat emotions 32 they were bananas in the cupboard.是虚拟句。‎ ‎33. A. pretend B. expect C. decide D. assume 解题思路：抉择于A. pretend 和D. assume之间， exist？‎ 绝对相近法：它是从选项着手分析的，若四个选项中有两个选项绝对矛盾、相近和对立，那么正确选项大多在这两个对立项之间产生，二者必居其一，至于究竟是两者中的哪一个，则需进一步根据上下文的语境判断。注意固定的搭配，包括动词与介词的搭配、动词与名词的搭配以及形容词与名词的搭配等，同时要根据内容选择正确的短语。‎ ‎34. A. in B. around C. over D. beyond 解题思路：exist =be there, there= in? around? Over? beyond?‎ ‎35. A. eat up B. deal with C. throw away D. send out 解题思路：容易错选C.throw away，概括的是解。‎ ‎16——20 CCCBB 21——25 DCADC 26——30ABBAC 31——35 DAABB 高考英语完型填空实战演练二（ 共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分 ）‎ Anna arrived far too early. Usually she left things to the last minute， 16 today was a very special occasion. It was almost 17 by getting there an hour beforehand that she 18 to cause the plane to arrive sooner： 19 raced through her mind. “Do I look all right? Will he notice that I’m wearing a 20 trouser suit? Will he even 21 me? "After all，it was a year almost to the day since she had 22 seen Joe. She ‎ fished a 23 out of her handbag and inspected her face. Too much make-up？. Joe had 24 made any comment but she knew that he did not approve of（赞成）heavy make-up—“gilding the lily”，he 25 it. It was funny how much importance she attached to 26 a good impression on him. After all，friends do not judge each other by 27 All the same，it was the first meeting after a long separation，and she wanted everything to 28 right·‎ Looking out of the window，Joe 29 a first glimpse，through a break in the 30 ，of the town far below. Certainly it was very flattering that they had 31 him to be the guest lecturer at their Autumn Congress yet again. The Chairman of the Organizing Committee，as a matter of Courtesy（礼貌），had. 32 to meet him at the airport，as he had done on previous occasions. This time， 33 ，it was not necessary， 34 because Joe was quite familiar with the city，but mainly because Anna had said that she could 35 the afternoon off in order to come and meet him. ‎ ‎16. A. and B. but C. for D. as ‎17. A. because B. since C. as if D. when ‎18. A. thought B. liked C. had D. hoped ‎19. A. Idea B. Facts C. Thoughts D. Matters ‎20. A. new B. strange C. latest D. single ‎21. A. like B. recognize C. terrify D. tell ‎22. A. before B. recently C. last D. most ‎23. A. purse B. handkerchief C. mirror D. book ‎24. A. never B. almost C. often D. regularly ‎25. A. told B. called C. saw D. thought ‎26. A. offering B. taking C. having D. making ‎27. A. appearance B. clothes C. make-up D. looking ‎28. A. come across B. turn up C. go off D. get out ‎29. A. caught B. left C. enjoyed D. met ‎30. A. air B. rain C. train D. clouds ‎31. A. employed B. invited， C. told D. informed ‎32. A. offered B. arrived C. intended D. attempted ‎33. A. therefore B. however C. instead D. as well ‎34. A. luckily B. really C. partly D. separately ‎35. A. put B. make C. take D. leave 高考英语完型填空实战演练二（ 共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分 ）‎ Anna arrived far too early. Usually she left things to the last minute， 16 today was a very special occasion. It was almost 17 by getting there an hour beforehand that she 18 to cause the plane to arrive sooner： 19 raced through her mind. “Do I look all right? Will he notice that I’m wearing a 20 trouser suit? Will he even 21 me? "After all，it was a year almost to the day since she had 22 seen Joe. She fished a 23 out of her handbag and inspected her face. Too much make-up？. Joe had 24 made any comment but she knew that he did not approve of（赞成）heavy make-up—“gilding the lily”，he 25 it. It was funny how much importance she attached to 26 a good impression on him. After all，friends do not judge each other by 27 All the same，it was the first meeting after a long separation，and she wanted everything to 28 right·‎ ‎16. A. and B. but C. for D. as 解题思路：转折特点：一句肯定，一句否定；前后句有一组反义词；前句是形副词原级，后句是比较级；前句是一般过去式，后句是一般现在时或前句是过去完成时，后句是一般过去式；后句有一”still”词；前句有“Maybe”, “Perhaps”, “It meight be”等表示“可能”的副词。‎ ‎17. A. because B. since C. as if D. when 解题思路：利用语法分析解题，because，since，when接句子。‎ ‎18. A. thought B. liked C. had D. hoped 解题思路：sooner 是将来时间状语，hope与将来时有关！‎ ‎19. A. Idea B. Facts C. Thoughts D. Matters 解题思路：“Do I look all right? Will he notice that I’m wearing a 20 trouser suit? Will he even 21 me? 这两个问句说明她在想。Think = 19 raced through her mind.?‎ ‎20. A. new B. strange C. latest D. single 解题思路：利用排除法解题I’m wearing a 20 trouser suit? Will he even 21 recognize me? "怀疑是否能 recognize我，说明I’m wearing a 20 trouser suit?‎ ‎21. A. like B. recognize C. terrify D. tell 解题思路：代入法 ‎22. A. before B. recently C. last D. most 解题思路：代入法 ‎23. A. purse B. handkerchief C. mirror D. book 解题思路：与make-up相关的是 ？‎ ‎24. A. never B. almost C. often D. regularly 解题思路：but 说明前面应是否定词。‎ ‎25. A. told B. called C. saw D. thought 解题思路：代入法“gilding the lily”，he 25 it.=he 25 it “gilding the lily”？‎ ‎26. A. offering B. taking C. having D. making 解题思路：代入法，词汇辨析 ‎27. A. appearance B. clothes C. make-up D. looking 解题思路： judge each other by 27 ？概括的是解。‎ ‎28. A. come across B. turn up C. go off D. get out 解题思路：联想法Everything goes well,Everything与 go搭配！‎ Looking out of the window，Joe 29 a first glimpse，through a break in the 30 ，of the town far below. Certainly it was very flattering that they had 31 him to be the guest lecturer at their Autumn Congress yet again. The Chairman of the Organizing Committee，as a matter of Courtesy（礼貌），had 32 to meet him at the airport，as he had done on previous occasions. This time， 33 ，it was not necessary 34 because Joe was quite familiar with the city，but mainly because Anna had said that she could 35 the afternoon off in order to come and meet him. ‎ ‎29. A. caught B. left C. enjoyed D. met 解题思路：‎ 固定搭配，包括动词与介词的搭配、动词与名词的搭配以及形容词与名词的搭配等，同时要根据内容选择正确的短语。删除干扰部分，就是将起干扰作用的定语从句、介词短语或插入语删除Joe 29 a first glimpse，through a break in the 30 ，of the town far below.‎ ‎30. A. air B. rain C. train D. clouds 解题思路：the town far below.暗示是从飞机向下看，突然a break 看不到了片刻是因为天空中 挡了一下？ ‎ ‎31. A. employed B. invited C. told D. informed 解题思路：Autumn Congress 与guest lecturer有关的动词是 ？‎ ‎32. A. offered B. arrived C. intended D. attempted 解题思路：intended 与attempted近义，应排除，承诺去接。‎ ‎33. A. therefore B. however C. instead D. as well 解题思路：转折特点：一句肯定，一句否定；前后句有一组反义词；前句是形副词原级，后句是比较级；前句是一般过去式，后句是一般现在时或前句是过去完成时，后句是一般过去式；后句有一”still”词；前句有“Maybe”, “Perhaps”, “It meight be”等表示“可能”的副词。‎ ‎34. A. luckily B. really C. partly D. separately 解题思路：转折特点：一句肯定，一句否定；前后句有一组反义词；前句是形副词原级，后句是比较级；前句是一般过去式，后句是一般现在时或前句是过去完成时，后句是一般过去式；后句有一”still”词；前句有“Maybe”, “Perhaps”, “It meight be”等表示“可能”的副词。后面句子中it was not necessary because Joe was quite familiar with the city，but mainly because Anna had said that she could take the afternoon off提示未知的空应是mainly的反义词。‎ ‎35. A. put B. make C. take D. leave 解题思路：固定搭配，包括动词与介词的搭配、动词与名词的搭配以及形容词与名词的搭配等，同时要根据内容选择正确的短语。不知道take off是请假的话，联想have two days off是请2天假的意思也行，因为词组也含off.‎ ‎36—40 BCDCA 41—45 BCCAB 46—50 DACAD 51—55 BABCC ‎2012高考英语高频词组汇【经典100组】‎ 很多同学觉得英语学不会很大程度上有由于词汇量太少所致。。。然而其实不然，有一些词汇很简单，你个个都认识可组合起来就不一定了或者意思就会产生偏差，这就是名曰词组的东西。可恰恰有些词组总是受到高考命题老师们的偏爱，特此整理出来以便同学们整理背诵。【好好记一记，比背单词的效率高多了呢~(*^__^*) 】‎ ‎1 abandon oneself to sth. 完全屈从于（某种感情或冲动） 　　2 have a (the )ability to do sth. ( have the ability in doing sth.)有能力做某事 　　3 to the best of one's ability 尽力 　　4 be about to do when… 正准备做某事突然。。。 　　5 above all 首先，最重要； in all 总计 after all 毕竟; 终究 　　6 at home and abroad 在国内外 go abroad 出国 　　7 in sb.'s absence 不在时 in the absence of （人）不在时 be absent from 缺席 　　8 be absorbed in 全神贯注于 　　9 access to 接近；进入 　　10 by accident 偶然 by chance by mistake 由于错误 　　11 be delayed through an accident 由于事故而耽误 　　12 be accompanied by 附有；伴随 　　13 according to (后面不接view,opinion…); in my opinion 　　14 collect accounts收账； open an account 开账户； keep accounts 记账 ; account for说明; give a full account of 做一个完整的说明; on account of=because of 因为 　　15 accuse sb. of… 控告某人； charge sb. with sth. 起诉某人； Blame sb. for sth. 责备某人 　　16 be accustomed to sth.( to doing sth.)=be used to sth.(to doing sth.)习惯于干某事 　　17 have some acquaintance with 熟悉；熟知 　　18 come (run) across （偶然）碰到 ; get sth. across 使人理解；领会 　　19 act as充当，担任 act out 表演（对话、故事）； act on(upon) 对。。。起作用 　　20 catch sb. in the act of doing sth. 抓住某人干某事； take action 采取行动 　　21 be active in 在。。。积极 take an active part in 积极参加lead an active life过着积极的生活 　　22 adapt oneself to 使自己适应 adapt sth. to 使某物适应 adapt from 根据。。。改写（改编） 　　23 add in 包括； 加进去 add to 增加；加强 add… to 把。。。加到。。。上 　　add up to 合加起来 　　24 be addicted to sth.( doing sth. ) 嗜好。。。的；上了。。。瘾的 　　25 in addtion/ in addtion to 此外 　　26 deliver an address to 向。。发表演讲 giving a closing address 致闭幕词 an address of welcome 欢迎词 　　27 admit to sth.( doing sth.) 承认 　　28 in advance=beforehand 提前 　　29 be of great (no ) advantage to 对。。。大大有利（毫无裨益） gain(have) an advantage over优于；胜过； take advantage of sb. 利用某人；欺骗某人 　　30 put an advertisement 登广告 　　31 ask for sb.'s advice 征求某人的建议 give sb. advice on how to do sth. 就如何      何干某事提出忠告 　　32 advise sb. on sth. 就某事对某人提出忠告；advise sb. against( doing) sth.‎ 劝某人不干某事 　　33 be afraid of 害怕；担心 be afraid to do 不敢做某事 　　34 be after 寻求；追求 　　35 be against one's proposal 反对（意见 go against nature违背自然stand against the wall 靠墙而立 　　36 at the age of 在。。。岁时； be under age 未成年 　　37 agree with sb.( what 从句 ); agree with the climate/饮食 对气候等的适应 　　agree to +advice/suggestion/ idea/proposal … agree on (upon) 。。。就。。达成一致意见 　　38 ahead of ( time) 在。。。前面 go ahead 继续；前进 　　39 aid sb. in sth./aid sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事 in aid of 支持 ；give sb. first aid对某人实施急救 　　40 aim at 瞄准 　　41 on the air（用无线电、电视）播送 in the air 在空中； by air 乘飞机； put on (give oneself) airs 摆架子 　　42 all along 一直；始终 all over the country(world)遍及全国（世界） all alone 单独；独自地 all but 几乎；差一点 　　43 allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事 allow doing sth. 允许做某事 　　44 let alone 更不用说 There is not enough room for us,let alone six dogs. 　　45 get along (on) with 在。。。方面有进展 take along with 随身携带 　　46 not only…but also 　　47 make an analysis of 分析 　　48 in the ancient time 在古代 　　49 and so on/and so forth 等等 　　50 be angry about sth.对某事生气 be angry at sth.因某事生气 　　be be angry with sb.生某人的气 　　51 annoy sb. with sth./annoy sb. by doing sth. 因。。。使某人生气；52 one after another 相继 　　53 answer for 对。。。负责 answer sb.'s call 回电话 make no answer 不作回答 　　54 be anxious about ( for) 为。。。担心 be anxious to do 渴望（急于）做某事 　　55 apologize to sb. for sth./ make an apology to sb. for sth 因某事向某人道歉 　　56 in appearance 外貌上 make one's appearance 登台 by/from all appearances 显然 　　57 apply…to… 将。。应用于 apply for 申请 apply to 适应于 apply oneself to 专心致志于 ； apply to sb. for sth. 向某人申请某物 　　58 appoint sb. to a post 派某人任某职; appoint a time for the meeting 约定开会时间 　　59 approach to 接近 make an approach to 对。。。进行探讨 　　60 approve of 赞同      61 argue with/against sb. about/on sth. 与某人辩论某事；argue sb. into doing 说服某人做某事 　　62 arm in arm 肩并肩 hand in hand 手拉手 ; shoulder to shoulder 肩并肩 take sth. in one's arms抱 be armed to the teeth 全副武装 　　63 arrange for 安排；准备 arrange with sb. about sth. 与某人商定某事 　　make an arrangement( arrangements) for… 做好准备；安排 　　64 as a whole 作为总体 on the whole 总体上 　　65 as…as one can ‎ 尽力；尽可能 　　66 as to/with regard to 至于；说到 　　67 be ashamed at sth. 为某事感到羞愧be ashamed for 为某人感到羞愧 　　68 ask for sth. 请求 ask sb. for sth. 向某人索取某物 ask sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事 　　69 every aspect of=all the aspects of 各个方面 　　70 assist sb. with sth./assist sb. in doing sth./assist sb. to do sth. 帮助某人做某事 　　71 associate..with… 把。。。和。。联系起来 ; in association with … 与。。。联手 　　72 be astonished( surprised) at (the news) 对。。感到惊奇 　　73 at the latest 最迟 　　74 e attached to 附属于。。。；依恋； attach sth. to… 把。。贴上 把。。系在。。。上 　　75 attempt/try to do sth.(make an attempt to do sth.) 企图做。。。；attempt at sth. 试图获得 　　76 attend on/to sb. 照看/护理某人； attend to 关心；照料 　　77 attract/capture/catch/draw/get one's attention 吸引某人注意 　　hold one's attention on 将注意力集中于 devote one's attention to 专心于 　　turn one's attention to 将注意力转向 pay attention to 注意 　　78 one's attitude towards… 某人的态度对。 　　79 on (the ) average按平均； above( below) average 平均以上（下） 　　80 be aware of 意识到，觉察 　　81 back and forth 来回地（屋内） 　　82 at the back of sb./at sb.'s back 支持某人；at the back of 在。。。后 　　lie on one's back 朝天躺着 　　83 go from bad to worse 每况愈下 　　84 go bad(wrong/hungry) 变腐 　　85 keep(lose) balance 保持（失去）平衡 ; 　　be in the balance 悬而未决 　　86 ban( prohibit) sb.from doing sth. 禁止某人做某事 　　be under a ban被禁止 　　87 base sth. on/upon sth. 以。。。为基础； be based on 基于 　　on…basis=on the basis of 以。。。为根据； 在。。。基础上 　　88 battle against 向。。。开战； battle with 与。。。搏斗； battle for为。。。而战 　　89 because of + 名词（代词、 what 从句） 　　90 make the bed 整理床铺；in bed/on the bed 在床上 　　91 beg sb. to do sth.恳求某人干某事； beg for sth. 请求得到 beg sth. of sb.恳求某人某事 　　92 begin with 从。。。开始 　　93 on behalf of 代表 ; on sb.'s behalf 以某人的名义 　　94 believe in 信赖 　　95 belong to (无被动语态) 属于 　　96 beyond recognition认不出来 beyond belief 难以置信 　　beyond description 无法用言语表达 beyond sb. 对某人来说难以理解 　　97 by birth 在血统上 at birth 诞生；出生 give birth to 生（产） 　　98 bit by bit 一点点地 do one's bit 尽一点（份） quite a bit 相当多 　　比较： not a bit 一点也不 not a little ‎ 很，非常 　　99 be black and blue 遍体鳞伤 　　100 bear the blame 受过lay/ put the blame on/upon sb. for sth. 把责任推到某人身上 ‎2012高考英语完形圣经秘诀教案 透过已知信息　　推断未知信息 不易策略，扫描选项，在万变中找到不变的规律！　‎ 简易策略，瞻前顾后，化繁为简，化难为易！‎ 变易策略，左顾右盼，以变制变，熟能生巧！‎ 首尾段首尾句,边做边看选项中与中心同现词或复现词!‎ 扫描选项 　同义词 / 同类词排除 ‎ 　高频答案词 ‎ 　相反项有解 ‎ 　同现 思路 　　　瞻前顾后 　复现 ‎ ‎ 　逻辑结构 ‎ ‎ ‎ 左顾右盼 　P原则 ‎ 　关联结构 技巧归纳: 感情色彩 时态暗示法 动词综合法(主语/宾语是人是物? 及不及物?过程还是结果?......), ...... (略) 共20多项法则,交叉都指向同一个答案才最准确!‎ 满分策略: 五四运动法 串线交叉法 主线贯穿法, ......(略) ‎ 节选教案试看!‎ 瞻前顾后　同现　复现　逻辑结构 同现 中心同现是指段落的首段的中心词或段落中反复出现的名词或名词词组,在被选空格内的句子中也重复出现或与其意思倾斜向;词汇同现是指属于同一词汇搭配范畴或者某一领域的词汇在文章中共同出现，达到语义衔接的目的。一般来说，上下文中词汇的范畴越小，上下文的衔接关系越紧密。‎ 首段首句一般都是中心句,名词是核对重点!‎ ‎◆Then , mountain --- climbing began to grow popular as a sport. To some people, there is something greatly ___28____ about getting to the ___29____ of a high mountain: a struggle against nature is finer than a battle ___30____other human begins. And then , when you are at the mountain top after a long and difficult ____31____, what a ___32____ reward ( 奖品 ) it is to be able to look ___33___ on everything within ___34____! At such time , you feel happier and prouder than you can ever feel down ___35___. 与首尾句名词 动词 形容词 副词倾向!‎ ‎28.A.excited B. interested C.dangerous D.terrible ‎ ‎32.A.surprising B.excited C.disappointing D.astonishing ‎ ‎◆Dorothy Brown was very happy as she sat in the theatre listening to the music. Today her little daughter Lauren was giving her ___1___ concert. She had been waiting for this __2__ for years and years. “Now it is here at last,” she thought. “How beautiful her ___3___ is.”‎ The song made her ___4___ to the days when she was Lauren’s ___5___. As a young ___6___, Dorothy wanted to be a concert singer. She studied ___7___ in France, Italy and in the United States. “You can become a fine ___8___ in the future,” her teachers told her. “But you must be ___9___ to study hard and work for many years. ‎ ‎3. A. voice B. face C. dress D. life ‎7. A. French B. music C. piano D. dance ‎8. A. actress B. student C. singer D. dancer K 抓住中心意思-----围绕什么话题 (在文章中出现频率最多的词)‎ ‎◆Every Thursday afternoon, my art history class meets not in our usual lecture hall ( 演讲厅 ) but in our university Art Museum. We spend our one-hour class discussing two or there of the ___1___, many of which are by artists that we have already studied in class. The professor begins by selecting one ___2___ of art. After giving us a quick background on the artist , he will open up for class ___3___. ‎ ‎1. A. subjects B. paintings C. speeches D. lectures 宾语从句是特殊疑问句WH-或whether/if时,要选下列动词:‎ ask, doubt, wonder, want to know, know, guess 答题选动词:‎ ‎〖2011·全国新课标卷〗The professor 37 the lecture hall, placed upon his desk a large jar filled with dried beans(豆), and invited the students to 38 how many beans the jar contained. After 39 shouts of wildly wrong guesses the professor smiled a thin, dry smile, announced the 40 answer, and went on saying, “You have just 41 an important lesson about science.‎ ‎38. A．count B. guess C. report D. watch 考察动词，或根据后文wildly wrong guesses的提示，考虑复现选B。‎ ‎ ‎ 反过来选WH-或whether/if:‎ ‎〖2011·安徽卷〗One afternoon. I walked into a building to ask 41 there were any job opportunities(机会)，The people there advised me not to continue my job search in that 42 .‎ ‎41. A. why B. wherever C. whether D. whenever 一天，作者走进一座大楼去问“是否”(whether)有自己能做的工作。选C。A项为“为什么”；B项为“无论在那”；D项为“无论何时”‎ 怎么样?这样做题快吗?‎ 为了让您更加深信不疑,我们再免费发布一个法则,你可以马上用下列真题或你学校的模拟练习题来验证一下,好使,就要赶紧预定呦!每省仅限定10套,额满即!止 正面的,积极的,肯定的, 还是负面的,消极的,否定的?‎ ‎◆“I’m sorry, but we have enough 27 for the newspaper already. Come back next year and we’ll talk then.” Jenna smiled 28 and left. “Why is high school so 29 ?” she sighed.‎ ‎ 叹气sighed说明是勉强的,选消极的weakly ‎28. A. widely B. weakly C. excitedly D. brightly ‎◆Tired and sad,she told her story 38 ,not to anyone in particular.‎ ‎38.A.tearfully B.seriously C.carefully D.calmly ‎◆It seems funny that we are _40_ for things, with which we are unfamiliar or about which we are _41_, but we all, my friends as well as I, consider this one of life’s _42_ .‎ ‎41. A. uncertain B. unhappy C. not pleased D. careful ‎ ‎〖2011·四川卷〗I truly feel that my mother led me here, to Morzaine, and to my future as a happy wife and businesswoman. When Mum 21 in October 2007, I was a cook.. In December that year. while I was working for a wedding, a pearl necklace Mum had left me 22 . I was distraught（忧心如焚的）.Some days later, I was 23 that a guy who was working with us that day. “could probably have made a fortune 24 he necklace he found.” 25 , he returned it. ‎ ‎22.A. burned B. disappeared C . broke D. dropped ‎ ‎22空就近distraught（忧心如焚的）是负的,只有disappear是负的；burn燃烧；break打破；drop降低，落下。有后文的我感到“忧心如焚”及“归还”（return）可知此处是指项链丢失了。B ‎〖2011·安徽卷〗Nearly ten minutes later, he 45, He asked me about my plans and encouraged me to stay 46 . Then he offered to take me to Royal Oak to 47 a job. 积极的!‎ ‎ I was a little surprised. but had a 48 feeling about him. Along the way ,I realized that I had 49 resumes(简历). Seeing this, the man 50 at his business partner’s office to make me fifteen 51 copies. He also gave me some 52 on dressing and speaking. I handed out my resumes and went home feeling very 53 . The following day, I received a 54 from a store in Royal Oak offering me a job.‎ ‎46. A. silent B. busy C. positive D. comfortable 他问了问我的打算，鼓励我要振作起来，不要灰心。选C。A项为“沉默不语的”；B项为“忙绿的”；C项为“积极乐观的，有信心的”；D项为“舒适的，舒服的”。‎ ‎48. A. dull B. good C. guilty D. general 作者对他的主动帮助感到有点惊奇，但是对他充满了“好感” (good feeling)。选B。A项为“阴暗的，无趣的”；C项为“内疚的”；D项为“一般的，普通的”。‎ ‎53. A. lonely B. funny C. disappointed D. satisfied 我分发完简历回到家感到非常“满意”(satisfied)。选D。A项为“寂寞的，孤独的”；B项为“滑稽的，可笑的”；C项为“失望的，沮丧的”。‎ ‎〖2011·四川卷〗Some days later, I was 23 that a guy who was working with us that day. “could probably have made a fortune 24 the necklace he found.” 25 , he returned it. Hearing how I’d 26 Mum for six months before her death, he said, “Christmas is going to be 27 —why not go out to the Alps for a couple of weeks?‎ ‎27.A.long B. hard C. merry D. free death.在27空附近是负的,B项对应。在万家团圆的圣诞节，母亲刚去世，对我来说一定很难熬。B ‎2012高考英语阅读思维重现法则 强军英语满分体系主编:张勇强 无线索 ‎ 1、题干无线索的推理 2、判断题 题干 ‎ 答案 选项 ‎ 主旨靠 定位 ‎ 有线索 精确线索 模糊线索 用不同的词、不同的结构表达但和原文一样的内容 ‎ ‎ ‎（数字、大写、专名、显性逻辑关系） 1全文反复重复的内容 ‎ 2题干与原文貌离神合 题干定位原则 与主旨靠 3使用原文的近义结构 ‎1数字、大写、专名 原文找意思一样的内容 主-- -被 人---物 ‎2逻辑关系 因 果 选项定位 真---虚 陈述---倒装 手段 目的 4使用原文、原词、原结构 条件 事实 5使用原文的反说 ‎3成分定位 6使用原文的上义词、下义词、同一范畴词 ‎4主旨靠 7使用原文的总结归纳 ‎5找意思一致内容 8使用原文的分说例证 大忌：（只定位个别词、忽视题干、逻辑、成分） ‎ 张勇强阅读选项对比36计(部分节选)‎ ‎1 内容相似 都排除 ‎ 目前，高考英语选择题只能选取一个正确答案！‎ ‎54. It can be inferred from the passage that___.‎ A. no drugs have been found to treat the disease B. the alternative treatment is not easily available to most people A=B C. malaria has developed its ability to resist parasites D. nobody knows what will be the drug to treat the disease ‎2 内容相反 取其一 有一大汉，想进某屋. 门上并未加锁，但他久推不开，弄得满头大汗. 后面传来一位小姐轻轻的声音：“先生别推，请向后拉！” 大汉真的向后一拉，果然门就轻轻地开了. 大汉奇怪地问：“这门上并没有写拉字，你怎么知道是拉门的呢？” 小姐答：“因为我看到你推了半天，门还不动，那就只有拉了！”‎ ‎41.We can learn from the text that__________.‎ A. email is less popular than the fax service ‎ B. the postal service has over the years become faster B>