推荐高考英语阅读理解解题技巧及经典题型 4页

词汇、阅读速度和理解能力 阅读的方法可以使用以下几种： ‎ ‎1.跳读：就是快速的一步阅读法。实际上是有选择阅读，找关键词。用这种阅读方法回答who、what、when、where之类的问题最为有效。 ‎ ‎2.略读：指比跳读慢些的二步阅读法。即泛泛地、粗略地快速阅读，目的是了解大意，对文章有个总的概念。此种阅读方法能回答why、how之类的问题。 ‎ ‎3.精读：即最细致、最慢的深层阅读方法，目的是求得对所读文章的全部意义的理解与掌握。          ‎ 在使用阅读技巧时尽量做到以下几点：  ‎ ‎ 1.带着问题阅读短文。 2.找出主题句、确定中心思想。 ‎ ‎3.推断单词、句子和文章的含义。   4.尽快选择答案。   ‎ 不同体裁文章的特点及解题技巧   ‎ ‎1.记叙文 ‎ ‎ 记叙文又可分传记类和故事类。 传记类文章在阅读中时间是全文的关键，根据时间我们可以找到相关的事件，抓住文章的主要内容。故事类文章情节性较强，阅读时要注意故事中的时间、地点、人物和发生的事件，这些都是文章中的主要内容和信息，对于准确理解文章十分重要。 ‎ ‎2.说明文 ‎   说明文是对事物的形状、性质、特征、成果或功用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章。把握所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的关键。说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法、解释法、比 较法、比喻法、数字法、图表法、引用法和举例法等。 ‎ 数字说明文 ‎ ‎ 在阅读数字说明文时要特别注意文中数字的含义，从这些数字中可以找到文章的主要内容。 ‎ 解释说明文 ‎ 解释说明文着重说明事物的本质、特征和功用等。许多科普文章都属于这一类。在阅读这类文章时要学会解决what, how, why 等一类的问题。它们是文章的关键。如能带着这些问题阅读，将会更迅速抓住文章的主题。   ‎ 比较说明文 ‎ 比较说明文是通过对比方法说明问题。在阅读这类文章时要善于把握全篇陈述的基本倾向。作者在谈论一个有争议的问题时总要顾及到争议的各个方面。但是，在一般情况下，作者的陈述总要倾向于某一种观点。  ‎ ‎3.应用文 ‎ 应用文涉及的范围比较广，包括广告、通知、书信等。应用文一般语言简洁，省略及不规范的句子较多。阅读时一般要求考生全面掌握文章中提供的信息，并运用这些信息去解决问题。因此对题干的理解尤为重要。‎ ‎ ‎ 阅读理解的考题分为客观理解题(是指在短文中客观存在的事实，客观信息的答案一般都可以在原文中找到。即理解文中的具体事实或抽象概念)和主观理解题(这类问题都不可能直接从原文中找到答案，须通过阅读文章对文章主旨和深层含义有更深理解，并据此进行判断和推理)。其中细节理解题和猜测词义题属于客观题；主旨大意题和推理判断题属于主观题。 ‎ Ⅰ.事实细节题 ‎ 属于细节类型的阅读理解题一般只针对某个特定的细节，题型可以多种多样。此类题型一般分两种。第一种是直接理解题，在原文中可以直接找到答案。第二种是词义转换题，正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的转换。做此类试题一定要抓住事件发生的时间、地点、人物、发展过程和结局等环节，所选答案切不可望文生义。这类题型的主要提问方式常为：‎ ‎①Which of the following is true/NOT true in the passage?‎ ‎②Which of the following statements is NOT discussed/mentioned in the passage?‎ ‎③Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?‎ ‎④All the following statements are NOT true except       .‎ 细节题的破解一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。英语中有许多功能词，如：表因果关系的because, since, as等；表转折关系的but, however ,on the contrary, on the other hand等等。‎ Ⅱ.猜测词义题 要注意从以下七个方面着手：‎ ‎1）根据定义或解释、说明猜测生词的词义 在be，be called，call等判断词出现的判断句中，或定语从句及标点符号，或同位语部分，可以根据已知部分，猜测生词的含义。例如： The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. ‎ ‎2）根据对比关系猜测生词的词义 在but，however，yet，otherwise，though这些表示意义转折的连词出现的句子中，其前后的词有明显对比关系，根据已知的内容，通过这种对比关系，就很容易猜出生词的词义了。‎ 例如： Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. ‎ ‎3）通过因果关系猜测词义 because, since与as是连接原因状语从句的从属连词，so是连接表示结果的状语从句的连词，so...that与such...that中的that是连接结果状语从句的。例如：She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. ‎ 4） 根据生活常识猜测词义 运用逻辑推理能力，自身的生活经验及生活常识。再联系上下文能读懂的部分，可以正确猜出词义。例如：Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold. ‎ ‎5）根据同等关系猜测词义 同等关系，指的是一个词，一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且它们的词义都属于同一范畴。明显的标志是，这样的词组或短语中间常常用并列连词and或or来连接。例如： At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy. 从“年龄42岁”以及与prime具有同等关系的full of energy可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年时期”。‎ ‎6）根据列举的事例猜测词义 You can take any of the periodicals: “The World of English”. “Foreign Language Teaching in Schools”, or “English Learning”. 从后面列举的例子中，可以猜出periodical是“期刊，杂志”的意思。‎ ‎7）根据构词法知识猜测词义：‎ 派生，合成，转化，缩略，知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义，就可猜出组成的新词词义。‎ Remember that people on line may not be who they seem. ‎ Because you can’t see or even hear the person, it would be easy for someone to misrepresent himself/herself. ‎ Ⅲ.推理判断题 在阅读理解整体语篇的同时，又要求对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点。不要主观臆断，凭空想象，任意发挥，而走入误区。学会运用主题句去推测、揣摩文字背后作者的意图，运用归纳、对比、演绎技能，运用背景知识去挖掘文章深层含义，从而正确理解作者的言外之意，同时认真体会文章的语气与感情基调(如：否定、厌恶、反问、讽刺等)。这类试题常以如下句式发问： ①What can you conclude/ imply from this passage? ②What’s the author’s attitude（态度）towards...?‎ ‎③We can infer /learn from the passage that...‎ ‎ Ⅳ.主旨大意题 把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题，难度较大，属于高层次题。‎ 一般主旨大意题可以分为两类：‎ ‎1．确定文章的标题和主题(title or topic)‎ 标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。‎ 要确定文章标题，首先，要在阅读原文的基础上，考虑标题是否与主题密切相关；其次，看标题是否能概括全文内容。不能只概括短文中的某些事实或细节；然后，要注意标题范围不应太大或太小；最后，标题应简练并能吸引读者。即:1、独特新颖  2、概括性强 3、短小精炼。‎ 常见的标题型题干：‎ ‎1)  The best title/ headline for this passage might be________. 2)  The text (passage) could be entitled   ______.‎ ‎3)  What is the best title for the passage? 4) What’s the topic of the article?‎ ‎2.主题句（topic sentence）及主旨大意(main idea)的概括 一篇文章一般表达一个中心内容或主题。这个中心内容或主题通常用一个句子来概括。此句叫做主题句。一般来说，说明文和议论文都有主题句，而且多位于文章的开头，有时也位于文章的中间或末尾。但有时不能在文中直接找到主题句，要求读者把握每段的主题句，弄清段于段之间逻辑关系的基础上自己归纳总结。主题句必须能简洁明了地概括全文的主要内容，具有高度的综合性和概括性。文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释,说明,论证或扩展.‎ 常见的主题句和主旨型题干：‎ ‎1) What is the topic sentence of the passage?‎ ‎2) This article/text/passage mainly tells that _____________.‎ ‎3) Which of the following gives a general idea of the passage?‎ ‎4) Which of the following is the main idea of the passage? ‎ 阅读水平的提高不是一两天的阅读就可以见效的。想要提高阅读能力，‎ 一是要培养良好的阅读行为习惯；如：要用眼光看，不要用手指去点；要默读，不要小声读。‎ 二是要积累大量的词汇，把阅读中的高频难词熟记，每次阅读后要整理好生词，然后记住其意思。‎ 三是要广泛地做课后阅读，坚持每天读1-2篇文章。‎ 四是不要一遇到生词就查字典，要先猜其意义，等做完题目后再查字典，以免影响阅读速度。‎ 练习 ‎ CBAAB Son’s Help Mr. Lang worked in a factory. As a driver, he was busy but he was paid much. His wife was an able woman and did all the housework. When he came back, she took good care of him and he never did anything at home. So he had enough time when he had a holiday. A few friends of his liked gambling(赌博) and he learned it soon. So he was interested in it and hardly forgot anything except gambling. He lost all his money and later he began to sell the television, watches and so on. His wife told him not to do it but he didn’t listen to her. She had to tell the police. He and his friends were punished for it. And he was hardly sent away. After he came out of lockup(拘留所), he hated her very much and the woman had to leave him. It was New Year’s Day. Mr. Lang didn’t go to work. He felt lonely and wanted to gamble again. He called his friends and they came soon. But they were afraid the police would come. He told his five-year-old son to go to find out if there were the policemen outside. They waited for a long time and didn’t think the police would come and began to gamble. Suddenly opened the door and in came a few policemen. “I saw there weren’t any policemen outside, daddy,” said the boy, “so I went to the crossing and asked some to come.” 1. Mr. Lang was paid much because _______. A. he was a driver B. he worked in a factory C. he had a lot of work to do D. he had worked there for a long time 2. Mrs. Lang did all housework because _______. A. she couldn’t find any work B. she thought her husband was tired C. her husband spent all time in gambling D. she wouldn’t stop her husband gambling 3. _______, so he was put into lockup. A. Mr. Lang often gambled B. Mr. Lang was late for work C. Mr. Lang didn’t help his wife at home D. Mr. Lang wasn’t polite to the police 4. The woman had to leave Mr. Lang because _______. A. he didn’t love her any longer B. he wouldn’t stop gambling C. he had been put into lockup D. he was hardly sent away by the factory 5. Which of the following is right? A. The boy hoped his father to be put into lockup again. B. The boy thought his father needed some policemen. C. The boy hoped his father to stop gambling soon. D. The boy hoped his mother to come back ‎ （2） DBDD Students in many countries are learning English. Some of these students are small children. Others are teen-agers. Many are adults. Some learn at school, others by themselves. A few learn English by learning the language over the radio, on TV, or in film. One must work hard to learn another language. Why do all these people want to learn English? It is difficult to answer this question. Many boys and girls learn English at school because it is one of their subjects required for study. They study their own language and maths and English: Some people learn it because it is useful for their work. Many people learn English for their work. Many people learn English for their higher studies, because at college or university some of their books are in English. Other people learn English because they want to read newspapers or magazines in English. 1. People learn English _______. A. at school         B. over the radio         C. on TV         D. not all in the same way 2. Different kinds of people want to learn English _______. A. together with other subjects         B. for different reas** C. for their work                        D. for higher studies at colleges 3. From this passage we know that _______. A. we can learn English easily B. English is very difficult to learn C. English is learned by most people in the world D. English is a useful language but one must work hard to learn 4. Which of the following is right? A. We don’t need to learn any foreign languages. B. We can do well in all our work without English. C. English is the most important subject in schools. D. We should learn English because we need to face the world.‎