2019高考英语概要写作技巧讲解 17页

‎2019高考英语概要写作技巧讲解 一、 考点分析 ‎ ‎（一）考查内容：‎ 1、 考查读懂文章内容的能力 2、 考查识别作者写作目的的能力 3、 考查归纳总结的能力 4、 考查组织文章的能力 ‎（二）评分要点 ‎ • ‎1）字数50左右 ‎ • ‎2）理解准确，涵盖全部要点 ‎ • ‎3）准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇 ‎ • ‎4）完全使用自己的语言 ‎ • ‎5）有效使用语句间的连接成分，结构紧凑 ‎ 二、 专题详解 ‎ 定义：‎ It is a brief, thorough and objective restatement of the main idea and key points of a longer composition.‎ 读者在正确理解文章的基础上, 在不改变原文中心思想、‎ 体裁和结构的前提下，用简明、精练的语句高度浓缩文章的主要内容和观点。 ‎ ‎（三）写作方法 ‎ Step 1. 确定体裁，明确主题 ‎ Step 2. 明确文章结构 （总-分，总-分-总，分-总，并列）‎ Step 3. 划主题句与关键信息 ‎ Step 4. 写纲要，打草稿 Step 5. 润色成文 ① 保留关键句要点，按体裁和内容 ② 删除细节（删除具体例子，或归纳总结例子的过程、作用和结果），避免重复 ‎ 1) 找准体裁，提炼要点 ‎ 记叙文，主要信息应包括：When? Where? Who? What? Why? ‎ How(时间先后顺序/事情发展顺序)? Result 议论文，作者的观点。作者如何论证自己的观点的 (举例证明的，归纳总结 例证的内容和作用) ‎ ‎ 结构①：原文 【总-分/总-分-总（末段与首段观点相同）】‎ ‎→ 【总-分】‎ ‎ 结构②：原文 【总-分-总（末段与首段观点相反）】‎ ‎→【总-分-总（加衔接词表转折关系）】‎ ‎ 结构③：原文 【并列结构（段与段的观点并列、递进或相反）‎ ‎→【并列结构（加衔接词表并列/转折逻辑关系）】‎ 说明文：【解释一个理论】那么这个理论的特点和实际用途是什么？‎ ‎【解释一项实验等】实验的目的、对象、结果分别是什么？‎ ‎ 按体裁 2) 语言：同义词&词组替换；句式简化；句子重构 ① 同义转换：近义词、同义词和词组的替换，尽量用单词替换短语 ‎ ‎（例 improve=promote, of great importance = greatly important）‎ ② 句式转换：简化句子结构（例如，定语从句改成分词作后置定语；状语从句改成非谓语作状语；）‎ ③ 句子重构：调整词类（名词、动词、形容词转换）、时态、语态（主动变被动）等 3) 衔接（替换；省略；增加）：表逻辑关系的连接词 替换：并列关系and, moreover, furthermore, in addition, ‎ 转折关系 but, instead, however, on the other hand 省略：并列观点有时可省略连接词;记叙文可省略衔接词。‎ 增加：按逻辑关系，补充连接词firstly…, secondly…, finally…; ‎ and…, moreover…, furthermore…; but, instead, however,‎ 例（一）‎ Chris is not a traditional explorer(探险者). Yet his job can sometimes ‎ 体裁：记叙文 be just as exciting and dangerous as being an explorer.‎ Chris works for MSF, an organization also known as Doctors Without Borders (无国界医生). MSF sends trained doctors all over the world to help people after a war or a disaster. Chris is a doctor from France who has travelled to many plates to organize programs that help people.‎ At the moment, there are 27,000 trained medical staff taking part in MSF tasks. The organization received the Nobel Peace Prize. All kinds of doctors can volunteer for MSF. They need to be prepared to go almost anywhere in the world and of course doctors with experience in tropical (热带) diseases are especially useful because most of MSF’s work is in Africa. When doctors completed a few tasks, they might be sent on an emergency task following a disaster such as an earthquake.‎ But why would a doctor leave a comfortable life and a good salary to join MSF? According to Chris, the experience you gain is a great help in your career. Besides, just like the explorers of the past, you need to keep an open mind and learn to mix well with the people you meet. Most importantly, at the end of each task, you have made a real difference to people’s lives.‎ Who, ‎ What – his job What, ‎ where Why: ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎ ‎ Summary: ‎ Chris, whose job is exciting and dangerous, works for MFS. Chris and other MFS’s doctors need to be ready to go almost anywhere in the world and might be sent on an emergency task. Christ thinks his job is meaningful/helpful and he gains a lot. （同义词转换）‎ People who live in the countryside generally live longer than those who live in the city. A number of reasons may help explain this point.‎ To start with, farmers are in close contact with nature. They breathe fresh air. They make friends with trees and stones, cows and dogs. They listen to the songs of birds. They fight with strong winds. This contact with nature is good for the health of both body and spirit.‎ Next, hard physical work keeps farmers fit and healthy. It is widely believed that farmers suffer from far less diseases than people in the city. There are many diseases that are common in the city, but not in the countryside. For example, near-sightedness is almost unknown to farmers. Besides, being free from urban pressure does good to the health of farmers.‎ Moreover, because there are less cars, motorcars and other kinds of vehicles in the countryside, one can walk more freely without being afraid of accidents. The environment is better in the countryside, which makes the farmers live a quiet and peaceful life.‎ The farmers can also get fresh grain, vegetables, fruits and milk easily. They enjoy these advantages that people living in the city cannot.‎ 体裁：议论文 结构：总分 作者观点：‎ 论点 ①‎ 论点 ②‎ 论点 ③‎ 论点 ④‎ 论点 ⑤‎ 总结句，呼应观点 ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎ ‎ Summary ：‎ People from countryside generally live longer than city people because they enjoy many advantages such as close with nature, physical work, being free from urban pressure, more free walk, quiet and peaceful environment, fresh food, etc. （句式改变）‎ Farmers use different kinds of soil conservation methods to protect their land from damage by farming and the forces of nature. One important form of soil conservation is the use of windbreaks (防风林).‎ Windbreaks are barriers formed by trees and other plants with many leaves. Farmers plant them in lines around their fields. Windbreaks stop the wind from blowing soil away. They also keep the wind from destroying or damaging crops. They are very important for growing grains, such as wheat.‎ There have been studies done on windbreaks in parts of West Africa. It is found that grain harvests can be 20% higher in fields protected by windbreaks compared to fields without such protection.‎ However, windbreaks seem to work best when they allow a little wind to pass through. If the wall of trees and plants stops wind completely, then violent air movements will take place close to the ground. These movements will lift soil into the air where it will be blown away. For this reason, a windbreak is best if it has only 60% to 80% of the trees and plants needed to form a solid line.‎ An easy role to remember is that windbreaks can protect areas up to ten times the height of the tallest trees in the windbreaks. There should be at least two lines in each windbreak. One line should be large trees. The second line, right next to it, can be shorter trees and other plants with leaves. Locally grown trees and plants are best for windbreaks.‎ 体裁：说明文 说明对象：Windbreak ① 目的、用途 ‎ ② 构成 ③ 功能，作用 ‎（2个）‎ ④ 注意事项 ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎ ‎ Keys:‎ Windbreak, which is formed by trees and other plants, is used by farmers to protect their land from damage by farming and the forces of the nature. Windbreak can protect the crops and help improve grain production. However, windbreak should be planted properly to work its best.‎ 练习 实战练习（一）‎ One hot night last August, I tried everything I could think of—a warm bottle, songs, etc. to make him fall into sleep, but he just couldn’t do it. Since I believed that a long night was waiting for me ahead, I had no choice but to bring a TV into his room to kill off the hours until dawn. I was surprised that the moment I turned on the TV, the baby became quiet right away and fixed his little eyes brightly on the screen. Not willing to waste an opportunity for sleep, I then tiptoed(用脚失走）out of the room, leaving him to watch the boring TV programs.‎ I heard no more of the baby’s crying that night and the next morning when I went into his room, I found him still watching TV by himself. I found there was a metaphor (暗喻) in my baby’s behavior for the new generation. When I gave my boy some books to go over, he only spit upon them; when I read to him, he did not feel comfortable. So is it in the schools with my students. I find that our students don’t read and they look down upon reading and make light of those of us who teach it. All they want to do is to watch TV. After this experience with the baby, however, I have drawn a conclusion: “Let them watch it!” If television is much more attractive to children than books, why should we fight against it? Let them watch what they want! ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎ ‎ Summary：‎ The writer tried everything to make her baby fall asleep but failed. Surprisingly, when she turned on the TV, the baby kept quiet himself. Then she found that her students liked watching TV as much as her baby. So the writer suggested that we should let children watch what they want.‎ 实战练习（二）‎ More and more people like bicycling and it is no surprise. It is fun, healthy and good for the environment. Maybe that’s why there are 1.4 billion bicycles and only 400 million cars on roads worldwide today.‎ Bikes can take you almost anywhere, and there is no oil cost! Get on a bicycle and ride around your neighbourhood. You may discover something new all around you. Stopping and getting off a bike is easier than stopping and getting out of your car. You can bike to work and benefit from the enjoyable exercise without polluting the environment. You don’t even have to ride all the way.‎ Folding bikes work well for people who take the train. Just fold the bike and take it with you. You can do the same on an airplane. A folding bike can be packed in a suitcase. You can also take a common bike with you when you fly. But be sure to look for information by getting on airline websites. Not all airlines are bicycle-friendly to travelers.‎ Health Benefits of Bicycling: It helps to prevent heart diseases. Bicycling helps to control your weight. A 15-minute bike ride to and from work three times a week bums off five kilos of fat in a year. Bicycling can improve your mood. Exercise like bicycling has been shown to make people feel better, more relaxed and self-confident. Bicycling is healthier than driving.‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎ ‎ Summary:‎ Many people like bicycling because it’s fun, heathy and good for environment and it’s easy to stop and get off. Sometimes folding bikes can be taken with you on an airplane or a train. Most importantly, bicycling has a lot of health benefits. ‎ 强化练习 练习（一）‎ Understanding body language is important to success, whether in the business world or in our personal lives. However, some of our ideas about body language are wrong, according to modern communication research.‎ There is a belief that people with shifty(变化的) eyes are probably lying. As Paul Ekman says, “When we asked people how they could tell if someone was lying, too much blinking(眨眼) and shifty eyes were the answers.” Ekman goes on to argue against such a wrong belief. Although this kind of body language is probably an expression of nervousness, it is not always because the person is lying. Shyness can, for example, make people shift their eyes. To understand what someone’s behavior means, you have to watch them carefully.‎ There is also a belief that when meeting someone, the more eye contact, the better. As a result people would like to make initial (开始的) contact in formal situations, like a job interview, by staring fixedly at the other human. Yet Ekman points out that most of us are comfortable with eye contact lasting a few seconds，but any eye contact that is longer than that cm make us nervous.‎ In short, you must carefully consider the speaker and the speaking environment. Experts suggest that unless you know about someone’s basic communication style, you will have little hope in understanding their true feelings through body language. In other words, body language carries important but not always true messages.‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎ ‎ Summary:‎ The passage argues two wrong ideas about body language. One is that people believe shifty eyes means that person is lying. The other is that people believe the more eye contact, the better during communication. Finally, the writer gives us a suggestion that we should be careful when we judge somebody body language. ‎ 练习（二）‎ Linda Evans was my best friend—like the sister I never had. We did everything together: having piano lessons, going to movies, swimming, and horseback riding.‎ When I was 13, my family moved away. Linda and I kept in touch through letters, and we saw each other on special time—like my wedding and Linda’s. Soon we were busy with children and moving to new homes, and we wrote less often. One day a card that I sent came back, stamped “Address Unknown.” I had no idea how to find Linda.‎ Over the years, I missed Linda very much. I wanted to share happiness of my children and then grandchildren. And I needed to share my sadness when my brother and then mother died. There was an empty place in my heart that only a friend like Linda could fill.‎ One day I was reading a newspaper when I noticed a photo of a young woman who looked very much like Linda and whose last name was Wagman — Linda's married name. “There must be thousands of Wagmans,” I thought, but I still wrote to her.‎ She called as soon as she got my letter. “Mrs. Tobin!’’ she said excitedly, “Linda Evans Wagman is my mother.‎ Minutes later I heard a voice that I knew very much, even after 40 years, laughed and cried and caught up on each other’s lives. Now the empty place in my heart is filled. And there’s one thing that Linda and I know for sure: We won’t lose each other again!‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ‎ ‎ ‎ Summary：‎ Linda Evans and the writer are best friends. After the writer’s family moved away, they kept in touch through letters. Then, they were all busy and wrote letters often. Finally, they lost in touch with each other and the writer ‎ felt empty. After 40 years, the writer found Linda and they won’t lose each other again. ‎ 翻译练习：‎ 1． 他利用她人好心软，三番五次向她借钱。（advantage）‎ 2． 她已向这家公司申请担任秘书。（apply）‎ 3． 在旧社会，出身贫寒的人很少有受教育的机会。（access）‎ 4． 这个获胜者因她的画而获得了一等奖。（award）‎ 5． 必须立即采取行动以减少台风带来的损失。（action）‎ 6． 我向你保证我有能力解决这个问题。（ability）‎ ‎7．你该就刚才的所作所为向在场的人道歉。（apologize）‎ ‎8．显而易见，这个国家的人每时每刻都可以喝到新鲜牛奶。（available）‎ ‎9.我很高兴被聘请担任北京奥运会的口译员。（act）‎ ‎10.丰富的网络资讯吸引老老少少上网冲浪。（attract）‎ ‎11.我已安排了一辆出租车去机场接你。（arrange）‎ ‎12.在山区，很多同我年龄相仿的儿童上不起学。（afford）‎ 13. 在发展经济的同时，我们必须注意要节约资源和防止污染。（attention）‎ 14. 他的话表明他充分意识到了不努力学习的后果。（aware）‎ 15. 专家们建议实施这项工程以造福子孙后代。（advise）‎ ‎1. He took advantage of her kindness to borrow money from her repeatedly.‎ ‎2. She has applied to the company for a position as a secretary.‎ ‎3. In the old society, people from poor families had little access to education.‎ ‎4. The winner was awarded the first prize for her picture.‎ ‎5. Immediate action must be taken to reduce the losses caused by the typhoon.‎ ‎6. I assure you that I have the ability to solve the problem.‎ ‎7. You should apologize to the people present for what you have just done.‎ ‎8. Obviously, fresh milk is available to the people in the country at any moment.‎ ‎9. I'm glad to be employed to act as an interpreter in the Beijing Olympics.‎ ‎10. Rich information on the Internet attracts people of all ages to surfing it.‎ ‎11. I have arranged for a taxi to meet you at the airport.‎ ‎12. In mountain areas, many children about my age can't afford to go to school.‎ ‎13. While developing economy, we must pay attention to saving resources and preventing pollution.‎ ‎14. His words snowed that he was fully aware of the consequence of not studying hard.‎ ‎15. The experts advised carrying out the project in order to benefit future generations.‎ 语法填空：‎ What does the term phubbing mean?‎ The word was coined by Alex Haigh，a 23-year-old Melbourne resident. 'Phubbing' stands for 'phone snubbing, and describes "the act of ignoring someone in a social setting by looking at your phone instead of _33（pay）attention to them".‎ Now 'Stop Phubbing' 34 (become) the online home of a campaign against digitally derived rudeness recently.‎ The motive behind the effort is quite straightforward: to highlight the embarrassment of 35__ (ignore) in public places, text-tapping fingers during personal dinners and coffee dates that 36 as well have been taken online.‎ Among all, the 37 （innovative） bit of the campaign are the wedding place cards that you can download to place on tables during your big day. It asks guests to pay attention to the wedding and not play with their phones! According to statistics, 87 percent of teens would rather text than 38 (communicate) face-to-face with a person.‎ The 'Stop Phubbing1 website even 39 (allow) you to upload photos of your friends/family who are phubbers to a Name-and-Shame section. Or download posters that read，"No Tweeting, No Facebook, No Instagram, No Foursquare, No Sexting".‎ There's even an option to send phubbers e-mails to let them know of the negative effect they could possibly have 40 their friends.‎ ‎33 paying 34has become 35being ignored 36may/might 37 most innovative 38communicate 39 allows 40 on 完形填空 ‎ Charlie and Jackie joined a wholesale company together just after graduation. They both worked very hard. After several years, the boss made Jackie sales manager but Charlie 1 a salesman. One day Charlie could not 2 it any more. He handed in his resignation letter(辞职信) to the boss and complained that the boss did not 3 hardworking employees, but only raised those who tried to please him. He thought that it was really 4 .‎ The boss knew that Charlie had spared no 5 for the company all these years, but in order to help Charlie to realize the 6 between him and Jackie, the boss asked Charlie to do the 7 :"Go and find out if there is anyone selling watermelons in the market. "Charlie went, returned and 8 said, "Yes." The boss asked, "How much per kg?" Charlie went back to the market to ask and returned to 9 , " $ 12 per kg." ‎ The boss told Charlie that he would ask Jackie the 10 question. Jackie went, returned and said, "Boss, only one person selling watermelons. $ 12 per kg, $ 100 for 10kg. He has a 11 of 340 melons. On the table are 58 melons, and every melon weighs about 15kg, 12 from the South two days ago. They are fresh, red and of good 13 "‎ Charlie was 14 and he realized the difference between himself and Jackie. He decided not to 15 but to learn from Jackie.‎ Think: how far have you seen ahead in your life? How thoughtful are you?‎ ‎( ) 1. A. made B. became C. remained D. kept ‎( ) 2. A. take B. do C. get D. put ‎( ) 3. A. enjoy B. meet C. repay D. value ‎( ) 4. A. unusual B. unfair C. careless D. selfless ‎( ) 5. A. rest B. trouble C. effect D. effort ‎( ) 6. A. competition ' B. relationship C. difference D. similarity ‎( ) 7. A. following B. finding C. shopping D. searching ‎( ) 8. A. still B. again C. even D. only ‎( ) 9. A. offer B. answer C. remind D. repeat ‎( )10. A. difficult B. familiar C. same D. simple ‎( )11. A. total B. lot C. pile D. number ‎( )12. A. taken B. come C. bought D. heard ‎( )13. A. value B. quality C. condition D. shape ‎( )14. A. struck B. moved C. puzzled D. shape ‎( )15. A. stay B. stop C. work D. leave Passage 6‎ ‎1．C 从前文After several years，the boss made Jackie sales manager我们可以得到提示：Jackie已经做了销售部经 理，而Charlie仍是(remained)销售员。‎ ‎2．A 同时来的销售伙伴做了销售部经理，而自己仍是销售员，Charlie受不了。take it在此意为“忍受”。‎ ‎3．D 从后文but only raised those who tried to please him我们知道， Charlie认为老板不重视(value)努力工作的员工。‎ ‎4．B 显然，他认为这样是不公平的 ( unfair)。‎ ‎5．D 联系上下文，我们知道老板承认他是一个hard working employer，因此说他不遗余力地工作。spare no effort:竭尽全力地。‎ ‎6．C 从后文中老板让他们俩做同一件事情，我们知道，老板此举是为了让Charlie认识到他们的不同。‎ ‎7．A the following指“下面的事情”。‎ ‎8．D 由文章可知，回来后Charlie只回答了一个Yes。‎ ‎9．B 承接上文的The boss asked，“How much per kg?，’因此此处用answer。‎ ‎10．C the same question在这里指Go and find out if there is anyone selling watermelons in the market。 从 Jackie的回答我们也可以得此答案。‎ ‎11．A 从空后的“340 melons，可以知道一共有340个西瓜。‎ ‎12. C bought from the South two days ago在这里是过去分词短语作定语，相当于which were bought from the South two days ago。‎ ‎13．B 联系前面的fresh，red我们可以知道。他在谈论西瓜的质量，因此用of good quality。‎ ‎14．A 从空后的and he realized the difference between himself and Jackie我们知道，Charlie对此感触很深。‎ ‎15．D 联系前文的He handed in his resignation letter to the boss以及空后的内容我们可以得出此答案。‎ 阅读理解 The Fridge The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label: "Store in the refrigerator." In my fridgeless fifties childhood. I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, and fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.‎ The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast way of well-tried techniques already existed — natural cooling, drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling. What refrigeration did promote was marketing — marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.‎ Consequently, most of the world's fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously, and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house— while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.‎ The fridge's effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant (不足取的). If you don't believe me, try it yourself, invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburger, but at least you'll get rid of that terrible hum.‎ Choose the best answers:‎ ‎1. The Statement "In my fridgeless fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily" in Line 2 of Paragraph 1 suggests that .‎ A. the author was well-fed and healthy even without a fridge in his fifties B. the author was not accustomed to using fridges even in his fifties C. the fridge was in its early stage of development in the 1950s D. there was no fridge in the author's home in the 1950s ‎2. Why does the author say that nothing was wasted before the invention of fridges?‎ A. People would not buy more food than was necessary.‎ B. Food was delivered to people two or three times a week.‎ C. People had effective ways to preserve their food.‎ D. Food was sold fresh and did not get rotten easily.‎ ‎3. Who benefited the least from fridges according to the author?‎ A. Inventors.‎ B. Manufacturers.‎ C. Consumers.‎ D. Traveling salesmen.‎ ‎4. Which of the following phrases in the 3rd paragraph indicates the fridge's negative effect on the environment?‎ A. With mild temperatures.‎ B. Climatically almost unnecessary.‎ C. Artificially-cooled space.‎ D. Hum away continuously.‎ ‎5. What is the author's overall attitude toward fridges? A. Critical. B. Neutral.‎ C. Objective. D. Compromising.‎ ‎(E)‎ Enemy or Friend Read the following passage and then choose the most suitable heading from this list for each paragraph of the passage. Note that there is one extra heading.‎ A. New teachers' opinions of involving parents B. An argument over an assignment C. A conflict (冲突) between imagination and reality D. Difficulties in sharing goals E. The best way to score high F. Proper ways of parental involvement ‎6. ‎ A high school counselor gets a call from a parent protesting the "C" her child received on an assignment. "The parent argued every point in the essay/' recalls the counselor, who soon realized why the mother was so disappointed about the grade. "It became apparent that she'd written it."‎ ‎7. ‎ In a survey, 90% of new teachers agreed that involving parents in their children's education is a priority (优先权) at their school, but only 25% described their experience working with parents as "very satisfying. " When asked to choose the biggest challenge they face, 31% of them quoted involving parents and communicating with them as their top choice. 73% of new teachers said too many parents treat schools and teachers as enemies.‎ ‎8. ‎ At a time when competition is rising and resources are limited, when battles over testing force schools to adjust (调整) their priorities, when cell phones and e-mails speed up the information flow and all kinds of private ghosts and public quarrels slip into the parent-teacher meeting, it's harder for both sides to step back and breathe deeply and look at the goals they share.‎ ‎9. ‎ Everyone says the parent-teacher meeting should be pleasant, civilized, a kind of dialogue where parents and teachers build partnership (伙伴关系). But what most teachers feel, and certainly what all parents feel, is anxiety and panic.‎ ‎10. ‎ When a teacher asks parents to be partners, he or she doesn't necessarily mean Mom or Dad should be camping in the classroom. Research shows that though students benefit modestly from having parents involved at school, what happens at home matters much more. According to research based on the National Education Longitudinal Study, a sample of nearly 25,000 eighth graders, among four main areas of parental involvement (home discussion, home supervision, school communication, and school participation), home discussion was the most strongly related.‎ Keys ‎1-5 DCCDA 6-10 BADCF