高考英语阅读理解试题失误原因剖析 15页

高考英语阅读理解试题失误原因剖析 阅读理解题是高考英语的测试重点，也是高考英语试题中卷面分值最高的一种题型，它主要考查通过阅读获取信息、分析信息和处理信息的能力。英语阅读理解题是对英语知识运用的综合考查，占全卷篇幅最大、内容最多、计分最高、区分度最明显的一种题型，同时也是失分最严重的一个题型。‎ 阅读理解的语言材料广泛，涉及到我们生活的各个层面，仅仅把握时代的脉搏，与我们联系密切，比如文化，教育，经济，体育，娱乐，广告科学研究与发现等内容，从而进一步突出语言的实用性，人文性，时代性和思想性。‎ 高考英语阅读理解侧重对考生五种能力的考查：一是对信息的获取和理解能力，要求考生根据文章内容对信息进行比较辨别和理解；二是对信息的推断能力，要求考生根据文章中已给信息推断隐含信息；三是归纳判断能力，要求考生对文章给出的多个信息进行综合和归纳，得出正确结论；四是主旨归纳能力，要求考生根据文章内容，归纳出文章中心，给出正确标题；五是词义猜测能力，要求考生根据单词所在语言环境推测出单词的词义。阅读理解的语言材料广泛，涉及到我们生活的各个层面，仅仅把握时代的脉搏，与我们联系密切，比如文化，教育，经济，体育，娱乐，广告科学研究与发现等内容，从而进一步突出语言的实用性，人文性，时代性和思想性。‎ 考生具备如下能力：(1)理解主旨和要义；(2)理解文中具体信息；(3)根据上下文推断生词词义；（4）做出判断和处理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。‎ 不同的阅读理解题有不同的设题方式，下面我们来看一下它们的具体出题模式吧！‎ 事实细节题常见的设题方式： ① Which of the following is true? ② Choose the right order of the events given in the passage. ③ Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of ...? ④ Which of the following maps shows the right way to get to ...?‎ 词义猜测题常用提问方式：‎ ‎①According to the passage…probably means ________.‎ ‎②The author uses the word…to mean________.‎ ‎③What does the underlined word…refer to?‎ ‎④The word (phrase, clause, …) …refers to (most probable means) …________.‎ ‎⑤What does the word…in Para…stand for?‎ ‎⑥What does the writer mean when he says “…”？‎ ‎⑦Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word…as it is used in the text?‎ ‎⑧Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word?‎ 主旨要义题题目的设题方式： ①The main idea/key point of this passage is that _______.‎ ‎②The passage is mainly about _______. ③The best title for this passage is _______. ④Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?‎ 篇章结构题常用设题方式：‎ ‎①How is the passage organized?‎ ‎②Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?‎ ‎③The author develops the passage mainly by….‎ 推理判断题常用的设题方式： ①It can be inferred/concluded/seen from the passage that _______. ② The passage implies, but doesn’t directly state that ________.‎ ‎③Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage?‎ 那么常见的失分类型都有什么呢？‎ 一、无中生有。选项中出现了文中没有提及的新的信息，范围扩大或缩小，把原文范围扩大了依然是错误的，将原文的特指（只适用于个体）变为泛指（适用于群体）；将原文的几个条件省略为一个条件。命题专家在设计干扰项时还会把文中提到的一种现象或内容扩大范围，把原先未包括的东西包括进去，原先未达到一定程度却被说成达到了这种程度，因为这些干扰项的内容也来自文章，文中有所涉及，这类干扰项也给考生做出正确选择增加了难度。‎ 二、张冠李戴。也可称为偷换概念，即把原文中的一个概念变成一个新的概念，该类选项诱惑性并不是很强，考生只要仔细返回原文定位，肯定能够排除干扰。当选项中出现一个单词，经常是一词多义的时候，考生应警惕选项中的意思很有可能和原文的意思是不相同的。当选项中出现一个单词和原文中一个单词非常相似，或者就是一个词，只要词性发生变化，一般都是错误答案。‎ 三、以偏概全。阅读过程中，我们可能会发现文章中提到几点，在一个备选项中却只出现其中一种或两种情况，这种干扰项的特点是以偏概全，以部分代替整体。这样的干扰项通常在细节题中较多见。‎ 四、表里不一。干扰项的内容常涉及原文中提及的一些内容或现象，但选项的意思可能与原文恰恰相反。命题者设计这样的干扰项主要是利用文章信息量大的特点，考生可能不一定有时间一一找到选项在原文的出处。有些干扰项似乎与原文的意思很符合，但只是按照字面意思进行解释，并不能体现文章中作者想表达的意思。这样的干扰项常常混淆视听，造成理解错误和选择错误。特别对于推理题来说，当题目中出现imply，demonstrated，indicate，mean等词时，按字面意思解释的选项一定不是正确选项。‎ 注意选项信息与原文细节的准确性，干扰项的范围、程度、语义色彩等常改变而误导考生。有的可直接从文中找到，而大多数比较间接，需归纳、概括和推理，才能得出答案。‎ 根据上下文解释或指代关系作出判断；根据转折、对比或因果关系进行判断；根据同位或构词法判断和依靠常识和经验做出判断。‎ 事实细节题 词义猜测题题 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 把握辑结构，找准主题句，主题句通常在文章句首，句中或句末，主题句表达中心思想，起主导作用，阅读时要对容易出现主题句的地方特别注意。‎ 主旨要意题题 ‎ ‎ 所作的推理在文章中找不到相应的依据，在文章中找相应的依据时出现张冠李戴的情况。‎ 没有看清原文，只是凭主观意志想当然地认为某个选项是正确的，不加思考就加以选择。‎ 把个别信息当成主要信息，导致选择错误。应抓住每段的大意或主题句，反复细读选项和原文。‎ 作者的观点并非直接表白，有时需进行推断，必须根据已知线索进行相关推理或运算从而获知作者并未直接提到的事实或观点。‎ 按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构和按写作方法理解文章的结构。把握文章的脉络，理解段落层次之间的关系，弄清作者的写作方法。‎ 篇章结构题 推理判断题 以偏概全 阅读理解 出题类型 错误类型 无中生有 张冠李戴 信息错位，把题目考查的内容与文章的信息对应时出错，也就是关键句的确认失误。‎ 表里不一 ‎ ‎ 一、 细节理解题：直接法：题目设置为文中原句，可从原文中直接找出答案。‎ 二、 词义猜测题：捕捉关键词法：在阅读时应该注意与问题相关的同义词、反义词、近义词等信息词来得出正确答案。‎ 三、 主旨要意题：归纳解题法：在把握全文中心和线索的前提下进行概括、归纳得出正确答案。‎ 四、 篇章结构题：排除法：根据语言，句法结构，信息词和常识等，在没有把握的选项中用排除法得出正确答案。‎ 五、推理判断题：综合推理法：不选择照抄原文和事实细节选项，不选非事实选项，而选概括性/哲理性的选项。揣摩作者的写作意图及文章的主旨，切忌片面、狭隘引申或简单重述某些内容。‎ ‎ ‎ 解题技巧 ‎ ‎ 讲透一题 ‎【典例1】 (2011四川卷)‎ A It’s 5:‎00 in the morning when the alarm (闹钟) rings in my ears. I roll out of bed and walk blindly through the dark into the bathroom. I turn on the light and put on my glasses. The house is still as I walk downstairs while my husband and three kids sleep peacefully. Usually I go for a long run, but today I choose my favorite exercise DVD insanity. Sweat pours down my face and into my eyes. My heart races as I face my body to finish each movement. As I near the end of the exercise, I feel extremely tired, but a smile is of my face. 41It’s a smile because the DVD is over, but a smile of success from pushing my body to its extreme limit.‎ Some people enjoy shopping, smoking, food, work, or even chocolate. But I need exercise to get through each day. 42Some shake heads when they see me run through the town. Others get hurt when I refuse to try just one bite of their grandmother’s chocolate cake. 42They raise their eyebrows, surprised by my “no thank you,” or by my choice to have a salad. Over the years, I have learned it’s okay to just say “no.” I shouldn’t feel sorry for refusing food that I don’t want to eat.‎ ‎43So what drives me to roll out of bed at 5:‎00 a.m.? What gives me the reason to just say to ice cream? Commitment. A commitment to change my life with a way that reduces daily anxiety, increases self–confidence and energy, extends life and 44above all improves my body shape. This is the point where a smile appears on my face as I look at myself in the mirror or try on my favorite pair of jeans that now fit just right. It’s through commitment and sweat that I can make a difference within myself inside and out.‎ ‎41. Why is there a smile on the author’s face in the morning?‎ A. Because she sees her family sleeping peacefully.‎ B. Because she finishes her favorite exercise ‎ C. Because she enjoys the interesting DVD D. Because she feels a sense of achievement ‎42. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 2？‎ A. She doesn’t like others politely B. She likes to make others surprised ‎ C. Others don’t understand what she does.‎ D. Others try to help her by offering her food ‎43. What does the underlined word “Commitment” in the last paragraph mean?‎ A. Good health B. Firm belief ‎ C. A strong power D. A regular half ‎44. What can we learn about the author from the text?‎ A. She acts in a strange way B. She wants to look different from others C. She aims to develop a good body shape D. She has difficult getting along with others ‎【答案解析】 ‎ ‎41. D。细节理解题。本题易误选A，犯表里不一的错误，因为题目问的是为什么，该项只是客观描述当时的情境，而不是真正的原因。根据第一段最后一句话“It’s a smile because the DVD is over, but a smile of success from pushing my body to its extreme limit.”可知作者脸上的微笑不是因为DVD的结束，而是因为一种成功的微笑，因为自己锻炼挑战了身体的极限而获得的成就感。‎ ‎42. C。推理判断题。本题易误选D，犯张冠李戴的错误，因为文章中作者拒绝别人提供的食物并不是帮助作者，而是表达善意。从文章第二段中的Some shake heads when they see me run through the town. 和Others get hurt when I refuse to try just one bite of their grandmother’s chocolate cake. 以及They raise their eyebrows, surprised by my “no thank you,” or by my choice to have a salad.中的内容可知别人看到我跑步穿过城镇摇头；当我拒绝别人给我的可口食物时我拒绝接受，他们感到惊讶所描述的情景可以看出他们对于作者种种做法的不理解，我这样做是为了保持体形，愉悦身心。‎ ‎43. B。词义猜测题。本题易误选C，犯无中生有的错误，因为下文中出现了A commitment to change my life以为是坚强的意志力。根据Commitment所在的前后文来看，作者之所以能在每天早上5:00就起床锻炼，能够抵制住冰淇淋的诱惑，其根本原因在于其坚定的信念和意志力。而从A commitment to change my life with a way that reduces daily anxiety, increases self–confidence and energy, extends life and above all improves my body shape. 一句中我们也可以看出这是一种试图通过一种方式来改变生活的坚定信念。‎ ‎44. C。细节理解题。本题易误选A，犯以偏概全的错误，因为全文都表现出作者与众不同的行为。根据最后一段中的“…above all improves my body shape.” 可知作者加强锻炼，克制饮食的主要目的是为了保持一个好的体型，由此即可确定答案。作者行文并非古怪，而是他人不理解，故排除A项；文中并未强调作者要让自己显得与众不同，故排除B项；作者在于人交往方面并无障碍，故排除D项。‎ ‎41.（考查5W中的why）为什么早晨作者的脸上有微笑 ‎42.（考查Which引导的选择句）从第二段我们可以得知什么信息 ‎43.（考查5W中的What）猜测划线词的含义 ‎44.（考查5W中的what）从文章中我们能够了解作者的什么 ‎ 先读问题，做到心中有数。‎ 第一段：It’s a smile because the DVD is over, but a smile of success from pushing my body to its extreme limit.‎ 第二段：Some shake heads when they see me run through the town. …They raise their eyebrows, surprised by my “no thank you,” ‎ 思维 导图 快速浏览全文，捕捉关键信息。‎ 第三段：So what drives me to roll out of bed at 5:00 a.m.? What gives me the reason to just say to ice cream?‎ 第三段：…above all improves my body shape 在文章中准确定位与题目相关的表达，大部分题目围绕细节信息而设题，解答此类习题时，可以根据原文直接得出答案。做其他题目的时候要注意只看到原文的具体细节，没有从大局出发了解文章的整体意思，未能准确把握作者的意图，被涉及细节的选项所蒙蔽，造成错误。有的试题需要结合上下文推断出答案。‎ 准确定位，锁定答案。‎ ‎【小小窍门】‎ ‎ ‎ 事实细节题：题目中的信息与原文有关细节信息进行语义上的转换的选项，但要注意到转换的准确性，干扰项常常将细节信息中的范围、程度、语义色彩等改变，从而导致错误。与原文中一模一样的字眼的选项是用来迷惑考生，让考生不假思索地选定答案，出题者直接引用原文中的语句或根据原句稍加改动而编成。‎ 推理判断题：不选择照抄原文的选项，要选择要有同义词解释的选项；不选事实细节选项；不选非事实选项；选概括性/哲理性的选项应注意揣摩作者的写作意图以及文章的主旨，切忌片面、狭隘引申或简单重述文中某些内容，从而避免其他干扰项的影响。‎ 猜测词义题：在通读过程碰到生词时不要着急，文章的下面一定有信心帮助你猜出生词词义。用构词法和上下文来推测词义，抛弃上下文，不能仅仅根据自己的印象来猜测词义。还可以联想，即回想已知词汇中是否存在拼写方法与该生词类似的词。‎ 极速体验 ‎(2011四川)‎ D ‎“Experience may possibly be the best teacher, but it is not a particularly good teacher.” You might think that Winston Churchill or perhaps Mark Twain spoke those words, but they actually come from James March, a predecessor at Stanford University and a pioneer in the field of organization decision making. 53For years March (possibly be wisest philosopher of management) has studied how humans think and act, and he continues to do so in his new book The Ambiguities of Experience.‎ He begins by reminding us of just how firmly we have been sticking to the idea of experiential learning: “Experience is respected；experience is sought；experience is explained.” The problem is that learning from experience involves （涉及）serious complications（复杂化），ones that are part of the nature of experience itself and which March discusses in the body of this book.‎ In one interesting part of book，for example，he turns a double eye toward the use of stories as the most effective way of experiential learning. ‎55In our efforts to make stories interesting, he argues, we lose part of the complicated truth of things. He says “The more accurately （精确的）reality is presented，the less understandable the story，and the more understandable the story, the less realistic it is.”‎ Besides being a broadly knowledgeable researcher，March is also a poet, and his gift shines though in the depth of views he offers and the simple language he uses. Though the book is short,‎ ‎ it is demanding：54Don’t pick it up looking for quick, easy lessons. Rather, be ready to think deeply about learning from experience in work and life.‎ ‎53. According to the text, James March is .‎ A. a poet who uses experience in his writing B. a teacher who teachers story writing in university C. a researcher who studies the way humans think and act D. a professor who helps organizations make important decisions ‎54. According to James March, experience .‎ A. is overvalued ‎ B. is easy to explain C. should be actively sought D. should be highly respected ‎55. What can we learn from Paragraph 3?‎ A. Experience makes stories more accurate.‎ B. Stories made interesting fail to fully present the truth.‎ C. The use of stories is the best way of experiential learning.‎ D. Stories are easier to understand when reality is more accurately described.‎ ‎56. What’s the purpose of this text?‎ A. To introduce a book. B. To describe a researcher.‎ C. To explain experiential learning. D. To discuss organizational decision making.‎ 我们已经学习了“阅读失误原因剖析的文章”，你是否能运用自如呢？请你按前面学习的先读问题→浏览全文→准确定位的方法，另外我们还了解了做题中常犯的错误类型，那么我们就利用所学的知识来完成下面的填空式练习，检验一下你的学习成果吧。‎ ‎53. C。细节理解题。根据第一段中“For years March…has studied how humans think and act…”可知James March是一位一直在从事人类思想和行动方法研究的科学家。‎ ‎54. A。推理判断题。根据文章最后一句话“Don’t pick it up looking for quick, easy lessons. Rather, be ready to think deeply about learning from experience in work and life.”结合全文不难看出以往人们对经验估价的过高。‎ ‎55. B。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“In our efforts to make stories interesting, he argues, we lose part of the complicated truth of things.”可知我们在努力增加故事的趣味性的时候，丢掉了它的真实性。‎ ‎56. A。主旨大意题。整篇文章主要介绍了James March的一本叫做《前车可鉴》的书。‎ ‎【体验1】先读问题，以做到心中有数。‎ 要求：第53题是范例，请据此写出第54-56题的问题。‎ ‎53. （考查细节理解能力）James March是什么样的人 ‎54. （考查推理判断能力）_____________________________‎ ‎55. （考查细节理解能力）_____________________________‎ ‎56. （考查归纳概括主旨大意的能力）_____________________________‎ ‎【体验2】浏览全文，捕捉关键信息。‎ 要求：要学会从每段中捕捉一些有助于解题的关键信息。第一段是所给的范例。请写出第二段到第四段的关键信息。‎ 第一段：For years March (possibly be wisest philosopher of management) has studied how humans think and act ‎ 第三段：___________________________________________________‎ 第四段：___________________________________________________‎ ‎【体验3】准确定位，锁定答案。‎ ‎53. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“For years March…has studied how humans think and act…”可知James March是一位一直在从事人类思想和行动方法研究的科学家。故答案为______。‎ ‎54. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一句话“Don’t pick it up looking for quick, easy lessons. Rather, be ready to think deeply about learning from experience in work and life.”结合全文不难看出以往人们对经验估价的过高。故答案为______。‎ ‎55. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“In our efforts to make stories interesting, he argues, we lose part of the complicated truth of things.”可知我们在努力增加故事的趣味性的时候，丢掉了它的真实性。故答案为______。‎ ‎56. 主旨大意题。整篇文章主要介绍了James March的一本叫做《前车可鉴》的书。故答案为______。‎ ‎【体验1答案】‎ ‎54. 根据James March，经验是什么 ‎55. 从第三段我们能够了解什么 ‎56. 这篇文章的目的是什么 ‎【体验2答案】‎ 第二段：Experience is respected；experience is sought；experience is explained.‎ 第三段：In our efforts to make stories interesting, he argues, we lose part of the complicated truth of things.‎ 第四段：Don’t pick it up looking for quick, easy lessons. Rather, be ready to think deeply about learning from experience in work and life.‎ ‎【体验3答案】‎ ‎53. C 54. A 55. B 56. A ‎ 举一反三 Passage 1 ‎ 题材 体裁 难度 字数 题数 阅读时间 正确率 记忆犯错 说明文 ‎★★★‎ ‎367‎ ‎5‎ ‎9分钟 The biggest lie of human memory is that it feels true. Although our recollections(回忆) seem like literal snapshots of the past, they’re actually deeply flawed reconstructions, a set of stories constantly undergoing rewrites. If memory flaws only affected our personal past, that’d be bad enough. But the problems created by our mistaken recollections affect all of society. More than 75,000 prosecutions every year are based entirely on the recollections of others. While perjury(伪证) is a felony(重罪), the overwhelming majority of eyewitness errors aren’t conscious or intentional. Rather, they’re the inevitable side effects of the remembering process. ‎ In recent years, neuroscientists have documented how these mistakes happen. It turns out that the act of summoning the past to the surface actually changes the memory itself. Although we’ve long imagined our memories as a stable form of information, a data file writ into the circuits of the brain, that persistence is an illusion. In reality, our recollections are always being altered, the details of the past warped by our present feelings and knowledge. The more you remember an event, the less reliable that memory becomes. And this returns us to the problem of eyewitness ‎ testimony. Eyewitnesses are repeatedly asked to recall what they saw, but their answers are inevitably influenced by the questions being asked. The result is more confidence in increasingly less accurate testimony. ‎ Normally, witnesses are encouraged to take their time and carefully consider each possible suspect. Strong memory traces are easier to access than weak and mistaken ones, which’s why the witnesses two seconds to make up the minds. When it comes to human memory, more deliberation is often dangerous. Instead of simply assessing our familiarity with a suspect’s face, we begin searching for clues and guidance. Sometimes this involves picking the person who looks the most suspicious, even if we’ve never seen him before, or being swayed by the subtle hints of police officers and lawyers. As a result, we talk ourselves into having a memory that doesn’t actually exist. ‎ Simple reforms can help to compensate for our mnemonic(记忆的) failings. Unless we’re ruthlessly skeptical of the past, we’ll continue to confuse fact and fiction, and innocents will be sent to jail.‎ ‎1. What’s the biggest lie for human being memory? ‎ A. Memory flaws affecting personal past. ‎ B. Human beings’ feeling wrong true. ‎ C. Mistaken recollections affect all of society. ‎ D. The inevitable side effects of the remembering process. ‎ ‎2. What’s the underlined word “altered” in Paragraph Two? ‎ A. happened B. permitted C. changed D. affected ‎ ‎3. What should be if you want to remember something more? ‎ A. The memory is less dependable. ‎ B. The memory is more reliable. ‎ C. The memory is better than other time. ‎ D. The memory is less than other time.‎ ‎4. Which is more dangerous in the following? ‎ A. Each possible suspect B. Strong memory trace C. Human memory D. More deliberation ‎5. What’s the best title of the passage? ‎ A. Memory Commitment an Injustice ‎ B. The Biggest Lie of Human Memory ‎ C. Compensate for Mnemonic Failings ‎ D. Confuse Fact and Fiction ‎ Passage 2 ‎ 题材 体裁 难度 字数 题数 阅读时间 正确率 黄金时间 应用文 ‎★★★‎ ‎372 ‎ ‎5‎ ‎9分钟 Every family has their own quality time. Family time is important for every household. If we’re more open within the family, children will be more aware of what’s wrong and right. That’s why most family-oriented people don’t engage too much with bad habits. It also enhances our social capability with other people. ‎ Preparation. One family member should facilitate or initiate your family’s quality time. The facilitator could be whoever is capable of control of the time. We need someone to start the ‎ ‎“quality time” and have the urge to meet everyone at a specific date and time. The preparation includes the time it’ll be held, the things that need to be done, topics to be discussed and so on. ‎ Facilitate the “quality time.” It’s not really necessary to be formal since you already know them so you just need to be casual(随便的). If you’re going to invite them just to eat together, have everyone’s attention and let them know what you’re going to do. Beforehand, everyone should know why you’re meeting up in one place so they can understand at least prepare themselves too. ‎ Rate the meeting. We cannot please everyone but we need them to understand our point. If they disagreed then there’s nothing we can do after we’ve convinced them enough and respect their answer. The outcome of your family time doesn’t guarantee to be very good as planned but it’s always best to have everyone in good mood so that their feelings won’t affect your discussion.‎ Teamwork. Everyone must cooperate(合作). You’d always ask everyone’s opinion and make sure everyone will take a part for something. We shouldn’t leave others behind. You’d always be helpful so that you can always have that bond between you and your co-family members. ‎ ENJOY! Enjoying with your family is one of the precious moments and we don’t want to have bad memories from our family time. Good family time always gives us a healthy social life not only within the household but also outside with your community.‎ The secrets can help you with creating a good quality time with your family. It’s not just a secret but a step-by-step guide to have a good outcome with your quality time. After all, they’re your family.‎ ‎6. What kind of family are children with good habits? ‎ A. open-minded B. narrow-minded C. warm-hearted D. absent-minded ‎ ‎7. Which is NOT one of the preparations? ‎ A. A specific date and time ‎ B. The things needed to be done ‎ C. Social capability with other people ‎ D. Topics to be discussed ‎ ‎8. Which is necessary known to all the members present? ‎ A. The form of the family’s quality time ‎ B. The preparation of the family’s quality time ‎ C. The discussion contents of the family’s quality time ‎ D. The purpose of the family’s quality time ‎ ‎9. What’s the most important of the family’s quality time? ‎ A. Preparation B. Enjoyment C. Teamwork D. Facilitation ‎ ‎10. What’s the best title of the passage? ‎ A. How to Organize a Family Get Together ‎ B. Secrets to Family Time Success ‎ C. Preparation for Your Family’s Quality Time ‎ D. Good Outcome with Your Quality Time ‎ Passage 3 ‎ 题材 体裁 难度 字数 题数 阅读时间 正确率 增进友谊 议论文 ‎★★★★‎ ‎348‎ ‎5‎ ‎8分钟 How can I make them like me more? ‎ My friends are awesome and really cool but I really don’t think they like me. I try to be more fun but being depressed most days of the week. How can I be more lively and confident around my mates so they’ll hopefully like me more! Things we need from friends: Love, support, shoulders, clothes and make-up and a few laughs help. “Being fun” is only part of being a good friend. ‎ Friendship groups are built on blocks, made up of very different types of people. When Carrie wants crazy fun times she calls Samantha, but when she needs a bit of stern(坚定的) advice it’s the more reserved Miranda that she turns to and many would argue that Miranda is her actual real best friend. So, basically you shouldn’t feel like you’ve to be fun and lively all the time if that’s not really your character. If your friends are real friends they’ll accept you, and won’t expect you to whip(抽打) out the silly string if that’s not really your thing. ‎ You actually feel quite depressed most of the time. Feeling a bit blue is quite normal, and in truth it’s fairly unlikely that you actually have depression. However, it sounds like your lack of confidence is adding to a general lack of self-worth and creating a cycle that ends up with you feeling rubbish.‎ So, you need to really address how you feel. You must be pretty cool to have attracted these vibrant-sounding friends, so try and think about the things that make you a lovely person, rather than the things you think you lack. It’s not about forcing yourself to be something you aren’t, but about finding a way to make the best of who you actually are. Then think hard about your friendship group. Are these people actually bringing you down rather than helping you out of your black spots? Are those really the kind of friends you want, however cool and awesome they’re? You’re you, if that’s not good enough for your friends, it might be worth looking for a new group.‎ ‎11. What can make friends like the author more? ‎ A. awesomeness and coolness ‎ B. fun and depression ‎ C. liveliness and confidence ‎ D. lack of self-worth ‎ ‎12. What can’t we get from our friends? ‎ A. Love and support. ‎ B. Clothes and make-up. ‎ C. A few laughs help. ‎ D. A bit of stern advice. ‎ ‎13. What should you do if you’re not fun and lively to your real friends? ‎ A. You are to be yourself for ever. ‎ B. It might be worth looking for a new group. ‎ C. You whip out the silly string that’s really your thing. ‎ D. You create a cycle beginning with you feeling rubbish.‎ ‎14. Which of the following is RIGHT for you? ‎ A. It’s fairly likely that you actually have depression. ‎ B. You express your own feelings directly. ‎ C. You must adjust yourself to be fit for your friendship group. ‎ D. You must force yourself to be something you aren’t.‎ ‎15. What should you do if your former friends aren’t good enough? ‎ A. You should try your best to suit your friends. ‎ B. You should help your friends out of your black spots. ‎ C. You should give up them completely for new ones. ‎ D. You should bring yourself down completely. ‎ Passage 4 ‎ 题材 体裁 难度 字数 题数 阅读时间 正确率 成功人生 说明文 ‎★★★‎ ‎351‎ ‎5‎ ‎7分钟 Positive Steps to a More Fulfilling Life ‎ Life’s challenges can become overwhelming(势不可挡的), making us feel as if there’s nowhere to turn and little can we do. Taking the first step after losing your job, ending a relationship, or recovering from health issues leaves many people feeling empty and without purpose in life. You need to not only decide to move on but actually take steps in the direction of a more fulfilling life. ‎ Everyone struggles to find meaning. Accept you already have a purpose—living intentionally(有意地). Wake up each day determined to take advantage of all the opportunities. Make a list of things you want to accomplish the next day, and from the moment you wake up, face them head on. ‎ Life is simple, but we make it complex. Not only do we collect “things” that clutter our lives, but we hold onto old fears, jealousy, anger, and the inability to forgive others. If we plan to move forward, we need to leave some things behind. If you don’t have a plan for where you want to go in life, how will you know when you’ve arrived? Create a “life map,” and you’d like to go and things you want to accomplish. People spend more time planning their vacations than they do planning their lives. ‎ If you want to be a winner, act like one. If life is a stage, we need to act the part by dressing, living, and emulating(仿效) the very essence of that image. Happiness is a choice, and winners are always choosing not to give up. Decide what you want, make plans to get it, and then expect you’ll. That expectation is the most powerful tool you’ve on your journey to fulfillment. Improve one thing each day, and the changes will be substantial—and lasting. Your new life will fit you.‎ When making any decisions, take a sheet of paper and divide it down the middle. On one side list all the positives and on the other all the negatives. Go with the idea that has the most positives. If you don’t try, you’ll never fail, but you’ll never succeed either. ‎ ‎16. What might be your feelings if you fail in life? ‎ A. Relaxed and happy. ‎ B. Hopeless and depressed. ‎ C. Confused and fearful. ‎ D. Worried and nervous. ‎ ‎17. Which of the following is NOT right according to the passage? ‎ A. Accept anything you already have. ‎ B. Try best to find life’s meaning. ‎ C. Make the best use of any chance. ‎ D. Take action at any time.‎ ‎18. What should we do if we want to get a more fulfilling life? ‎ A. Hold onto the old things to give others. ‎ B. Know where to go without a plan in life. ‎ C. Spend more time planning our vacations. ‎ D. Give up something for better things.‎ ‎19. Which of the following effects is fit for becoming a winner? ‎ A. Butterfly Effect ‎ B. Catfish Effect ‎ C. Pygmalion Effect ‎ D. Frog Effect ‎ ‎20. What will be mentioned after the last paragraph? ‎ A. How to make correct decisions. ‎ B. What are the positives and the negatives ‎ C. What kinds of ideas have the most positive. ‎ D. What role practice plays in reality. ‎ 参考答案 Passage 1‎ ‎【词汇积累】‎ flaw n.缺点，瑕疵；裂隙 v. 生裂缝 prosecutionn. 起诉，公诉 illusion n. 幻觉，错觉，错误的信仰，假象 deliberation n. 熟虑，熟思，协议 compensate vt. 1.补偿，赔偿 2.酬报 ‎【解析】‎ 人类记忆的最大的欺骗就是想当然地认为是正确的，虽然我们对于过去的回忆是闪现，然而它们却是对过去信息的错误重建。‎ ‎1. B。细节理解题。从第一段第一句话可知人类记忆最大的谎言在于人们认为错误的是正确的。 ‎ ‎2. C。猜测词义题。从该句话的意思在现实中，我们的回忆总是正在被改变，过去的细节被我们目前的感情和知识所弯曲，故可以猜测出该词的意思是改变。 ‎ ‎3. A。推理判断题。从第三段第五句话可知你对一件事记忆的越多，记忆变的更不可靠，故选A。 ‎ ‎4. D。细节理解题。从第三段第三句话When it comes to human memory, more deliberation is often dangerous.可知更多的思考常常是危险的，故选D。‎ ‎5. A。文章标题题。从整篇文章可知是在介绍人的记忆力并不总能保证都是正确的，故选A。‎ Passage 2‎ ‎【词汇积累】‎ enhance vt.提高，增加；夸张 facilitate vt. 使容易，使便利，有助于 guarantee n. 保证（书） ；担保（人）；抵押品vt. 保证，担保 ‎【解析】‎ 文章介绍了每个家庭都有他们自己的黄金时间，但是为了保证在一起的时间的成功需要一些条件。‎ ‎6. A。推理判断题。从第一段第三和第四句话可知那些开放的家庭即心胸开阔的家庭的孩子们很少有坏习惯，故选A。 ‎ ‎7. C。细节理解题。从第二段最后两句话可知时间和地点，需要做的事情，以及将要讨论的话题都是要准备的内容，而与其他人的社交能力没有提到，故选C。‎ ‎8. D。推理判断题。从第三段倒数第二句话中的let them know what you’re going to do部分可知对于出席的人应该让他们知道参与的目的，故选D。‎ ‎9. B。细节理解题。从全文尤其是倒数第二段可知家庭的黄金时间当中最重要的应该是使成员们过的愉快，故选B。‎ ‎10. B。概括标题题。从全篇文章尤其是最后一段第一句话可知是在介绍家庭黄金时间聚会成功的秘密，故选B。‎ Passage 3‎ ‎【词汇积累】‎ awesome a.引起敬畏的，可怕的 depressed a. 精神抑郁的，情绪沮丧的 reserve n. 储备（物）,储备金；谨慎 v. 储备；预定 ‎【解析】‎ 文章介绍了作者的朋友不喜欢作者，作者努力通过自己的改进来赢得朋友们的喜欢。‎ ‎11. C。细节理解题。从第一段第三句话可知作者想通过更加活波和自信的方法来使自己的朋友们更加喜欢自己，故选C。 ‎ ‎12. D。细节理解题。从第一段倒数第二句话Things we need from friends: Love, support, shoulders, clothes and make-up and a few laughs help. 可知前三个选项都是正确的，故选D。 ‎ ‎13. A。推理判断题。从第二段最后一句话中的前半部分If your friends are real friends they’ll accept you可知如果是真正的朋友的话，无论怎么样他们都会接受你，因此你应该保持自己，故选A。‎ ‎14. B。细节理解题。从第四段第一句话可知So, you need to really address how you feel. 你需要直接表达自己的看法，因此选B。 ‎ ‎15. C。推理判断题。从最后一段最后一句话可知如果你和朋友关系不够好的话，你是值得考虑寻找一个新的朋友圈，这就意味着你需要彻底放弃原来的朋友圈，故选C。‎ ‎ ‎ Passage 4‎ ‎【词汇积累】‎ fulfilling adj. 令人满意的，能实现个人抱负的，令人高兴的 accomplish vt. 完成，实现，成就 complex a. 错综复杂的，难懂的 n.综合企业，染色体组，情结 essence n. 本质，实质；精华，精粹 ‎【解析】‎ 文章介绍了人生面临着许多挑战，不实践永远不会失败，但也不会成功。‎ ‎16. B。推理判断题。从第一段第二句话最后部分many people feeling empty and without purpose in life可知当一个人失败的时候应该失望和沮丧，故选B。‎ ‎17. A。细节理解题。从整个第二段可知其他三个选项都是正确的，而A项与文中第二段第二句话也不一致，故选A。 ‎ ‎18. D。推理判断题。从第三段第三句话可知如果我们打算前进就要丢弃一些东西，因此可以推断出为了更好的，我们可以放弃一些事情，故选D。‎ ‎19. C。主旨大意题。从第四段第一句话以及整个第四段可知如果想成为获胜者，你的行为就应该像个这样的人，本段倒数第二三句话中的expect和expectation 可知要想成功就要有成功的渴望，因此符合皮革马利翁效应。‎ ‎20. D。推理判断题。从最后一段最后一句话可知如果不尝试，你永远不会失败，但也不会成功，因此需要实践，接下来应该说明实践的作用，故选D。‎