高考一轮复习英语语法专项八动词词义辨析 9页

‎2012届高考一轮复习语法专项八：动词词义辨析 动词是是各类考试的重点，高考试题中，单项填空、完形填空和改错等三项题型中，动词辨义的比重较大，并逐年增加。动词辨义主要指：1、形状相同的动词之间辨义。如：lie, lay; hanged, hung; rise, raise; sit, seat等。2、意义相近的动词之间辨义。如：borrow, lend; speak, say, talk; hope, wish等。3、动词与其它词形相近、意义相似的词的辨义。如：advise, advice; cost, worth; pass, past 等。4、意义不同，但容易混淆的动词的辨义。如：explain, say; discover, invent, uncover; find, find out等。5、某些常用动词的习惯用法的辨义。如：ask, give, call, make, find, get, keep, want, see, hear等。6、某些常用动词短语的辨义。如：give in, give up, turn on, turn off, turn down, turn up等。‎ ‎（一）易混动词 ‎ 1、lay（放）, lie（躺）与lie（说谎）：这三个易混动词构成见下表：‎ 中 文 原 形 过 去 式 过去分词 现在分词 说 明 放 lay laid laid laying 及物动词 躺 lie lay lain lying 不及物动词 说谎 lie lied lied lying 不及物动词 ‎ 2、rise和raise：rise是不及物动词，其过去式是rose，过去分词是risen，而raise是及物动词，是规则动词。‎ ‎ 3、hear与listen to：hear侧重点是听到，听见什么，而listen to是侧重于听的倾向，但hear用于无意中的听见，而listen to却用于集中注意力的听。‎ ‎4、see, watch和look：see用作看电影，剧目；watch则用作看电视比赛，而watch还有在旁观看之意。如：Are you going to play or only watch?；look一般用作不及物动词，只是当盯着某人看时用作及物动词，如：The little boy looked me in the face.（小男孩直盯着我的脸。）‎ ‎5、wind和wound：wind意为蜿蜒而行，其过去式与过去分词都是wound，而动词原形wound意为伤害，其过去式、过去分词都是wounded。‎ ‎6、hang的用法：hang有两个意思：一为悬挂，是不规则动词，过去式、过去分词都是hung；二为绞刑，是规则动词，其过去式、过去分词都是hanged。‎ ‎ 7、hear的过去分词born与borne：bear作为出生讲有两个过去分词born，borne。只有当be+born…短语后没有by介词短语时，才可用born。如:He was born in Shanghai.‎ ‎ 而作它用时要用borne。如：She has borne five children. 但如果作忍受讲，则一律用borne。‎ ‎ 8、sit与seat：seat为及物动词时是作容纳讲，sit只是表示一动作。seat如果表示就座时要用be seated。如：They were seated at their desks. 或用seat oneself, 比如:I seated myself in the armchair.‎ ‎ 9、borrow, lend与keep：借入英文中用borrow，借出用lend，但这两个词都是截止性动词或瞬间动词，不能用于长时间的动作，所以我能借多久应用keep。‎ ‎ 10、win与beat：win作胜、赢讲时其后应接，a game, an argument, a battle, a prize, a contest, a race, a bet，但不能接人，如果接人则有另外的含意。如:I have won him. 即我已说服他了，我赢得他的好感。而beat是及物动词为击败、胜过讲，直接接人、队。‎ ‎ 11、steal与rob：steal为偷。rob为抢，其用法不同。steal其后接物+from+某人、某地，而rob其后接人+of+抢的物品。‎ ‎ 12、fit与suit：fit与suit均可作合适讲，但英文中却用在不同的地方。如fit用于尺寸大小的合适，而suit则多用于颜色式样的合适。 ‎ ‎ 13、take, bring 与fetch：英文中拿三个词，即拿来，拿去，去取然后回来(即双程)。所以拿来，带来是bring，拿去带走是take，而去取回来是fetch。‎ ‎ 14、shut与close：shut与close有时是可以互换的，但有些地方则不可这样做。如:在正式场合多用close，而在命令，态度粗暴的场合则用shut。如:Shut your mouth!(闭嘴)；又如:Shut up. 在指铁路、公路交通关闭或停止使用的场合，则要用close。‎ ‎ 15、answer与reply：作为回答讲answer是及物动词，如作不及物动词，则意义不同，如answer for，意为向某人或向某事负责。而reply作回答讲是不及物动词，后跟宾语时，要加上to。‎ ‎ 16、reach，arrive与get to：reach当到达讲是及物动词，而当延伸和拿得到、拿不到时讲，则是不及物动词。作到达讲时还有get to, arrive(at/in)。‎ ‎ 17、cost，spend与take：英文中花费有三个词cost, spend, take，但各有不同用法。cost作 “花费”讲，主语不能是人，而spend的主语不能是物。如: she spent all his money on stamps.而take作花费讲时，可用人也可用物做主语。更多的用法是用形式主语it，如It takes me three hours to finish this work.‎ ‎ 18、lost, gone与missing：作补足语时意为丢失、不见了，可以用lost, gone，但要用 miss时则不能用missed, 而要用missing.‎ ‎ 19、have on, wear, put on及dress：作穿衣服讲的动词分为状态和动作两种。have ‎ on与wear作穿着状态讲;但have on不用进行时态，而wear则常要用进行时态。put on是动作，但dress既可用作状态，又可用作穿衣动作，但用作状态时要用其过去分词作形容词如:He was dressed in a b1ue suit作动作讲时，其后不要接衣物而要接反身代词或表示人、物的名词，如：I dress my children in the morning every day.‎ ‎ 20、begin与start ‎ begin与Start 均可作开始讲，并无多少区别，同样可接不定式或动名词，但在下面的场合多要用Start：1)机器的开动发动；2)旅途的开始。如:we shou1d have to start early because there was a lot traffic in the street。‎ ‎ 21、allow 与permit ‎ allow与permit其后直接接动作时要用动名词，如接人后再接动词则要用不定式，所以用在被动语态时一定要用不定式。如：People are not allowed to spit.‎ ‎ 22、find与found ‎ find找到的过去式和过去分词都是found，而found是动词“建立”的原形，其过去式和过去分词是founded，founded，如：The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.‎ ‎ 23、speak, say, talk 与tell ‎ 英文中讲有4个词，speak, say, talk, tell，但其中speak, talk多用作不及物动词，但speak后加语言名词时则用作及物动词，如：Please speak English。而say与tell是及物动词，其中tell常用作接双宾语，如：Tell me a story。但也有些特定的习惯用法，如：在作讲实话，讲谎言，表示时间常用单宾语而不能换其它词，如：My watch was broken. It couldn’t tell time correctly。在书信、便条、海报上写着英文应为It said …。在作辨别不同讲时是tell，如：Can you tell me the difference between the two？而讲别人好坏话时用speak，如：The father always speaks well of his son.。‎ ‎ 24、excuse me 与sorry ‎ excuse me用于来打拢对方前以提醒对方注意的提示语，而sorry则表达因作了某事向对方道歉。‎ ‎ 25、care for 与care to do ‎ care for其后要接不定式时则要省去for或换用名词，如：Would you care for a cup of tea？但care for作照顾讲时与look after相同。‎ ‎ 26、与名词易混的动词有：advise(v.), advice (n.); accept(v.), except(prep.); pass(v.), past(prep.); bathe(v.), bath(n.); breathe(v.), breath(n.); choose(v.), choice(n.); succeed(v.), ‎ success(n.); ‎ ‎ 27、意义相近的动词：ring摇铃，打铃，电话铃响，strike专指敲钟，打几点，撞击；suggest提出实验性或推测性的建议，advice表示对经验不足人的一种忠告；look由视觉得出的印象，seem暗示一定根据的判定，appear外表印象而实际或结果并非如此；stay停留，逗留，remain遗物，某物被取走一部分后剩余部分；discover（发现）找到早已存在但未被人所了解的东西，invent（发明）研制出不存在的东西；remember记忆起以前经历或知道的事，remind提醒某人做某事。‎ ‎ 28、动词 + 副词 + 介词：catch up with, look forward to, come up with, keep up with, go in for, look down on, get on with …‎ ‎ 29、动词 + 介词to的词组有：come to, stick to, object to, agree to, turn to, attend to, belong to, devote to, reply to …‎ ‎ 30、与in相结合的动词有：give in, hand in, bring in, drop in, succeed in, take in, check in, engage in, fill in, trade in …‎ ‎（二）动词短语 ‎ 动词短语是指动词和介词、副词或名词的习惯搭配。有关动词短语的测试点主要涉及结构上选用恰当的搭配词，不同搭配含意上的辨异及不同短语的辨异。需掌握以下要点：‎ ‎1、根据动词短语的不同特点，掌握其运用规律。‎ ‎ (I)动词+副词(不及物)‎ ‎ Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left. 晚会后，人们都已离去，哈里出现了。‎ ‎ (2)动词+副词(及物)‎ ‎ Please turn every light in the house off. 请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。‎ ‎ 注意：①如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开。如：She turned off all the lights which had been left on. 她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。②如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间。如：She gave them away. 她送掉了它们。‎ ‎(3)动词+介词(及物)‎ I'm looking for my glasses. 我在找我的眼镜。‎ 注意：①当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。②动词短语可以放在句子或从句末尾。如：She's got more work than she can cope with. 她的工作多得使她应付不了。‎ ‎ (4)动词+副词+介词 ‎ I look forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望不久就见到你。‎ ‎ 注：“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after) 这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。‎ ‎2、熟悉同一动词和不同介词或副词、不同的动词和同一介词或同一副词搭配在意义上的差异。‎ ‎ (1)同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：①hear from收到…的来信，hear of听说。 ②look after照料，look at看，look for寻找。‎ ‎ (2)同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：①ring back回电话, ring off挂断电话, ring up打电话 ②put away放好, put on穿，上演, put up挂起，举起。‎ ‎ (3)不同动词和同一介词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：look for寻找, call for去取(某物)，去接(某人), ask for请求, wait for等候, send for派人去叫。‎ ‎ (4)不同动词和同一副词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：①break out发生，爆炸, carry out进行，开展, go out熄灭, hand out分发, let out放出, look out当心, sell out卖完, set out出发, take out取出, work out算出。②break down出毛病, come down落下来, get down下车, take down取下, write down写下。‎ 练1、 练习、动词词义辨析 ‎1.I can hardly ____ the difference between the two words.‎ A. point B.speak C.say D.tell ‎2.I ____ you will write me back soon.‎ A. wish B.hope C.want D.need ‎3.I asked him to ____ me a few minutes so that I could have a word with him.‎ A. spend B. spare C.save D. share ‎4. Father will not ____ us to touch anything in his room when he is away.‎ A. have B.let C. agree D. allow ‎5.I learned to ____ a bicycle as a small boy.‎ A. ride B. drive C. operate D.run ‎6.I can ____ you to the railway station in my car.‎ A. send B.pick C.ride D.take ‎7.If no one ____ the phone at home, ring me at work.‎ A. answers B. returns C. replies D. receives ‎8.1 don't know the restaurant, but it's____ to be quite a good one.‎ A.said B.told C.spoken D.talked ‎9. These boxes are too heavy for your mother, you'd better____ them for her.‎ A. bring B. carry C.take D. fetch ‎10. There was a fight in the street yesterday. Three people were seriously ____.‎ A. hurt B. killed C. broken D.cut ‎11. Careless driving ____ a lot of highway accidents.‎ A. affects B. gives C. causes D. results ‎12. I've____my umbrella in the office and I'll have to fetch it.‎ A. forgot B.left C. remained D.lost ‎13 .The doctor says a few days' rest in a quiet place will ____ you a lot of good.‎ A. make B.do C.give D.get ‎14. His heart ____ fast when the teacher asked him a difficult question.‎ A. beat B.hit C. jumped D.ran ‎15. The cooking chicken ____ very good.‎ A. smells B. feels C. sounds D. tastes ‎16. Most children stay at home until they ____ school age.‎ A. get B.come C. reach D. arrive ‎17. A single mistake here could ____ you your life.‎ A. pay B.take C. spend D.cost ‎18. The boy works hard. I____ him to succeed in the exam.‎ A. like B. expect C. think D.need ‎19. We ____ each other the best of luck in the examination.‎ A. hoped B. wanted C. expected D. wished ‎20. I'm afraid Mr Brown isn't in. Would you like to____a message?‎ A.give B.leave C.carry D.take ‎21. Do you know the girl ____ a red coat?‎ A. dressed in B. had on C. wore D. put on ‎22. The assistant suggested Mary ____ the blue skirt.‎ A. buying B. bought C. to buy D. could buy ‎23. Our teacher suggested Wang Lin ____ to America for further study.‎ A. should send B. would be sent C. sending D.be sent ‎24. Old Mr Jackson insisted ____ to the Friendship Hospital.‎ A. on being sent B. to send C. on sending D. being sent ‎25. The father insisted that their son Tom ____ clever enough to study music.‎ A. be B. should be C.was D. would be ‎26.I ____ the television set for 1,500 yuan.‎ A. bought B.paid C.cost D. spent ‎27.I ____ play football than basketball.‎ A. would rather B. had better C. like better D. prefer ‎28. - What are you doing? - I'm looking____ the children. They should be back for lunch now.‎ A.after B.at C.for D.up ‎29. The sports meet will be ____ till next week because of the bad weather.‎ A. put off B. put away C. put up D. put down ‎30.I really don't want to go to the party, but I don't see how I can ____ it.‎ A. get back from B. get out of C. get away D. get off ‎31. Readers can ____ quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word.‎ A. get over B. get in C; get along D. get through ‎32. Many foreigners ____ the Great Wall as the World's Seventh Wonder.‎ A. look at B. look for C. look around D. look on ‎33.1 can' t hear clearly. Please ____ the radio ____ a little.‎ A.tum;on B.tum;off C.tum;down D.tum;up ‎34. Thirty people were expected, but only twenty - four ____.‎ A. turned in B. turned up C. turned to D. turn up ‎35. The child is running a high fever. We must____ a doctor at once.‎ A. send in B. send out C. send for D. send up ‎36. I'm going to a pop concert with Tom. He'll ____ me at eight and we'll go there togethe;‎ A. call for B. call in C. call on D. call up ‎37. It is often easier to make plans than it is to ____.‎ A. carry on them B. carry out them C. carry them on D. carry them out ‎38. Your composition must be ____ after class.‎ A. handed to B. handed out C. handed in D. handed over ‎39. A new school was ____ in the village last year.‎ A. held up B. set up C. sent up D. brought up ‎40. - When did the plane ____? -At 2 o'clock.‎ A. take off' B. take up C. take away D. take place ‎41. ____! There's danger ahead.‎ A. Look at B.Look up C.Look on D.Look out ‎42.Let's____ to clean the house. It's too dirty.‎ A.set about B.set out C.set off D.set down ‎43.I used to ____ my teacher when I was in Beijing.‎ A. call in . B. call at C. call for D. call on ‎44. He ____ from his family and settled down in America.‎ A. broke away B. broke out C. broke up D. broke in ‎45. He had to ____ his father's business after his death, though he didn't really want to continue it.‎ A. carry out B. pick up C. set up D. carry on ‎46. The robbers had no trouble in ____ the bank, but when they came out ,the police were waiting for them. A. breaking out B. breaking into C. breaking up D. breaking away from ‎47. Autumn is coming. The farmers are busy____ the crops in the fields.‎ A. moving in B. sharing in C. handing in D. getting in ‎48. All the students ____ their holidays to take part in planting trees.‎ A. gave out B. gave in C. gave up D. gave away ‎49. He was always the last to leave in order to clean up the workroom and ____ the tools.‎ A. put away B. take away C. push aside D. look after ‎50.____ this article and tell me what you think of it.‎ A. Look up B. Look on C. Look into D. Look through 参考答案 ‎1~5 DBBDA 6~10 CAABA 11~15 CBBAA 16~20 CDBDB 21~25 AADAC ‎ ‎26~30 AACAB 31~35 CDCBC 36~40 ADCBA 41~45 DBDAD 46~50 BDCAD