高考英语作文写作基础过渡词 11页

浅谈高考英语作文写作基础——过渡词及常用句型的使用 众所周知，要写出清晰流畅的文章，需要把文章中各部分巧妙地连接在一起。这样可使文章自然而别致，并能层层展开主题句，完整地表达中心思想。而过渡词（Transitional Words）是连接这些部分的纽带。     过渡词是一种关系指引词，一般由副词或起副词作用的短语承担。此外，代词、连词、上下文的近义词等也可作过渡词。过渡词能使文章启、承、转、合，融会贯通，连成一体。‎ 一、过渡词的分类1. 根据意思和作用的不同，过渡词可以分为以下十五类： （1）表并列关系的过渡词:and, also， as well, as well as， or, too, not only…but also, both … and, either … or, neither…nor （2）表递进关系的过渡词: besides, in addition（加之，除……之外）, moreover(此外，而且), what’s more， what’s worse （3）表转折对比的过渡词：but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, despite, in pite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, not only…but also, here…there, years ago…today, this…that, the former…the latter, then…now, the first… whereas the second, once…now, on the one hand … on the other hand, some…others （4）表原因的过渡词: because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to（由于） （5）表结果的过渡词:so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, thereby, hence, so…that, such…that    （6）表条件的过渡词:if, unless, on condition that, as/so long as （7）表时间的过渡词:when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on,  eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning / year / century, after a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, form now on, at present, immediately, the moment （8）表特定的顺序关系的过渡词:first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, afterward(s)（后来）, meanwhile（几乎同时）, thereafter（在那以后）, last, finally, eventually（终于） ‎ ‎（9）表换一种方式表达的过渡词: in other words, that is to say, to put it another way （10）表进行举例说明的过渡词: for instance, for example, like, such as （11）表陈述事实的过渡词: in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth （12）表强调的过渡词: certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously （13）表比较的过渡词：like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, similar to （14表目的的过渡词for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to （15）表总结的过渡词: in a word(总之，简言之), in general, in short(总之), above all, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary 2. 文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”就是开头, “承”是承接，“转”是转折，“合”是综合或总结。 （1）用于“启”的过渡词语  用于表示“启”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落或文章的开头： first, first of all, at first, in the first place, firstly, to being with, to start with, recently, now, at present, in recent years, in general, generally speaking, at present, lately, currently, It is often said that…, As the proverb says…, It goes without saying that…, It is clear/obvious that…, Many people often ask … （2）用于“承”的过渡词语  表示“承”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第一个扩展句中： second, similarly, in addition, besides, then, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what is worse, for example, for instance, certainly, surely, obviously, in other words, especially, particularly, in particular, indeed, still, third, truly, in fact, at the same time, no doubt，It is true that…,Everybody knows that…, It can be easily proved that…,No one can deny that…The reason why …is that …, There is no doubt that…,To take…for an example (instance) …,We know that…, What is more serious is that… （3）用于“转”的过渡词语  用于“转”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第二个扩 展句中： but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in any case, at any rate(无论如何), nevertheless(虽然如此), otherwise, or, or else, while, whereas, but, despite, in spite of ..., yet, instead,I do not believe that…, Perhaps you’ll ask why…That’s why I feel that… This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to…, Though we are in basic agreement with …, yet differences will be found, （4）用于“合”的过渡词语    用于“合”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落的结论句或文章的结论段中： in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking，to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, therefore, as a result, above all, thus，after all(毕竟), eventually, hence, in short, in conclusion, in a word, in sum(总之), on the whole(就整体而言), to sum up From this point of view …On account of this we can find that … The result is dependent on …Thus, this is the reason why we must…‎ 二、过渡词的应用 有的学生在作文中使用过多简单句，成了简单句堆砌；有的写复杂句时，动辄用so， and，then，but，or，however，yet等非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的，反而使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象，可以通过使用不同的过渡词,不仅能够丰富句型，而且还能够把思想表达得更清楚，意义更连贯。例如： 1. 学生习作 TV and website  TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Websites also have different sections. You may choose the one you are most interested in.  They are different in many ways. Moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation. It makes you feel that you are just on the spot. The programs change every day. Professional TV reporters do the report for TV.  Some information on websites change all the time. Not all of it is so updated. ‎ Everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter.  Every medium has its own features. It is hard to say which is better. ‎ ‎ 这段文字用简单句表达，它们之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清，意思支离破碎。如果使用过渡词，将单句与其前后合并，形成主次关系，就把一个比较复杂的内容和关系表达得层次清楚、结构严谨。 修改后的文章： TV and website Both TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Similar to TV, websites also have different sections, so that you may choose the one you are most interested in.  However, they are different in many ways. Above all, moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation, which makes you feel as if you are just on the spot. Then, the programs change every day and professional TV reporters do the report for TV. Unlike TV, some information on websites change all the time, but not all of it is so updated. In addition, everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter.  In a word, every medium has its own features, so it is hard to say which is better. ‎ 修改后的文章用过渡词来衔接上下段 第一段第一句为：Both TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. 第二段第一句为：However, they are different in many ways. 第三段第一句为：In a word, every medium has its own features…‎ 这篇短文每一段的第一句都是主题句，在每个主题句前使用Both…and, However, In a word使全文有序地衔接起来。 如果在文章中再恰当使用其他的过渡词，会使文章增色很多。‎ 三、常用句型的使用 ‎1. 那就是(说)…；亦即…‎ That is to say, …‎ ‎= That is, …‎ ‎= Namely, …‎ 例：我们生活需有规律。也就是说，早睡早起戒除烟酒。‎ We need to live a regular life. That is, we can keep good hours and refrain from smoking and drinking in the daily activities.‎ ‎2. (A) 基于这个理由 ‎… For this reason …‎ ‎(B) 为了这个目的 ‎… For this purpose, …‎ 例：基于这个理由，我已决定把行医作为未来的职业。‎ For this reason, I have decided to take practicing medicine as my future career.‎ ‎3. 我们有理由相信…‎ We have reasons to believe (that)子句 例：我们有理由相信体罚应该严格禁止。‎ We have reasons to believe that corporal punishment should be strictly prohibited.‎ ‎4. 事实上 As a matter of fact, …‎ ‎= In fact, …‎ 例：事实上健康才是最重要。‎ As a matter of fact, it is health that counts.‎ ‎5. (A) 例如 ‎… For example, …‎ ‎(B) 拿…做例子 Take … for example.‎ 例：例如我们盲目地提高生活水准，却降低生活品质。‎ For example, we elevate the living standards blindly, but lower the quality of life.‎ ‎6. 此外我们不应忽视…‎ Besides (In addition), we should not neglect …‎ 例：此外，我们不应忽视每个人都想要一个温馨祥和的社会。‎ In addition, we should not neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society.‎ ‎7. 相反地…‎ on the contrary, …‎ ‎= by contrast, …‎ 例：相反地少数学生似乎还在鬼混。‎ On the contrary, a few students, it seems, are still fooling around.‎ ‎8. 另一方面…‎ on the other hand, …‎ 例：政府应严格执法，另一方面大众也应该培养减少污染的好习惯。‎ The government should enforce laws strictly. On the other hand, the public also should develop the good habit of reducing pollution.‎ ‎9. 然而很可惜的是…‎ However, it is a pity that子句 例：然而很可惜的是他总是临时抱佛脚。‎ However, it is a pity that he should always cram at the eleventh hour.‎ ‎10. 换言之…‎ in other words, …‎ ‎= to put it differently 例：换言之我会尽最大的努力达成我的目标。‎ In other words, I will try my best to attain (gain, live up to) my goal.‎ ‎11. 别人可能认为这是事实，但我不是。我认为…‎ It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't. I believe that子句 例：别人可能认为这是事实，但我不是。我认为…‎ It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't. I believe that if you have strong determination and perseverance, the success will certainly come to you in the end.‎ ‎12. 从此之后我已发现…‎ Ever since then, I have found that子句 例：从此之后我已发现…‎ Ever since then, I have found smile the best way to avoid any possible conflicts in our daily lives.‎ ‎13. 这样说来，假如…当然毫无疑问地…‎ In this light, if…, there can surely be no doubt (that) 子句 例：这样说来，假如我们能善用时间，当然毫无疑问地我们会成功。‎ In this light, if we can make good use of time, there can surely be no doubt that we will get somewhere.‎ ‎14. 更严重的是…‎ What is more serious is (that)子句 例：更严重的是我们不珍惜野生动物。‎ What is more serious is that we do not cherish the wildlife.‎ ‎15. 鉴于社会的实际需要…‎ In view of the practical need of society, ….‎ 例：鉴于社会的实际需要，愈来愈多人对学英语有兴趣。‎ In view of the practical need of society, there are more and more people interested in learning English.‎ 用于文章结论句 ‎16. 如果能实践这三点…‎ If one can really put the three points into action (practice), …‎ 例：如果能实践这三点…。‎ If one can really put the three points into action(practice), he will surely be able to live a healthy and happy life.‎ ‎17. 做这些简单之事，我们一定可以…‎ By doing these simple things, we surely can ….‎ 例：做这些简单之事，我们一定可以快乐出门平安回家。‎ By doing these simple things, we surely can go out of the door happily and come back home safe every day.‎ ‎18. 如此我相信…‎ In this way, I believe (that)子句 例：如此，我相信大家能够像我一样享受乘坐公车的乐趣。‎ In this way, I believe that all the people may be able to enjoy the bus ride like me.‎ ‎19. 实践这些…‎ By putting them (the above) into practice, ….‎ 例：实践这些，在智育方面我一直能不断进步。‎ By putting them(the above) into practice, I have been able to make constant progress in intellectual education.‎ ‎20. (A) 唯有符合此三项要求，我们才能…‎ Only by living up to the three requirements, can we ….‎ ‎(B) 唯有通力合作，我们才能…‎ Only with combined efforts, can we ….‎ 例：唯有通力合作，我们才能期望台湾不久有新的面貌。‎ Only with combined efforts, can we expect Taiwan to take a new face in due course.‎ ‎21. 最后，但并非最不重要…‎ Last but no least, ….‎ 例：最后，但并非最不重要，教育上的缺失是助长青少年犯罪的原因。‎ Last but no least, the shortcoming in education is the cause contributing to juvenile delinquency.‎ ‎22. 这证据显示…的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。‎ This evidence shows that the importance of ….cannot be overemphasized.‎ 例：这证据显示交通安全的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。‎ This evidence shows that the importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.‎ ‎23. 由于这些理由，我…‎ For these reasons, I ….‎ 例：由于这些理由，我认为在台湾接受大学教育是明智的。‎ For these reasons, I think that receiving college education in Taiwan is wise.‎ ‎24. 总而言之…‎ In conclusion, …‎ ‎= To sum up, …‎ 例：总而言之¸好国民应该遵守交通规则。‎ In conclusion, a good citizen should abide by traffic regulations.‎ ‎25. 因此我们能下个结论，那就是…‎ We can, therefore, come to the conclusion (that)子句 例：因此¸我们能下个结论，那就是世上自由最珍贵。‎ We can, therefore, come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as freedom in the world.‎ ‎26. 如果我们能做到如上所述，毫无疑问地…‎ If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt (that)子句 例：如果我们能做到如上所述，毫无疑问地，我们就能精通英语。‎ If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt that we can master English.‎ ‎27. 因此，这就是…的原因 Thus, this is the reason why ….‎ 例：因此，这就是我重感冒的原因。‎ Thus, this is the reason why I caught a bad cold.‎ ‎28. 所以，我们应该了解…‎ Therefore, we should realize (that)子句 例：所以，我们应该了解学英文不能没有字典。‎ Therefore, we should realize that in learning English we cannot do without a dictionary.‎ ‎29. 因此，由上列的讨论我们可以明了…‎ We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion (that)子句 例：因此，由上列的讨论我们可以明了毅力可以克服任何困难。‎ We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion that perseverance can overcome any difficulty.‎ ‎30. 1. 从～观点来看…‎ From the ～ point of view, …‎ ‎2. 根据～的看法…‎ According to ～ point of view, ….‎ 例：从政治的观点来看，这是一个很复杂的问题。‎ From the political point of view, It's a complex question.‎ 总之，写作是一个循序渐进的过程，需要平时多读多练。适时恰当地运用一定的过渡 词和常用句型。这样坚持下去，你的作文一定会进步不少！‎