高考英语第二轮热点专题复习——名词和冠词 12页

高考英语第二轮热点专题复习——名词和冠词 一、高考考查内容定位 名词在高考中占有重要地位，从2007年和2008年高考中可以看出，各省市试卷几乎都涉及到对名词的考查。涉及的内容主要有：抽象名词具体化、名词的可数与不可数问题、名词作定语、名词所有格、名词词义辨析以及常见名词的固定搭配等。冠词也是高考英语的常考点，主要考查考生对冠词的基本用法的理解和掌握情况，冠词包括定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词。此外，还涉及很多冠词与名词共同考查的问题。冠词与名词有三种表现形式：即定冠词与单数可数名词可表示类指；不定冠词与单数可数名词也可表示类指；零冠词与可数名词的复数表示类指。‎ 二、高考考查内容揭密 ‎（一）抽象名词的具体化与冠词 ‎1.抽象名词具体或特定时，前面应有不定冠词。‎ ‎（1）表示某种特性、状态、行为的具体表现，常用a/an+抽象名词；a/an+adj.+抽象名词的形式表示具体行为、一个方面。如：‎ A pity/pleasure/surprise/success/failure/shame/an honor等；‎ A bright future, a strong character, a great help, a length of one metre ,a waste of time, a height of fifty feet ,a knowledge of English等。‎ ‎（2）状态、思维行为的一次、一种、一类、一顿，常与have/take/get等词搭配。‎ 如：take a look/have a sleep/have a …life/die a death/get a high opinion/make an apology/take a great interest等。‎ ‎[经典考题]It is often said that ______teachers have _______very easy life. (2005·北京卷)‎ A. 不填；不填 B. 不填；a C. the； 不填 D. the ；a ‎ ‎[解析] B 根据句意：（人们）常说老师过着简朴的生活。抽象名词life在此处明显被具体化了，因此，第二空与前后构成have a very easy life过着简朴的生活。第一空为名词的复数表示的类指。‎ ‎（3）表示具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人和事等。‎ She is a success in cause but a failure in marriage.‎ 她在事业上是个成功者，但在婚姻上却是个失败者。‎ ‎2.抽象名词有前置或后置修饰语时，前面用不定冠词，使之具体化。如：‎ A happy life, a good education in that university, a wide knowledge of nature 等。‎ ‎[注意]：抽象名词表示泛指时一般不与冠词连用。如：what fun, fine weather, common knowledge, foreign trade。但如受of 短语修饰或在上下文中给予限定特指时，则在名词前加the ‎ ‎[经典考题] If you grow up in _____large family ,you are more likely to develop_____ ability to get on well with______ others.(2005·江西卷)‎ A./;an ; the B. a ;the ;/‎ C. the ;an ;the D. a ;the ;the ‎ ‎[解析] B 抽象名词ability被后置定语to get on well with _______others 修饰，故抽象名词ability须具体化表特指即在其前加the 。而下文的others 强调泛指。第一空其实也是泛指“一个大家庭”。‎ ‎（二）冠词有无意义不同 有无冠词含义有别，这种现象常常是一些固定搭配，学习时可通过对比记忆。如：out of question 毫无疑问的/out of the question 不可能的；take place 发生/take the place(of) 代替；two of them 他们中的两个/the two of them 他们两个；by day 在白天/by the day 按天计算；on earth 究竟/on the earth 在地球上等。‎ ‎[经典考题]When he left_______ college, he got a job as _______reporter in a newspaper office.(2004·天津卷)‎ A .不填；a B.不填； the ‎ C. a; the D. the ;the ‎ ‎[解析] A 本题考查定冠词的有无含义不同以及不定冠词的用法区别。第一空有无定冠词含义不同，即leave the school/college离开这所学校/院校；leave school/college 毕业、退学、离校。后一空填不定冠词，表示类别或身份，不是特指。‎ ‎[经典考题] This book tells_______ life story of John Smith, who left_______ school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16.(2005·辽宁卷)‎ A. the ;the B. a ;the C. the ;不填 D. a ;不填 ‎[解析]C 考查定冠词的有无含义不同与特指的用法。第一空为特指，强调John Smith 的生活故事。第二空仍考查leave the school与leave school的区别。前者强调离开后可能会再来，后者强调不再回来：与学校说再见。故根据句意leave school符合此题语境。‎ ‎[经典考题] Her husband was put into________ prison, and she has to go to _______prison once a month to visit him.‎ A. a ;the B. the ;the C.不填；不填 D.不填；the ‎ ‎[解析]D 此题考查冠词的有无意义不同的词组，即put sb .into prison坐牢，go to the prison去监狱。‎ ‎（三）名词的数和所有格 名词的数主要包括名词的可数不敢当可数、可数名词的单复数问题、名词的类指以及名词复数的使用。‎ ‎1.可数名词的单复数 ‎（1）可数名词复数形式的基本变化：‎ ‎（2）不可数名词一般没有复数形式，若计量时，通常使用“数词或a/an/many+单位词+of +不可数名词”。如：There are two pieces of work for you to do: to buy a bowl of rice and to make three cups of tea.有两项工作给你做：去买一碗米饭，去沏三杯茶。‎ ‎[经典考题]The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but is has ______all over the country.（2005·辽宁卷）‎ A. companies B. branches C. organizations D. businesses ‎[解析]B 本题是一个多点考查题。既考查了名词复数形式的不同变化，又考查了名词的辨析。以辅音字母加Y结尾的名词的复数：变Y为i再加es;以-ch, -sh,-s,-x等结尾的名词的复数：在其后加-es，少数直接加-s。再根据名意可知：这家银行的总部在北京，但它在世界各地都有很多分部。四个名词中branches有“分部、分店、支流”的意思，合句意。‎ ‎[经典考题]He gained his_______ by printing ______of famous writers.‎ A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works ‎[解析]D 考查名词的单复数。wealth表示财富，是不可数名词；works作工厂、作品讲时，单、复数相同。而work意为“工作”，是不可数名词。‎ ‎[经典考题]The commander said that two______ would be sent to Iraq front the next day.‎ A. women’s doctor B. women doctors C. women’s doctors D. women doctor ‎[解析] B man/woman作定语修饰可数名词复数时，将它们变为men/women。‎ ‎2.名词所有格 名词所有格通常可分为三种：‎ ‎(1).-’s型所有格，主要用于生物名词，也可用于表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命名词的所有格，如：today’s newspaper;如果已是复数形式结尾的名词，则在其后加“’”。‎ ‎(2).of 短语型所有格，主要用于无生命名词的所属关系，有时表示逻辑上的主谓、动宾、或同位关系。‎ ‎(3).of短语型与-’s型并用的双重所有格，即被修饰的名词前如有一个表示数量的词，如：a ,two, some, any, several, few, no, many, this, that, these, those等（常不能用the ）修饰时，可用“of+所有格（或名词性物主代词）”，如：This is a picture of his grandfather.这是他爷爷的一张照片。只表示他爷爷的一张照片，并非双重所有格而属of短语型所有格。再如：This is a picture of his grandfather’s(pictures).这是他爷爷照片中的一张。强调他爷爷照片中的其中一张，属双重所有格。‎ ‎[经典考题]_______car broke down on the way home, but luckily they knew how to fix it .‎ A. Tom’s and Jim’s B. Tom’s and Jim C. Tom and Jim’s D. Tom and Jim ‎[解析]C 考查所有格。由下文的they knew how to fix it 可知：两人都在车上，因此，为他们共有。而Tom’s and Jim’s即Tom’s car and Jim’s car则表明两人分别拥有的两辆车。故选Tom and Jin’s。‎ ‎[经典考题] My grandfather used to be a general in the famous army. Look! Here are______.‎ A. some pictures of his B. some pictures’ of him C. some his pictures D. his some of pictures’‎ ‎[解析]A 考查双重所有格。根据双重所有格“of+所有格（或名词性物主代词）”原则可知此空应该是some pictures of his(pictures),此句句意为：这是他照片中的一些（照片）。‎ ‎[经典考题] The railway station is _______from our school.‎ A. two hour’s drive B. two hours’ drive C. two hour drive D. two hours drive ‎[解析] B 考查复数形式的所有格。复数形式的所有格只在S后加“’”。‎ ‎（四）名词作定语 ‎[经典考题]The ______is just around the corner and you won’t miss it.‎ ‎(2001·上海卷)‎ A. bicycle’s shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D. bicycle’ shop ‎[解析] B 考查名词作定语。在此bicycle是起修饰作用的名词，不表示所有关系而表示类别，且名词作定语须用单数形式，故bicycle shop正确。‎ ‎[经典考题] The little boy asked her grandpa to buy him a nice pair of ______,so the grandpa went some________ stores.‎ A. shoes; shoes B. shoes; shoe C. shoe; shoes D. shoe; shoe ‎ ‎[解析] B 多点考查题即名词的单复数及名词作定语的用法。第一空的名词被a pair of 修饰，表示 “一双“，强调复数，故选shoes,由此，可判断正确选项在A、B中。而第二空由于受some干扰，考生会误选A。其实，名词作定语须用单数形式，some修饰的中心词是stores。‎ ‎(五)集合名词与谓语 ‎1.某些集体名词，如：family, team, class, club, audience, committee, crowd, government, party, public, enemy, group, population, couple等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看，谓语动词用单数；如果作为一个个成员讲，谓语动词用复数。如：‎ His family has moved to a new flat.他一家已搬到新房了。‎ His whole family are watching TV now.他一家人正在看电视。‎ ‎[经典考题]His family _______in Shanghai and his family _______all music-lovers.‎ A. live; is B. lives; is ‎ C. live; are D. lives; are ‎[解析]D 考查特殊类群体名词与谓语的关系。第一个His family强调群体，故谓语动词须用单数；第二个his family强调每个成员，故谓语动词须用复数。因此，正确选项为D。‎ ‎2.某些集体名词，如：people, police, cattle等，只有复数形式，谓语动词须用复数。如：The police are searching for him.警察们正在搜寻他。‎ 但people作民族讲时，用作单数。如：‎ The Chinese people is a great people.中华民族是一个伟大的民族。‎ ‎[经典考题]Many cattle your father is raising now_______ kept on the farm.‎ A. is B. was C. are D. were ‎[解析]C 考查特殊类群体名词与谓语的关系。名中your father is raising now已暗示该用一般现在时且作定语，修饰many cattle,而cattle是被看作复数概念的集体名词，谓语动词须用复数。故选C。‎ ‎(六)名词近义词在语境中的辨析 名词近义词在语境中的辨析主要包括同义名词词义辨析、名词的固定搭配辨析。解决名词词义辨析的最有效方法就是平时多积累一些相关类的名词群，多理解琢磨它们之间的用法和区别，我与例句相结合去记忆和理解。‎ ‎[经典考题]My _______of this weekend’s activity is going out with some good friends.‎ A. idea B. opinion C. mind D. thought ‎[解析]A 考查同义名词词义辨析。idea表示“（对事物的）想法、念头”；opinion表示“（评价性的）看法、主张”；mind 表示“（智力因素的）头脑、精神”；thought表示“（动脑的）思考、思想”。本句强调周末活动安排的个人想法、念头。故用idea。‎ ‎[经典考题]I keep medicines on the top shelf ,out of the children’s _____.‎ ‎(2004·天津卷)‎ A. reach B. hand C. hold D. place ‎[解析]A 考查名词的固定搭配辨析。句意为：我把药放在架子的顶部，这是孩子们够不着的地方。固定搭配out of one’s reach够不着。选项B、C、D都不能表达此意。‎ ‎[经典考题]For the sake of her daughter’s health, she decided to move a warm_______.(2002·北京卷)‎ A. weather B. temperature C. season D. climate ‎[解析] D 名词词义辨析题。weather天气，即给定时间和地点的大气状况；climate气候，即包括温度、降雨量及风等气象条件，在某一特别地带占主导地位。根据题意climate合适。‎ 三、小试牛刀（共30各小题， 15分钟完成）‎ 1. Many people agree that ________ knowledge of English is a must in ________ international trade today ‎ A. a; 不填 B. the; an C. the; the D. 不填; the 1. ‎— Have you see ________ pen? I left it here this morning ‎— Is it ________ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.‎ A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a; a 2. Paper money was in ________ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in ________ thirteenth century ‎ A. the; 不填 B. the; the C. 不填; the D. 不填; 不填 3. Most animals have little connection with ________ animals of ________ different kind unless they kill them for food ‎ ‎ A. the; a B. 不填; a C. the; the D. 不填; the 4. The warmth of ________ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of ________ wool used ‎ A. the; the B. the; 不填 C. 不填; the D. 不填; 不填 5. Jumping out of ________ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite ________ exciting experience .‎ A. 不填；the B. 不填；an C. an; an D. the; the 6. The sign reads “In case of ____fire，break the glass and push ___red button ”.‎ A. 不填；a B. 不填；the C. the；the D. a；a 7. When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to ________ hotel; I can find you ________ bed in my flat .‎ A. the; a B. the; 不填 C. a; the D. a; 不填 8. While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, Newton made ______ discovery which completely changed ______ man’s understanding of color .‎ A. a; 不填 B. a; the C. 不填; the D. the; a 9. ‎_____ on-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is _______ major concern of the country .‎ A. The; 不填 B. The; a C. An; the D. An; 不填 10. It is ________world of wonders, world where anything can happen .‎ A. a ;the B. a; a C. the ; a D. 不填；不填 11. For a long time they walked without saying word. Jim was the first to break ________ silence .‎ A. the; a B. a; the C. a; 不填 D. the; 不填 1. Tom owns _______larger collection of _______ books than any other student in our class .‎ A. the; 不填 B. a; 不填 C. a; the D. 不填; the 2. When you finish reading the book .you will have better understanding of life .‎ A. a; the B. the; a C. 不填; the D. a; 不填 3. The Wilsons live in ________ A-shaped house near the coast. It is ________ 17th century cottage .‎ A. the; 不填 B. an; the C. 不填; the D. an; a 4. If you go by ________ train, you can have quite a comfortable journey, but make sure you get ________ first one. .‎ A. the; the B. 不填; a C. the; a D. 不填; 不填 5. On May 5, 2005, at ________World Table Tennis Championship, Kong Linghui and Wang Hao won the gold medal in men's doubles with ________ score of 4: 1 .‎ A. a; a B. 不填; the C. a; 不填 D. the; a 6. I can't remember when exactly the Rohinsons left ________city. I only remember it was ________Monday .‎ A. the, the B. a; the C. a; a D. the; a 7. After dinner he gave Mr. Richardson ______ ride to ______ Capital Airport.‎ A. the; a B. a; the C. 不填; a D.不填; the 8. This book tells ________ life story of John Smith, who left ________ school and worked for a newspaper in the age of 16.‎ A. the; the B. a; the C. the; 不填 D. a; 不填 9. Mrs. Taylor has ________ 8-year-old daughter who has ________ gift for painting — she has won two national prizes.‎ A. a; a B. an; the C. an; a D. the; a 10. I know you don’t like ________ music very much. But what do you think of ________ music in the film we saw yesterday?‎ A. 不填；不填 B. the; the C. the; 不填 D. 不填; the 11. Don’t worry. If you can’t come to ________ party, I’ll ________ cake for you. ‎ A. the; some B. a; much C. the; any D. a; little 1. Of all ________ reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my father’s advice was ________ most important one. ‎ A. the; a B. 不填; a C. 不填; the D. the; the 2. For him ________ stage is just ________ means of making a living. ‎ A. a; a B. the; a C. the; the; D. a; the 3. Of the two sisters, Betty is ___ one, and she is also one who loves to be quiet. ‎ A. a younger B. a youngest C. the younger D. the youngest 4. ‎— I knocked over my coffee cup. It went right over ________ keyboard. ‎ ‎— You shouldn’t put drinks near ________ computer.‎ A. the; 不填 B. the; a C. D. a; a 5. In ________ view of 44 studies, American researchers found that men and women who ate six key foods daily cut the risk of ________ heart disease by 76%. ‎ A. a; the B. the; a C. a; 不填 D. 不填; a 6. ‎— Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith?)‎ ‎— Sorry wrong number. There isn’t ________ Mr. Smith here. ‎ A. 不填 B. a C. the D. one 7. Everywhere man has cut down ________ forests in order to grow crops, or to use _____ wood as fuel or as building material.)‎ A. the; the B. the; 不填　 C. 不填；the D. 不填；不填 答案与简析 1. A。knowledge再此并非作“知识”解释，其深层意义相当于understanding，“a knowledge of English”应理解为“通晓英语”，这也可以说是约定俗成的。另外，“the knowledge of English”则表示“英语知识”这一概念。“国际贸易”属泛指，前面不用冠词。‎ 2. D。从双方对话的语气可推断：甲方并不是问一支特定的彼此都知道的钢笔，所以乙方才反问“是不是一支黑色的钢笔”，故两空都应填不定冠词。‎ 3. C。in use“正在用; 通用”是惯用词组不加冠词，又如：out of use“不再使用了，废弃”‎ ‎，of use“有用”等；表世纪年代的短语中要用定冠词。‎ 1. B。connect with animals of a different kind意义近似于 connect with a different kind of animals “不是同一类别的动物”，后者侧重“另一种动物”。‎ 2. B。第一空表特指；第二空kind of, sort of, type of等表种类的短语后所接的名词均不加冠词。‎ 3. C。第一空泛指“一架飞机”，用不定冠词；第二空表“某一种”的意义，也用不定冠词。‎ 4. B。in case of常接物质名词或抽象名词表示“万一发生…事”，故不用冠词，又如：in case of emergency“万一发生紧急情况”，in case of rain“要是下雨的话”；第二空表示双方都知道的红色按钮，故用定冠词。‎ 5. A。第一空表特指；第二空表泛指。‎ 6. A。“make + a + (具有动词意义的名词)” 等于这个意义的动词，例如：make a promise = promise；make a decision = decide；make a discovery = discover。第二空的man一般是用来指任何人或整个人类，当指人类时，常不用冠词。‎ 7. B。第一空表特指；因为on-going division后有定语between…and…，第二空应填“a”，表泛指，也就是“这个国家所关心的一个主要问题”。‎ 8. B。“这是一个充满新奇的世界”表泛指；第二空是同位语，也表泛指，所以都用不定冠词。‎ 9. B。word表“话语”常与不定冠词搭配；第二空表示打破“都不说话的那种静默”，属于特指，故用the。‎ 10. B。a large collection of“大量的收藏”属常用短语，后直接跟名词复数，不需要加冠词。‎ 11. D。这里的understanding = knowledge（参看第10小题的解答）；life“生活”在这里是抽象名词，不用冠词。‎ 12. D。“一座A字形的房子”表泛指，但字母A以元音起始发音，故用“an”；第二空是补充说明，“一个十七世纪的村舍”也表泛指，所以用“a”，若只是17世纪则用“the”。‎ 13. B。“by + 交通工具”不用冠词；第二空表“搭乘一趟头班车”，并非特指，故用不定冠词。‎ 14. D。在由普通名词构成的国家、党派或组织机构等的专有名词前要用定冠词； with a score of… “以一个 … 的比分”，不能说是规定或特定的“4:‎1”‎。‎ 1. D。“我记不起他们具体是什么时候离开这座城市，只记得是某个星期一。”‎ 2. B。give sb. a ride to“开车送某人去…”；在某些建筑物名称前通常要用定冠词，如：the Summer Palace, the Great Wall, the Monument to the People’s Heroes 等。‎ 3. C。第一空是特指约翰•史密斯的生活经历；leave school“毕业”，school在这里不是指“学校”这一建筑物。比较：go to school“上学”，go to the school“到那所学校去（做某事）”。‎ 4. C。“一个8岁的女儿”，8是以元音起始发音，故用“an”； have a gift for“有…的天分”是常用词组。‎ 5. D。第一空music是不可数名词，不加冠词；但第二空的music被in the film we saw yesterday的定语所限制，应该用定冠词the。‎ 6. A。这里的party是指双方都知道的，所以排除B、D项；而any通常用在否定和疑问句中，故选A项。‎ 7. D。第一空的名词reasons被for my decision to become a university professor限定修饰，所以用定冠词；第二空是受了Of all the reasons的限制，那么，形容词应该用最高级形式，故也用定冠词。注意：这里的most并不等于very.‎ 8. B。第一空（stage与the连用）演员生涯，剧院工作，戏剧工作；第二空a means of “一种…的方式”。注意：means “方式，方法”单复数同形。‎ 9. C。本题的关键是“Of the two sisters”，因此，要用the + 形容词比较级。又如：Of my parents, Father is the taller (one)。‎ 10. B。第一空之所以用the表特指，是说水泼在“他的那个” 电脑键盘上了；而第二空对方所回答的是“不把应该把饮料放在（一台）电脑跟前”，无论哪一部电脑，所表示的是“泛指”意义。‎ 11. C。in view of“考虑到；鉴于”是习语，但本题并不是这个含义，而view在这里是“审视；总体上看；综览”的意思，又如：a view of Romantic poetry.“浪漫诗歌综览”。in a view of 44 studies“从44项调查研究来看”；第二空后是疾病名词，通常不加冠词。‎ 12. B。尽管Mr. Smith是专有名词，但姓Smith的人数不胜数，回话者正是表达的这个意义。又如：Manager, are you engaged now? A Mr. White wants to see you. “一位姓怀特的先生想见你。”May I bring him in? ‎ 13. C。森林用复数，这里是表“泛指”，不加冠词；第二空则不同了，这里是指前面所提到的森林里砍伐来的木材，为“特指”。‎