高考英语复习题课时19 阅读理解文体技法2 15页

课时19　阅读理解文体技法2——说明文 Ⅰ.阅读理解文体技法演练 ‎【精要提示】　说明文是用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐明事理，给人以知识的文体。它通过对实体事物(如仪器、产品、自然环境)的解说，或对抽象事理(如概念、原理、定律)的阐释，使人们对事物的形态、特征、构造、性能、种类、成因、功能等有所了解，或对事理的特点、来源、演变、异同等有所认识，从而获得有关的知识。说明文实用性很强，它包括广告、说明书、内容提要、规则章程、解说词等。‎ 阅读说明文的关键是：抓住说明对象的本质特征。阅读时须注意：‎ ‎(1)注意说明的顺序，了解文章的结构，把握文章的脉络。‎ ‎(2)在阅读过程中画出长难句的主干成分(主谓宾)、标出关键词，有的可边看边画草图或结构、流程图。‎ ‎【高考经典练】‎ ‎(2015·浙江卷，C)If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars，we would go in darkness happily，the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal (夜间活动的) species on this planet.Instead，we are diurnal creatures，with eyes adapted to living in the sun's light.This is a basic evolutionary fact，even though most of us don't think of ourselves as diurnal beings.Yet it's the only way to explain what we've done to the night：We've engineered it to receive ‎ us by filling it with light.‎ The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences—called light pollution—whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study.Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design，which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky.Ill－designed lighting washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels—and light rhythms—to which many forms of life，including ourselves，have adapted.Wherever human light spills into the natural world，some aspect of life is affected.‎ In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars，leaving behind a vacant haze (霾) that mirrors our fear of the dark.We've grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit night—dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadows on Earth—is wholly beyond our experience，beyond memory almost.‎ We've lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country，when nothing could be further from the truth.Among mammals alone，the number of nocturnal species is astonishing.Light is a powerful biological force，and on many species it acts as a magnet (磁铁)．The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being “captured” by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms.Migrating at night，birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings.‎ Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times brighter than normal，throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint，including their nighttime breeding choruses.Humans are no less trapped by light pollution than the frogs.Like most other creatures，we do need darkness.Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare，to our internal clockwork，as light itself.‎ Living in a glare of our own making，we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night.In a very real sense，light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe，to forget the scale of our being which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy—arching overhead.‎ ‎1．According to the passage，human beings ．‎ A．prefer to live in the darkness B．are used to living in the day light C．were curious about the midnight world D．had to stay at home with the light of the moon ‎2．What does “it” (Paragraph 1) most probably refer to?‎ A．The night. B．The moon.‎ C．The sky. D．The planet.‎ ‎3．The writer mentions birds and frogs to ．‎ A．provide examples of animal protection B．show how light pollution affects animals C．compare the living habits of both species D．explain why the number of certain species has declined ‎4．It is implied in the last paragraph that ．‎ A．light pollution does harm to the eyesight of animals B．light pollution has destroyed some of the world heritages C．human beings cannot go to the outer space D．human beings should reflect on their position in the universe ‎5．What might be the best title for the passage?‎ A．The Magic Light. ‎ B．The Orange Haze.‎ C．The Disappearing Night. ‎ D．The Rhythms of Nature.‎ Ⅱ.能力提升练 A ‎(2015·淮阴四校高三仿真模拟)President Xi Jinping has said that realizing the great renewal of the nation is a long－cherished dream of Chinese in modern times.Now，a new book，The Chinese Dream，launched by New World Press，will explain the dream in detail.‎ The book，published in Chinese with an English edition coming soon，aims to explore what the Chinese Dream means for China and the rest of ‎ the world.‎ The book offers vivid and dynamic first－person accounts as explanations of the meaning of the Chinese Dream.‎ Inspiring people described in the book include successful business figures such as Park Keuntae，president and CEO of South Korea－based CJ Group's operations in China，and ordinary people such as Dominic Johnson－Hill，a young man from London known as “Lao Jiang” who runs a small shop in Beijing's Nanluogu Hutong.‎ ‎“Having lived in China for 29 years，I've witnessed the great achievements of China's reform and opening－up.I've benefited a lot from it，”said Park at the book launch.‎ CJ Group employs 12，000 people in China，with a sales volume of DS| 3.27 billion.“My Chinese Dream is to make the number of CJ's Chinese employees over 100，000 and the total sales volume over that of the Korean headquarters，”Park said.‎ Tony Lund，Asia－Pacific and Asia Branch director for Cambridge University Press，said at the book launch that the book is a precious and timely resource for readers who wish to gain a deeper understanding of modern Chinese society and people who are going to prepare for a new period of global cooperation.“The Chinese Dream is subtly different from the American Dream.In both cases，the dream is about the strong desire of prosperity(繁荣) for their citizens，but the Chinese Dream also ‎ suggests a vision for China's place in an increasingly internationalized world，”Lund said.“The Chinese Dream describes countless possibilities for shared growth and shared prosperity，on both national and international levels.”‎ ‎1．The underlined word “launched” in Paragraph 1 probably means ．‎ A．came out B．sent up C．looked through D．made up ‎2．What can we know about Park according to the text?‎ A．He is successful in business.‎ B．He owns a small shop in Beijing.‎ C．He is a director for Cambridge University Press.‎ D．He has lived in China for more than 30 years.‎ ‎3．The author listed examples in order to explain ．‎ A．specific contents of the Chinese Dream B．the opinions of different people on the Chinese Dream C．foreigners' benefits from the Chinese Dream D．the Chinese Dream better with specific facts ‎4．What does the Chinese Dream differ from the American Dream?‎ A．The Chinese Dream is to create more benefits for the Chinese people.‎ B．The Chinese Dream is to better understand the modern society.‎ C．The Chinese Dream is to share the prosperity with the world.‎ D．The Chinese Dream is to make a better life for the Chinese people.‎ B On New Year's Day，people all over the world marked the passing of 2012 with candies and fireworks.But January 1，2013，was also celebrated for being the 150th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation (《解放宣言》)．This order，issued by President Abraham Lincoln，set the United States on a path toward ending slavery.‎ Lincoln signed the executive order on January 1，1863，when America broke up into two parts over the issue about whether or not to end slavery.At the time of Lincoln's order，the two sides，called the Union and the Confederacy，were locked in the violent struggle of the Civil War.A civil war occured when groups from the same country fighted each other.America's Civil War was the deadliest conflict that the country had ever faced.‎ The Emancipation Proclamation formally declared all slaves in the Confederacy “forever free”．At the time，Lincoln had very little power to execute the order in the Confederate states.Those 11 Southern states had already seceded from the Union.The document's real power was unworkable，as it changed the nation's official stand on slavery.‎ After the Union won the war in 1865，the states were reunited，and the Congress passed the 13th Amendment (修正案) to the ‎ Constitution.The amendment was then approved by the states.It fully ended slavery throughout the country.‎ The U．S.Postal Service celebrated the anniversary by creating a special stamp that quoted the Proclamation.“Stamps often make use of our culture and help us remember the events and people who have had an impact on American history，”said Deputy Postmaster General Ronald A．Stroman，from the U．S.Postal Service.‎ This week，communities across the nation honored the Emancipation Proclamation with special services in churches and historical films.Priest Clementa Pinckney led a church service，known as Watch Night，to celebrate the anniversary at a church in Charleston，South Carolina.Many African－American churches around the country held similar services.“It's not just an African－American celebration; it's an American celebration，”Pinckney told the crowd.“It's freedom which comes full circle.”‎ ‎5．Why was America divided into two parts in 1863?‎ A．It was caused by America's Civil War.‎ B．There were disagreements over the slavery.‎ C．Abraham Lincoln was elected as President.‎ D．The Union meant to break away from America.‎ ‎6．According to the passage，the Confederacy ．‎ A．was for Lincoln's order B．had a history of 150 years C．wanted to change slavery D．hated President Lincoln ‎7．When did slavery end in America?‎ A．In 1861. B．In 1863.‎ C．In 1865. D．In 1870.‎ ‎8．What is the main idea of the last paragraph?‎ A．There are many celebrations held by Americans.‎ B．All the Americans held the same services to celebrate the anniversary.‎ C．We still don't enjoy freedom nowadays.‎ D．Freedom needs further development in the future.‎ C Hands down，Chinese company Lao Gan Ma makes the most sophisticated，toothsome hot sauce we've ever tasted.Seriously，don't be fooled by the grumpy－looking lady on the jar! The deeply caramelized chilies，garlic，onions，soybeans and peanuts give this chili paste unbelievable layers of flavor and texture，while Sichuan peppercorns add a mouth－tingling zip...‎ This chili sauce certainly adds a lot of flavor to dishes.It goes literally with everything，dumplings，noodles，rice dishes，and tons of other stuff.‎ BEWARE ！！ This hot sauce has peanuts in it.Watch out for that if ‎ you have or you know people with allergies.‎ Below are comments from netizens.‎ ‎1．I have at least 20 different hot sauces，and this is by far the best one.It's been described as sophisticated—I'd agree.There are chili oil，bean and chili flakes and peanuts，which work together perfectly.The spice level is also great.‎ ‎2．I'm an international student from China studying in New York right now.Well，more precisely I'm from Sichuan，where people are known for liking eating spicy food.There's a popular saying among Chinese students studying abroad that “Lao Gan Ma (Old Auntie or something similar) is the goddess for Chinese students overseas”．Funny but true! When we are not used to other non－Chinese food yet，we totally miss the taste! With this chili sauce，it's like being at home again.But the price of this on Amazon is incredibly high，back in China，it costs less than ONE US DOLLAR! Oh...I miss China and Chinese food!‎ ‎3．This stuff is dangerously addictive.I wanted something similar to what I got at the Szechuan restaurant.Well I then came across this and was pleased with the reviews then purchased two jars.SO GLAD I DID.It does have some tiny peanut pieces that are crispy and toasty，yum.The heat is very notable and smooth.‎ ‎4．This product is more of a dipping sauce for eating with plain ‎ rice，livening a dish of steamed vegetables，or perhaps a dumpling dipping sauce.As such，it's just okay: a little too crunchy，moderately hot，not enough Sichuan peppercorn for me.But it took about a fifth of the bottle to fully season 2 ＋ cups of brown rice.At $8.59/bottle this is too expensive.I found it in my local Asian market for $2.79.It turns out that there are about numerous versions produced by this company，some of which may be worth exploring.‎ ‎9．Why does the author mention the lady on the jar?‎ A．To show us who made the sauce.‎ B To prove she is really too grumpy to fool you.‎ C．To tell us the sauce is really inviting.‎ D．To explain the sauce is as old as the lady.‎ ‎10．What do the second and the fourth netizens have in common?‎ A．Both of them come from China.‎ B．Both of them think the sauce sold abroad is expensive.‎ C．Both of them are international students.‎ D．Both of them have bought Lao Gan Ma on the Internet.‎ ‎11．How did the third netizen feel after she/he bought the sauce?‎ A．She/He was addicted to it because it is very addictive.‎ B．She/He regretted having bought it because it is too expensive.‎ C．She/He was very excited about buying it.‎ D．She/He thought it was too spicy.‎ ‎12．According to the passage，what can we learn about Lao Gan Ma?‎ A．People who are allergic to peanuts can freely enjoy it.‎ B．It is more popular and expensive in America than in China.‎ C．The company produced only one kind of sauce.‎ D．It is a spicy sauce made in China.‎ 课时19　阅读理解文体技法(2)——说明文 高考经典练 ‎【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。现如今人类使夜晚充满了人造光线，使得夜晚不再黑暗，但这么做所造成的光污染的不好影响是巨大的，到了考虑这么做的后果的时候了。‎ ‎1．B　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的we are diurnal creatures，with eyes adapted to living in the sun's light可知，我们人类是白天活动的动物，眼睛适应了生活在太阳的光线中。故答案为B。]‎ ‎2．A　[代词指代题。根据上文中的what we've done to the night可知，我们让夜晚充满光亮，像白天一样。故答案为A。]‎ ‎3．B　[目的意图题。第三段谈到了光污染，后面的段落是对光污染影响的详细说明，作者以鸟和青蛙为例来说明光污染对动物的影响。]‎ ‎4．D　[推理判断题。根据最后一段中的light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe可推断出，我们人类应该反思我们所在宇宙中的身份地位。]‎ ‎5．C　‎ ‎[主旨大意题。本文第一段点明文章主旨：人类使夜晚充满了人造光线，使得夜晚不再黑暗，但这么做导致了光污染，其不好影响是非常巨大的。故答案C最合适。]‎ 能力提升练 ‎【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了《中国梦》这本书的具体情况、中国梦的概念范畴以及其与美国梦的区别。‎ ‎1．A　[考查词义猜测。根据常识及本句中的“New World Press”可知launched此处意为“出版、发行”。come out“出版”；sent up“发射”；look through“看穿，浏览”；make up“编制，构造”。故选A。]‎ ‎2．A　[考查细节理解。由第四段中的“include successful business figures such as Park Keun－tae”可知选A。business figure指“商业人士”。]‎ ‎3．D　[考查推理判断。由第四、五、六段的内容可知，作者举例是为了用具体的事实来解释中国梦的内容。]‎ ‎4．C　[考查细节理解。由最后一段的最后两句可知，除了追求本国繁荣外，中国梦还追求与世界同享繁荣。]‎ ‎【语篇解读】　这是一篇说明文。2013年是著名的《解放宣言》颁布150周年，美国许多地方都举行了庆祝活动。本文主要讲述了《解放宣言》诞生的历史。‎ ‎5．B　[考查细节理解。由第二段第一句可知，美国分裂成两部分，是否应该废除奴隶制度是主要原因。]‎ ‎6．D　[考查推理判断。由第三段中的“The Emancipation ‎ Proclamation formally declared all slaves in the Confederacy ‘forever free’．”和“The document's real power was unworkable”可知，南部邦联不愿废除奴隶制度，而林肯总统却颁布了《解放宣言》。因此可推知南部邦联憎恨林肯总统。]‎ ‎7．C　[考查细节理解。由第四段可知，在1865年战争结束后，经议会批准，奴隶制才结束。]‎ ‎8．A　[考查段落大意。由最后一段可知，本段主要讲述人们是如何庆祝《解放宣言》颁布150周年的及许多相关的庆祝活动。]‎ ‎【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。通过不同网民的评论，本文向我们展示了中国辣酱“老干妈”在国外备受欢迎的情形。‎ ‎9．C　[推理判断题。第一段都是对这种辣酱的赞美，所以作者提到别被瓶子上的女士给骗了是为了说明这种酱的美味可口，故选C。]‎ ‎10．B　[细节理解题。通过第二个和第四个网民的评论可以看出，他们都认为这种酱在国外卖得比较贵，故选B。]‎ ‎11．C　[细节理解题。从第三个网民的论评中的“SO GLAD I DID”可知，此人很高兴买了这种酱，故选C。]‎ ‎12．D　[细节理解题。从第三段可知A项错误；文中只提到该酱在美国非常受中国留学生的欢迎，并不能推断它在美国比在中国更受欢迎，所以B项错误；从文章最后一句话可排除C项；从第一段中的“Chinese company Lao Gan Ma”可知D项正确。]‎