高考英语基础快速提分 107页

第一讲“三长两短一并列”，搞定英语长难句 3‎ 第二讲 句子的心脏：谓语动词 7‎ 第三讲 句子的骨架：主干句型 21‎ 第四讲 添乱的“介词短语” 34‎ 第五讲 华丽的“三大从句” 44‎ 第六讲 高贵的非谓语动词 54‎ 第七讲 段落的秘密 57‎ 第八讲、阅读理解核心笔记与高频词汇 63‎ 第九讲、完形填空重点词汇及短语 73‎ 第一讲“三长两短一并列”，搞定英语长难句 ‎ 长难句可谓英语文章中让人头疼的大麻烦。那么，有没有一种简便的方法能让我们迅速破解长难句呢？当然有。下面，李辉老师就通过分析英语句子中的重要特点——“三长两短一并列”来教你一套简单而神奇的方法，即“组件分析三步法”，帮你快速理清英语句子结构，轻松破解英语长难句。下文的讲解虽看似繁琐，但只要你耐心读下去，必会受益无穷！‎ 什么是“三长两短一并列”‎ 我们先来看两句话：① 我是李辉。(I am Li Hui.) ② 我爱你。(I love you. ) 这两句话中只有“主干成分”而没有“修饰成分”。像这样的句子，中文和英文的“语序”(单词排列顺序)基本是一致的，都是“主—系—表”或者“主—谓—宾”，理解起来非常容易。然而，在加上修饰成分后，中文与英文句子之间的语序就会发生变化。来看两个例子：① 我是新东方的李辉。(I am Li Hui from New Oriental‎ ‎School.) ② 我全心全意地爱你。(I love you with all my heart.) 从例子中可以看出，修饰成分在中英文中出现的位置是不一样的。而当一个句子中有很多个修饰成分时，该句子就会变得很长，不易理解。例如：After chatting with Laura on this matter for two hours from 2:00 to 4:00 in the afternoon, I returned to my office. 我们给这个句子中的全部介词短语加上括号，该句就会变成：(After chatting) (with Laura) (on this matter) (for two hours) (from 2:00) (to 4:00) (in the afternoon), I returned (to my office). 此时大家便可发现，这个句子虽然很长，但是真正的主干其实只有I returned两个单词而已。可见，介词短语正是让英语句子变得又长又难的原因之一！‎ ‎ 当然，由于以上几个句子还比较简单，这些介词短语对句意理解的影响不大。但是，当句子中加上更多类似介词短语的修饰成分时，可想而知，由于中英文语序的不同，英文句子会变得“面目全非”，令人难以理解。由此看来，英语中灵活多变的修饰成分正是造成英语句子又长又难的头号罪犯，而只要搞定这些修饰部分，就能搞定英语长难句。‎ 幸运的是，尽管这些修饰成分数量可以很多、位置也不好把握，但是，它们的种类却是非常固定的。笔者将这些修饰成分总结为“三长两短”。所谓“三长”，就是构成长难句的三种较长修饰成分(即介词短语、从句、非谓语动词短语)；所谓“两短”，指的是镶嵌于句子之中的、会稍稍提高句子复杂度的两种较短修饰成分(即形容词、副词)。而除了“三长两短”之外，另外一个使句子变得复杂的结构就是“平行并列结构”。“平行并列结构”是由一些并列关系的连词(and、or、as well as等)将句子变长的重要手段。再长的句子都是由原本非常简单的主干成分(主干成分的基本语序和中文语序一致，此外还有若干与中文语序不一致的“特殊句型”，如there be句型、It is adj. for sb. to do句型、倒装句型、强调句型等等)再加上这“三长两短一并列”而组成的。‎ 给 “三长两短一并列”做标记 如果把句子的主干比作树干，那么修饰成分就可以比作繁茂的枝叶。若能把这些枝叶(也就是“三长两短”和并列成分)都标记出来，主干自然就清晰了。标记时，只需按照句子顺序，一个挨一个做出标记即可。不过在此之前，我们要先学会每一种成分该从何处标起，又从何处结束。下面笔者分别对 “三长两短一并列”进行具体介绍，并给出的每一种成分的标记方法。(注意，不同成分应该用不同的标记，如可以给“三长”加括号，给“并列词”‎ 加方框，给“并列项”加下划线。)‎ ‎1. “三长”‎ ‎(1) 介词短语 ‎【定义】从介词开始到名词结束、表达一个独立的完整的含义的结构。‎ ‎【起止标识】标记介词短语时，要从介词开始到介词之后的第一个名词终止。如：at home、in the school、in the beautiful park、during my happy childhood、over the last few years、for three weeks、to the destination ‎【例句】 (After chatting) (with Laura) (on this matter) (for two hours) (from 2:00 to 4:00) (in the afternoon), I returned (to my office).‎ ‎(2) 从句 ‎【定义】从句是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which、if、although等关系词引导的非主句部分。‎ ‎【起止标识】标记从句时，一定从关系词开始，到以下四种终止。‎ ‎① 到句尾终止，如：Li Hui is a teacher (who teaches English).‎ ‎② 到句中的逗号终止，如：(When I was young), I listened to the radio.‎ ‎③ 到下一个修饰成分终止，如：I will invite Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) to Beijing. (to Beijing是介词短语，属于另一个修饰成分，故从句的标记在此处终止)‎ ‎④ 到下一个谓语动词终止，如Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) is studying in Shanghai. ‎ ‎(3) 非谓语动词短语 ‎【定义】非谓语动词是指动词在句子中“不是谓语”时的几种变化形式，主要包括动词不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)三类。非谓语动词不能独立作谓语，而是充当句子的其他成分。由非谓语动词开头的、表示一个独立、完整的含义的结构叫做非谓语动词短语。‎ ‎【起止标识】标记非谓语动词短语时，一定是从动词不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)或分词(现在分词doing或过去分词done)开头，到以下四种情况终止。‎ ‎① 到句尾终止，如：Li Hui is a teacher (teaching English).‎ ‎② 到句中的逗号终止，如：(To improve my English), I often listen to the English radio.‎ ‎③ 到下一个修饰成分终止，如：Jack walked into the hall, (waving) to the audience. (to the audience是介词短语，属于另一修饰成分。) ‎ ‎④ 到下一个谓语动词终止，如：We, (singing a happy song), rode to school.‎ ‎2. “两短”‎ ‎(1) 形容词 ‎【定义】形容词是指用来修饰名词的单词，往往带有-ous、-y、-ful、-able等后缀。‎ ‎【常见位置】‎ ‎① 一般置于名词之前，如a beautiful park。‎ ‎② 修饰不定代词(something、anything、nothing、somebody、anybody、nobody)时置于不定代词之后，如“一些有趣的事”应译为something interesting。‎ ‎(2) 副词 ‎【定义】副词用来修饰形容词、动词等词，往往带有-ly等后缀。‎ ‎【常见位置】英语中，副词的用法比形容词灵活得多。‎ ‎① 可置于整句之前，如：Unfortunately, he failed to make it.‎ ‎② 可置于整句之后，如：The teacher greets his students individually.‎ ‎③ 可置于“助动词、系动词、情态动词之后，实义动词之前”，如：‎ The princess looks extremely beautiful today. (系动词之后)‎ He immediately saw the black cat. (实义动词之前)‎ He has undoubtedly fallen in love with the princess. (助动词之后，实义动词之前)‎ He can hardly speak anything. (情态动词之后，实义动词之前)‎ ‎④ 可置于形容词或副词之前，如：There is an extremely beautiful garden in our campus.‎ ‎ 从上面的分析可以看出，虽然英文中形容词和副词的在句中的位置和中文略有不同，但一般情况下，它们较短且易于辨识，对句意理解影响不大，因此在给修饰成分做标记时，形容词和副词可不标记。‎ ‎3. 平行并列结构 ‎【定义】并行并列结构是指由并列词将两个或两个以上含义相似、结构相同的并列项连接起来构成的结构。‎ ‎【标记方法】给平行并列结构做标记的要求是：给并列词加方框，给并列项加下划线。标记时要先找到并列词，然后再找并列项。在标注形如A and B的平行并列结构时，应先找B (即右并列项)后找A (即左并列项)。由于英语中的修饰成分往往置于中心词之后，所以A和B两个并列项后面可能各自带有很长的尾巴，形成“A … and B …”的形式，导致A离and相对较远，不易辨认，而B通常离and很近，容易识别。找到B之后，利用A和B结构相同、含义相似的原则，很容易将A确定出来。‎ ‎【常见并列关系】‎ ‎ 英语中可以并列的成分有很多，读句子时要注意识别到底是谁跟谁并列。‎ ‎① 名词并列：I like the box placed on the desk and the flowers in your hand.‎ ‎② 形容词并列：Mr. Smith is a kind, patient and knowledgeable English teacher.‎ ‎③ 副词并列：You are supposed to answer the following questions quickly and accurately. ‎ ‎④ 谓语动词并列：With the Internet, people can not only play computer games but also do online shopping.‎ ‎⑤ 介词短语并列：And that government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth. ‎ ‎⑥ 从句并列： I’ve finished reading the book (which is written by Mo Yan) and (which you lent me last month).‎ ‎⑦ 非谓语动词并列：Singing and laughing, we headed to the park.‎ ‎⑧ 整句并列：The children can go with us or they can stay at home.‎ 三步搞定长难句 ‎ 根据以上分析，英语句子是由“主干部分+三长两短一并列”组成的。我们可把这个“三长两短一并列”称为构成英语句子的“组件”。想要快速读懂一个句子，就要快速识别并准确译出每一个组件，再按照一定的逻辑将一个个组件连接起来。这就是“组件分析三步法”。‎ Step 1: 做标记 ‎ 做标记时应按照上文中的方法，给“三长”加括号，给并列词加方框，给并列项划下划线。‎ ‎ 【例句】Li Hui is a teacher teaching English in Beijing which is the capital of China.‎ ‎ 这个句子做完标记后为：Li Hui is a teacher (teaching English) (in Beijing) (which is the capital) (of China).‎ ‎ 可以看出，做完标记后的句子层次变得清晰了很多，很容易就能看出该句子是由一个主系表结构的主干加上四个修饰成分组成的。原句直译起来稍显复杂，但是加上括号之后，每一小节都能轻松看懂。不过在标记时要注意：一旦出现下一修饰成分，就应果断将上一修饰成分结束掉，而不要管上一修饰成分本身结束了没有，即允许括号连括号，尽量避免括号套括号。由于英语中的修饰成分实际上存在很多“嵌套”现象，如果把每个修饰成分的嵌套关系都用括号理清楚，会显得非常麻烦，无法使句子显得简单。如上文中的例句，如果我们关注其中修饰成分的嵌套关系，则需要将其处理为：Li Hui is a teacher {teaching English (in Beijing) [which is the capital (of China)]}. 这样处理会导致句中出现很多“括号套括号”的现象，显得非常乱。而用括号连括号的标记法则使句子结构更为清晰。‎ Step 2: 做直译 ‎ 经过Step 1的标记之后，句中的修饰成分都被我们用括号标注了出来，而不带括号的主干成分自然浮现在我们眼前，整个句子变成了“一小节一小节”的形式，而每一小节都很容易直接翻译出来。我们在翻译句子时，可利用“提问和回答”的方式将一个个的括号连接起来。如上面的例句：Li Hui is a teacher (teaching English) (in Beijing) (which is the capital) (of China). 翻译时可先处理为：李辉是个老师。教什么的？教英语。在哪儿教？在北京。哪个北京？是那个首都。谁的首都？中国的首都。这样整个句子的意思就一目了然了。‎ Step 3: 调语序 ‎ 我们将Step 2中得到的“译文”再按照中文表达习惯进行一些调整，最终得到了一句地道的中文译文：“李辉是个在中国的首都北京教英语的老师。”或者“李辉是个老师，在中国的首都北京教英语。”事实上，由于大部分省市的高考都不考“英译中”，所以我们一般不必进行Step 3的操作，因为前两个步骤已经能够帮助我们准确理解英语句子了。‎ 真题演练 ‎ 由于所举例子比较简单，所以上文中的Step 2看起来或许有些多此一举。其实不然。现在我们来用一些高考题中出现过的长难句来试验上述方法，你会发现理解长难句竟变得如此轻而易举！‎ ‎【真题1】 The Department of Agriculture has programs aimed at developing more farmers and at increasing interest in locally grown food. (19词，来自2012年江苏卷阅读理解B篇)‎ Step1: 做标记 ‎ The Department (of Agriculture) has programs (aimed) (at developing more farmers) and (at increasing interest) (in locally grown food).‎ ‎ 实际操作过程如下：‎ ‎ 括号1：看到of，说明是介词短语，该介词短语到名词Agriculture结束。‎ ‎ 括号2：由于has是谓语动词形式，所以可判定句中第二个出现的动词aimed应为非谓语动词；由于该词后面紧接着出现了介词at，按照“一旦出现下一修饰成分，就果断将上一修饰成分结束掉”的原则，我们将aimed用括号单独括起来。‎ ‎ 括号3：看到at，说明是介词短语，该介词短语到名词farmers结束。‎ ‎ 方框1：and是并列词，该并列词的后面紧接着是由at引导的介词短语，为右并列项，因此左并列项应该同为at引导的介词短语at developing more framers。‎ ‎ 括号4：看到in，说明是介词短语，该介词短语到名词food结束。‎ ‎ 标记结束后，主干已经非常清晰了，即The Department has programs。‎ ‎ Step2: 做直译 ‎ ‎ 要理解这句话的意思，光知道主干还不够，其他部分代表了关键的细节信息，需要对句子大致进行翻译。根据“组件分析三步法”中所讲解的，要按照句子语序，对被标记后句子的每一小节挨个进行翻译，翻译时利用每小节的头一个单词进行提问和回答。The Department：这个部门；of Agriculture：什么的部门？农业的部门；has programs：有什么？有计划；aimed：针对什么的计划？针对……；at developing more farmers：针对发展更多的农民；and：以及什么？at increasing interest：针对提高利润；in locally grown food：哪方面的利润？本土出产的食物的利润。根据提问和回答后，我们大概理解了这句话的意思：农业部有针对发展更多农民和提高本土出产食物的利润的计划。‎ ‎ Step3: 调语序 ‎ 将句子语序调整后，得到更地道的译文：农业部已经制定了相关计划，以培养更多农民和提高本土出产的食物的利润。‎ ‎ 【真题2】‎ ‎ If you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out, you can go to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when come home, so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go. (41词，来自2012年山东卷阅读理解D篇)‎ ‎ Step1: 做标记 ‎ (If you started) (to dry clothes) (in the morning) and forgot (to take them out), you can go (to your phone) and restart your dryer (for the time) (when come home), (so your clothes are refreshed and ready) (to go).‎ 具体标记过程如下：‎ 括号1：If引导了条件状语从句，从if开始做标记。‎ 括号2：to dry clothes是非谓语中的不定式，故在to之前结束上一修饰成分。‎ 括号3：in引导介词短语，故结束上一修饰成分。该介词短语标记到名词morning结束。‎ 方框1：and为并列连词，紧跟其后的forgot是其右并列项，向前寻找结构相似的左并列项，发现是started。‎ 括号4：看见to，发现to your phone为非谓语中的不定式，标记到名词phone结束。‎ 方框2：and为并列连词。紧跟其后的restart是其右并列项，向前寻找结构相似的左并列项，发现是go。此处为谓语动词并列。‎ 括号5：for the time为介词短语，标记到名词time结束。‎ 括号6：when come home为定语从句，标记到逗号结束。‎ 括号7：so引导结果状语从句。‎ 括号8：to go为不定式。‎ ‎ Step2: 做直译 ‎ 参照被标记后的句子，按照句子语序一小节一小节进行提问和回答。If you started：如果什么？如果你开始；to dry clothes：去做什么？烘干衣服；in the morning：在什么时候？在早上；and：而且什么？forgot：而且忘了；to take them out：忘了做什么？把它们拿出来；you can go：你可以去；to your phone：去做什么？去(使用)你的电话；and；并做什么？restart your dryer：并重启你的烘干机；for the time：为了什么？为了这个时间； when come home：当什么时候？当回家的时候；so your clothes are refreshed and ready 这样就怎么了？这样你的衣服就被重新烘干并且准备好了；to go：准备好去做什么？去走(即已经准备好“出炉”了)。‎ ‎ Step3: 调语序 ‎ 将译文调整之后为：如果你早上开始烘干衣服并忘了把它们拿出来，那么你可以用手机重新启动烘干机，这样在你回到家的时候，衣服已经重新烘干并可以取出来了。‎ ‎ ‎ 以上讲解为大家演示了“组件分析三步法”的具体操作过程。“三长两短一并列”揭示了英语句子的组成规律，而“组件分析三步法”给出了快速破解长难句的重要方法。在教学实践中，中等水平的同学经过5~10篇高考阅读理解文章的训练，可以在1分钟内准确标注一篇文章(仅进行Step 1的标注训练，不要求理解)，用4~5分钟读懂一篇文章(Step 1 + Step 2)。遗憾的是，由于书面文字所限，无法像上课那样更为直观、生动地向大家展现这一操作过程。希望大家反复研读本文的讲解和例句，勇于实践，熟能生巧，迅速掌握这一方法，突破英语学习瓶颈。‎ 第二讲 句子的心脏：谓语动词 谓语动词=助动词+实义动词 ‎ I will go to Beijing.‎ I have had my lunch.‎ I have been informed the news.‎ I must work hard.‎ I love you.‎ He loves you.‎ Does he love you?‎ loves= does + love love = do + love I do love you.‎ I did love you.‎ 谓语动词= “助动词” + “实义动词” ‎ ‎ （时态、被动、虚拟、情态*） （意思） ‎ ‎ do类：do does did ‎ will类：will would (would=will+did) ‎ ‎ have类：have has had ‎ be类：am is are was were ‎ 助动词就是帮助谓语动词“变态”的词！‎ ‎1、正是在这些助动词的帮助下，一个谓语动词才能变出不同的形态，以表达时态、被动、虚拟、情态等含义。 ‎ ‎2、所以，时态、被动、虚拟、情态也可以叫做：四大“变态”含义； ‎ 英语是一门“变态”的语言！ ‎ 谓语动词的四大“变态”含义： ‎ ‎【时态】动词随“时间”（现在、过去、将来、过 去将来）、“状态” （一般、进行、完成、完成进行）的改变而发生的变态。 ‎ ‎【被动】表现“被动”含义的动词变态。 ‎ ‎【虚拟】“白纸黑字说假话”时的动词变态。 ‎ ‎【情态】表现各种“情感色彩”（如推测、命令、请求）的动词变态。{情态助动词}‎ 助动词的分类、含义、用法 ‎ 一、do类助动词：‎ ‎【成员】 do， does， did ‎ ‎【含义】 ‎ ‎ 表示“一般”“现在”“过去”等含义； ‎ ‎ 此外，did还用来表示“虚拟”含义。 ‎ ‎【用法】 ‎ do类助动词在陈述句中，往往和“实义动词”捏到一起，表示相应的时态含义 二、will类助动词：‎ ‎【成员】 ‎ ‎ will ， would ‎ ‎【含义】 ‎ ‎ 表示各种“将来” ‎ ‎【用法】‎ ‎ will类助动词后面紧跟的词要写成“原型”形式 三、have类助动词：‎ ‎【成员】 ‎ ‎ have ， has， had ‎ ‎【含义】 ‎ ‎ 表示各种“完成” ‎ ‎【用法】‎ ‎ have 类助动词后面紧跟的词要写成“过去分词”形式。‎ 三、be类助动词：‎ ‎【成员】 ‎ ‎ am , is , are , was， were ‎ ‎【含义&用法】 ‎ ‎ 后面接“doing”，表示“进行” ‎ ‎ I am teaching English. ‎ ‎ 后面接“done”，表示“被动” ‎ ‎ I was moved by the story. ‎ ‎【小结】‎ 一、do类 ：现在、过去、虚拟 ‎ 二、will类： 将来 ‎ 三、have类：完成 ‎ 四、be类 ： 进行、被动 ‎ 请写出employ这个词的“过去将来完成进行时的被动语态的否定形式”： ‎ ‎ 过去 将来 完成 进行 被动 + 实义动词 ‎ ‎= did will have be be + employ ‎= would have been being+ employed ‎【例句】‎ ‎“我告诉过他，到今年年底为止，我已经被新东方雇佣了6年了” ‎ ‎ I told him that I would not have been being employed by New‎ Oriental ‎School for 6 years until the end of this year.‎ 考点1：“时态”+“被动” ‎ 一、可以一句话解决的时态题 ‎ 一般现在时：“经常…”/“真的…”/“老做某事” ‎ ‎ （强调“永恒性”、”真实性”和“反复性”） ‎ 一般过去时：“当时…” ‎ ‎ （强调该动作 “当时的时间、地点、人物、方式”)‎ 现在完成时：“已经…” ‎ ‎ （不强调动作本身，只强调结果或影响） ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【例1】Every few years, the coal workers______ their lungs X-rayed to ensure their health.‎ A. are having B. have 强调“永恒性”或“反复性” ‎ C. have had D. had had ‎ ‎ 主 谓 宾 补 ‎ 句型：“A have/make + B + doing/done/adj” ‎ ‎ （A 使 B 如何如何… ） ‎ ‎【例2】（2011安徽） ‎ ‎- I didn't ask for the name list. Why ________on my desk? ‎ ‎- I put it there just now in case you needed it. ‎ A. does it land ‎ B. has it landed ‎ C. will it land ‎ D. had it landed ‎ ‎【例3】Walmart, which is one of the largest American supermarket chains, ________ some of its store open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays. （2012安徽） ‎ A. keeps B. keep ‎ C. have kept D. had kept ‎ 主 谓 宾 补 ‎ 句型：“A keep + B + doing/done/adj” ‎ ‎ （A 保持 B 如何如何… ） ‎ ‎【例4】 （2008北京） ‎ ‎- Have you read a book called Waiting for Anya? ‎ ‎- Who ________ it? ‎ A. writes ‎ B. has written ‎ C. wrote 强调“当时写书的人” ‎ D. had written ‎【例5】（2009北京3） Scientists have many theories about how the universe ________ into being. ‎ A. came ‎ B. was coming ‎ C. had come ‎ D. would come ‎【例6】 （2009北京7）The way the guests ________ in the hotel influenced their evaluation of the service. ‎ A. treated ‎ B. were treated ‎ C. would treat ‎ D. would be treated ‎ ‎【例7】 （2007福建10）Danny ________ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular. ‎ A. works ‎ B. is working ‎ C. has worked ‎ D. worked ‎【例8】（2008福建5）So far this year we ________ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent. ‎ A. saw ‎ B. see C. had seen ‎ D. have seen ‎ ‎【例9】（2009福建11）According to the literary review, Shakespeare ________ his characters live through their language in his plays. ‎ A. will make ‎ B. had made ‎ C. was making ‎ D. makes ‎【例10】I like these English songs and they ________many times on the radio. ‎ A. taught ‎ B. have taught ‎ C. are taught ‎ D. have been taught ‎ 一、可以一句话解决的时态题 ‎ 过去完成时：发生在一个一般过去时动作之前的动作 ‎ ‎ （找“参照物”） ‎ 过去将来时：“对过去某一时间点来说，是将来” ‎ ‎ （找“参照物”） ‎ ‎【例1】It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they ____ for me.(10北京)‎ A. had done.‎ B. did ‎ C. would do ‎ D. were doing ‎ ‎【例2】‎ ‎-Were you surprised by the ending of the film? ‎ ‎-No , I________ the book ,so I already knew the story. ‎ A. was reading ‎ B. had read ‎ C. am reading ‎ D. have read ‎ ‎【例3】 They became friends again that day. Until then, they _______ to each other for nearly two years. （07安徽） ‎ A. didn't speak ‎ B. hadn't spoken ‎ C. haven't spoken ‎ D. haven't been speaking ‎ ‎【例4】（2010湖南11）I walked slowly through the market, where people ________ all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed. ‎ A. sell ‎ B. were selling ‎ C. had sold ‎ D. have sold ‎ ‎【例5】（2011湖南7）In 1492, Columbus ________ on one of the Bahama Islands, but get mistook it for an island off India. ‎ A. lands ‎ B. landed ‎ C. has landed ‎ D. had landed ‎ ‎【例6】（2007江苏3）At the end of the meeting, it was announced that an agreement________. ‎ A. has been reached ‎ B. had been reached ‎ C. has reached ‎ D. had reached ‎【例7】（2011上海10）Did you predict that many students ________ up for the dance competition? ‎ A. would sign ‎ B. signed ‎ C. have signed ‎ D. had signed ‎ ‎【例8】（2008四川7）The telephone _______, but by the time I got indoors, it stopped. ‎ A. had rung ‎ B. was ringing ‎ C. rings ‎ D. has rung ‎ ‎【例9】（2008浙江5）I don't believe you've already finished reading the book — I _______it to you this morning! ‎ A. would lend ‎ B. was lending ‎ C. had lent ‎ D. lent ‎ ‎【例10】 （2007北京12）I got caught in the rain and my suit ________. ‎ A. has ruined ‎ B. had ruined ‎ C. has been ruined ‎ D. had been ruined ‎ ‎【例11】 （2011北京21）Experiments of this kind ______ in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War.‎ A. have conducted ‎ B. have been conducted ‎ C. had conducted ‎ D. had been conducted ‎ ‎【例12】（2011天津4）On the next birthday. Ann ________ married for twenty years. ‎ A. is ‎ B. has been ‎ C. will be ‎ D. will have been ‎ ‎【例13】 （2011江苏3）- Tommy is planning to buy a car. - I know. By next month, he________ enough for a used one. ‎ A. saves ‎ B. saved ‎ C. will save ‎ D. will have saved ‎ 二、其它时态 ‎ 各种进行时： ‎ ‎1、强调各时间点上动作的“正在”、“未完成” ‎ ‎2、表达强烈情感 （”总是”）； ‎ 现在完成进行时：一个动作到现在为止“进行了一段时间”或“已经做了一段时间而且还在做”。 ‎ 过去完成进行时：一个动作到过去某一时间点为止“进行了一段时间”或“已经做了一段时间而且还在做”。 ‎ ‎【例1】我已经学英语4年了。‎ ‎（现在 + 完成 + 进行）+ 实义动词 ‎ = （do + have + be）+ learn ‎ ‎ = have been learning ‎ ‎【解答】 ‎ I have been learning English for 4 years.‎ ‎【例2】（2012湖南35）All the scientific evidence ________ that increasing use of chemicals in farming ________ damaging our health. ‎ A. show；are ‎ B. shows；are ‎ C. show；is ‎ D. shows；is ‎ ‎【例3】 （2008江苏13）-I'm sure Adrew will win the first prize in the final. -I think so. He ________ for it for months. ‎ A. is preparing ‎ B. was preparing ‎ C. had been preparing ‎ D. has been preparing ‎ ‎【例4】 （2009江苏5）- Hi, Terry, can I use your computer for a while this afternoon? - Sorry. ________. ‎ A. It's repaired ‎ B. It has been repaired ‎ C. It's being repaired ‎ D. It had been repaired ‎ ‎【例5】（2007江西11）-I have got a headache. -No wonder. You ________in front of that computer too long. ‎ A. work ‎ B. are working ‎ C. have been working ‎ D. worked ‎ ‎【例6】 （2008辽宁9） ‎ ‎- Have you got any job offers? ‎ ‎-No. I ________. ‎ A. waited ‎ B. had been waiting ‎ C. have waited ‎ D. am waiting ‎ ‎【例7】（2007全国II10） ‎ ‎- Is there anything wrong. Bob? You look sad. ‎ ‎- Oh, nothing much. In fact, I ________ of my friends back home. ‎ A. have just thought ‎ B. was just thinking ‎ C. would just think ‎ D. will just be thinking ‎ ‎【例8】 （2012陕西14）-Can I call you back at two o'clock this afternoon? -I'm sorry，but by then I ________ to Beijing. How about five? ‎ A. fly ‎ B. will fly ‎ C. will be flying ‎ D. am flying ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【例9】（2009上海12）During the period of recent terrorist activities, people ________ not to touch any unattended bag. ‎ A. had always been warned ‎ B. were always being warned ‎ C. are always warning ‎ D. always warned ‎ ‎【例10】（2009安徽3）Daniel's family ________ their holiday in Huangshan this time next week. ‎ A. are enjoying ‎ B. are to enjoy ‎ C. will enjoy ‎ D. will be enjoying ‎ ‎【例11】 （2010福建11）- Guess what, we've got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer. ‎ ‎- How nice! You ________ a different culture then. ‎ A. will be experiencing ‎ B. have experienced ‎ C. have been experiencing ‎ D. will have experienced ‎ ‎【例12】（2012辽宁）I feel so excited！At this time tomorrow morning I ______ to Shanghai. ‎ A. will be flying ‎ B. will fly ‎ C. have been flying ‎ D. have flown ‎ 二、其它时态 ‎ 一般将来时： ‎ ‎1、be going to do 强调主观计划准备做某事 ‎ ‎2、will do 某事会发生 ‎ ‎3、be to do/be about to do立刻、马上 ‎ ‎4、祈使句+ and + you will … ‎ ‎ （这样…/那么…） ‎ ‎5、祈使句+ or + you will … ‎ ‎ （否则…） ‎ ‎【例1】你会被他的热情震撼到。‎ ‎ （将来 + 被动）+ 实义动词 ‎= （will + be）+ shock ‎ ‎= will be shocked ‎ ‎【解答】‎ You will be shocked by his passion. ‎ ‎【例2】（2009江苏2）- Ann is in hospital. - Oh, really? I ________ know. I________ go and visit her. ‎ A. didn't; am going to ‎ B. don't; would ‎ C. don't; will ‎ D. didn't; will ‎ ‎【例3】（2007江西15）-Ouch! You hurt me! -I am sorry. But I ________any harm. I ________to drive a rat out. ‎ A. didn't mean; tried ‎ B. don't mean; am trying ‎ C. haven't meant; tried ‎ D. didn't mean; was trying ‎ ‎【例4】（2011安徽6）- What do you think of store shopping in the future? ‎ ‎- Personally, I think it will exist along with home shopping but ________. ‎ A. will never replace ‎ B. would never replace ‎ C. will never be replaced ‎ D. would never be replaced ‎ ‎【例5】 （2007北京4）- How can I apply for an online course? - Just fill out this form and we ________ what we can do for you. ‎ A. see ‎ B. are seeing ‎ C. have seen ‎ D. will see ‎ ‎【例6】 （2012北京22）By the time you have finished this book, your meal ______ cold. ‎ A. gets ‎ B. has got ‎ C. will get ‎ D. is getting ‎ ‎【例7】 （2012湖南25）Close the door of fear behind you, and you ________ the door of faith open before you. ‎ A. saw ‎ B. have seen C. will see ‎ D. are seeing ‎ ‎【例8】（2009陕西2）Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, ________visit Beijing this summer. ‎ A. is going to ‎ B. are going to ‎ C. was going to ‎ D. were going to ‎ ‎【例9】（2009四川17）The teacher together with the students ________ discussing Reading Skills that ________newly published in America. ‎ A. are; were ‎ B. is; were ‎ C. are; was ‎ D. is; was ‎ 二、其它时态 ‎ 一般将来时： ‎ ‎6、“时间表”用一般现在时表将来 ‎ ‎ (车、船、飞机、上课、开始营业…) ‎ ‎7、“位移动词”用现在进行时表将来 ‎ ‎ come; go; leave; arrive; begin; start; die ‎8、“时间从句、条件从句”的——‎ ‎ “主将从现”/“主情从现”/“主祈从现” ‎ ‎【例1】 （2008北京9）No decision ________ about any future appointment until all the candidates have been interviewed. ‎ A. will be made ‎ B. is made ‎ C. is being made ‎ D. has been made ‎ ‎【例2】（2008湖南15）- Do you have any problems if you ________ this job? - Well, I'm thinking about the salary… ‎ A. offer B. will offer ‎ C. are offered ‎ D. will be offered ‎ ‎【例3】（2011湖南14）In the near future, more advances in the robot technology ________ by scientists. ‎ A. are making ‎ B. are made ‎ C. will make ‎ D. will be made ‎ ‎【例4】 （2012湖南22）Don't worry. The hard work that you do now ________ later in life. ‎ A. will be repaid ‎ B. was being repaid ‎ C. has been repaid ‎ D. was repaid ‎ ‎【例5】 （2012湖南27）“The moment ________ soon,” he thought to himself, waiting nervously. ‎ A. came ‎ B. has come ‎ C. was coming ‎ D. is coming ‎ ‎【例6】 （2011辽宁8）I'll go to the library as soon as I finish what I_________. ‎ A. was doing ‎ B. am doing ‎ C. have done ‎ D. had been doing ‎ ‎【例7】（2008全国II9）If their marketing plans succeed, they ________ their sales by 20 percent. ‎ A. will increase ‎ B. have been increasing ‎ C. have increased ‎ D. would be increasing ‎ ‎【例8】（2011全国II）If you don't like the drink you ______, just leave it and try a different one. ‎ A. ordered ‎ B. are ordering ‎ C. will order ‎ D. had ordered ‎ 考点2：“时态”+“虚拟” ‎ ‎【例1】我希望我是一只鸟 ‎ ‎“I wish I am a bird.”‎ am + did = were ‎【解答】‎ I wish I were a bird.‎ ‎【总结】“一般现在时的虚拟”‎ ‎【例2】我要是早看过这篇文章就好了。‎ ‎ （过去 + 虚拟） + 实义动词 ‎=（did + did）+ read ‎ ‎= had read ‎ ‎【解答】‎ If only I had read this article before!‎ ‎【总结】“一般过去时”的虚拟 ‎【例3】我希望我将来能登上月球。‎ ‎ （将来+ 虚拟） + 实义动词 ‎=（will + did）+ go ‎ ‎= would go ‎ ‎【解答】‎ I wish I would go to the moon.‎ ‎【总结】“一般将来时”的虚拟 ‎【虚拟语气十大常见考点】‎ ‎1、But for + sth ，+主语 + 谓语虚拟 ‎ ‎ （要不是…） ‎ ‎2、Without + sth, + 主语 + 谓语虚拟 ‎ ‎ （要是没有…） ‎ ‎3、If only + 主语 + 谓语虚拟 ‎ ‎ （要是…就好了！） ‎ ‎4、Would you mind + 主语 + 谓语虚拟 ‎ ‎ （您介不介意某人做某事？） ‎ ‎【虚拟语气十大常见考点】‎ ‎5、主句 + as if/as though + 主语 + 谓语虚拟 ‎ ‎ （就好像某人做了/要做某事） ‎ ‎6、主语A would rather + 主语B + 谓语虚拟 ‎ ‎ （宁愿、真希望…） ‎ ‎7、It’s high time that sb did/should do sth. ‎ ‎ （到了某人做某事的时间了） ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎8、It is necessary that sb (should) do sth.‎ ‎9、It is + strange/surprising that sb should do sth. (竟然)‎ ‎10、主语A + 坚持/命令/建议/要求 + (that) +‎ ‎ 主语B + should do sth.‎ 一坚持：insist ‎ 二命令：order command （recommend 建议） ‎ 三建议： advise propose suggest 四要求：demand require request ask ‎【例1】 （2009安徽14）But for their help，we ________the program in time. ‎ A. can't finish ‎ B. will not finish ‎ C. had not finished ‎ D. could not have finished ‎ ‎【例2】 （2012北京35）Don't handle the vase as if it ______ made of steel. ‎ A. is ‎ B. were ‎ C. has been ‎ D. had been ‎ ‎【例3】 （2009福建15）But for the help of my English teacher, I________ the first prize in the English Writing Competition. ‎ A. would not win ‎ B. would not have won ‎ C. would win ‎ D. would have won ‎ ‎【例4】（2010福建9）Teachers recommend parents ________ their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety. ‎ A. not allow ‎ B. do not allow ‎ C. mustn't allow ‎ D. couldn't allow ‎ ‎【例5】 （2012福建31）We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we ________ more places of interest yesterday. ‎ A. visited ‎ B. had visited ‎ C. would visit ‎ D. would have visited ‎ ‎【例6】 （2011江西8）We ________John's name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury. ‎ A. will put ‎ B. will have put ‎ C. would put ‎ D. would have put ‎ ‎【例7】（2011福建14）- Play you missed the lecture on nuclear pollution. - I ________ it, but I was busy preparing for a job interview. ‎ A. attended ‎ B. had attended ‎ C. would attend ‎ D. would have attended ‎ ‎【例8】（2011天津15）I ________sooner but I didn't know that they were waiting for me. ‎ A. had come ‎ B. was coming ‎ C. would come ‎ D. would have come 本来会做某事 ‎ ‎“虚拟语气”最常见考点：虚拟主从句 ‎ ‎ 虚拟主句+虚拟从句 ‎ ‎ 加did ‎ ‎ 真实主句+真实从句 § 真实从句中 过去：did 现在：do 将来：will 真实主句中： ‎ 过去：would do 现在/将来：will do ‎ § 虚拟从句中： ‎ ú à had done ‎ ú à did/were ‎ ú à should do/ were to do ‎ § 虚拟主句中： ‎ ú àwould/could/should/might+ have done ‎ ú àwould/could/should/might + do ‎ ‎【例1】（2002上海）It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ____ in love at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.‎ A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall ‎【例2】（2012安徽31）Grace doesn't want to move to New York because she thinks if she ________ there, she wouldn't be able to see her parents very often. ‎ A. lives ‎ B. would live ‎ C. has lived ‎ D. were to live ‎ ‎【例3】 （2012湖南29）Sorry, I am too busy now. If I ________ time, I would certainly go for an outing with you. ‎ A. have had ‎ B. had had ‎ C. have ‎ D. had ‎ ‎【例4】 （2010北京14）- The weather has been very hot and dry. - Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now! And my vegetables ______. ‎ A. wouldn't die ‎ B. didn't die ‎ C. hadn't died ‎ D. wouldn't have died ‎ ‎【例5】（2012陕西7）If my car ________ more reliable，I would have driven to Lhasa instead of flying last summer. ‎ A. was ‎ B. had been ‎ C. should be ‎ D. would be ‎ ‎【例6】 （2012天津15）We would have called a taxi yesterday if Harold ________ us a ride home. ‎ A. didn't offer ‎ B. wouldn't offer ‎ C. hasn't offered ‎ D. hadn't offered ‎ ‎【例7】（2010浙江10）Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy ________. ‎ A. would have been saved ‎ B. had been saved ‎ C. will be saved ‎ D. was saved ‎ ‎【例8】 （2010天津15）- John went to the hospital alone. - If he ________me about it, I would have gone with him. ‎ A. should tell ‎ B. tells ‎ C. told ‎ D. had told ‎ ‎【总结】‎ 谓语动词题做题步骤： ‎ Step1: 看选项，发现是谓语动词题 ‎ Step2: 判断是否为“虚拟”（凭句型、凭句意） ‎ Step3: 判断是否为“被动”（凭句意） ‎ Step4: 判断时间（过、现、将）、状态（进、完） ‎ ‎ （优先凭句意，时间状语可供参考） ‎ 第三讲 句子的骨架：主干句型 谓语动词= “助动词” + “实义动词” ‎ ‎ （时态、被动、虚拟、情态）（意思） ‎ 时态：动词随“时间”（现在、过去、将来、过 去将来）、“状态”（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）的改变而发生的变态。【do/will/have/be】‎ 被动：表现“被动”含义的动词变态。【be】‎ 虚拟：“白纸黑字说假话”时的动词变态。【did】‎ 情态：表现不同“情感色彩”（如肯定、否定、推测、可能性、命令、请求等）的动词变态。【情态助动词】 ‎ ‎ 句子 = 主干部分 + 修饰部分 ‎ ‎ I love you（in my heart）.‎ 主干部分= 主语部分 + 谓语部分 ‎ ‎ “什么” “怎么了”‎ ‎ ‎ 句子的主角 对主角的描述 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 五大基本句型 ‎ 主谓 ‎ 主谓宾 ‎ 主谓宾宾 ‎ 主谓宾补 ‎ 主系表 ‎ ‎ 五大变态句型 ‎ 倒装 ‎ 强调 ‎ 省略 ‎ 祈使 ‎ 感叹 ‎ ‎“变态”是英语语法的一大特点！ ‎ 五大基本句型：‎ 主谓 I come.‎ 主谓宾 I love you.‎ 主谓宾宾 I give you my heart.‎ 主谓宾补 You make me happy.‎ 主系表 You were my everything.‎ 五大基本句型：‎ 主谓 I come. (vi)‎ 主谓宾 I love you. (vt)‎ 主系表 You were my everything.‎ 五大基本句型：‎ 主谓宾宾 I give you my heart.‎ 主谓宾补 ‎ You make me happy.‎ You make me your friend. ‎ ‎ 【难点总结】 ‎ 宾语补足语：补充说明宾语的“性质”，以使句意完整。（和宾语本身有关系） ‎ 双宾语：两宾语本身一般没什么关系，靠谓语动词建立关系。 ‎ 表语：主语的“表现”，亦称为“主语补足语”，由系动词将其和主语连起来。 ‎ 五大基本句型：‎ 主谓 I come.‎ 主谓宾 I love you.‎ 主谓宾宾 I give you my heart.‎ 主谓宾补 You make me happy.‎ 主系表 You were my everything.‎ 学完之后有什么用呢？其实，也没什么用。他不会专门出一道题，问你这句话是主谓宾还是主系表，但是，英语里面有很多问题都要以这五大基本句型为基础。比如说，我们马上要谈到的五大变态句型，比如说从句，都跟五大基本句型有关。所以我们花了一点点时间，给大家做了一个梳理，目的就是让大家先“认识”这些最基本的句型，为后面的快速学习做一个准备。那么大家是否认识了这些句型呢？下面，我们一起看一些稍长一点的句子，看看它们各自都是在哪一种基本句型的基础上发展起来的。‎ ‎ 【例句】 ‎ LiHui is a teacher teaching English in Beijing which is the capital of China.‎ And that government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth.‎ Singing and laughing, we headed to the park. ‎ ‎ 【例句】 ‎ I’ve finished reading the book which is written by Mo Yan and which you lent me last month. ‎ They will be able to clear away the mystery of mathematics and face their studies with more confidence than they ever imagined.‎ ‎ 【例句】 ‎ The Department of Agriculture has programs aimed at developing more farmers and at increasing interest in locally grown food. ‎ ‎ 【例句】 ‎ If you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out, you can go to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when come home, so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go . ‎ ‎ 【例句】 ‎ Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. ‎ ‎ 【例句】（2012北京）‎ A new review based on a research shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages, causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative consequences of a decision.‎ ‎ 【例句】（2012北京）‎ This phenomenon is likely not surprising to anyone who has tried to resist eating cookies or smoking a cigarette while under stress –at those moments, only the pleasure associated with such activities comes to mind. ‎ ‎ 【例句】（2012全国2）‎ A woman's smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child. ‎ ‎ 【例句】（2012全国2）‎ The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not experience emotions. ‎ 五大变态句型： ‎ ‎ 倒装 ‎ ‎ 强调 ‎ ‎ 省略 ‎ ‎ 感叹 ‎ ‎ 祈使 倒装句复习 ‎ 变态句型之一：倒装句 主干部分 ‎ ‎= 主语部分 + 谓语部分 ‎ ‎= 主语部分 +（助动词+实义动词） ‎ ‎= 正常语序、陈述语序、正装… …‎ 什么是倒装？ ‎ ‎“主谓颠倒”即为倒装！ ‎ ‎（2006四川）At the foot of the mountain __________.‎ A. a village lies 正常语序 ‎ B. lies a village “完全倒装” ‎ C. does a village lie “部分倒装”（半倒装） ‎ D. lying a village 没有谓语动词，优先排除掉 ‎ ‎ 注：一个单句中有且只有一个谓语动词，当需要使用第二个动词时，要么用从句，要么用非谓语动词。 ‎ 三种“语序”： ‎ ‎1、“正常语序”= 主语+谓语 ‎ ‎2、“完全倒装”= 谓语+主语（全倒） ‎ 即谓语动词“整个儿”挪到主语前面 ‎ ‎3、“部分倒装”=助动词+主语+实义动词（半倒） ‎ 即谓语动词的“一部分”——“助动词”挪到主语前面 ‎ ‎1、“正常语序”=主语+谓语 ‎ Patience matters .‎ Time tries all.‎ Experience must be bought.‎ All things come to those who wait.‎ All things are difficult before they are easy.‎ The darkest hour is that before the down.‎ ‎2、“完全倒装”=谓语+主语 ‎ Here comes the bus.‎ Here are some suggestions for you.‎ By the table sits a foreign boy.‎ Between the two weird buildings stands a tree.‎ Across the river lies a bridge.‎ At the foot of the mountain lies a village.‎ ‎3、“半倒装”=助动词+主语+谓语 ‎ Little did I know about it before.‎ Not until recent years have we realized the importance of environmental protection.‎ By no means shall we give up trying.‎ Only in this way can we have a better relationship with the nature.‎ So delicate does the nature seem that we should do something to protect it. ‎ 为什么会有倒装？ ‎ 当想要强调句子中的地点词、否定词、形容词、副词、“只有…”时，可以将被强调的部分置于句首，同时“主谓颠倒”。 ‎ ‎【结论1】倒装的目的是为了“强调”。 ‎ ‎【结论2】倒装的关键在于“句首”。 ‎ ‎【结论3】 “全倒装”和“半倒装”的区别在于被“强调”的东西不一样。 ‎ 完全倒装 ‎ 规则：地点、方位词放在句首时，完全倒装 ‎ ‎(up, down, here, there, in, out, away, in the park)‎ 例句：By the table sits a foreign boy.‎ 例句：Here comes the bus. ‎ 例句：There is a boy in the picture.‎ There be句型本质上就是完全倒装！ ‎ 规则：地点、方位词放在句首时，完全倒装 ‎ ‎(up, down, here, there, in, out, away, in the park)‎ 例句：By the table sits a foreign boy.‎ 例句：Here comes the bus. ‎ 例句：There is a boy in the picture.‎ ‎【练习】‎ Linda went home.‎ àHome went Linda.‎ The thief ran away when the police came.‎ àAway ran the thief when the police came. ‎ 规则：地点、方位词放在句首时，完全倒装 ‎ ‎(up, down, here, there, in, out, away, in the park)‎ 例句：By the table sits a foreign boy.‎ 例句：Here comes the bus. ‎ 例句：There is a boy in the picture.‎ ‎【练习】‎ All things come to those who wait.‎ àTo those who wait come all things. ‎ 翻译：我的心里只有你，没有她.‎ àIn my heart lives nobody but you.‎ 规则：地点、方位词放在句首时，完全倒装 ‎ ‎【例题】‎ ‎（2006四川）At the foot of the mountain __________.‎ A. a village lies ‎ B. lies a village ‎ C. does a village lie ‎ D. lying a village ‎ ‎【小规则1】Now 和 Then置于句首，有时也全倒装。 ‎ 原句：Your turn comes now.‎ 例句：Now comes your turn. ‎ ‎【练习】‎ The king came then.‎ àThen came the king. ‎ ‎【小规则2】主语是代词时，不倒装。 ‎ 给你：Here you are!‎ 我们都齐了：Here we are!‎ 在这里、给你：Here it is!‎ Here comes the bus.‎ Out ran the children.‎ Now comes your turn.‎ Then came the boss.‎ By the table sits a foreign boy.‎ ‎ Across the river lies a bridge.‎ To those who wait come all things.‎ In my heart lives nobody but you. ‎ At the foot of the mountain lies a village. ‎ 规则：地点、方位词放在句首时，完全倒装 ‎ ‎【练习】‎ ‎（06上海）Just in front of our house ___ with a history of 1,000 years.‎ A. does a tall tree stand B. stands a tall tree C. a tall tree is standing D. a tall tree stands ‎ 规则：地点、方位词放在句首时，完全倒装 ‎ ‎【练习】‎ In the dark forests_______, some large enough to hold several English towns.‎ A. stand many lakes B. lie many lakes C. many lakes lie D. many lakes stand 部分倒装 ‎ ‎（1）“否定词”置于句首时用“部分倒装” ‎ ‎（no, not, never, hardly, seldom, few, little, ‎ ‎ by no means =on no account= at no time） ‎ I know little about it à Little did I know about it.‎ We shall never give up trying.‎ à Never shall we give up trying.‎ à By no means shall we give up trying.‎ Step1：否定词提前 ‎ Step2：助动词提前 ‎ ‎（1）“否定词”置于句首时用“部分倒装” ‎ ‎【四大加分句型之一】Hardly … when …‎ 含义：一…就… ‎ 用法：Hardly+半倒装+when+陈述句 ‎ 考法：Hardly+had sb done+when+sb did ‎ （过去完成时） （一般过去时） ‎ Hardly had he got out of the court when the reporters raised a lot of questions ‎ to him. ‎ ‎（1）“否定词”置于句首时用“部分倒装” ‎ ‎【四大加分句型之二】No sooner … than …‎ 含义：一…就…‎ 用法：No sooner+半倒装+than+陈述句 ‎ 考法：No sooner+had sb done+than+sb did ‎ （过去完成时） （一般过去时） ‎ No sooner had he got out of the court than the reporters raised a lot of questions to him. ‎ ‎（1）“否定词”置于句首时用“部分倒装” ‎ ‎【四大加分句型之三】 Not only … but(also) …‎ 含义：不但…而且…‎ 用法：Not only+半倒装+but(also)+陈述句 ‎ Not only can Tom sing so well, but all his family are excellent singers.‎ Not only will I visit Hongkong, but I will go to Macao as well. ‎ ‎（1）“否定词”置于句首时用“部分倒装” ‎ ‎【四大加分句型之四】 Not until … , …‎ 含义：直到…才…‎ 用法：Not until + 陈述句 + 半倒装句 ‎ Not until I came home last night did Mum go to bed. ‎ Mum did not go to bed until I came home last night. ‎ ‎（1）“否定词”置于句首时用“部分倒装” ‎ ‎【四大加分句型】 ‎ 前倒后不倒： ‎ Hardly 半倒 when 陈述 “一… 就 …” ‎ No sooner 半倒 than 陈述 “一… 就 …”‎ Not only 半倒 but(also)陈述“不但…而且…”‎ 前不倒后倒： ‎ Not until 陈述 , 半倒 “知道…才…” ‎ 技巧：带连词的不倒，不带连词的倒！ ‎ ‎（1）“否定词”置于句首时用“部分倒装” ‎ ‎【练习1】‎ Not until I shouted at the top of my voice _______ his head.‎ A. that he turned B. did he turn C. he didn’t turn D. he had turn ‎ ‎【练习2】‎ Not only ____ interested in football but _____ beginning to show an interest in it. ‎ A. the teacher himself is; all his students are B. the teacher himself is; are all his students C. is the teacher himself; are all his students D. is the teacher himself; all his students are ‎【练习3】‎ Never in my wildest dreams____ these people are living in such poor conditions. ‎ A. I could imagine B. could I imagine C. I couldn’t imagine D. couldn’t I imagine ‎【练习4】‎ Not until all the fish died in the river ________ how serious the pollution was.‎ A. did the villagers realized B. the villagers realized C. the villagers did realize D. didn’t the villagers realize ‎ ‎（2）“only+状语”置于句首时用“半倒” ‎ Only then can I have the chance to realize my dreams.‎ Only in this way can you achieve great success in the future.‎ Only by doing some down-to-earth work shall we solve all the problems.‎ Only when you be more outgoing can you make more close friends.‎ Only if you start to communicate with us can we know more about you. ‎ ‎【练习1】‎ Only then ____ how much money had been wasted. ‎ A. she realized B. she had realized C. had she realized D. did she realize ‎ ‎【练习2】‎ Only after my friend came _____ .‎ A. did the computer repair B. he repaired the computer C. was the computer repaired D. the computer was repaired ‎ ‎【练习3】（2006浙江） ‎ ‎________ by keeping down costs will Power Data hold its advantage over other companies.‎ A. Only B. Just ‎ C. Still D. Yet ‎ ‎（3）“so…that”和“such..that..”的半倒 ‎ 含义：如此…以至于… （强调“程度”） ‎ 用法：so + adj/adv +半倒+that+陈述 ‎ ‎ such + n + 半倒+ that+陈述 ‎ So delicate does the nature seem that we should do something to protect it. ‎ So fast does he run that we cannot catch up with him.‎ Such fine weather is it that we are going for a picnic.‎ ‎【练习1】‎ So sudden ____ that the enemy had no time to escape.‎ A. did the attack B. the attack did C. was the attack D. the attack was ‎ ‎【练习2】‎ So fast _____ that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.‎ A. light travel B. travels the light C. do light travel D. does light travel ‎ ‎【练习3】（07陕西） ‎ ‎____________ that Marie was able to set up new branches elsewhere.‎ A. So successful her business was B. So successful was her business C. So her business was successful D. So was her successful business ‎ ‎（4）“虚拟主从句”中的半倒装 ‎ If it had rained last week, the crops wouldn't have died.‎ ‎（主过将完从过完） ‎ 第一步:去掉if 第二步:变半倒装 à 助动词提前 ‎ ‎ （had/were/should） ‎ Had it rained last week, the crops wouldn’t have died.‎ ‎【练习1】‎ Were it not for the snowy weather, we ________ all right.‎ A. would be B. would have done C. were D. may be ‎（主过将从过）‎ ‎【练习2】‎ ‎_____ for your laziness, you could have finished the assignment by now.‎ A. Had it not been B. Weren’t ‎ C. It were not D. Had not it been ‎ ‎（5）“两倒一不倒” ‎ ‎1、A likes English. So does B.‎ A喜欢英语，B也喜欢英语。(两者)‎ ‎2、A does not like English. Neither / Nor is B.‎ A不喜欢英语，B也不喜欢。（两者） ‎ ‎3、A likes English. So he does.‎ A喜欢英语，他的确很喜欢英语。（一者）‎ ‎【练习1】‎ If Joe’s wife won’t go to the party,______________.‎ A. he will either B. neither will he C. he neither will D. neither he will ‎ ‎【练习2】（05全国II） ‎ Mary never does any reading in the evening, _____________.‎ A. so does John B. John does too C. John doesn’t too D. nor does John ‎ ‎【练习3】‎ Maggie had a wonderful time at the party. ___________________.‎ A. So she had B. So had she C. So she did D. So did she ‎（6）“尽管”倒装 ‎ ‎【尽管】although; though Although he is young, he has written many popular books.‎ à Young as/though he is, he has written many books. ‎ 注意： ‎ ‎1. 强调部分提前，although 变 “as”.‎ ‎2. 可以强调名、形、动、副四种词.‎ ‎3. 仅适用于“主谓”和“主系表”. ‎ ‎（1）Although he is a little boy, he has written many popular books. ‎ 强调名词à Little boy as/though he is, he has written many books. ‎ ‎（2）Although he is handsome, he lacks confidence.‎ 强调形容词àHandsome as/though he is, he lacks confidence. ‎ ‎（3）Although he might try, he failed in the race.‎ 强调动词à Try as/though he might, he failed in the race.‎ ‎（4）Although he runs fast, he failed in the race.‎ 强调副词àFast as/though he runs, he failed in the race. ‎ ‎【练习1】‎ Unsatisfied _____ with the payment, he took the job just to get some experience.‎ A. though was he B. though he was C. he was though D. was he though ‎ ‎【练习2】‎ ‎______, he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class.‎ A. A quiet student as he may be B. Quiet student as he may be C. Be a student as he may D. Quiet as he may be a student ‎ 基础知识 和 解题技巧总结 ‎ ‎“倒装”基础知识 ‎ 完全倒装（全倒） ‎ ‎ = 谓语+主语 ‎ ‎1、地点、方位词 ‎ ‎3、now/then 注意： ‎ 主语是代词时不用倒 ‎ 部分倒装（半倒） ‎ ‎ = 助动词+主语+实义动词 ‎ ‎1、否定词置于句首，半倒 ‎ ‎2、only+状语放句首，半倒 ‎ ‎3、so+a/ad放句首，半倒 ‎ ‎ such+n 放句首，半倒 ‎ ‎4、虚拟主从句中的半倒装 ‎ ‎5、“两倒一不倒” ‎ ‎6、“尽管”倒装 ‎“半倒装九大加分句型” ‎ 前倒后不倒： ‎ Hardly 半倒 when 陈述（一… 就 …） ‎ No sooner 半倒 than 陈述（一… 就 …） ‎ Not only 半倒 but(also)陈述（不但…而且…） ‎ So+adj/adv+半倒+that+陈述（如此…以至于） ‎ Such +n. +半倒+that+陈述（如此…以至于） ‎ 技巧：带连词的不倒，不带连词的倒 ‎“半倒装九大加分句型” ‎ 前不倒后倒： ‎ Not until 陈述 , 半倒（直到…才…） ‎ Only when陈述，半倒（只有当…才…） ‎ Only if 陈述，半倒（只有如果…才…） ‎ ‎*Only after陈述，半倒（只有…之后，才…） ‎ 技巧：带连词的不倒，不带连词的倒 ‎“倒装句解题技巧总结” ‎ 一看选项：选项中出现语序差异，很可能在考倒装！ ‎ 二看句首：倒装句的关键在于句首，句首是方位地点词、now/then时用全倒（主语是代词，不用倒），其他情况，统统都是半倒。【邪恶的小技巧…】 ‎ 三看句型：特殊句型特殊对待 ‎ ‎（1）九大加分句型：带连词的不倒，不带连词的倒。 ‎ ‎（2）虚拟从句变半倒：if去掉，助动词提前。 ‎ ‎（3）“尽管”倒装：“名形动副 ”提到 as/ though ‎ 之前，其它顺序不变。注：名词提前时省略冠词！ ‎ 五大变态句型： ‎ ‎ 倒装 ‎ ‎ 强调 ‎ ‎ 省略 ‎ ‎ 感叹 ‎ ‎ 祈使 强调句 ‎ ‎（1）强调谓语动词 ‎ I love you.‎ à I do love you. ‎ He loves you.‎ à He does love you.‎ 让我证明我曾真心爱过你.‎ à Please let me prove that I did love you with all my heart.‎ ‎（1）强调”其它成分 ” ‎ ‎【基本结构】‎ ‎ It + be + 被强调部分 + that +句子剩余部分. ‎ ‎ who ‎ whom ‎【使用方法】只需要进行两遍“剪切”+“粘贴” ‎ • Tom loves Jerry. ‎ It is Jerry that Tom loves. Tom爱的人是Jerry.‎ It is Tom that loves Jerry. 爱Jerry 的人是Tom.‎ ‎（1）强调”其它成分 ” ‎ ‎【基本结构】‎ ‎ It + be + 被强调部分 + that +句子剩余部分. ‎ ‎ who ‎ whom ‎【使用方法】只需要进行两遍“剪切”+“粘贴” ‎ I love you.‎ It is you that/who/whom I love. 我爱的人是你. ‎ It is I that/who love you. 爱你的人是我.‎ 重点·难点·考点=判断是否真的在考“强调句” ‎ ‎【例题】（2005天津） ‎ ‎ It is what you do rather than what you say ___________ matters.‎ ‎ A. that B. what C. which D. this ‎【技巧】把It、be、that/who/whom去掉之后，看看剩下的部分能否被还原成为一个完整的句子。 ‎ 重点·难点·考点=判断是否真的在考“强调句” ‎ ‎【练习1】（04上海春招） ‎ It was only with the help of the local guide______.‎ A. was the mountain climber rescued B. that the mountain climber was rescued C. when the mountain climber was rescued D. then the mountain climber was rescued ‎ ‎【练习2】（04湖北） ‎ It was _____ back home after the experiment.‎ A. not until midnight did he go B. until midnight that he didn’t go C. not until midnight that he went D. until midnight when he didn’t go It was not until + 时间 + that sb did sth.‎ ‎ 时间词，如 2012‎ ‎ 时间句，一般为sb did sth ‎ ‎【练习3】（06辽宁） ‎ It was after he got what he had desired _____ he realized it was not so important.‎ A. that B. when C. since D. as ‎ ‎【练习4】（06山东） ‎ I just wonder ______ that makes him so excited.‎ A. why it does ‎ B. what he does C. how it is D. what it is ‎ ‎【练习5】（07山东） ‎ ‎-- Where did you get to know her?‎ ‎-- It was on the farm _____ we worked.‎ A. that B. there C. which D. where 如果填that, 则为“强调句”，意思是： ‎ ‎ “我们正是在这个农场工作的。” ‎ 如果填where，则为“定语从句”，意思是： ‎ ‎ “是在（我们工作的）农场。”‎ ‎【练习6】（07浙江） ‎ It _____ we had stayed together for a couple of weeks _____ I found we had a lot in common.‎ A. was until; when B. was until; that C. wasn’t until; when D. wasn’t until; that 直到…才… ‎ 两组“有才”的句型 ‎ ‎【总结】 重要句型：“直到…才...”‎ Sb2 did not do sth2 until sb1 did sth1. 【原型】‎ It was not until sb1 did sth1 that sb2 did sth2. ‎ Not until sb1 did sth1 did sb2 do sth2. 【半倒装】‎ ‎【总结】重要句型：“只有…才…” ‎ Sb can do sth + only+状语. 【原型】‎ It is + only+状语 + that sb can do sth. 【强调】‎ Only+状语 + can sb do sth 【半倒装】‎ eg: You can achieve great success only in this way.‎ 五大变态句型： ‎ ‎ 倒装 ‎ ‎ 强调 ‎ ‎ 省略 ‎ ‎ 感叹 ‎ ‎ 祈使 第四讲 添乱的“介词短语”‎ ‎ 介词短语=介词+名词 ‎ 基本介词 单名词 ‎ 合成介词 多名词 ‎ 双介词 名词性从句 ‎ 一、45个常见介词的基本用法 ‎ 1、about ‎ 基本含义：a-b-out “A在B外面”‎ ‎ 引申含义：“A和B的联系”‎ ‎ 1、在…周围：The kids are sitting about their teacher.‎ ‎ I like the necklace about her throat.‎ ‎ 2、环绕：The bird always flies about the forest.‎ ‎ I plan to travel about the world.‎ ‎ 3、关于：a book about English study ‎ They are talking about the new film.‎ ‎ 4、[adv] 大约 ‎ 固定搭配：‎ ‎ 1、How about...?‎ ‎ 2、something+adj+about X ‎ 一些关于X的adj的事 ‎ 2、above ‎ 基本含义：a-b-over “A在B上方”‎ ‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎ 1、在…上方:The sun rose above the horizon.‎ ‎ 2、数目大于…/重量超过…/价格（能力、地位）高于…‎ ‎ There is nothing in the store above 50 cents.‎ ‎ “He who comes after me is above me ,because he was before me”‎ ‎ 固定搭配：‎ ‎ 1、above all: 首先（强调重要性）‎ ‎ Above all, he was an outstanding mathematician.‎ ‎ 2、above all things: 最最…‎ ‎ What you need, above all things, is confidence.‎ ‎ 3、be above oneself: 兴高采烈=high spirit ‎ When he heard the good news, he was above himself.‎ ‎ 3、across ‎ 基本含义：a-grass “A走过一片草坪”‎ ‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎1、穿过：She walked across the road.‎ ‎2、在...对面: The bar is just across the street.‎ ‎3、交叉：He sat with his arms across his chest.‎ ‎ The two lines pass across each other at right angles.‎ 固定搭配：‎ ‎1、A come across B. A偶遇B。‎ ‎ I came across Yu Minhong the other day.‎ ‎2、A ger sth across to B. A使某物被B了解。‎ ‎ I want to get my theory across to all students.‎ ‎ 4、after ‎ 基本含义：“A在B之后” （强调顺序）‎ ‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎1、在…之后 （时间顺序、空间顺序）‎ ‎ After dinner, they went out for a walk.‎ ‎ I should after him, but he still went on.‎ ‎2、照着…的样子 ‎ Read the sentence after me, please.‎ ‎ The building is named after the famous hero.‎ ‎ I will make a box after that one.‎ 固定搭配：‎ ‎1、be after寻找/go after 追逐/run after 追求 ‎ You should run after your own dream.‎ ‎2、after all不管怎样 （即：在任何事情之后都一样）‎ ‎ After all, he is your father.‎ ‎3、look after照顾 ‎5、against 基本含义：a-g-e“相对”‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎1、碰着、靠着：She was leaning against a tree.‎ ‎2、反对：We should fight against crimes.‎ ‎3、预防：Save money against a rainy day.未雨绸缪 固定搭配：‎ ‎1、go against 违反（故意违反某人的意志）‎ ‎ He chose to go against his family.‎ ‎2、be against ‎（1）违反（违反法律、制度）‎ ‎ It is against the law to hunt tigers.‎ ‎(2)反对 Lincoln was strongly against slavery.‎ ‎（3）不利于 What he said is against him.‎ ‎6、around 基本含义：a-round”A在一个圆里面”（在一定范围内）‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎1、在…周围:There are many bars around the towm.‎ ‎2、在附近、到处：I showed him around our campus.‎ ‎3、【adv】大约：‎ ‎ There are around 1000 people watching the game.‎ ‎7、at 基本含义:“朝向一点”‎ 引申含义:‎ ‎1、小地点,或小时间点 ‎ Usually, he is at his office in the morning.‎ ‎ I arrived at home at 7:00.‎ ‎ Knock at;look at;aim at;shoot at;arrive at…‎ ‎2、表示引发某种情绪或动作的原因 ‎ He showed no sign of pleasure at seeing her.‎ ‎ Be surprised/excited at…;‎ ‎8、before 基本含义：“在…之前“（时间、空间、顺序）‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎1、时间上：Please come back before 10:00pm.‎ ‎2、空间上：Don’t put the cart before the horse.‎ ‎3、顺序上：Health should come before wealth.‎ 固定搭配：‎ ‎1、before long:过不了多久 ‎2、before time:提前 ‎9、behind 基本含义：be + hide “在…之后“‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎1、空间上，在…后面: A dog is running behind us.‎ ‎2、在后台操纵：There must be someone behind it.‎ ‎3、时间上，在之后；能力上，在之后;‎ ‎ New York is 12 hours behind Beijing in time.‎ ‎ He was behind others in ability.‎ ‎10、beside 基本含义：be+side “在…边上”‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎1、在...旁边=next to…; by the side of…‎ ‎ a town beside the sea ‎ She sat beside the teacher.‎ ‎2、与...相比=compared with ‎ My work is so poor beside yours.‎ 固定搭配：beside oneself 高兴（悲伤）的不得了、忘形 ‎11、besides 基本含义：“除…外，还有…”‎ ‎ There were 2 other students in the classroom besides Tom.‎ ‎12、between 基本含义：be-two-in“在两者之间”‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎1、空间、时间、顺序、等级上，在两者之间：‎ ‎ Between two strange buildings stands a tree.‎ ‎ His age is between sixty and seventy.‎ ‎2、表示两者之间的某种关系 ‎ He has to decide between life and death.‎ ‎ This is a secret between life and death（仅在我们俩之间）.‎ ‎ Kyou should learn between lines（字里行间）.‎ ‎13、beyond 基本意思：be+yond（在彼处）=在…之外 引申含义：‎ ‎1、“在远处、在…的那一边”‎ ‎ What lies beyond my reach.‎ ‎2、“超出…的限度”（能力认识）‎ ‎ The fruit was beyond my reach.‎ ‎3、“除…了”‎ ‎ I can’t tell you anything beyond what you already know.‎ 固定搭配：‎ ‎1、beyond words无法形容 ‎2、beyond understanding难以理解 ‎3、beyond cure无可救药 ‎4、beyond endurance无法忍受 ‎14、by 基本意思：by后面的名词很重要 引申含义：‎ ‎1、在…旁边 ‎ We prefer a table by the window.‎ ‎2、到…时候 ‎ We have studied several prepositions by now.‎ ‎ I shall have finished the work by the time you return.‎ ‎3、通过…;根据…;‎ ‎ He can tell the direction by the stars.‎ ‎ Don’t judge a person by his looks.‎ ‎4、按…计算 ‎ Eggs are usually sold by dozen.‎ ‎ The temperature has risen by 5 degrees.‎ ‎5、被…；‎ ‎ He was shocked by what he had seen.‎ 固定搭配：‎ ‎1、by accident/chance偶然 ‎2、by all means想尽一切办法、一定要 ‎3、by no means绝不、一点儿也不 ‎4、by turns轮流 ‎5、by mistake出于误会 ‎15、despite 基本意思：尽管、不顾=in spite of ‎ The old professor kept on working despite his poor health.‎ ‎16、down 基本意思：向下 引申含义：‎ ‎1、表示自上而下 ‎ In order to catch the bus they run down the hill.‎ ‎ Tears run down her face quietly.‎ ‎2、沿着河、沿着路 ‎ He walked down the road.‎ ‎ We sailed down the river.‎ 固定搭配 Sth break down坏了 Let sb down 令某人失望 ‎ 17、during ‎ 基本意思：在…期间 ‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎ 1、在整个…期间 ‎ Not a word did they say during the meal.‎ ‎ I haven’t had any meat during the last several years.‎ ‎ 2、在…期间的某个时刻 ‎ I saw Linda during the meeting.‎ ‎ 18、except ‎ 基本意思：ex-cept拿出来 ‎ Everyone was here except Tom.‎ ‎ 【注意】‎ ‎ besides表示“加”，except表示“减”‎ ‎ 19、for ‎ 基本意思：“为”‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎1、为了 ‎ I bought a gift for you.‎ ‎ He played football for England.‎ ‎ He paid 50 cents for that book.‎ ‎2、因为 ‎ Bejing is famous for its long history.‎ ‎ I thank you for what you have done for me.‎ ‎3、作为 ‎ I had some chocolate for breakfast.‎ ‎4、表示时间、距离的长短 ‎ I haven’t seen you for years.‎ ‎ For miles and miles you see nothing but trees.‎ 固定搭配：‎ long for; thirst for… 渴望…‎ for the moment; for the present 现在、此刻 for the sake of… 为了 ‎ I bear all this for the sake of my work.‎ ‎ for my part 对我而言 ‎ for fear of… 唯恐.../以防...‎ ‎ for pleasure; for fun 为了消遣 ‎ for sale 出售 ‎20、in 基本意思：在...范围之中 引申含义：‎ ‎1、在...范围之中（时间、地点）‎ ‎ We sat down in the shade of the trees.‎ ‎ Rome was not built in a day.‎ ‎2、在...情绪之中 ‎ I am in doubt about it.‎ ‎ They are in great enthusiasm about the project.‎ ‎3、在...状态之中 ‎ You have put yourself in danger.‎ ‎ Their economy was in chaos.‎ ‎ Please put all the books in order.‎ ‎4、穿着...‎ ‎ The police were all in plain clothes.‎ ‎ I was in a jacket that day.‎ ‎5、用...语言 ‎ The letters were written in Chinese.‎ ‎ What’s this in Englishi?‎ 固定搭配：‎ ‎ in a sense在某种程度上 ‎ in accordance根据...；按照...‎ ‎ in advance提前 ‎ in general一般而言 ‎ in one’s opinion根据某人观点 ‎21、inside 基本含义：在...里面（静态）‎ ‎ I looked into the box, only to find nothing inside it.‎ ‎22、into 基本含义：进入...的里面（动态）‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎1、进入...的里面 ‎ It was rainning, so they went into the house.‎ ‎ He immediately copied those sentences into his book.‎ ‎2、进入某种状态 ‎ I burst into tears/laughter.‎ ‎ You must put the theory into practice.‎ ‎3、变成.../成为...‎ ‎ The book has been translated into many languages.‎ ‎ Those experiences have changed him into a true man.‎ 固定搭配：‎ ‎ get sb into trouble/difficulties 使遇到麻烦 ‎ look into 调查，研究 ‎ run into 碰到，邂逅 ‎23、like 基本含义：“像”‎ ‎ He looks like his father.‎ ‎ It was like fishing for a needle in the ocean.‎ ‎ It was not like her.‎ ‎24、of 基本含义：“属于某个集合”‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎1、属于 ‎ I am a student of New Oriental School.‎ ‎2、由...制成的 ‎ The desk is made of wood.‎ ‎3、表示人或物的性质 ‎ They two are of the same height.‎ ‎ English is of great importance.‎ ‎4、表示后者修饰前者的A of B ‎ The 2008 Olympic Games was held in the City of Beijing.‎ ‎5、表示前者修饰后者的A of B(此时A为数量词)‎ ‎ Millions of people are celebrating the festival.‎ ‎25、off 基本含义：“离开”‎ 引申含义；‎ ‎1、从某物体上分离出来（动态）‎ ‎ Cut small piece off the bread.‎ ‎ Tom fell of the wall.‎ ‎2、表示离某物、某地有一定的距离（静态）‎ ‎ The old man lives on an island off the coast.‎ ‎26、on 基本含义：“吸附”‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎1、在...上面 ‎ Put the book on the desk.‎ ‎2、在某个特定的时间上 ‎ The accident happened on the cold winter morning.‎ ‎3、“关于”‎ ‎ a lecture on English study.‎ ‎4、处于某种状态 ‎ I am on a tour to Japan.‎ ‎ The influence of China is rapidly on the rise.‎ ‎27、opposite 基本含义：”op-po”对立，在对面 ‎ I am sitting opposite Tom.‎ ‎28、out of 基本含义：“出”‎ 引申含义“‎ ‎1、从...出发、从...出来 ‎ He ran out of the house.‎ ‎2、从总体中“分离出“一部分 ‎ Three out of four people are in favor of the plan.‎ ‎3、“出于“‎ ‎ I study English out of interest.‎ ‎4、没有了 ‎ I have run out of money.‎ ‎ I was out of breath when I got there.‎ ‎5、从中提取出来（类似于made from）‎ ‎ Flour is made out of wheat.‎ ‎29、outside 基本含义：out+side“在外边“‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎1、外部的 ‎ Outside the window lies a bridge.‎ ‎2、除了=excepet ‎ No one knows it outside the members of my own family.‎ ‎30、over 基本含义：盖在...上面 引申含义：‎ ‎1、在...上面 ‎ I put a cloth over the table.‎ ‎ I saw a bridge over the river.‎ ‎2、在...问题上 ‎ Do not cry over spilt milk.‎ ‎3、凌驾于...之上 ‎ The king rules over the empire.‎ ‎31、past 基本含义：超过 引申含义：‎ ‎1、经过 ‎ I drove past your house yesterday.‎ ‎2、时间或年龄上超过 ‎ It is a quarter past nine.‎ ‎32、regarding 基本含义：有意识地相关 ‎ He wants to talk with me regarding his future.‎ ‎ Regarding you recent enquiry...‎ 关于您最近的询问 ‎33、since ‎ 基本含义：自从 ‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎ He has not written to his parents since last Christmas.‎ ‎ I have been in Beijing since 2010.‎ ‎ I have been here since then. ‎ ‎ 34、through ‎ 基本含义：穿过（跐溜）‎ ‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎ 1、通过、穿过 ‎ Walk through the door.‎ ‎ 2、贯穿一段时间 ‎ It keeps raining through April.‎ ‎ 3、经历 ‎ He has gone through the whole event.‎ ‎ 4、通过某种途径 ‎ The American people won their freedom through struggle.‎ ‎ 35、throughout ‎ 基本含义：全部包括 ‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎ 1、在整个...地区 ‎ The good news has spread throughout the country.‎ ‎ 2、在整个...时间 ‎ He has been feeling bad throughout the day.‎ ‎ 36、to ‎ 基本含义：“去、到”，强调目的、方向 ‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎ 1、“到”某个位置、方向 ‎ go to school ‎ ‎ 2、“到”某个时间、数目 ‎ Don’t leave things to the last moment.‎ ‎ 3、“到”某个状态 ‎ The music can put you to sleep in a short while.‎ ‎ 4、“对着”某个对象 ‎ Don’t yell to me.‎ ‎ 5、“对于”某个对象 ‎ It is important to me.‎ ‎ 37、towards ‎ 基本含义：方向、趋势 ‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎ 1、表示动作的方向 ‎ He ran toward to horizon.‎ ‎ 2、“对于”‎ ‎ She has a mixed feeling towards him.‎ ‎ 38、under ‎ 基本含义：在...之下 ‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎ 1、在某物之下：‎ ‎ The dog likes sitting under the table.‎ ‎ 2、少于 ‎ It’s population is under 2000.‎ ‎ 3、受...支配 ‎ We will be very happy to work under his leadership.‎ ‎ 39、until/till ‎ 基本含义：某人或某物从一个过程中走到一个固定的点 ‎ I shall go on working until next week.‎ ‎ In any case, it’s better to wait until tomorrow.‎ ‎ 40、up ‎ 基本含义：“向上”‎ ‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎ 1、向...上面，由...向上 ‎ He ran up the hill.‎ ‎ 2、沿着马路、沿着河 ‎ He lived up the river.‎ ‎ We walked together up the garden path.‎ ‎ 41、upon ‎ 基本含义：upon=on 较正式 ‎ This is a book upon English.‎ ‎ 42、with ‎ 基本含义：在一起，伴随 ‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎ 1、“和...在一起、一道”‎ ‎ He lives with his parents.‎ ‎ 2、支持某人 ‎ I am with you on your point.‎ ‎ 3、对的态度或情绪 ‎ The dog is friendly with me.‎ ‎ My father is strict with me. ‎ ‎ 4、“用、以”‎ ‎ Kill two birds with one stone.‎ ‎ 5、带着 ‎ Don’t go to bed with anger.‎ ‎ 43、within ‎ 基本含义：在...之内 ‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎ 1、在...之内 ‎ A desire for success burns within him.‎ ‎ 2、不超过...‎ ‎ The book is within reach of the students.‎ ‎ 44、without ‎ 基本含义：没有 ‎ 引申含义：‎ ‎ 1、没有...事物 ‎ We couldn’t have finished the work without you .‎ ‎ 2、没有做...‎ ‎ He left without telling me.‎ 第五讲 华丽的“三大从句”‎ ‎（2010全国13）We haven’t discussed yet we are going to place our new furniture.‎ A.that B.which C.what D.where 从句 ‎ ‎ ‎ Cjongju 1、从横线设空处开始 ‎ ‎ 2、到第二个谓语前或句尾结束 ‎ 主从复合 ‎ 3、连词偶尔可省略，但从句谓语动词不可省略。‎ 主句 ‎ 干掉从句，就是主句 ‎ ‎ ‎（2010全国13）We haven’t discussed yet we are going to place our new furniture.‎ A.that B.which C.what D.where ‎ 1、主句不完整，从句不完整 名从（连接代词）‎ ‎ 2、主句不完整，从句完整 名从（连词）（连接副词）‎ ‎ 3、主句完整，从句不完整 定从（关系代词） ‎ ‎ 4、主句完整，从句完整 定从（关系副词） ‎ ‎ 同位语从句 ‎ 状语从句 ‎ 各类从句引导词总结 ‎ 名从连词：that/if/whether ‎ 名从连副：when/where/why/how ‎ 名从连代：who/whom/which(as)/that/whose(ta的、ta们的)‎ ‎ 定从关代：when/where/why ‎ 定从观副：‎ ‎ 状从连词：30多个 ‎ 同位语从句引导词：即名从引导词 小试牛刀:主句完整吗?‎ ‎ 2.(2007安徽14)last week,only two people came to look at the house, wanted to buy it.‎ ‎ 答案：完整 ‎3.(2008安徽6)All the neighbor admire this family the parents are treating ‎ their child like a friend.‎ ‎ 答案：完整 ‎4.（2009安徽7）A good friend of mine from I was born showed up at my home right before I left for Bejing.‎ ‎ 答案：不完整 ‎5.（2009安徽10）Many children, parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village.‎ ‎ 答案：完整 ‎6.（2011安徽8）Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator it will keep for two or three weeks.‎ ‎ 答案：完整 ‎7.（2011安徽13）His writing is so confusing that it’s difficult to make out it is he is trying to express.‎ ‎ 答案：不完整 ‎8.（2012安徽27）The limits of a person’s intelligence,generally speaking, are fixed at birth,but he reaches these limits will depend on his environment.‎ ‎ 答案：不完整 ‎9.（2012安徽29）A lot of language learning has been discovered,is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.‎ ‎ 答案：完整 ‎10.（2007北京3）We shouldn’t spent our money testing so many people, most of are healthy.‎ ‎ 答案：不完整 小试牛刀：主从句完整吗？‎ ‎1.（2007北京3）We shouldn’t spent our money testing so many people, most of are healthy.‎ ‎ 答案：主句不完整，从句不完整 ‎2.（2008北京8）I’ll give you my friend’s home address, I can be reached most evenings.‎ ‎ 答案：主句完整，从句完整 ‎3.（2008北京10）The companies are working together to creat they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.‎ ‎ 答案：主句不完整，从句不完整 ‎4.（2009北京6）-What do you think of teaching, Bob?‎ ‎-I find it fun and challenging. It is a job you are doing something serious but intersting.‎ ‎ 答案：主句完整，从句完整 ‎5.（2009北京11）At first he hated the new job but decided to give himeself a few months to see it got any better.‎ ‎ 答案：主句不完整，从句完整 ‎6.（2010北京7）Children who are not active or diet is high in fat will again weight quickly.‎ ‎ 答案：主句完整，从句完整 ‎7.（2010北京11）I want to be liked and loved for I am inside.‎ ‎ 答案：主句不完整，从句不完整 ‎8.（2010北京12）Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel,David Copperfield ,was ‎ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.‎ ‎ 答案：主句不完整，从句完整 ‎9.（2010北京13） some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others.‎ ‎ 答案：主句不完整，从句不完整 ‎10.（2011北京22） Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.‎ ‎ 答案：主句不完整，从句不完整 主句不完整，从句不完整 ‎1、（2009湖南8）She is very dear to us.We have been prepared to do it takes to save her life.‎ A.whichever B.however C.whatever D.whoever 答案：C ‎2、（2011湖南11）Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious the problem itself is.‎ A.what B.that C.which D.why 答案：A ‎3、（2007江苏5）Choosing the right dictionary depends on you want to use it for.‎ A.what B.why C.how D.whether 答案：A ‎4、（2009江苏14）Many young people in the West are expected to leave could be life’s most important decision –marriage- almost entirely up to luck.‎ A.as B.that C.which D.what 答案：D ‎5、（2011江西6）The villagers have already known we’ll do is to rebuild the bridge.‎ A.this B.that C.what D.which 答案：C ‎6、（2011辽宁13） a strange plant! I’ve never seen it before.‎ A.which B.what C.how D.whether 答案：B ‎7、（2012辽宁34）The newcomer went to the library the other day and searched for he could find about Mark Twain.‎ A.wherever B.however C.whatever D.whichever 答案：C ‎8、（2007全国Ⅱ12） matters most in learning English is enough practice.‎ A,what B.why C.where D.which 答案：A ‎9、（2007陕西3） parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children.‎ A.that B.which C.what D.as 答案：C ‎10、（2011陕西5）I’d like to start my own business-that’s I’d do if I had the money.‎ A.why B.when C.which D.what 答案：D 主句不完整，从句完整 ‎1、（2010湖南15）Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew ‎ ‎ she was so angry.‎ A.where B.whether C.that D.why 答案：D ‎2、（2010江苏15）-I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.‎ ‎-That’s I don’t agree. You should have a more active life.‎ A.where B.how C.when D.what 答案：A ‎3、（2010辽宁14）-It’s no use having ideas only.‎ ‎-Don’t worry. Peter can show you to turn an idea into an act.‎ A.how B.who C.what D.where 答案：A ‎4、（20114辽宁3）Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach to read fast.‎ A.what B.who C.how D.why 答案：C ‎5、（2010全国Ⅱ5）-Have you finished the book?‎ ‎-No. I’ve read up to the children discover the secret cave.‎ A.which B.what C.that D.where 答案：D ‎6、（2007上海16）The traditional view is we sleep because our brain is “programmed”to make us do so.‎ A.when B.why C.whether D.that 答案：D ‎7、（2009上海16）As a new diplomat, he often thinks of he can react more appropriately on such occasions.‎ A.what B.which C.that D.how 答案：D ‎8、（2010上海12）One reason for her preference for city life is she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants.‎ A.that B.how C.what D.why 答案：A ‎9、（2012上海40）The map is one of the best tools a man has he goes to a ‎ new place.‎ A.whenever B.whatever C.wherever D.however 答案：A ‎10、（2012四川10）If you happen to get lost in the wild, you’d better stay you are and wait for help.‎ A.why B.where C.who D.what 答案：B 主句完整，从句不完整 ‎ 1、（2010湖南8）I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school i met in the English speech contest last year.‎ ‎ A.who B.where C.when D.which ‎ 答案：A ‎ 2、（2011湖南5）Julie was good at German, French, and Russian, all of she spoke fluently.‎ ‎ A.who B.whom C.which D.that ‎ 答案：C ‎ 3、（2008江苏4）The Science Museum, we visited during a recent trip to Britain is one of London’s tourist attractions.‎ ‎ A.which B.what C.that D.where ‎ 答案：A ‎ 4、（2010江苏12）The newly built café, the walls of are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work.‎ ‎ A.that B.it C.what D.which ‎ 答案：D ‎ 5、（2012江苏22）After the flooding people were suffering in that area urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.‎ ‎ A.which B.who C.where D.what ‎ 答案：B ‎ 6、（2012江西28）By 16:30, was almost closing time,nearly all the paintings had been sold.‎ ‎ A.which B.when C.what Dthat ‎ 答案：A ‎ 7、（2009辽宁3）They’ve won their last three matches, I find a bit surpring actually.‎ ‎ A.that B.when C.what D.which ‎ 答案：D ‎8、（2009全国Ⅱ12）My friend showed me round the town, was very kind of him.‎ A.which B.that C.where D.it 答案：A ‎9、(2011全国Ⅱ2)Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, is stupid thing to do in such weather.‎ A.this B.that C.what D.which 答案:D ‎10、（2012全国Ⅱ8）That evening, I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.‎ A.that B.which C.what D.when 答案：B 主句完整，从句完整 ‎ 1、（2009湖南6）I was born in New Orleans,Louisiana, a city name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind.‎ ‎ A.which B.of which C.that D.whose ‎ 答案：D ‎ 2、（2011江苏4）Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, the audience can buy ice-cream.‎ ‎ A.when B.where C.that D.which ‎ 答案：A ‎ 3、（2012江苏27）The notice came around two in the afternoon the meeting would be postponed.‎ ‎ A.when B.that C.whether D.how ‎ 答案：B ‎ 4、（2007江西12）After graduation she reached a point in her career she needed to decide what to do.‎ ‎ A.that B.what C.which D.where ‎ 答案：D ‎5、（2008江西15）Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law.‎ A.where B.when C.who D.which 答案：A ‎6、（2009江西13）The fact has worried many scientists the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.‎ A.what B.which C.that D.though 答案：C ‎7、（2010江西11）The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the trainning center with her sister she would stay for an hour.‎ A.where B.who C.which D.what 答案：A ‎8、(2010全国Ⅱ11)I refuse to accept the blame for something was someone else’s fault.‎ A.who B.that C.as D.what 答案：B ‎9、（2007陕西15）Today, we’ll discuss a number of English fail to use the language properly.‎ A.which B.as C.why D.where 答案：D ‎10、（2008陕西3）Tomorrow is Tom’s birthday. Have you got any idea the party is to be held?‎ A.what B.which C.that D.where 答案：D ‎11、（2010陕西1）The old temple roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair.‎ A.where B.which C.its D.whose 答案：D ‎12、（2011陕西1）I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends, we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.‎ A.which B.where C.who D.that 答案：B ‎13、（2009上海10）Mozart’s birthplace and the house he composed”The Magic Flute”are both ‎ A.where B.when C.there D.which ‎ 答案：A ‎14、（2011上海11）There is clear evidence the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain.‎ A.what B.if C.how D.that 答案：D ‎15、（2012上海34）There is much truth in the idea kindness is usually served by frankness.‎ A.why B.which C.that D.whether 答案：C ‎16（2009四川7）News came from the school office Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing Uniwersity.‎ A.which B.what C,that D.where 答案：C ‎17、（2011四川17）The school shop, customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.‎ A.which B.whose C.when D.where 答案：B ‎18、（2009天津5）A person e-mail account is full wonn’t be able to send or recieve any e-mails.‎ A.who B.whom C.whose D.whoever 答案：C ‎19、（2011天津10）The days are gone physical strength was all you needed to make a living.‎ A.when B.that C.where D.which 答案：A ‎20、（2011天津13）Modern science has given clear evidence smoking can lead to many diseases.‎ A。what B.which C.that D.where 答案：C 特殊注意事项 定从7注意：that用法 “人物最不避人物“ ‎ ‎ When/where/which ‎ Where+抽象地点 ‎ Whose(ta的/ ta们的)‎ ‎ As关系代词 ‎ 关系副词=prep+关系代词 ‎ 非限制性vs限制性 名从2注意 语序 陈述 ‎ 同位语vs定语 总结：定从之that用法 ‎ 1、人物最不避人物 ‎ “人”： That 可以指人 ‎ “物”：That可以指物 Is this the museum you visited the other day?‎ A.that B.where C.in which D.the one 答案：A ‎ “最”：极端修饰 ‎ All the apples fell down from the tree were eaten up by the pigs.‎ ‎ A.which B./ C.that D.they ‎ “不”：不定代词 ‎ I refuse to accept the blame for something was someone else’s fault.(2010全国)‎ ‎ A.who B.that C.as D.what ‎ 答案：B ‎ “避”：避免重复 ‎ Who is the person is standing at the gate of Beijing Tourism Tower?‎ ‎ A.who B.that C.which D.whom ‎ 答案：B ‎ “人物”：先行词同时有人有物 ‎ Tell us about the people and the places are different from ours.‎ ‎ A.that B.who C.which D.whom ‎ 答案：A ‎2、When/where/which ‎ ‎ When 时间， 时间不等于when ‎ I’ll never forget the time which I spent on campus.‎ ‎ I’ll never forger the day when we fist met in the park.‎ ‎ where 地点，地点不等于where ‎ This is the town where I spent my childhood.‎ ‎ This is the town which I told you about before.‎ ‎3、Where+抽象地点 ‎ Dream, case, situation, point, standpoint,viewpoint等 ‎4、Whose(ta的/ ta们的)‎ ‎ 1、In china,the number of cities is creasing development is recognized across the world.(2010重庆8)‎ ‎ 2、 A.where B.which C.whose D.that ‎ 答案：C ‎ 3、That’s the new machine parts are too small to be seen.(2010山东4)‎ ‎ A.that B.which C.whose D.what ‎ 答案：C ‎ 4、 The price will go to the writer story shows the most imagination.(2011全国11)‎ ‎ A.that B.which C.whose D.what ‎ 答案：C ‎5、As关系代词 ‎ 1、（12福建）The air quality in the city, is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.‎ ‎ A.that B.it C.as D.what ‎ 答案：C ‎ 2、（04北京） is reported in the newspapers,talk between the two countries are making progress.‎ ‎ A.it B.as C.that D.what ‎ 答案：B ‎ 3、(12安徽)A lot of language learning, has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.‎ ‎ A.as B.it C.which D.this ‎ 答案：A ‎ 4、(04江苏) is often the case,we have worked out the production plan.‎ ‎ A.which B.when C.what D.as ‎ 答案：D ‎ 5、（06天津）The Beatles, many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.‎ ‎ A.what B.that C.how D.as ‎ 答案：D ‎6、关系副词=prep+关系代词 ‎ 1、（2008福建11）By nine o’clock,all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, appeared rare rainbow soon.‎ ‎ A.of which B.on which C.from which D.above which ‎ 答案：D ‎ 2、（2008湖南11）The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, are beyond our contron.‎ ‎ A.most of them B.most of which C.most of what D.most of that ‎ 答案：B ‎ 3、（2012湖南34）Care of the soul is a gradual process even the small details of life should be considered.‎ ‎ A.what B.in what C.which D.in which ‎ 答案：D ‎ 4、（2007江苏13）He was educated at the local high school, he went on ‎ to Beijing University.‎ ‎ A.after which B.after that C.in which D.in that ‎ 答案：A ‎ 5、（2008江西14）Animals suffered at the hands of Man the were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural land to provide food for more people.‎ ‎ A.in which B.for which C.so that D.in that ‎ 答案：D ‎ 6、（2011江西14）She showed the vistors around the museum, the construction had taken more than three years.‎ ‎ A.for which B.with shich C.of which D.to which ‎ 答案：C ‎ 7、(2009陕西6)Gun control is a subject Americans have argued for a long time.‎ ‎ A.of which B.with which C.about which D.into which ‎ 答案：C ‎ 8、（2008上海14）We went through a period communications were very difficult in the rural areas.‎ ‎ A.which B.whose C.in which D.with which ‎ 答案：C ‎ 9、（2010上海14）Wind power is an ancient source of energy we may return in the near future.‎ ‎ A.on which B.by which C.to which D.from which ‎ 答案：C ‎ 10、（2008四川4）For many cities in the world,there is no room to spend out further, New York is an example.‎ ‎ A.for which B.in which C.of which D.from which ‎ 答案：C 名从注意 ‎ 1、（03北京）York, last year, is a nice old city.‎ ‎ A.that I visited B.which I visited C.where I visited D.in which I visited ‎ 答案：B ‎ 2、（05湖北）Her sister has become a lawyer, she wanted to be.‎ ‎ A.who B.that C.what D.which ‎ 答案：D ‎ 3、（04天津）Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, , of course,made the others envy him.‎ ‎ A.who B.that C.what D.which ‎ 答案：D ‎1、语序 陈述 ‎1、（10上海）When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know .‎ A.he is entering which lane B.which lane he is entering C.is he entering which lane D.which lane is he entering 答案:B ‎2、（05福建）Mum is coming. What present for your birthaday?‎ A.you expect she has got B.you expect has she got C.do you expect she has got D.do you expect has she got 答案：C ‎2、同位语vs定语 ‎ 1、（2011北京26）Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, , of course, make all the others upset.‎ ‎ A.who B.which C.what D.that ‎ 答案：B ‎ 2、（2011北京31）The shocking news made me realize terrible problems, we would face.‎ ‎ A.what B.how C.that D.which ‎ 答案：A ‎ 3、（2012北京24）Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt he could have expressed it differently.‎ ‎ A.why B.how C.that D.whether ‎ 答案：C ‎ 4、（2012北京26）When deeply absorbed in work, he often was, he would forget all about eating or sleeping.‎ ‎ A.that B.which C.where D.when ‎ 答案：B ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 第六讲 高贵的非谓语动词 四句话掌握非谓语动词 ‎1、一个句子中用到多个动词时，保留一个作谓语，其它统统变成非谓语。 ‎ ‎2、主动用ing，被动用ed， ‎ ‎ 要做、去做用to do ‎3、如果非谓语是主语干的，前面什么都不用加；如果非谓语不是主语干的，谁干的，把谁加上。 ‎ ‎4、非谓语是从句的“简化版”。 ‎ 非谓语是谁做的？‎ Tom 笑着走了进来。 ‎ ‎ Smiling, Tom walked in.‎ Tom 被打了，走了进来。 ‎ ‎ Beaten, Tom walked in.‎ Jerry 被打了，Tom 哭了。 ‎ ‎ Jerry beaten, Tom cried.‎ Jerry 笑了，Tom也笑了。 ‎ ‎ Jerry smiling, Tom smiled. ‎ 天青色等烟雨，而我在等你。 ‎ The blue sky waiting for the rain, I am waiting for you.‎ 我在马路边，捡到一分钱，把它交给警察叔叔手里边。 ‎ Walking in the street, I picked up a coin, giving it to a policeman. ‎ 太阳当空照，花儿对我笑，我背上书包，上学校。 ‎ 太阳当空照，花儿对我笑，背上书包，我上学校。 ‎ The sun shining in the sky, the flowers smiling to me, carrying the bag, I go to school. ‎ The sun shining in the sky, the flowers smiling to me, I, carrying my bag, go to school. ‎ 我来到你的城市，走过你来时的路，想象着没我的日子，你是怎样的孤独，拿着你给的照片，熟悉的那一条街。‎ 我来到你的城市，走过你来时的路，想象着没我的日子，你是怎样的孤独，拿着你给的照片，熟悉的那一条街。 ‎ I come to your city, walking along your street, imagining during the days without me, how lonely you have been, holding the photo given by you, in which there is the ‎ street that we are both familiar with. ‎ ‎ Walking along the street, a brick fell on his head.‎ LiHui walking along the street, a brick fell on his head.‎ 如果非谓语不是主语干的，谁干的，把谁加上。 ‎ ‎“独立主格结构” ‎ ‎=给非谓语动词加上自己的“逻辑主语”。 ‎ 四句话掌握非谓语动词 ‎1、一个句子中用到多个动词时，保留一个作谓语，其它统统变成非谓语。 ‎ ‎2、主动用ing，被动用ed， ‎ ‎ 要做、去做用to do ‎3、如果非谓语是主语干的，前面什么都不用加；如果非谓语不是主语干的，谁干的，把谁加上。 ‎ ‎4、非谓语是从句的“简化版”。 ‎ 非谓语动词就是从句的简化版 君生我未生，我生君已老。 ‎ 你出生的时候，我还没有出生。我出生的时候，你已经老了。 ‎ When you were born, I was not born. When I was born, you were already old.‎ You born, I was not born. I born, you were already old. ‎ 李辉是一个教英语的老师。 ‎ 李辉是一个老师，他教英语。 ‎ LiHui is a teacher, who teaches English.‎ LiHui is a teacher teaching.‎ ‎【总结】把从句变成非谓语动词，就是抓住从句中的动词，看它是主动被动、谁做的。‎ 非谓语动词考点 ‎1、分词的选择： ‎ ‎2、动词不定式的诡异句型 非谓语动词考点 ‎1、分词的选择： ‎ Step1: 谁干的？ ‎ Step2: 主被动？ ‎ Step3: 有没有强调时间顺序？ ‎ ‎【例】 ____ some students, the teacher entered the hall. ‎ A. Following B. Followed C. Being followed D. Having followed ‎【例1】Hearing his father was seriously ill, __________________. ‎ A. he burst into tears ‎ B. his eyes were filled with tears ‎ C. his face lost its color ‎ D. tears came to his eyes ‎ ‎【例2】Entering the house, I found Jane ____ at the desk and ____ something. ‎ A. seat; write ‎ B. sitting; writing ‎ C. seating; writing ‎ D. seated; to write ‎ ‎【例3】____ some of the questions ____, the man said good-bye to us without making himself ____. ‎ A. Left; unanswering; understood; ‎ B. Leaving; unanswered; understood ‎ C. Left; unanswering; understanding ‎ D. Leaving; unanswered; understanding ‎ ‎【例4】 ______ many times, she still can’t remember it. ‎ A. Had told ‎ B. Having been told ‎ C. Having told ‎ D. Being told ‎ ‎【例5】 ____, his friends met him at the station. ‎ A. Arriving in Chicago ‎ B. Arrived in Chicago ‎ C. On arriving in Chicago ‎ D. When he arrived in Chicago ‎ 非谓语动词考点 ‎2、动词不定式的诡异句型： ‎ ‎（1）“英语好学”结构 ‎ English is interesting to study.‎ ‎（2）“衣服要洗”结构 ‎ I have clothes to wash.‎ I have clothes to be washed.‎ ‎（3）“这事不难”结构 ‎ It is not hard to do sth.‎ ‎【例1】 It is foolish ____ such a mistake. ‎ A. for me to make ‎ B. for me making ‎ C. of me to make ‎ D. of me making ‎ ‎【例2】 He was so foolish ____ his car unlocked. ‎ A. to leave ‎ B. that leave ‎ C. as to leave ‎ D. for him to leave ‎ ‎【例3】 The first thing they had got to do was to find something ____. ‎ A. eating ‎ B. eaten ‎ C. to eat ‎ D. to be eaten ‎ ‎【例4】 The question is difficult ____. ‎ A. for answering ‎ B. for being answered ‎ C. to be answered ‎ D. to answer ‎ ‎【例5】 I have not any money ____. ‎ A. to leave ‎ B. to be left ‎ C. leaving ‎ D. left ‎ ‎【例6】 He won’t like such questions ____ at the meeting. ‎ A. to discuss ‎ B. discussing ‎ C. discussed ‎ D. to have been discussed ‎ ‎【例7】 They found the article hard ____. ‎ A. to be understood ‎ B. to understand ‎ C. for understanding ‎ D. to have been understood ‎ 第七讲 段落的秘密 一、英文段落的基本结构：“文有定法”‎ 段落=句子+逻辑 句子包括：‎ a)B:background 背景句 b)T:Topic Sentence 主题句 c)E:Explanation 解释句 d)E: Example 举例子 e)C: Conclusion 总结句 ne can deny we had a great time together, which we will keep in mind forever.‎ 逻辑包括：1、逻辑连词、逻辑副词；2、代词。‎ 段落中的句子…‎ One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials increase the length of we will remember it.On childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them.We continue ‎ to listen to and remind ourselves childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks.We not only learn but overlearn.‎ The multiplication tables（乘法口诀表）are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school,because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.‎ The law of overlearning explains why cramming（突击学习）for an examination,though it may result in a passing grade,is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course.By cramming,a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination,but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned.A little overlearning,on the other hand,is really necessary for one’s future development.‎ 通过“代词”看懂段落 People have different tastes in food.Some feel that they haven’t eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat.Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal.Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti,eggplant and fresh fruit.Others could live on what were called fast-foods:a hamburger or hot dog,French fries and a soft drink.‎ When I was a boy growing up in New Jersey in the 1960s,we had a milkman delivering milk to our doorstep.His name was Mr.Basille.He wore a white cap and drove a white truck.As a 5-year-old boy,I couldn’t take my eyes off the coin changer fixed to his belt.He noticed this one day during a delivery and gave me a quarter out of his coin changer.‎ 最后两个月，如何拯救我们的单词？‎ 很多“英语好”的同学根本不“背”单词的。‎ 高中单词的重复率实在是太高了！‎ 真正有效的单词记忆手段：‎ 利用阅读理解背单词！‎ （1） 先把单词查出来；‎ （2） 抄到本子上；‎ （3） 背过；‎ （4） 再反复读懂文章。‎ ‎（最好是朗读）‎ ‎ 单词记忆原理：‎ ‎ Pig ‎ 我们：pig----pig----“猪”‎ ‎ 老外：pig----‎ ‎╭︿︿︿╮ ‎ ‎{/ o o /} ‎ ‎ ( (oo) ) ‎ ‎ ︶ ︶︶‎ ‎ 问题的根源：语感 ‎ 语感=语言和感觉建立联系。‎ ‎ Pain ‎ Angry Shock ‎ 英语学习的真理 药用想象力，而非记忆力来学英语。‎ 二、过渡词 ‎【心法】最好每句话都要用上过渡词！‎ ‎【范文1】写一个段落感谢Sue老师 Sue, needless to say, I thank you. First and foremost, there is no doubt that you taught so well that our English has been greatly improved. Additionally, it is obvious that we learned a lot; consequently, we all have fallen in love with this beautiful language. Last but certainly not least, no o ‎【范文2】写一个段落感谢你的妈妈。‎ Mom, needless to say, I thank you. First and foremost, there is no doubt that you love me so much that my life has been flooded with endless harmony and happiness. Additionally, it is obvious that you are doing whatever you can to(尽其所能去做某事) care about me so that I can enjoy a happy and healthy growth. Last but not least, no one can deny you look after me every day, which I will cherish forever. ‎ ‎【附】常用过渡词 文章的过渡之所以必要,是因为写作时从一个时间到另一个时间、从一个地点到另一个地点、从一个人物到另一个人物、从一个事件到另一个事件,或者由于插叙和 倒叙的更替 、叙述和议论的变换、正面描写和侧面描写 的结合等多种情况 ,这就少不了过渡。过渡的实质是承上启下 ,就是在文章的结构上搭设 一 座逻辑的桥 ,把上下文所写 的两个内容衔接起来,使文章的思路自然通畅。‎ 要想过一条河方法很多可以游过去,可以乘船过去,还可以架桥过去……至于选择哪种方法最合适,要根据河面的宽度、河水的深度而定。同样,文章的句与句、段与段之间也有大大小小的河,其过渡方式也多种多样,若能恰到好处地选择,文章就能前后一贯、逻辑严密、结构紧凑。‎ ‎【最常用的段落框架】‎ On the one hand,... . On the other hand,... .‎ For one thing, ... . For another, ... .‎ First and foremost, ... Additionally,.../In addition,... Last but (certainly) not least,.. .‎ To begin/start with,... Moreover,... Furthermore,... / What's more,... Finally,...‎ ‎【十五大类过渡词】‎ 温馨提示：有必要一一研读！对写作、完型、翻译都很有帮助！花30分钟抄几遍吧！‎ 最佳学习方法：先把全部的学一遍，再挑出你自己写作时可能用到的背过！‎ ‎(1)表并列关系的过渡词:‎ and, also, as well, as well as, or, too, not only ... but also, both ... and, either ... or, neither ... nor ‎(2)表递进关系的过渡词:‎ besides, in addition ( 加之, 除……之外) , moreover (此外, 而且), what’ s more (‎ ‎ 更重要的是) , what’ s worse(更糟糕的是)‎ ‎(3)表转折对比的过渡词:‎ but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary(相反), although, despite, in spite of, whereas ‎(而) , unlike, nevertheless(然而) , not only ... but also, years ago ... today, the former... the latter, the first ... Whereas the second, once ... now, on the one hand ...on the other hand, some ... others ‎(4)表原因的过渡词:‎ because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to(由于)‎ ‎(5)表结果的过渡词:‎ So, ...； Thus,...； therefore,...； as a result,...； so that,...； then,...；‎ hence ( 因此),...； so ...that...； such ... That ... ；‎ ‎(6)表条件的过渡词:‎ If = on condition that(条件是)； as/so long as(只要)； unless； ‎ ‎(7)表时间的过渡词:‎ when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards ( 事后) , soon, lately, recently, since, from then on, eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning / year / century, after a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, from now on, at present, immediately, the moment ‎(8)表特定的顺序关系的过渡词:‎ first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, afterward( s) (后来) , meanwhile (几乎同时) , thereafter(在那以后) , last, finally,‎ eventually(终于)‎ ‎(9)表"换一种方式表达"的过渡词:‎ In other words,...； That is to say,...； To put it another way,...；‎ ‎(10)表进行举例说明的过渡词:‎ for instance, for example, like, such as，including,‎ ‎(11)表陈述事实的过渡词:‎ in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth ‎(12)表强调的过渡词:‎ certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most importantly, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously ‎(13)表比较的过渡词:‎ like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, similar to ‎(14)表目的的过渡词:‎ for this reason, for this purpose(为此), so that, in order to, so as to ‎(15)表总结的过渡词:‎ in a word(总之, 简言之), in general, in short (总之), above all, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary ‎【按照写作文时的具体用法分类】‎ ‎１ 有关“启” 的常用词语 用于引导主题句，或用于主题句的后面，引导第一个扩展句。‎ first(ly)/ at first/ first of all 第一， 最初， 首先 in the first place 首先， 第一 at present /now 现在 in the beginning 起初 to begin/start with 首先， 第一 for one thing 首先， (常与 for another 连用) （其次）‎ on the one hand 一方面 (常与 on the other hand连用) （另一方面）‎ currently 目前 lately/recently 最近 in general/generally speaking 一般来说 ‎2 有关“承” 的常用词语 用于承接主题句， 或第一个 （或前一个） 扩展句。‎ second(ly) 第二； 第二点 third (ly) 第三； 第三点 also/too 并且； 又， 也 besides (this) 此外 in addition 此外 in addition to 除…之外 furthermore/ moreover/ what is more 而且,此外 for another 其次 for example /instance 例如 as an example 例如 namely 即, 就是 then 然后 of course 当然 in other words 换句话说 in particular 特别,尤其 in the same way 同样地 after that 此后 afterwards 此后 after a few days 几天以后 after a while 过了一会儿 from now on 从此 later 后来 just as 正如 similarly 同样地 meanwhile/ at the same time 同时 by this time 此时 soon 不久 consequently 结果 ‎3 有关 “转” 的常用词语 用来表示不同或相反的情况 after all 毕竟 but 但是 yet 仍,然而 however 然而 nevertheless 尽管,如此 though / although 尽管如此 despite / in spite of 尽管 on the contrary 相反地 unlike… 与…不同 on the other hand 另一方面 unfortunately 不幸地 still 仍然 in fact/ as a matter of fact 事实上 ‎4 有关 “合” 的常用词语 用于小结段落中上文的内容， 引导最后一个扩展句或引 导结尾句表示段落的结束。‎ Finally/at last 最后,终于 in brief /short 简言之 in conclusion 总之 in summary 摘要地说 therefore 因此 thus 因此 to conclude/ summarize/ sum up 总而言之 briefly 简单地说 above all 最重要地 as a result 结果 as I have said 如我所述 at length 最后， 终于 eventually 最终 indeed 的确 surely 无疑 no doubt 毫无疑问 truly 的确 so 所以 obviously 显然 certainly 无疑 ‎5 表示过渡的词 这类词同样可以起到增强句子连贯性和文章流畅的词。‎ 表示增加的过渡词： also, and, and then, too, in addition, besides, furthermore, moreover, again another, above all,‎ 表示时间顺序的过渡词： now, then, before, after,afterwards, earlier, later,immediately, soon, next, in a few days, meanwhile, gradually, first, second, finally, till.‎ 表示空间顺序的过渡词 ： near, near to, far, far from, in front of, beside,beyond, above,below,to the right, to the left, around, behind, on one side….‎ 表示对比的过渡词： but,still, however， on the other hand，on the contrary, yet, in spite of,nevertheless 表示比较的过渡词： in the same way, similarity, just like just as ，‎ 表示结果和原因的过渡词： because, since, so, as a result, therefore,then , hence, thus ,as.‎ ‎【过渡词专项练习】这里面除了练习一些过渡词，还练习了一些黄金圣衣句型 ‎2005 年湖北卷 (in fact, in my opinion,for one reason, so, for another reason, therefore)‎ I'm very glad to have received the letter you sent me two weeks ago. I've been think-ing about the question you asked me. __________, You should come back after you finish your studies abroad. __________, what you are studying is badly needed nowadays in China. It will be quite easy for you to find a good job. ___________, I know a few big companies in our city are hoping to hire people like you. ____________, I think it will be much more convenient for you to look after your parents as they are getting old. I think it's a good idea for you to return. _______________, what are you waiting for?‎ 答案：In my opinion, For one reason, In fact, For another reason, Therefore, So ‎2005 年福建卷 (in my opinion, it is known to us all, what’ s more, on the other hand, so, but, instead of )‎ My Opinion on Cheating in Examinations ‎ ‎ ___________that some students cheat in examinations at school.As students, we often take examinations at school._________, sometimes we have too many examinations which are too difficult for us. _________, some of us are lazy and don’ t work hard at our lessons. ___________, when taking examinations, they sometimes cheat in order to get better results to please their parents and teachers.‎ ‎ _________, it is wrong to cheat in examinations because it breaks the rules of schools. We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard __________ cheating in examinations._________ ,we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for examinations.‎ 答案：It’ s known to us all, but, On the other hand, So, In my opinion, instead of, What's more 点评：这里的on the other hand有点不地道，anyway，这就是中国高考！‎ ‎2006 年福建卷 (as we all know, only in this way, surely, therefore, in my opinion, however, as well as, besides)‎ ‎ __________, we are what we eat.__________, it’ s very important for us to form healthy eating habits.‎ ‎ __________, bad eating habits are still very common among us students. Some of us often go to school without breakfast; some like to have snacks; some others are particular about food; and still some eat or drink too much. All these bad habits ‎ will __________do harm to our health.‎ ‎ To keep fit, we should have various healthy diets, which generally include proper amounts of fish, meat, vegetables, fruit______ main food. ________, we'd better have meals regularly.‎ ‎ _____________ , we should try to develop healthy eating habits to build up a strong body.___________ can we have enough energy to study better.‎ 答案：As we all know, Therefore, However, surely, as well as, Besides, In my opinion, Only in this way 第八讲、阅读理解核心笔记与高频词汇 阅读理解考你什么？‎ ‎“阅读理解不是考你看完文章之后答出五道题，而是通过五道题看你能否读懂这篇文章！”‎ ‎【阅读理解文章中的三种信息】‎ ‎1、有效信息：主题、重点 ‎2、干扰信息：和错误选项对应，应尽量少读 ‎3、无效信息：非重点 ‎【读懂什么？】‎ ‎1、主题：（段、篇）‎ ‎2、重点：（读句子）‎ 读懂主题和重点，就相当于读懂一篇文章了！‎ 因此，阅读理解=抓主题+找重点！‎ 阅读理解 ‎=读懂一篇文章 ‎ =读懂有效信息 ‎ =抓主题+找重点 ‎ 有些信息是不用读的！‎ 阅读理解高分能力之一：抓主题 1、 何为主题？‎ 主题：文章描述的对象 主旨：文章关于该对象的观点、态度 2、 抓主题有什么用？‎ 看懂这篇文章在“讲什么”，帮你解决“主旨题”‎ 帮你排除“细节题”中，不符合主旨的选项！‎ 3、 如何抓主题？‎ 寻找“重复词”‎ 读懂主题句 （1） 段落首尾句 （2） 问答处，问题给主题、答语给主旨。‎ （3） 首句之中或之后出现but（转折）或because（因果），则but、because之后是主题 （4） 冒号、破折号揭示文章主题 例子：‎ Honey from the American forest is not only a kind of natural sugar, it is also delicious.……In parts of Africa, though, people and animals looking for honey has a strange and unexpected helper-a little bird called a honey guide.‎ The honey guide does not actually like honey,but it does like the wax in the beehives(蜂房)‎ Scientists do not know why the honey guide likes eating the wax,but it is very determined in its efforts to get it.‎ 问题：‎ What can be the best title for the text?‎ A. Wild Bees B. Wax and Honey C. Beekeeping in ‎Africa D. Honey-Lover’s Helper 解题关键 1、 读懂首尾句，明确文章主题：honey guide 2、 搞清“honey guide”是什么 ‎【2012新课标·D篇】‎ Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.A man……He……He can ……A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins “Twinkle,twinkle,little star”or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.‎ 问题 What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?‎ A. People remember well what they learned in childhood.‎ B. Children habe a better memory than words.‎ C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words.‎ D. Stories for children are easy to remember.‎ 解题关键 1、 明确段落结构，全力读懂首句 2、 明确段落主题：小时候学的东西记得牢！‎ 阅读理解高分能力之二：找重点 1、 何为重点？‎ 1、 找重点有什么用？‎ 2、 如何找重点？‎ ‎（一）何为重点？‎ 答：题目考的就是重点！‎ If a child is interested in the univers, they probably will visit _____.‎ What can kids do at a Youtheater?‎ What does “hands-on science”means in the last paragraph?‎ ‎(二)找重点有什么用？‎ 答：解答“细节题”！‎ ‎（三）如何找重点？‎ ‎1、利用题干“关键词”寻找重点！‎ ‎ （1）“一眼秒杀”型关键词：人名、地名、数字、年代、时间、日期、大写字母、特殊标点符号 What can kids do at a Youtheater?‎ What does “hands-on science”mean in the last paragraph?‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ (2)“同义替换”型关键词：核心名词、核心动词、形容词副词以及其比较急好最高级 ‎ If a child is interested in the universe, he will probably will visit____‎ ‎ 【2012新课标·A篇】‎ ‎ Are you looking for some new and exciting places to take your kids to? Try some of these plces:‎ ‎ Visit art museums.They offer a variety of activities to excite your kids’ interest.Many offer workshops for making hand-made pieces,traveling exhibits,book signings（签名）by children’s favorite writers, and even musical performances and other arts.‎ ‎ 问题：‎ ‎ If a child is interested in the universe,he probably will visit____‎ ‎ A.a Youtheater ‎ B.an art museum ‎ C.a natural history museum ‎ D.a hands-on-science museum.‎ ‎ 解题技巧：‎ ‎ “找到关键词，读懂一整句；读完还不够，上下看一句”（有可能会一连看好几句）‎ ‎ Go to a Youtheater.Look for one in your area offering plays for child and family visitors.Pre-show play shops are conducted by area artists and educators where kids can discover the secret about performing arts.Puppet（木偶）making and stage make-up are just a couple of the special offerings you might find.‎ ‎ What can kids do at a Youtheater?‎ A. Look at rock collections.‎ A. See dinosaur models B. Watch puppet making C. Give performances.‎ 解题技巧：‎ ‎ 标汉字的地方是命题老师认为不得不读的重点！‎ ‎ 【2012新课标·A篇】‎ Try hands-on science.Visit one of the many hands-on scince museums around the country.These science play-lands are great fun for kids and grown-up alike.They’ll keep your child mentally and physically active the whole day through while pushing buttons,experimenting and building.When everyone is tired,enjoy a fun family secence show,commonly found in these museums.‎ What does “hand-on science”mean in the last paragraph?‎ A. Science games designed by kids.‎ B. Learning science by doing things.‎ C. A show of kids’science work.‎ D. Reading science books.‎ 解题技巧：“代词”说明在“解释”！‎ 如何快速找重点？‎ 1、 顺序一致原则 （1） 对于“细节题”，题目排列的顺序和对应的重点句在原文中出现的顺序前后一致。‎ （2） 多段落文章（段落超过五个）会有例外！‎ 2、 主题一致原则 （1） 利用题干主题和原文“段落主题”的对应关系，将题目对号入座 （2） ‎“细节题”一般不跨越段落 3、 同义替换原则 （1） 题干关键词和原文中对应的重点信息句会有同义词替换现象 （2） 包含与原文重点信息句同意替换现象的选项是正确选项。‎ ‎【2012新课标·B篇】‎ Honey from the African forest is not only a kind of natural sugar, it is also delicious.Most people,and many animals,like eating it.However,the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees nest and take the honey from it.Often,these nests are high up in trees,and it is difficult to find them.In parts of Africa,though,people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper –a little bird called a honey guide.‎ 问题：‎ Why is it difficult to find a wild bee’s nest?‎ A. It is small in size.‎ B. It is hidden in trees.‎ C. It is coverd with wax.‎ D. It is hard to recognize.‎ ‎ Once it has their attention,it flies through the forest,waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it lead s them to the nest.When they finally arrive at the nest,the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey,and the wax,always falls to the ground,and this is when the honey guide takes its share.‎ ‎ Scientists do not know why the honey guide likes eatding the wax,but it is very determined in its efforts to get it……‎ ‎ 问题：‎ ‎ What do the word “the follower”in Paragraph 2?‎ ‎ A.A bee ‎ B.A bird ‎ C.A honey seeker ‎ D.A beekeeper ‎ The honey guide is special in the way ____‎ A. it gets its food B. it goes to church C. it sings in the forest D. it reaches into bees’ nests 文章规律 ‎【七大出题位置】‎ （1） 段落首尾局 （2） ‎“转折”‎ （3） ‎“因果”‎ （4） ‎“唯一”‎ （5） 比较级、最高级 （6） 特殊标点符号 （7） 长难句 ‎【两大题型】‎ （1） 主旨题 （2） 细节题 一般细节题：利用题干定位重点信息句 复杂细节题：每个选项需要分别定位 因果关系题：why……？有因果词看因果词，无因果词看解释句 推断词义：词本无义，义由境生。‎ 指代关系题：“代词”说明在解释，看上文 作者态度题:利用主题句和某些形容词、副词判断 推断题：选择最“同义替换”的选项 选项规律 a) 正确选项：符合主题、同义替换 b) 错误选项：【阅读理解七宗罪】（重要）‎ 1) 以偏概全：主旨题 2) 偷换概念：原文中的A事物和选项中的A事物含义不同。（含有数字的选项）‎ a) 张冠李戴：将文中两事物的属性搞混；‎ b) 正反混淆：将原文含义颠倒黑白。‎ c) 无中生有：选项含有与原文无关的内容（名、形、动、副）。 ‎ 3) 移花接木：跨段落设置干扰选项。 ‎ 4) 答非所问+照抄原文*：以原文某句话直接作答，但该句话无法回答所问的问题。‎ 5) 语法变异： ‎ a) ‎“修饰词程度”变异； ‎ b) ‎“比较关系”变异； ‎ c) ‎ “时态”变异；‎ 6) 逻辑变异：‎ a) 因果倒置 b) 过度推断 c) 绝对化（不合常识）‎ 7) 与主题不符： ‎ 选项本身讲得很对，但并不是本文主要讨论的内容。 ‎ ‎ 问题 ‎ If a child is interested in the universe,he probably will visit____‎ ‎ A.a Youtheater ‎ B.an art museum ‎ C.a natural history museum ‎ D.a hands-on science museum What can kids do at a Youtheater?‎ A. Look at rock cellections.‎ B. See dinosaur models.‎ C. Watch puppet making.‎ D. Give perfoumances.‎ What does “hands-on science”mean in the last paragraph?‎ A. Science games designed by kids.‎ B. Learning science by doding things.‎ C. A show of kids’scence work D. Reading science books.‎ Why is it difficult to find a wild bees’nest?‎ A. It is small in size.‎ B. It is hidden in tree.‎ C. It is covered with wax.‎ D. It is hard to recogenize.‎ What can be the best title for the text?‎ A. Wild Bees B. Wax and Honey C. Beekeeping in ‎Africa A. Honey-Lover’s Helper ‎【总结】阅读理解解题步骤：‎ Step1:读首末段首尾句和各段首句，看看整篇文章在说什么、各段分别在讲什么【抓主题】 ‎ Step2:做细节题，利用关键词回原文定位重点信息【找重点】‎ Step3:在理解文章主题和信息重点的基础上，利用“假设法”做主旨题。 ‎ 阅读理解要学什么？‎ 1、 句子 a) ‎“三长两短一并列”‎ i. 在阅读中：‎ 1. 精读各段首末句（读懂主题）‎ 2. 精读由题干关键词定位到的重点信息句（读懂重点）‎ ii. 在完型中：‎ 精读每一句！‎ b) ‎“组件分析三步法”‎ c) 作业：彻底读懂（消化）120篇文章 i. 黑笔：画括号、方框、三角 ii. 红笔：圈“挂钩单词”‎ iii. 橙色荧光：固定搭配（ ）（ ）‎ iv. 绿色荧光：生词 2、 段落 ‎【定义】“按照一定的逻辑组合在一起的句子的集合。”‎ a) 分析句子的功能：‎ i. B：Background 背景 ii. T：Topic 主题 iii. E：Explanation 解释 i. E’: Example例子 ii. C: Conclusion 总结 b) ‎“结构化”阅读法：‎ 最低目标：标出各段主题句 最高目标：标出各句话的功能（BTEEC）‎ ‎【注】‎ 主题：某句、某段、某文章所指向的对象 主旨：对于主题的描述 2、 篇章 a) 记叙文：‎ 关注“时间词”；“议论句”；”心情句”；‎ ‎ （叙事说理）（叙事抒情）‎ b) 说明文：关注各段主题句 i. 从不同方面说明一个事物 ii. 从不同阶段说明一个事物 c) 社会科学类：‎ i. 社会现象/社会问题（负态度）： ‎ 个别à一般à分析原因à建议措施à总结展望 ii. 社会生活片段：各段主题句 1. 明确主题：‎ 2. 明确态度：（正态度）‎ d) 自然科学类：‎ i. ‎【自然现象】à假说（理论）à实验à结论 ii. ‎【科学实验】研究对象à研究过程à实验结论 e) 应用文（广告）：找！‎ 3、 题型 a) 主旨题 i. main idea; purpose; title ii. ‎“先主题，后主旨”‎ iii. ‎“假设法”：假设主旨是该选项，反推原文是否应当这样写；‎ iv. ‎“论点论据分析法”：四个选项中，总有两个选项比较抽象（论点）；另外两个选项比较具体（论据）；此时，优先排除具体选项，再选择这两个具体选项所支持的抽象选项。 ‎ i. 读：首段首句、首段尾句、每段首句、尾段尾句。‎ b) 细节题：找+读懂一句 i. 关键词原则：‎ 1. 人名、地名、数字、年代、时间、日期、大写；‎ 2. 核心名词；核心动词；形容词副词的比较级或最高级 ii. 主题一致原则（对号入座）‎ 1. 利用题干主题和段落主题的对应关系，判断该题应该在哪一段。‎ 2. ‎“先主题，后细节”：正确选项应与段落及篇章主题契合。‎ 3. 答题时，一般不跨越段落寻找答案。‎ iii. 顺序一致原则：‎ 1. 题目的先后顺序和对应的有效信息在原文中的顺序是基本一致的 2. 当文章段落特别多的时候，可能有例外。‎ iv. 同义替换原则：‎ 1. 题干关键词或正确选项是原文句子的“同义替换”。‎ 2. 纯技巧：当句子读不懂时，选择跟原文信息“同义替换”的选项。‎ 2、 选项 a) 正确选项：符合主题、同义替换 b) 错误选项：【阅读理解七宗罪】（重要）‎ 1) 以偏概全：主旨题 2) 偷换概念：原文中的A事物和选项中的A事物含义不同。（含有数字的选项）‎ a) 张冠李戴：将文中两事物的属性搞混；‎ b) 正反混淆：将原文含义颠倒黑白。‎ c) 无中生有：选项含有与原文无关的内容（名、形、动、副）。 ‎ 3) 移花接木：跨段落设置干扰选项。 ‎ 4) 答非所问+照抄原文*：以原文某句话直接作答，但该句话无法回答所问的问题。‎ 5) 语法变异： ‎ a) ‎“修饰词程度”变异； ‎ b) ‎“比较关系”变异； ‎ c) ‎ “时态”变异；‎ 6) 逻辑变异：‎ a) 因果倒置 b) 过度推断 c) 绝对化（不合常识）‎ 7) 与主题不符： ‎ 选项本身讲得很对，但并不是本文主要讨论的内容。 ‎ ‎【总结】阅读理解解题步骤：‎ Step1:用“点面结合法”读文章，了解各段主题；‎ 首段首句，首段尾句，每段首句，尾段尾句。‎ ‎--如果首句之后有But；要看but之后的内容 ‎--如果首句之后有because；要看because之后的内容 ‎--如果有“自问自答”处，问题给主题，答语给主旨 ‎ 注：主要看名词，因为“核心名词 = 文章主题”。 ‎ Step2:做细节题（找+//读一整句//+对照+排除）‎ 找：1、人名、地名、数字、年代、时间、日期、大写字母；‎ ‎ 2、核心名词、核心动词、形容词副词的比较级和最高级 技巧：“顺序一致原则”、”同义替换原则”… ‎ Step3:做主旨题（假设法、论点论据分析法）‎ ‎【小技巧】‎ ‎1、注汉字的地方就是命题老师认为不得不读懂的地方！‎ ‎2、并列处先不读；并列处要么不选，要么全选；‎ ‎3、人名后面的身份不读；‎ ‎4、各种“过程”不读；‎ ‎【过渡词专项练习】这里面除了练习一些过渡词，还练习了一些黄金圣衣句型 ‎【2005 年湖北卷】 (in fact, in my opinion,for one reason, so, for another reason, therefore)‎ I'm very glad to have received the letter you sent me two weeks ago. I've been think-ing about the question you asked me. __________, You should come back after you finish your studies abroad. __________, what you are studying is badly needed nowadays in China. It will be quite easy for you to find a good job. ___________, I know a few big companies in our city are hoping to hire people like you. ____________, I think it will be much more convenient for you to look after your parents as they are getting old. I think it's a good idea for you to return. _______________, what are you waiting for?‎ 答案：In my opinion, For one reason, In fact, For another reason, Therefore, So ‎【2005 年福建卷】 (in my opinion, it is known to us all, what’ s more, on the other hand, so, but, instead of )‎ My Opinion on Cheating in Examinations ‎ ___________that some students cheat in examinations at school.As students, we often take examinations at school._________, sometimes we have too many examinations which are too difficult for us. _________, some of us are lazy and don’ t work hard at our lessons. ___________, when taking examinations, they sometimes cheat in order to get better results to please their parents and teachers.‎ ‎ _________, it is wrong to cheat in examinations because it breaks the rules of schools. We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard __________ cheating in examinations._________ ,we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for examinations.‎ 答案：It’ s known to us all, but, On the other hand, So, In my opinion, instead ‎ of, What's more 点评：这里的on the other hand有点不地道，anyway，这就是中国高考！‎ ‎【2006 年福建卷】 (as we all know, only in this way, surely, therefore, in my opinion, however, as well as, besides)‎ ‎ __________, we are what we eat.__________, it’ s very important for us to form healthy eating habits.‎ ‎ __________, bad eating habits are still very common among us students. Some of us often go to school without breakfast; some like to have snacks; some others are particular about food; and still some eat or drink too much. All these bad habits will __________do harm to our health.‎ ‎ To keep fit, we should have various healthy diets, which generally include proper amounts of fish, meat, vegetables, fruit______ main food. ________, we'd better have meals regularly.‎ ‎ _____________ , we should try to develop healthy eating habits to build up a strong body.___________ can we have enough energy to study better.‎ 答案：As we all know, Therefore, However, surely, as well as, Besides, In my opinion, Only in this way 第九讲、完形填空重点词汇及短语 完形=单词+文章 单词=词意+搭配+辨析 文章=上文（30%）+下文（70%）‎ 一、词意题 例子 ‎18.A．curiousity 好奇心 B.exitement 兴奋 ‎ C．misunderstanding 误解，误会 D.nervousness 紧张；神经质 ‎2.A．successful 成功的 B.extra额外的 ‎ C．satisfying 令人满意的 D.convenient 方便的 如何高效解决词义题？‎ 答：识记完形填空高频单词 ‎3618‎ ‎1514‎ ‎640‎ 补充资料1:640个高频单词 ‎《1993-2012高考英语完形填空高频单词》‎ 二、搭配题 When,two weeks later,I 8 this same boy,I was more aware of my position in Nigerian ‎ society.I should 9(enjoy) this country as the son of a minister.‎ A.ran after B.ran into C.ran over D.ran to She made a ____ and wore diamonds and designer clothes.‎ A.decision B.foutune C.business D.Plan 如何高效解决搭配题？‎ 1、 理解介词的用法，进而理解各个搭配。‎ 2、 补充资料2:450个固定搭配 ‎《2013高考完形填空固定搭配》‎ 三、辨析题 ‎1.quality quantity ‎2.quiet quite ‎3.provide supply offer ‎4.faith truth reality ‎5.common ordinary usual general normal 如何高效解决辨析题 补充资料3:100个常考辨析 ‎《2013高考完形填空重点词汇辨析》‎ 学会做题：完形填空步骤 Step1：死活读懂第一句；‎ Step2：边读、边选 注意：一旦遇到“拿不准”的题目，死也不要蒙，只需“往下看”，线索在下文！‎ 此乃完形填空拿高分的第一秘诀！‎ Step3：整篇读完，查缺补漏。‎ ‎2012年高考英语山东卷 Whenever we hear about “the homeless,”, most of us think of the Developing world. But the 36 is that homelessness is everywhere. For example, how many of us would expect to see people living on the streets of a 37 country like Germany?‎ Kurt Muller and his wife Rita have spent eleven years making 38 for the homeless of Berlin‎, ‎Germany’s capital. They first 39 one long hot summer when most Germans were 40 on holiday. Kurt and his wife stayed at home, made sandwiches, ‎41 ‎‎ a table in the street and gave food to the homeless. ‎ The Mullers soon realized that food and clothing weren’t 42 . “What these people also need is warmth and 43 ,” says Rita. The Mullers didn’t 44 to give their phone number to the street people and told them to phone anytime. Rita 45 there was somebody at home to answer the phone and their home was always 46 to anyone who couldn’t face another night on the street. ‎ The couple were soon 47 all their time and money, so Kurt visited food an d clothing companies to 48 donations. Today, over thirty companies 49 donate food and other goods to the cause and volunteers help to 50 them to the homeless. The public also give clothes and money and a shoe producer 51 new shoes. ‎ Kurt and Rita receive no 52 for their hard work. “ We feel like parents,” says Rita, “and parents shouldn’t 53 money for helping their children. The love we get on the streets is our salary.” Though Rita admits she often gets 54 . She says she will continue with her work because she likes the feeling of having made a ‎55 in the world. ‎ ‎36. A. result B. truth C. reason D. idea ‎37. A. traditional B. developing C. typical D. wealthy ‎38. A. preparations B. houses C. meals D. suggestions ‎ ‎39. A. began B. met C. called D. left ‎ ‎40. A. asleep B. alone C. across D. away ‎41. A. brought up B. set up C. put aside D. gave away ‎42. A. enough B. necessary C. helpful D. expensive ‎ ‎43. A. fame B. freedom C. courage D. caring ‎ ‎44. A. hesitate B. agree C. pretend D. intend ‎45. A. make sense B. found out C. make sure D. worked out ‎ ‎46. A. open B. crowded C. noisy D. near ‎47. A. costing B. wasting C. taking D. spending ‎48. A. pay for B. ask for C. look into D. carry out ‎49. A. completely B. calmly C. regularly D. roughly ‎ ‎50. A. advertise B. sell C. deliver D. lend ‎ ‎51. A. donates B. produces C. designs D. collects ‎ ‎52. A. permission B. payment C. direction D. support ‎53. A. borrow B. raise C. save D. expect ‎ ‎54. A. surprised B. excited C. tired D. amused ‎ ‎55. A. profit B. difference C. decision D. rule 总结 完形填空如何提高？‎ 答：三套资料+一个方法 单词 搭配 “往下看”‎ 辨析 历年完形填空短语汇总 ‎ ‎1 a host of 大量 ‎ ‎ ‎2 a test for检测目的 ‎ ‎ ‎3 a test on对……进行测试 ‎ ‎ ‎4 a test with检测手段 ‎ ‎ 5 above all 最重要的; ‎ ‎ 6 according to根据 ‎ ‎ 7 achieve equilibrium取得平衡 ‎ ‎ 8 achieve one’s purpose达到目的 ‎ ‎ 9 achieve success 获得成功 ‎ ‎ 10 achieve victory获得胜利 ‎ ‎ 11 act on 遵照┄行动，作用于； ‎ ‎ 12 act on对…有影响 ‎ ‎ 13 add up to 总计，合计 ‎ ‎ 14 add… to 把…加到…. ‎ ‎ 15 adhere to 坚持，奉行； ‎ ‎ 16 after all 毕竟，均不合题意； ‎ ‎ 17 agree on对……取得一致意见 ‎ ‎ 18 agree to同意 ‎ ‎ 19 agree with sb.同意某人的话 ‎ ‎ 20 along with 和┄一道,和┄一起; ‎ ‎ 21 alternate (with)交替； ‎ ‎ 22 amount to 合计,共计; ‎ ‎ 23 an equal to与……相当的人/物，(地位)相同的人 ‎ ‎ 24 and yet然而 ‎ ‎ 25 anything but 一点也不； ‎ ‎ 26 anything like像……那样的东西 ‎ ‎ 27 anywhere near接近于 ‎ ‎ 28 apart form除……之外尚有 ‎ ‎ 29 apply to 向……申请，适用于 ‎ ‎ 30 appreciation of对……的欣赏/赞赏 ‎ ‎ 31 argue against 反对 ‎ ‎ 32 as a result of作为……的结果，由于 ‎ ‎ 33 as a result ‎（作为结果，因此）表结果，用不用逗号隔开看情况而定； ‎ ‎ 34 as a whole 作为一个整体，整个看来 ‎ ‎ 35 as far as …/are concerned就……而言 ‎ ‎ 36 as for至于，就…方面说 ‎ ‎ 37 as if好像，仿佛 ‎ ‎ 38 as soon as一~就~ ‎ ‎ 39 as though好像，仿佛 ‎ ‎ 40 as to 至于，关于； ‎ ‎ 41 as well也，一样 ‎ ‎ 42 as yet迄今，到目前为止 ‎ ‎ 43 aside from 除┄之外; ‎ ‎ 44 associate … with…‎ 由……联想到……，把……联系起来 ‎ ‎ 45 association with与……的交往 ‎ ‎ 46 at a disadvantage处于不利地位 ‎ ‎ 47 at a loss不知所措 ‎ ‎ 48 at a time每次，一次 ‎ ‎ 49 at all 丝毫,根本; ‎ ‎ 50 at any moment即使，随时。 ‎ ‎ 51 at first 首先,开始的时候; ‎ ‎ 52 at large未被捕获的,大多数; ‎ ‎ 53 at last 终于，最终； ‎ ‎ 54 at least至少 ‎ ‎ 55 at length 最终,详细地; ‎ ‎ 56 at most最多 ‎ ‎ 57 at no time从不，决不 ‎ ‎ 58 at one time曾经，从前曾 ‎ ‎ 59 at the cost of以……为代价 ‎ ‎ 60 at the least 至少； ‎ ‎ 61 at times有时,间或; ‎ ‎ 62 at…speed以……的速度 ‎ ‎ 63 attend on 照顾，侍候； ‎ ‎ 64 attribute … to 把……归于 ‎ ‎ 65 back up 后退，支持； ‎ ‎ 66 base on 基于 ‎ ‎ 67 be able to能够，胜任 ‎ ‎ 68 be about to正打算 ‎ ‎ 69 be accustomed to习惯于 ‎ ‎ 70 be associated with 与……有关，与……有关系 ‎ ‎ 71 be aware of 意识到； ‎ ‎ 72 be capable of 有能力干； ‎ ‎ 73 be caught 遇到，陷入 ‎ ‎ 74 be committed to被交给┄,答应承担┄义务; ‎ ‎ 75 be confined to 限制在,局限于; ‎ ‎ 76 be confined/be restricted受……限制 ‎ ‎ 77 be dedicated to 奉献,献给; ‎ ‎ 78 be devoted to 被用于，贡献给 ‎ ‎ 79 be directed to指向，针对 ‎ ‎ 80 be drawn to 被┄所吸引; ‎ ‎ 81 be due to由于，因此 ‎ ‎ 82 be exposed to 暴露在┄下,处在┄的作用之下; ‎ ‎ 83 be fond of 喜爱 ‎ ‎ 84 be full of 充满他 ‎ ‎ 85 be habitual to(him) 对(他来说)习以为常 ‎ ‎ 86 be in order合适，恰当。 ‎ ‎ 87 be involved in 参与，参加； ‎ ‎ 88 be involved with 与……有关连， ‎ ‎ 89 be left to 由┄来决定,由┄来想办法; ‎ ‎ 90 be limited to限制在┄,限定在┄; ‎ ‎ 91 be linked to/with something 与……连接 ‎ ‎ 92 be proud of 为~而骄傲。 ‎ ‎ 93 be referred to被提及，被提交 ‎ ‎ 94 be related to与……有关 ‎ ‎ 95 be sick of 厌恶┄,讨厌┄; ‎ ‎ 96 be subject to 经受,遭受; ‎ ‎ 97 be suitable for适合于 ‎ ‎ 98 be sure of 对┄的肯定; ‎ ‎ 99 be thrown in 额外赠送 ‎ ‎ 100 be tied by/with被……捆绑 ‎ 101 be tied to 束缚于，捆绑于 ‎ ‎ 102 be tired of 厌倦┄,厌烦┄; ‎ ‎ 103 behind time 晚点 ‎ ‎ 104 belief in对……的真实性或正确性具有的信心 ‎ ‎ 105 believe(… to be) 相信……是 ‎ ‎ 106 better than好于…… ‎ ‎ 107 beyond question毋庸置疑 ‎ ‎ 108 break away脱离，逃跑 ‎ ‎ 109 break down 损坏，分解，瓦解 ‎ ‎ 110 break into闯入 ‎ ‎ 111 break in强行进行，打断 ‎ ‎ 112 break off断绝，结束 ‎ ‎ 113 break out突发，爆发 ‎ ‎ 114 break through突破 ‎ ‎ 115 break up终止，结束，打碎 ‎ ‎ 116 bring about 产生； ‎ ‎ 117 bring forward 提出。 ‎ ‎ 118 bring out 使出现；公布；出版； ‎ ‎ 119 bring up 培养，养大； ‎ ‎ 120 by accident偶然，含有不幸的因素 ‎ ‎ 121 by all means无论如何，必定 ‎ ‎ 122 by chance偶然，意外地 ‎ ‎ 123 by choice处于选择 ‎ ‎ 124 by contrast 对比之下; ‎ ‎ 125 by means of 用，依靠； 借助于 ‎ ‎ 126 by means of借助于 ‎ ‎ 127 by mistake错误地 ‎ ‎ 128 by the way顺便提一下 ‎ ‎ 129 by virtue of 凭借，借助；因为， ‎ ‎ 130 by way of经由，通过…方式 ‎ ‎ 131 call forth唤起，引起 ‎ ‎ 132 call for邀请，要求，需要 ‎ ‎ 133 call off放弃，取消 ‎ ‎ 134 call on/upon访问，拜访 ‎ ‎ 135 care for 照顾，关心 ‎ ‎ 136 carry out贯彻，执行，实现 ‎ ‎ 137 cast light on阐明某事； ‎ ‎ 138 catch up with赶上； ‎ ‎ 139 catch sight of 看见； ‎ ‎ 140 center on 把┄集中在，以┄为中心； ‎ ‎ 141 characterized by 以┄为特征； ‎ ‎ 142 coincide with 与……相符 ‎ ‎ 143 come from 来自，来源于; ‎ ‎ 144 come off 成功； ‎ ‎ 145 come on 涉及，谈及，到达，结束，总共，共计，突然想起 ‎ ‎ 146 come out出版，出现，结局是 ‎ ‎ 147 come to 等于,结果是; 总计，达到 ‎ ‎ 148 come under attack受到打击 ‎ ‎ 149 come under归人，受到 ‎ 150 come up 发生，形成； ‎ ‎ 151 comment on 评论，发表意见； ‎ ‎ 152 commit to交付，把……投入 ‎ ‎ 153 comply with 遵守，服从； ‎ ‎ 154 conform to 遵守，符合，顺应 ‎ ‎ 155 consist of组成 ‎ ‎ 156 consistent in 在(某方面)一致 ‎ ‎ 157 consistent with与……一致 ‎ ‎ 158 contribute to 有助于 ，促进，加剧; ‎ ‎ 159 copy out 抄写； ‎ ‎ 160 correlate with找出一一对应的关系 ‎ ‎ 161 count on指望； ‎ ‎ 162 cut away 砍掉； ‎ ‎ 163 cut down 削减； ‎ ‎ 164 cut off 打断，中断； ‎ ‎ 165 cut out 删掉; ‎ ‎ 166 dedicate …to 奉献； ‎ ‎ 167 depend on依靠，依赖 ‎ ‎ 168 die back 枯死； ‎ ‎ 169 die down 逐渐消失；止息； ‎ ‎ 170 die off 相继死去； ‎ ‎ 171 die out消失；死绝; ‎ ‎ 172 difference in在……方面的差别 ‎ ‎ 173 do something for/to 改进，增强 ‎ ‎ 174 doubt about怀疑 ‎ ‎ 175 due to 由于，因为 ‎ ‎ 176 dwell on 利用 ‎ ‎ 177 enter for 报名参加； ‎ ‎ 178 enter into 开始 （谈话，讨论） ‎ ‎ 179 entertain a proposal愿意考虑这一建设 ‎ ‎ 180 entertain an idea抱着一种想法 ‎ ‎ 181 even if甚至，即使 ‎ ‎ 182 even though （虽然，尽管）表让步； ‎ ‎ 183 ever since（自从┄之后，从此以后）表时间； ‎ ‎ 184 faithful to忠心于 ‎ ‎ 185 fall from 从…落下； ‎ ‎ 186 far from毫不，远非 ‎ ‎ 187 favor of喜欢 ‎ ‎ 188 figure out计算出 ‎ ‎ 189 find out查明 ‎ ‎ 190 focus on集中于，集中研究 ‎ ‎ 191 followed by 接着是; ‎ ‎ 192 for all 尽管; ‎ ‎ 193 for example举例来说 ‎ ‎ 194 for instance 和 such as 都表示举例，‎ 前者常接句子，后者常接名词或名词短语； ‎ ‎ 195 for instance 例如 ‎ ‎ 196 for the purpose of 为了┄目的； ‎ ‎ 197 for the sake of为了……起见 ‎ ‎ 198 frankly speaking坦白来说 ‎ ‎ 199 freedom from免于……(的自由) ‎ ‎ 200 from all appearances从所能见到和所能知道的情况判断 ‎ 201 from all sides 从四面八方，全面地 ‎ ‎ 202 from now on从现在开始 ‎ ‎ 203 from/by all accounts根据方面所说 ‎ ‎ 204 gather up拾起，集拢； ‎ ‎ 205 generally speaking一般来说 ‎ ‎ 206 get along with进展，相处融洽 ‎ ‎ 207 get away逃脱，离开 ‎ ‎ 208 get away逃脱，离开 ‎ ‎ 209 get down to开始，着手 ‎ ‎ 210 get in进入，收获，收集 ‎ ‎ 211 give in妥协，让步，投降，屈服 ‎ ‎ 212 give off放出，释放 ‎ ‎ 213 give out分发，放出 ‎ ‎ 214 give something away泄露 ‎ ‎ 215 give up停止，放弃 ‎ ‎ 216 give way让路，让步 ‎ ‎ 217 go beyond 超越，超过； ‎ ‎ 218 go by从……旁走过，顺访 ‎ ‎ 219 go for追求 ‎ ‎ 220 go in进入，参加 ‎ ‎ 221 go through经历 ‎ ‎ 222 hand on传下来，依次传递 ‎ ‎ 223 hand out分发，散发 ‎ ‎ 224 hand over交出，移交 ‎ ‎ 225 have a bearing on与……有关系 ‎ ‎ 226 have difficulty with与---有分歧，相处不好 ‎ 227 hold back踌躇，退缩，阻止 ‎ ‎ 228 hold down 控制 ‎ ‎ 229 hold on to紧紧抓住，坚持 ‎ ‎ 230 hold on继续，握住不放，坚持 ‎ ‎ 231 hold out维持，伸出，提出，坚持 ‎ ‎ 232 hold up 保持良好，停止；阻滞 ‎ ‎ 233 hold up举起，承载，阻挡 ‎ ‎ 234 if only(要是，只要)表条件； ‎ ‎ ‎235 in use 在使用； ‎ ‎ ‎236 in … degree在……速度上 ‎ ‎ ‎237 in a sense ‎ ‎(从某种意义上说)它可以放在句首、句中或者句尾，一般不用逗号隔开； ‎ ‎ ‎238 in a state of 处于……的状态 ‎ ‎ ‎239 in a way从某一点上看 ‎ ‎ ‎240 in accord with与……一致 ‎ ‎ ‎241 in addition to 除……之外，并且 ‎ ‎ ‎242 in all 总共; ‎ ‎ ‎243 in any case 无论如何，不管怎样； ‎ ‎ ‎244 in case of 万一发生 … ‎ ‎ ‎245 in case 假使，以防； ‎ ‎ ‎246 in circles=in a circle在原地兜圈子，毫无进展 ‎ ‎ ‎247 in consequence 因此； ‎ ‎ ‎248 in doubt 有怀疑 ‎ ‎ ‎249 in effect ‎ ‎（实质上，实际上）它在句中一般不需要用逗号隔开； ‎ ‎ ‎250 in essence实质上，本质上，根本上 ‎ ‎251 in fact实际上 ‎ ‎ ‎252 in firm voice 用清晰，坚定的声音。 ‎ ‎ ‎253 in general 总的来说,大体上; ‎ ‎ ‎254 in general一般来说： ‎ ‎ ‎255 in line with 与┄一致，符合┄； ‎ ‎ ‎256 in mind心里想着某人或某事； ‎ ‎ ‎257 in need of 需要 ‎ ‎ ‎258 in no way决不 ‎ ‎ ‎259 in one’s opinion在某人看来 ‎ ‎ ‎260 in one’s terms用……的话来说 ‎ in one’s view根据……观点 ‎ ‎ ‎261 in one’s way/in the way妨碍，阻碍 ‎ ‎ ‎262 in order to为了 ‎ ‎ ‎263 in order 整齐，恰当 ‎ ‎ ‎264 in particular 尤其，特别； ‎ ‎ ‎265 in perspective 关系恰当地，观察合理地； ‎ ‎ ‎266 in point of 说到，关于 ‎ ‎ ‎267 in question 对… 表示 怀疑，有疑问 ‎ ‎ ‎268 in reference to 关于，就┄而论； ‎ ‎ ‎269 in regard to关于 ‎ ‎ ‎270 in relation to 关于，至于; ‎ ‎ ‎271 in reply to 作为回答； ‎ ‎ ‎272 in response to ‎ 作为对┄的回答，作为对┄的反应； ‎ ‎ ‎273 in return for 作为对┄的汇报/交换； ‎ ‎ ‎274 in short 总之,简言之; ‎ ‎ ‎275 in spite of尽管； ‎ ‎ ‎276 in terms of 用┄的话；从┄方面来说； ‎ ‎ ‎277 in the analysis of 在对……进行分析时 ‎ ‎ ‎278 in the bargain 此外，还 ‎ ‎ ‎279 in the case of 至于┄，就┄来说；就…而论 ‎ ‎ ‎280 in the company of 陪伴，伴随 ； ‎ ‎ ‎281 in the course of 在……过程中，在……期间 ‎ ‎ ‎282 in the end最后 ‎ ‎ ‎283 in the event of 万一发生; ‎ ‎ ‎284 in the form of以┄形状，以┄形式； ‎ ‎ ‎285 in the light of鉴于，由于； ‎ ‎ ‎286 in the process of 在┄的过程中； ‎ ‎ ‎287 in time后来渐渐,终于 ; ‎ ‎ ‎288 in turn 依次地,反过来; ‎ ‎ ‎289 in vain徒劳 ‎ ‎ ‎290 in whole 整个地 ‎ ‎ 291 infuse … into注入 ‎ ‎ 292 insist on坚持，一定要 ‎ ‎ 293 instead of 代替 ‎ ‎ 294 interest in对……的兴趣 ‎ ‎ 295 irrespective of不顾的,不考虑的; ‎ ‎ 296 isolate …from 使~与~隔离；使孤立 ； ‎ ‎ 297 it used to be 过去的情况是…… ‎ ‎ 298 join in 参加（某种活动）； ‎ ‎ 299 lay emphasis on 强调； ‎ ‎ 300 lay/put blame on责怪，归咎于 ‎ 301 lead off 开始； ‎ ‎ 302 lead on 继续引领； ‎ ‎ 303 lead out 开始； ‎ ‎ 304 lead to 导致; ‎ ‎ 305 less than 不如，少于 ‎ ‎ 306 link together联系在一起 ‎ ‎ 307 long before早在┄之前，很久以前 ‎ ‎ 308 look on旁观，观看 ‎ ‎ 309 loyal to忠诚于 ‎ ‎ 310 make a step 走一步 ‎ ‎ 311 make for 有助于，有利于； ‎ ‎ 312 make one’s way前进，行进 ‎ ‎ 313 make out 弄懂；辨认，开出（支票，药方等） ‎ ‎ 314 make sure 查明，弄确实； ‎ ‎ 315 make towards朝…走去 ‎ ‎ 316 make way开路，让路 ‎ ‎ 317 mean by ……的意思，……意味着 ‎ ‎ 318 more … than 比……更……，与其说……不如说……，不是……而是 ‎ ‎ 319 more than不仅，不止;多于… ‎ ‎ 320 much as（虽然，尽管）表让步； ‎ ‎ 321 no less … than和…一样…，既…又… ‎ ‎ 322 no more … than既不会…也不会 ‎ ‎ 323 not … but … 不是…而是… ‎ ‎ 324 now that(既然，由于)表原因； ‎ ‎ 325 object to 反对； ‎ ‎ 326 of course当然 ‎ ‎ 327 on a large scale大规模的(地) ‎ ‎ 328 on a national scale在全国范围内 ‎ ‎ 329 on account of 由于; ‎ ‎ 330 on average 按平均值,通常; ‎ ‎ 331 on behalf of 代表,为了; ‎ ‎ 332 on campus在校园 ‎ ‎ 333 on occasion偶尔； ‎ ‎ 334 on radio 用无线电,通过广播; ‎ ‎ 335 on the average 按平均值，通常； ‎ ‎ 336 on the basis of 根据，在……的基础上 ‎ ‎ 337 on the contrary相反 ‎ ‎ 338 on the grounds of 以……为理由 ‎ ‎ 339 on the occasion of 在…场合，值…之际； ‎ ‎ 340 on the other hand另一方面 ‎ ‎ 341 on the radio 通过广播,无线电广播中; ‎ ‎ 342 on the side 额外地，作为兼职； ‎ ‎ 343 on the side of在… 一边 ‎ ‎ 344‎ ‎ on the whole 总的来看； ‎ ‎ 345 on time 准时; ‎ ‎ 346 one another 相互 ‎ ‎ 347 one or other 不管哪一个 ‎ ‎ 348 only if (只要，只有)表条件； ‎ ‎ 349 other than 除了，不同于；‎ ‎ 350 out of step不一致，不协调 ‎ 351 out of the question 不可能的 ‎ ‎ 352 out of use 不使用 ‎ ‎ 353 owe …to… 把 …归功于 ‎ ‎ 354 pass out 分发，分配；昏倒，死去； ‎ ‎ 355 pass off 中止,停止; ‎ ‎ 356 pass on把…传递给另外一个人; ‎ ‎ 357 pass out 失去知觉，晕倒； ‎ ‎ 358 pay attention to 注意； ‎ ‎ 359 pay by check用支票支付 ‎ ‎ 360 pay in cash 或 pay cash 付现金。 ‎ ‎ 361 pay off 赢利，取得好结果， ‎ ‎ 362 persist in坚持 ‎ ‎ 363 pick up 捡起，提高； ‎ ‎ 364 plan for 为┄订计划； ‎ ‎ 365 point to指向; ‎ ‎ 366 properly speaking正确（公正）地讲 ‎ ‎ 367 provided that(假若，倘如)表条件； ‎ ‎ 368 put together 加在一起; ‎ ‎ 369 put up with 忍受； ‎ ‎ 370 quite other完全不同的 ‎ ‎ 371 rather than ( 宁愿……)与其；是…而不是 ‎ ‎ 372 refer to (… as) 提到，把……称为;参考 ‎ ‎ 373 reflect discredit on使丧失名誉 ‎ ‎ 374 reflect on思考，反省，怀疑 ‎ ‎ 375 rely on 依靠，指望； ‎ ‎ 376 remove…from…把…从…去掉；撤职： ‎ ‎ 377 responsible for 对~负责。 ‎ ‎ 378 result from由…产生，因…而造成： ‎ ‎ 379 result in导致 ‎ ‎ 380 ripe for 为什么做好准备。 ‎ ‎ 381 root out 发现 ‎ ‎ 382 run a risk 意为“冒风险” ‎ ‎ 383 sacrifice something to为……牺牲某事 ‎ ‎ 384 secure sth. from attack使……受攻击 ‎ ‎ 385 set about开始，着手 ‎ ‎ 386 set aside掩饰出，留出 ‎ ‎ 387 set back推迟，延缓；阻碍 ‎ ‎ 388 set down卸下，放下；记下 ‎ ‎ 389 set forth阐明，陈述 ‎ ‎ 390 set off 出发，使爆炸 ‎ ‎ 391 set out陈列，显示，启程 ‎ ‎ 392 share with 与┄分享； ‎ ‎ 393 shoot a film拍摄一个镜头 ‎ ‎ 394 side with站在┄一边，支持； ‎ ‎ 395 similar to 与┄类似； ‎ ‎ 396 since then从那时起 ‎ ‎ 397 something like大约，有几分像…… ‎ ‎ 398 sooner than 早于┄； ‎ ‎ 399 speed up加速； ‎ ‎ 400 stand for代表，意味着 ‎ 401 step up增加，加速 在 …方面不同。 ‎ ‎ 402 stick to 坚持，坚持干，遵循； ‎ ‎ 403 stimulated by 受┄的刺激（或激励）; ‎ ‎ 404 stir up 激起，引起，挑起； ‎ ‎ 405 such as 比方说,例如; ‎ ‎ 406 support for 对……的支持 ‎ ‎ 407 sure enough 果然，果然不出所料; ‎ ‎ 408 take away 拿走，夺走； ‎ ‎ 409 take a step采取措施; ‎ ‎ 410 take advantage of 利用。 ‎ ‎ 411 take away消耗，清除 ‎ ‎ 412 take care of照管； ‎ ‎ 413 take for 把┄看作，把┄误以为； ‎ ‎ 414 take in接受，吸收，欺骗 ‎ ‎ 415 take on呈现，从事 ‎ ‎ 416 take over接管 ‎ ‎ 417 take to开始喜欢，开始从事，开始沉湎于 ‎ ‎ 418 take up with 开始于~来往； ‎ ‎ 419 take up 专用 ‎ ‎ 420 thanks to由于，幸亏 ‎ ‎ 421 the bulk of……的主要部分，大多数 ‎ ‎ 422 the former…the latter…（前者…，后者…） ‎ ‎ 423 to … extent在……范围，到……程度 ‎ ‎ 424 to caution against对……予以警告 ‎ ‎ 425 to center around以……为中心 ‎ ‎ 426 to some extent某种程度上，有一点 ‎ ‎ 427 to such an extent that 到了这样的程度，以至…… ‎ ‎ 428 to the extent 到……的程度 ‎ ‎ 429 to the extent到……的程度 ‎ ‎ 430 to the extent到……的程度 ‎ ‎ 431 to turn something into 把……转换为 ‎ ‎ 432 together with一起 ‎ ‎ 433 transition to 向……过渡，向……转变 ‎ ‎ 434 turn away 转来脸去 ‎ ‎ 435 turn over 把… 翻过 ‎ ‎ 436 turn round 转过身来 ‎ ‎ 437 turn to 求助于 ‎ ‎ 438 turn up意外地发生； ‎ ‎ 439 what is more而且，再者 ‎ ‎ 440 with regard to 关于，至于，就┄而论， ‎ ‎ 441 with that 说罢。 ‎ ‎ 442 with the exception of 除┄外 ‎ ‎ 443 with…speed以……的速度 ‎ ‎ 444 work away一直在工作 ‎ ‎ 445 work out解决，算出，制定出 ‎ ‎ 446 work up逐步建立，逐步发展； ‎ ‎ 447 worse than坏于…… ‎ ‎ 448 write away不停地写 ‎ ‎ 449 write in 提出书面要求 ‎ ‎ 450 write off 报废；勾销 ‎ ‎ 451 write on写，记述 ‎ ‎ 452 write out写出，取消某角色开出（药方，支票）‎ 高中英语重点词汇、词组辨析 ‎1. above all, after all, at all, in all above all表示“最重要，首先”，常置于句首或句中，作插入语，起强调作用。‎ Above all, we have won the game.‎ after all表示“毕竟，终究，终归，到底”，在句中位置较灵活。‎ Jessica has turned out to be a nice girl after all.‎ at all表示“根本”。‎ I don’t like Mexican food at all.‎ in all表示“总共”，既可放在句首，也可放在句末。‎ We have learned 2500 English words in all.‎ ‎2. accept, receive accept表示“接受”的意思，是有意识的。‎ I’ve received a gift from him, but I’m not going to accept it.‎ receive表示“收到”的意思，是无意识的。‎ Did you receive any letters today?‎ ‎3. add, add to, add...to, add up to add表示“增加，添加，计算……总和，补充说”。‎ If the water is too cold, add some more hot water.‎ add to表示“增添，增加，增进”。‎ The heavy snow added to our difficulties.‎ add...to表示“把……加到……”。‎ Add ten to forty, and you will get fifty.‎ add up to表示“合计达到”，该短语不用于被动语态。‎ All his school education added up to no more than one year.‎ ‎4. admit sb./sth. to..., admit of, admit to admit sb./sth. to表示“……允许某人或某物进入某处”。‎ This visa will admit you to that country.‎ admit of表示“容许有，有……可能，容有……余地”。‎ The facts admit of no other explanation admit to表示“承认”。‎ She admitted to stealing the keys.‎ ‎5. agree on, agree to, agree with, agree that agree on表示“就……取得一致意见”。‎ We couldn’t agree on what to buy.‎ agree to有两层含义和用法：‎ ‎(1)to作为动词不定式符号，其后面跟动词原形，表示“同意做某事”。‎ They agreed to meet on Sunday.‎ ‎(2)to作为介词，之后跟表示计划、条件、建议等一类的名词或代词。‎ The manager has agreed to our plan.‎ agree with表示“同意某人意见”，其后可跟表示人的名词或代词。‎ We didn’t agree with what she said at the meeting.‎ agree that表示“认为……”，其后跟宾语从句。‎ We agreed that they would deliver the sofa in the morning.‎ ‎6. alone, lonely alone = by oneself, without others表示“独自一人”，可作表语和宾补。‎ He went to the separate island all alone.‎ lonely表示“孤独，寂寞”，主观上渴望有伴。若指地方，则表示“人迹罕至的，荒凉的，偏僻的”，可作定语或表语。‎ The old man was alone in the house on the top of the hill, but he didn’t feel lonely.‎ ‎7. a number of, the number of a number of表示“许多”，谓语动词用复数。‎ A number of visitors pay a visit to the museum every day.‎ the number of表示“……的数目”，谓语动词用单数。‎ The number of pandas is increasing.‎ ‎8. arrive, get, reach arrive表示“达到，抵达”，不及物动词，后接in (大地点)，at (小地点)。‎ When will you arrive in London, Mr. Wallace?‎ get表示“到达，抵达”，不及物动词，后接to。‎ When we got to the airport, the flight had taken off.‎ reach表示“到达，抵达”，及物动词。‎ His letter reached me this morning.‎ ‎9. at the age of, by the age of at the age of表示“在……岁时”。‎ She published a book at the age of ten.‎ by the age of表示“到……岁的时候，在……岁以前”。‎ By the age of sixteen, he had won ten gold metals.‎ ‎10. at the beginning, in the beginning at the beginning表示“在……，在初……开始的时候”，常与of连用。‎ All of us should be careful with our work at the beginning of term.‎ in the beginning表示“起初，首先”，相当于at first。‎ In the beginning, some of us took no interest in this game.‎ ‎11. ashamed, shameful ashamed表示“感到羞耻，觉得惭愧，不好意思”，指主观认为是可耻的。‎ He was ashamed of losing his wife’s necklace the other day.‎ shameful表示“不可饶恕，可耻”，指事物本身的客观性质是可耻的。‎ To steal money from a blind person is a shameful act.‎ ‎12. be anxious to, be anxious for, be anxious about be anxious to表示“急于，渴望”，其中to是不定式符号，后面接动词原形。‎ We are anxious to know the result of the examination.‎ be anxious for表示“渴望”，后面接名词或代词时，强调渴望得到某物或渴望了解某事。‎ The young lady was anxious for a diamond necklace.‎ be anxious about表示“对……感到不安，为……担心，为……忧虑”。‎ She was anxious about her lost son.‎ ‎13. believe, believe in believe表示“相信(事物的真实性，人的诚实)”。‎ I don’t believe you.‎ believe in表示“信奉，信仰，信任”。‎ We believe in him.‎ ‎14. be made of, be made from, be made in, be made by, be made up of be made of表示“由……制成”，指从原料到制成品，强调形状变化，并无本质变化(属物理变化)。‎ This table is made of wood.‎ be made from表示“由……制成”，指从原料到制成品，强调质的变化，并已无法复原(属化学变化)。‎ Paper is made from wood.‎ be made in表示“某物何时制造的”或“何地产的”。‎ This bike was made in Shanghai.‎ be made by表示“由……制做”，后面接指人的名词或代词，强调动作的执行者。‎ The kite was made by my brother.‎ be made up of表示“由……构成(组成)”。‎ The football team is made up of 12 members.‎ ‎15. be pleased with, be pleased at/about, be pleased to be pleased with表示“对……满意，喜欢……”，后面通常接指人的名词或代词。‎ The president was pleased with all of his men in his company.‎ be pleased at/about表示“对看到或听到的事感到高兴”，后面接指事的名词或v-ing。‎ I am pleased at seeing so many students present.‎ be pleased to表示“很高兴或很乐意做某事”，其中to是不定式符号，后面接动词原形。‎ My boss must be pleased to see you again in Moscow.‎ ‎16. be tired of, be tired with be tired of表示“对某事感到厌烦，厌倦”。‎ I’m tired of standing in the wind, doing nothing.‎ be tired with表示“因为……而累了”。‎ She is tired with running a long time.‎ ‎17. besides, except, except for besides表示“除了……(包括在内)”。‎ Besides chocolate and fruit juice, we need bread and eggs.‎ except表示“除了……(不包括在内)”。‎ Every one of us, except him, went to the theatre for The Twelfth Night.‎ except for表示“整体……除了某一点以外”。‎ The essay is good except for a few mistakes.‎ ‎18. be sure to do, be sure of doing be sure to do表示“一定的；必定的”，主语可为sb.或sth.。‎ We are sure to benefit from the new production.‎ be sure of doing表示“确信的；肯定的”，主语只能为sb.。‎ He is sure of offering you his help.‎ ‎19. big, huge, large, vast big表示“尺度、重量、容积等大”。‎ Our room is bigger than theirs.‎ huge表示“体积大(还可指超越一定标准的大)”。‎ That little boy was given a huge piece of cake.‎ large表示“面积大，范围大，数目大”。‎ Police discovered a large quantity of drugs in the van.‎ vast表示“范围、地域大、巨大的”。(也可指数目巨大的)‎ There are vast forest areas along the Amazon River.‎ ‎20. best, hit, strike beat表示“连续性地击打”。(指无规律的击打)‎ The rain beat against the windows.‎ hit表示“打中，对准打”。‎ He hit me with his hand.‎ strike表示“重击、打一下或若干下”。(指有规律的撞击)‎ The clock struck 12 when we arrived the church..‎ ‎21. blow down, blow off, blow out blow down表示“吹倒，刮倒”。‎ The strong winds yesterday blew down thousands of trees.‎ blow off表示“吹掉，炸掉，发泄”。‎ A gust of wind blew off all the papers on the table.‎ blow out表示“吹熄，使熄灭”。‎ Emma blew out the candle.‎ ‎22. break away from, break down, break into, break out,‎ break away from表示“脱离，摆脱”。‎ Some members broke away to form a new political party.‎ break down表示“(机器等)出毛病、出故障”。‎ My car broke down on the way to work yesterday.‎ break into表示“破门而入”。‎ The office has been broken into twice since Christmas.‎ break out表示“(火灾、战争、疾病、打斗)突然爆发”。‎ A fight broke out among the crowd.‎ ‎23. bring in, bring on, bring out bring in表示“引来，引进，吸收”。‎ The new film has brought in millions of dollars.‎ bring on表示“使发生，引起”。‎ Headaches are often brought on by stress.‎ bring out表示“取出，说出，阐明，出版, 推出、生产出”。‎ They have just brought out a new, smaller phone.‎ ‎24. care, care about, care for, care to care表示“在意，关心，顾虑，照顾，喜爱”，但其后通常接从句。‎ I don’t care where you have been.‎ care about表示“关心，计较，在乎”，一般用于否定句。‎ He cares deeply about the environment.‎ care for表示“关心，照料，喜欢，愿意”，一般用于肯定句或疑问句。‎ Who will care for your children when you are away?‎ care to表示“愿意，欲望”，后接动词原形。‎ Would you care to join us for dinner?‎ ‎25. carry away, carry off, carry on, carry out carry away表示“使倾倒，使激动得失去控制”。‎ The music carried him away.‎ carry off表示“叼走，夺走”。‎ He carried off three gold medals in the Olympics.‎ carry on表示“继续进行”。‎ The doctors have warned him but he just carried on drinking.‎ carry out表示“实施，遵守”。‎ He carried out his promise to give up smoking.‎ ‎26. 与come相关的词组辨析 come about表示“发生”。‎ How did it come about?‎ come across表示“偶遇，碰到(=come upon)”。‎ We’ve just come across an old friend we haven’t seen for ages.‎ come along表示“进展，进步，进行”。‎ How’s your work coming along?‎ come around表示“拜访，改变观点，同意(原来反对的)观点(或计划)，发生、恢复知觉”。‎ I’m sure she’ll come around to our view eventually.‎ come down表示“传递，传给”。‎ The song comes down to us from the 20th century.‎ come into表示“开始，进入”。‎ A small town came into sight as we turned the last corner.‎ come out表示“(照片上)显露，结果是”。‎ The stars came out as soon as darkness fell.‎ come round表示“恢复知觉，苏醒过来”。‎ Leave him alone and he’ll soon come round.‎ come to表示“涉及，谈及”。‎ When it comes to business I know nothing.‎ come up表示“走进，接近，抬头，上来，上升”。‎ The issue of security came up at the meeting yesterday.‎ come up with表示“想出(计划、回答)，作出(反应)，产生”。‎ He couldn’t come up with a good scheme to make money.‎ ‎27. compare...to, compare...with compare...to表示“把……比作……”，着重注意两者间的相似点。‎ This essay compares our country to a big family.‎ compare...with表示“把……与……相比”，侧重指两者间的区别。‎ Compare this story with that one, and you will find the differences between them.‎ ‎28. consider...as, consider doing, consider...to be consider...as表示“把(某人)看作”。‎ Today, Abraham Lincoln is considered as one of the greatest of all American presidents.‎ consider doing表示“考虑做某事”。‎ Have you considered having a jog in the morning?‎ consider...to be表示“把……看作是”。‎ The people had considered him to be a great leader.‎ ‎29. cross, across, crossing cross作动词用时，表示“横过”。‎ They are crossing the river.‎ across可作介词或副词，表示“横穿，横过”。‎ The Bank of China is across the street.‎ crossing表示“横穿，交叉，十字路口，人行横道”。‎ Those children are standing at a crossing waiting for their school bus.‎ ‎30.cut down, cut in, cut off, cut up, cut through cut down表示“砍倒，(疾病等)夺去生命”。‎ That old man has cut this tree down.‎ cut in表示“插嘴，插入”。‎ Don’t cut in when they have a talk.‎ cut off表示“切断”。‎ Many towns had their water supply cut off because there was no electricity.‎ cut up表示“切割开来，切碎，使难过”。‎ I am cutting the wood up.‎ cut through表示“剪断，凿穿”。‎ The army was called in to cut through fallen trees and to help clear the roads and paths.‎ ‎31. damage, destroy, ruin damage表示“损坏，破坏”，毁坏的程度通常是可以修补的。‎ The earthquake damaged several buildings.‎ destroy表示“破坏，摧毁，消灭，毁灭”，毁坏的程度是不能修补的。‎ The big fire destroyed the whole building.‎ ruin表示“毁灭”，把某物损坏到了不能再使用的程度。‎ The storm has ruined all the crops here.‎ ‎32. discover, find, find out, invent,‎ discover表示“发现”，指偶然或经过努力发现原来客观存在但不为人所知的事物。‎ Columbus‎ discovered America in 1492.‎ find表示“找到，发现”，着重指找到的结果。‎ They finally found a way to solve the problem.‎ find out表示“找出，发现，查明(真相等)”，指经过研究或询问查明某事或真相。‎ Please find out when the ship sails for Sydney.‎ invent表示“发明”，指通过劳动运用聪明才智发明(创造)出以前从未存在过的新事物。‎ Who invented the computer?‎ ‎33. decide, determine decide表示经过考虑或讨论研究做出决定。‎ Our boss decided not to go to Egypt by ship.‎ determine表示决心已下，任何力量都动摇不了。‎ I determined to give him a chance.‎ ‎34. die away, die down, die out die away表示“(声音，怒火等)渐渐消失”。‎ His anger died away. (He was not angry.)‎ die down表示“(声音，怒火等)逐渐减小”。‎ His anger died down a little bit. (He was still angry.)‎ die out表示“(物种等)灭绝，不复存在”。‎ Many living things are facing the danger of dying out.‎ ‎35. everyday, every day everyday表示“日常的，通常的；每天的”，用作形容词。‎ Computers are now part of everyday life.‎ every day表示“每天”，用作副词。‎ This problem we should face every day.‎ ‎36. fall down, fall into, fall off, fall onto,‎ fall down表示“(人)跌倒，摔倒，绊倒”，用作不及物动词。‎ The old lady fell down in the street and broke her leg.‎ fall into表示“掉到……里，陷入(困难)”。‎ A car fell into the river while it is speeding on the bridge.‎ fall off表示“从……上落下，掉下，摔下”，用作及物动词。‎ The boy fell off a tree and broke the arm.‎ fall onto表示“掉到……上”。‎ The books fell off the desk onto the ground.‎ ‎37. feed...on, feed...to feed...on表示“用……喂……”，feed后接表示人或动物的词。(强调以…为主食)‎ I feed the dog on meat.‎ feed...to表示“将……喂给……”，feed后跟表示食物的词(强调“提供…”)。‎ What did you feed to the baby just now?‎ ‎38. fear, frighten fear表示“害怕……”。‎ He was shaking with fear.‎ frighten表示“使……害怕，使……吃惊”。‎ Does the spider frighten you?‎ ‎39. finally, at last, in the end finally表示“最后”，指某一动作发生的顺序是在最后。‎ She finally agreed with me.‎ at last表示“终于”，指经过一番曲折或努力之后某事才发生，强调其结果。‎ After a lot of difficulties, he succeeded at last.‎ in the end表示“最后”，指经过若干周折或努力而最后发生了某事。‎ We did experiment after experiment, and in the end we succeed.‎ ‎40. feel one’s way, fight one’s way, find one’s way feel one’s way表示“摸索着探路”。‎ The blind man felt his way with the stick.‎ fight one’s way表示“挣扎着前进”。‎ All of us fought our way out of the crowd.‎ find one’s way表示“找到路”。‎ How did your dog find its way here?‎ ‎41. fit, be fit for, be fit to fit表示“适合，合身”，主要指大小适合。‎ Your clothes fit well.‎ be fit for表示“适合，能胜任”，for后面接名词或-ing形式。‎ You are fit for this position in our company.‎ be fit to表示“适合，能胜任”，to为动词不定式符号，因此后面只能接动词原形。‎ The food is not fit to eat.‎ ‎42. forbid doing sth., forbid sb.to do sth.‎ forbid doing sth.表示“禁止，不许”，在无人称宾语的情况下用动名词作它的宾语。‎ We forbid smoking here.‎ forbid sb.to do sth.表示“禁止，不许”，在有人称宾语的情况下用不定式短语作其补语。‎ The snowstorm forbid us to go out.‎ ‎43. forget, leave forget表示“遗留”时，forget后只跟事物，不跟地点或场所。‎ That old lady always forgets her key.‎ leave表示“遗留”时，一定接地点场所。‎ My boss left his key at home this morning.‎ ‎44. forget doing, forget to do forget doing表示“忘记做过某事”。‎ He forgot turning the light off.‎ forget to do表示“忘记要去做某事”。‎ The light in the office is still on, he must have forgotten to turn it off.‎ ‎45. gather, collect gather表示“把分散的东西集中到一起”。‎ Gather your toys up.‎ collect表示“精心地、有选择地进行收集”。‎ He likes collecting coins and stamps.‎ ‎46. get in touch with, keep in touch with get in touch with表示“与……取得联络”，表动作。‎ I tried to get in touch with him in London, but failed.‎ keep in touch with表示“和……保持联络”，表状态。‎ Let’s keep in touch with each other.‎ ‎47. 与get有关的词组辨析 get along with表示“与……相处”。‎ We get along very well with each other.‎ get close to表示“接近”。‎ Don’t get close to that house.‎ get down to表示“开始认真做……”。‎ Once the reporters know what to write about, they get down to work.‎ get off表示“脱下”。‎ Jimmy got off his overcoat when he came in.‎ get married表示“结婚”。‎ The person getting married is a relative of my father’s.‎ get through表示“通过，拨通(电话)”。‎ I can’t get through for the line’s busy.‎ get together表示“聚会，联欢”。‎ We must get together some other time for a chat.‎ get into the habit of表示“染上……习惯”。‎ Nicotine is a drug that gets one into the habit of smoking.‎ ‎48. give away, give in, give out, give up,‎ give away表示“分发，泄露(秘密等)”。‎ The principal gave away the prizes at the sports meet.‎ give in表示“投降，屈服，让步”。‎ As neither of the two sides would give in, the agreement fell through.‎ give out表示“用完，耗尽，体力不支”。‎ After a long journey, the old man’s strength gave out and couldn’t walk any farther.‎ give up表示“放弃(念头、希望等)，停止，抛弃，认输”。‎ Never give up when you meet with some difficulties.‎ ‎49. go on to do sth., go on doing sth., go on with sth.‎ go on to do sth.表示“接着做另一件事”，即接下去做与原来不同的一件事。‎ After they had had their coffee, the students went on to do the exercises.‎ go on doing sth.表示“继续不停地做某事或间断后继续做原来没有做完的事”。‎ The kids went on talking and laughing all the way.‎ go on with sth.表示“间断后继续做原来没有做完的事”，其后一般接代词作宾语。‎ 通常情况下，go on doing sth.和go on with sth.可互换。‎ After a rest, we went on with our lesson.(After a rest, we went on having our lesson.)‎ ‎50. happen, take place happen表示“发生”，是无意识的。‎ When did the accident happen?‎ take place表示“举行”，是有意识的。‎ When will the wedding take place?‎ ‎51. hand down, hand in, hand out, hand over hand down表示“把……传下来”。‎ The story was handed down from one generation to another.‎ hand in表示“把……交上来，交给，递交”。‎ Time is up. Shall we go out for a dinner?‎ hand out表示“散发”。‎ The boy is handing out the paper now.‎ hand over表示“转交”或“移送”。‎ Please hand over this apple to your brother.‎ ‎52. 与have有关的词组辨析 have a good trip表示“一路顺风”。‎ Good luck. Have a good trip.‎ have a talk with表示“与……谈话”。‎ Alice‎ is having a talk with her tutor about her course.‎ have a seat表示“坐下”。‎ Come in and have a seat please.‎ have a word with表示“和……说句话”。‎ Could I have a word with you?‎ have...on表示“戴着，穿着”。‎ Having a black hat on, Chaplin carried a stick, which he used to swing in the air.‎ have sports表示“进行体育活动”。‎ Do you often have sports at school?‎ ‎53. have sb. do sth., have sb./sth. doing sth., have sth. done have sb. do sth.表示“使(让、请)某人做某事”。‎ The shopkeeper had the boy do this and that all the time.‎ have sb./sth. doing sth.表示“让某人(某事)一直做某事”。‎ The two cheats had their lights burning all night long.‎ have sth. done表示“(有意地)让他人为自己做某事”。‎ Adam will have a new suit made of this cloth.‎ ‎54. hear, hear from, hear of hear表示“听见，听到”，后面接名词、代词或宾语从句。‎ Can you hear some birds singing?‎ hear from表示“收到……来信，收到……来电”，后面接指人的名词或代词。‎ She hasn’t heard from her brother for a month.‎ hear of表示“听人说起，听说过，侧重于间接听说。‎ I’ve never heard of him.‎ ‎55. help sb. do sth., help sb. to do sth.‎ 二者均表示“帮助某人做某事”。‎ help sb. do sth.表示主语直接参与宾补的动作。‎ He helped me clean the table.‎ help sb. to do sth.表示不直接参与宾补的动作。‎ The dictionary will help you to learn English better.‎ ‎56. in place of, in the place of in place of表示“代替”。‎ He will come in place of me tomorrow.‎ in the place of表示“在……地方”。‎ A new stadium is built in the place of the old one.‎ ‎57. in order to, in order that in order to表示“为了……”，既可放在句首又可放在句末未来引导不定式短语。‎ In order to keep the insects out she shut the window.‎ in order that表示“为了……”，只能放在主句之后连接从句。‎ She shut the window in order that she might keep the insects out.‎ ‎58. in charge of, in the charge of in charge of表示“管理，负责照料”。‎ Mr. Wallace is in charge of the company.‎ in the charge of表示“由……照料”。‎ The firm is in the charge of her uncle.‎ ‎59. insist on, stick to insist on表示“坚持要求”，后常接doing。‎ The office boy insisted on his coming with us.‎ stick to表示“坚持”，后常接sth.。‎ He is the man who always sticks to his words.‎ ‎60. in surprise, to one’s surprise, by surprise in surprise表示“惊奇地”。‎ When he saw me, he was in surprise.‎ to one’s surprise表示“使某人吃惊的是”。‎ To my surprise, Tom didn’t pass his driving test.‎ by surprise表示“使……惊慌”。‎ The question took him by surprise.‎ ‎61. just, just now just表示“刚，刚刚”，多与完成时态连用。‎ They’ve just arrived at the airport.‎ just now表示“刚才”，强调过去的动作，所以与一般过去时态连用。‎ She ate a big apple just now.‎ ‎62. 与keep有关的词组辨析 keep back表示“阻止，阻挡”。‎ The police tried to keep the crowd back from the accident scene.‎ keep off表示“避开，不接近”。‎ Keep off the grass!‎ keep on表示“继续，保持”。‎ He just kept on writing.‎ keep in touch with表示“与……保持联系”。‎ Although many families became separated, people still kept in touch with each other.‎ keep out表示“关在门外，不准入内”。‎ This coat keeps out the wind.‎ keep out of表示“躲开，置身于……之外”。‎ Do you try to keep out of trouble!‎ keep up表示“保持”。‎ Keep up your spirits!‎ ‎63. keep doing sth., keep on doing sth.‎ keep doing sth.强调继续做某事。‎ He kept swimming in the river when the others got on the bank.‎ keep on doing sth.强调重复，一再做某事。‎ They kept on doing things even though I told them not to do.‎ ‎64. knock at/on, knock down, knock...into, knock into, ‎ knock at/on表示“轻轻而有节奏地敲”。它常用来表示“敲门/窗”等。‎ Who is knocking at the door?‎ Don’t knock on the window.‎ knock down表示“撞倒，打倒”。‎ Be careful with the standing fans. Don’t knock them down.‎ knock...into表示“把……插/撞/敲/打入……中”。‎ They knocked a stick into the earth.‎ knock into表示“撞在……上”。‎ Look out! Don’t knock into other cars.‎ ‎65. lately, recently lately表示“最近”，多用于否定和疑问句中。‎ We haven’t seen the old beggar in the street lately.‎ recently表示“最近”，多用于肯定句中。‎ Things got so bad recently.‎ ‎66. lay, lie lay表示“放好”或“放平”，其词形变化是：lay、laying、laid和laid。‎ Don’t lay your feet on the table.‎ lie表示“躺下”或“躺平”，其词形变化是：lie、lying、lay和lain。‎ She lay down on her back on the grass.‎ ‎67. like, love, enjoy like表示“喜欢，爱好”，指对某人某事赞许或发生兴趣，并积极参加活动。‎ I like reading.‎ love表示“爱好，爱”，表示深深的爱。‎ We love our country.‎ enjoy表示“喜爱，欣赏，享受”，广泛应用于从外界事物中得到喜悦，领略到乐趣。‎ I enjoyed the movie a lot.‎ ‎68. like doing sth., like to do sth.‎ like doing sth. 表达经常的爱好。‎ Most young people like swimming in summer.‎ like to do sth.表达一时的喜爱。‎ I’d like to go for a swimming this afternoon?‎ ‎69. living, alive living用于生物时，表示“活着的”。‎ The living are more important to us than the dead.‎ alive表示“活着的，在世的”，着重于状态。‎ The rabbit we caught is still alive.‎ ‎70. live by, live on live by表示“靠……(手段)谋生”。‎ Writers live by their pens while fishermen live by fishing.‎ live on表示“以……为主食，靠……过活”。‎ The sheep lived on grass.‎ ‎71. 与look有关的词组辨析 look after表示“照料”。‎ My neighbour looked after my cat while I was on holiday.‎ look back表示“回想，记起”。‎ From this time on, he never looked back.‎ look down on/upon表示“轻视，看不起”。‎ Women were looked down upon in many countries years ago.‎ look forward to表示“盼望，期待”。‎ I’m looking forward to seeing you this winter vacation.‎ look out表示“注意”。‎ Look out, there’s a car coming.‎ look up表示“查找”。‎ If you do not understand it, you can look it up in this dictionary.‎ ‎72. lose heart, lose one’s heart lose heart表示“灰心，失望”。‎ Don’t lose heart. Sooner or later you’ll succeed.‎ lose one’s heart表示“喜欢……，爱上……”。‎ He lost his heart to the puppy the first time he saw it.‎ ‎73. 与make有关的词组辨析 make a decision表示“作出决定”。‎ I’m told that they’ll meet again tomorrow and make a decision then.‎ make a good effort表示’作很大的努力。”‎ We made a good effort.‎ make a record表示“录制唱片”。‎ That famous singer’s made lots of records.‎ make a plan for表示“为……作计划”。‎ Now it is much easier to make plans for our trip.‎ make fun of表示“取笑某人”。‎ It is not polite to make fun of old people.‎ make progress表示“取得进步”。‎ Are you making great progress?‎ make...to one’s own measure表示“依照某人的尺雨做……”。‎ We’ll make for you to your own measure.‎ make up表示“编出”。‎ Make up a dialogue, using the following as a guide.‎ make up one’s mind表示“下决心”。‎ The manager hasn’t made up his mind yet.‎ make sure表示“查明，确信”。‎ We must make sure the time and place.‎ ‎74. make up one’s mind, read one’s mind, change one’s mind make up one’s mind表示“下定决心”。‎ She made up her mind not to speak anything at the meeting.‎ read one’s mind表示“看出心事，知道在想什么”。‎ I’ve known the young lady over there so long that I can read her mind.‎ change one’s mind表示“改变主意”。‎ Miss Blair changed her mind suddenly for no reason.‎ ‎75. manage to do, try to do manage to do表示“设法做成了某事”。‎ They finally managed to get there in time.‎ try to do表示“尽力去做某事(但不一定成功)”。‎ He tried to persuade his boss, but he failed.‎ ‎76. mean doing, mean to do mean doing表示“意味着”。‎ These new rules for our factory will mean working overtime.‎ mean to do表示“打算，想”。‎ I meant to go abroad for my further study, but my father disagreed.‎ ‎77. meeting, conference, gathering, party meeting表示“偶然的或拟定的，短暂的或持续的聚会”，可以用于两人或多人。‎ All the members of this club had a meeting last Friday.‎ conference表示“会谈，会议，谈判”，常用于就某个重大问题进行专门研究或交换意见的讨论会、协商会等。‎ Many reporters came to attend the press conference last month.‎ gathering一般表示“非正式的集会”，常用于群众性的活动(如联欢会等)。‎ There was a large gathering of people at the ceremony.‎ party表示“社交性或娱乐性的集会”。‎ Did you enjoy his birthday party?‎ ‎78. once, as soon as once表示“一旦……就……”，除含时间之意外，还表示“条件”。‎ Once he makes up his mind, he’ll never give it up.‎ as soon as表示“刚……就……”或“一……就……”，强调的只是时间。‎ As soon as I get to Washington, I’ll telephone you.‎ ‎79. pay for, pay back, pay off pay for表示“为……付钱”。‎ He paid ￡ 5 for the book.‎ pay back表示“还钱，但不一定还清”。‎ Have I paid you back the 20 you lent me?‎ pay off表示“还清债务”。‎ Miss Della paid off the debt ten years later.‎ ‎80. permit doing sth., permit to do sth.‎ permit doing sth.表示“允许”，无人称宾语。‎ Sorry, we don’t permit smoking in the lecture room.‎ permit to do sth.表示“允许”，有人称宾语。‎ Please permit me to say a few words to you.‎ ‎81. persuade sb.to do sth., advise sb.to do sth.‎ persuade sb.to do sth.表示“说服某人干某事”，其结果是成功的。‎ Tom persuaded his father to let him go abroad at last.‎ advise sb.to do sth.表示“劝说某人干某事”，其结果可能是劳而无功。‎ She advised her partners to go climbing, but they said no.‎ ‎82. put off, call off put off表示“推迟，拖延”。‎ The tennis match was put off because of the heavy rain.‎ call off表示“取消”。‎ The meeting has been called off.‎ ‎83. pick out, pick up pick out表示“挑出”。‎ She picked out a red sweater for me to try on.‎ pick up表示“接收”。‎ It is necessary to use a short-wave radio to pick up the program.‎ ‎84. point out, point to point out表示“指出”。‎ Can you point out my mistakes?‎ point to表示“指向，指着”，其中to表示方向。‎ She pointed to a plane flying overhead.‎ ‎85. 与put有关的词组辨析 put down表示“记下”。‎ Please put down what he said.‎ put...in prison表示“把……投进监狱”。‎ The police put this thief in prison.‎ put on weight表示“发福，增加体重”。‎ If you eat too much, you will put on weight very easily.‎ put out表示“扑灭，关熄”。‎ Please put out the fire before you go away.‎ put sb. to the trouble of表示“麻烦某人(做……)”。‎ I don’t want to put you to the trouble of doing that.‎ put up表示“贴(广告等)”。 ‎ Please write a notice and put it up.‎ ‎86. quiet, silent, still quiet表示“安静的，寂静的”。‎ Your father needs peace and quiet because he’s working.‎ silent表示“寂静的，沉默的”。‎ He always keeps silent when the others are playing around.‎ still表示“安静的，不动的”。‎ Stand still while I take your photo.‎ ‎87. road, street, way, path road表示“路，道路”。‎ A group of geese are walking along the road.‎ street表示“城镇、乡村两旁有建筑物的街道”。‎ Go along the street, and take the second turning on the left.‎ way表示“任何可以通行的路”。‎ How can I get there? I don’t know the way.‎ path表示“小路，小径”。‎ They walked along the path leading to the top of the hill.‎ ‎88. raise, rise raise表示“举起”，是及物的，它的反义词是lower。‎ The boy raised his model car from the ground.‎ rise表示“升起”或“爬起”，是不及物的，它的反义词是drop。‎ The sun rises in the east.‎ ‎89. remember doing, remember to do remember doing表示“记得做过某事”。(已做)‎ Don’t you remember seeing the young lady before?‎ remember to do表示“记得去做某事”。(未做)‎ Remember to go to the City Hall after work.‎ ‎90. regret doing, regret to do regret doing表示“对做过的事遗憾、后悔”。(已做)‎ I regretted missing the early bus.‎ regret to do表示“对要做的事遗憾”。(未做)‎ I regret to tell you that we can’t carry it out right now.‎ ‎91. search, search for, in search of, look for search表示“搜寻，查究”。search sb. 搜某人的身，search a place搜某个地方。‎ The policeman is searching a thief.‎ search for sb./sth.表示“搜寻、寻找某人、某物”。‎ The police searched for that man everywhere.‎ in search of中的search表示“寻找，寻求”。‎ They went to South Africa in search of gold.‎ look for表示“寻找”，没有search for注意力集中。‎ What are you looking for in the room?‎ ‎92. spend, take, pay spend表示“花费”。句型为sb. spend(s)some money(time)on sth.其主语一般是人。‎ I spent a week (on) finishing reading the book.‎ take表示“占用或花费时间”。句型为：It takes/took sb. sometime to do sth.‎ It took me fortnight days to travel to Cairo.‎ pay表示“付款，给……报酬”，一般与for搭配使用。‎ My father paid 1400 pounds for the laptop.‎ ‎93. stop doing, stop to do stop doing表示“停止做某事”。‎ Stop smoking please, young man.‎ stop to do表示“停止、中断做某事后去做另一件事。”‎ They stop to have a drink.‎ ‎94. sometimes, sometime, some time sometimes表示“有时”，指动作发生的不经常性，常与一般现在时或一般过去时连用。‎ Sometimes I have nap at company.‎ sometime表示“某时”，指时间上不确定的某一点，常用于过去时或将来时或将来时。‎ I saw Miss Nice sometime in December.‎ some time表示“一段时间”，在句中常与for, take等词连用。‎ I’ll stay in Paris for some time.‎ ‎95. 与take有关的词组辨析 take a look at表示“看一下”。‎ Can I take a look at your photo taken in Canada?‎ take a taxi表示“打的”。‎ My plane leaves at seven, so I think we’ll take a taxi to the airport.‎ take a photograph(of)表示“照一张相”。‎ A photographer is sent immediately to take photographs.‎ take along表示“随身携带”。‎ He took along some of his pictures in the hope of getting a job there.‎ take it easy表示“放心好了，别着急”。‎ Take it easy! I’ve just called the First Aid Centre.‎ take part in表示“参加”。‎ Every four years athletes all over the world take part in the Olympic Game.‎ take place表示“发生”。‎ The dialogue takes place at a restaurant.‎ take sides(in)表示“站在……一边”。‎ He took side in us.‎ take up表示“占去，占领”。‎ I think we should get this one, although it will take up more space in the room.‎ take the place of表示“代替，取代”。‎ Miller has taken the place of Miss Helen in the personal department.‎ ‎96. trip, journey, travel, tour trip表示“(短时间内往返的)商业旅行或观光旅行”，是非正式用语。‎ We went on a pleasant trip to Hong Kong during our vacation.‎ journey表示“由某一地点到另一地点的旅行，也指旅行的路程”，是比较正式的用语。‎ He made a long journey from Moscow to London.‎ travel表示“旅行，游历”，是最为普通的用语，但无路程的含义。‎ He came home after a year of travel.‎ tour表示“(访问多处的)观光旅行”。‎ They have gone on a tour.‎ ‎97. 与turn有关的词组辨析 turn down表示“关小，调低”。‎ Please turn the radio down, Tom.‎ turn...into...表示“把……变成……”。‎ If we cut down forests, we’ll turn the land into a desert.‎ turn off表示“关掉(水、电、收音机)”。‎ Before you leave, make sure the electricity is turned off.‎ turn out表示“出席、证明是，结果是”。‎ It turned out that she was a friend of my sister.‎ turn up表示“到达，出现”。‎ He didn’t turn up until it was dark.‎ turn over表示“翻动，耕翻”。‎ He turned over in bed all the time last night.‎ ‎98. try to do, try doing try to do表示“努力、企图做某事”，(表示目的)。‎ You must try to be more careful.‎ try doing表示“试验、试着做某事”(表示手段)。‎ She tried reading, but that could not make her forget her trouble.‎ ‎99. used to, be used to, get used to used to表示“过去常常(做某事)”，后接动词原形。‎ She used to stay up too late.‎ be used to表示“习惯于，适应”，后接名词、代词或v-ing，表示一种状态。‎ She is used to the life of the city.‎ get used to表示“习惯于”，指一个动作由不适应向适应的转变，其后接名词、代词或v-ing。‎ You’ll soon get used to the weather here.‎ ‎100. wear, have on, put on, dress wear主要用于穿衣服、戴眼镜(手套、首饰、帽)等，以强调“穿(戴)着”的状态。‎ Mr. Wood always wears sun glasses in summer.‎ have on表示“穿(戴)着”，同wear一样，也表状态，不能用于进行时态。‎ John has on a white shirt today.‎ put on着重强调“穿(戴)上”的动作。‎ I like to put on my hat and ear covers when I go out in winter.‎ dress既可作及物动词，又可作不及物动词，所接宾语是人而不是衣、帽等物。‎ The little girl can dress herself.‎