2019高考英语昆明二轮练习资料：阅读理解03含解析 12页

2019 高考英语昆明二轮练习资料：阅读理解 03 含解析 2018 高考英语昆明市二轮复习资料：阅读理解 03 含答案 (三) A (2017·全国卷，A) Since 1984 ，Philadelphia has been cleaning up its act. One by one，graffiti­covered walls are being changed into outdoor art. So far ， more than 1,800 murals ( 壁 画 ) have been painted. Philadelphia now has more murals than any other American city. The walls that were once ugly with graffiti (涂鸦) are now covered with beautiful pictures of historical heroes and modern art, thanks to the Mural Arts Program (MAP). Its work makes schools and public places attractive, and its citizens very proud. The program began as part of Philadelphia's Anti­Graffiti Network. Jane Golden is the MAP's artistic director. “When people ask me what our program is about, ”she says，“I answer them with one word: hope.” Each year, the MAP offers youth art programs and workshops. Some one­time graffiti writers even help paint MAP murals. The MAP's work, says Golden, is all about developing a sense of community (社区). When a neighborhood requests a mural，the MAP works with the people there to develop a message. Some messages have been “Safe Streets，”“Love and Care, ”and “Peace Walk.” The MAP receives up to 50 requests for murals each week. Last year，the workers painted 140 murals. “The making of a mural enters people's collective memory as an extraordinary，pleasant moment in neighborhood history，”says Golden，who began as a muralist in Los Angeles. 本文论述了费城通过 MAP 这一项目逐步地将墙体上的涂鸦变成了一种室外艺术形式 ——壁画，从而给人们带来了新的希望。 1. What can be the best title for the text? A. Love，from Graffiti Writers to Muralists B. MAP, a New Company in Philadelphia C. Jane，an Excellent Mural Artist D. Hope，One Wall at a Time 答案：D。主旨大意题。本文主要介绍费城通过 MAP 这一项目逐步地将墙体上的涂鸦 变成了一种室外艺术形式——壁画，从而给人们带来了新的希望。 2. What is the Mural Arts Program in Philadelphia aimed at? A. Helping the young find jobs. B. Protecting the neighborhood. C. Fighting against graffiti. D. Attracting more visitors. 答案：C。细节理解题。由第二段的“the program began as part of philadelphia's Anti­Graffiti Network.”可知 C 项正确。 3. How does the MAP decide on the message for a mural? A. By having discussions with people in the community. B. By seeking advice from the city government. C. By learning from the young graffiti writers. D. By studying the history of the city. 答案：A。细节理解题。由第三段第二句可知答案为 A 项。 4．Which of the following words best describes the work of the MAP? A. Difficult. B. Dangerous. C. Experimental. D. Successful. 答案：D。推理判断题。由文章第四段可知 the MAP 每周会收到很多的邀请，每年会画 很多的壁画，故可推出工作很成功，答案为 D 项。 B (2017·湖北卷，B) Howling is a behaviour commonly observed among a wolf pack.As pack animals，wolves work together to hunt and rely on howling as an important means of communication among each other.There are different explanations of a wolf's howl and it appears that there may be more to discover. One theory is that wolves howl to bond better together.It's almost as if howling together helps the pack stay together.Perhaps something similar to people feeling a sense of involvement with each other when singing a song together. But this theory may be wrong ， explains Fred H．Harrington，a professor who studies wolf behaviour. Indeed，there have been times when wolves have been seen one moment howling in a chorus， and the next，quarreling among each other.It appears that usually the lowest­ranking members of the pack may actually be “punished” for joining in the chorus at times.So is howling a way to strengthen a social bond or just a way to reconfirm status among its members? —Why do wolves howl for sure? What is clear ，however，is that howling is often used among packmates to locate each other.Hunting grounds are distant and it happens that wolves may separate from one another at times.When this happens，howling appears to be an excellent means of gathering. Howling，interestingly，is a contagious behaviour.When one wolf starts to howl，very likely others will follow.This is often seen to occur in the morning，as if wolves were doing some sort of “roll call”where wolves all howl together to report their presence. 动物的嚎叫有其目的性，而人的对唱也是为了呼唤同伴，所以人们认为两者在这一方面 是相同的；但专家似乎发现，狼的嚎叫不仅仅是为了呼朋引伴，因为有时也会争斗，因此， 研究之后，专家发现：狼的嚎叫可能是个传染形式的行为，有时也是为了呼唤同伴。 5．What is the possible similarity between wolves' howling together and humans' singing in chorus? A．The act of calling each other. B．The sense of accomplishment. C．The act of hunting for something. D．The sense of belonging to a group. 答案：D。细节判断题。从第二段的信息词“bond better together”以及“help the pack stay together”等可以确定两者的共同点与选项 D 的说法是一致的。 6．Why does Harrington think the“social bond”theory may be wrong? A．Wolves separate from each other after howling. B．Wolves tend to protect their hunting grounds. C．Wolves sometimes have quarrels after howling together. D．Wolves of low rank are encouraged to join in the chorus. 答案：C。细节判断题。根据第三段中提到的“and the next, quarrelling among each other” 以及“it appears that...be punished for joining...”都可以说明选项 C 的说法是符合原文之意的。 7．Researchers are sure that wolves often howl to________. A．show their ranks B．find their companions C．report the missing ones D．express their loneliness 答案：B。细节判断题。根据倒数第二段中的第一句话的信息词“locate each other”以及 最后一句中的“appears to be an excellent means of gathering”都可以明确：狼的嚎叫正是为了 找伴儿，应选项 B 的说法是最符合原文的。 8．“Howling...is a contagious behaviour”(in the last paragraph)means________. A．howling is a signal for hunting B．howling is a way of communication C．howling often occurs in the morning D．howling spreads from one to another 答案：D。句意理解题。从最后一段中的第二句话中可以找到 contagious 一词的理解： 一个随着一个的去做事情，如同选项 D 所说的那样。 C (2017·江苏卷，C) According to the US government, wind farms off the Pacific coast could produce 900 gigawatts of electricity every year.Unfortunately，the water there is far too deep for even the tallest windmills(see picture)to touch bottom. An experiment under way off the coast of Norway ， however，could help put them anywhere. The project, called Hywind，is the world's first large­scale deepwater wind turbine(涡轮发电 机)．Although it uses a fairly standard 152­ton,2.3­megawatt turbine，Hywind represents totally new technology. The turbine will be fixed 213 feet above the water on a floating spar(see picture)， a technology Hywind's creator，the Norwegian company StatoilHydro，has developed recently. The steel spar, which is filled with stones and goes 328 feet below the sea surface, will be tied to the ocean floor by three cables(缆索)；these will keep the spar stable and prevent the turbine from moving up and down in the waves.Hywind's stability(稳定性)in the cold and rough sea would prove that even the deepest corners of the ocean are suitable for wind power. If all goes according to plan, the turbine will start producing electricity six miles off the coast of southwestern Norway as early as September. To produce electricity on a large scale, a commercial wind farm will have to use bigger turbines than Hywind does, but it's difficult enough to balance such a large turbine so high on a floating spar in the middle of the ocean. To make that turbine heavier, the whole spar's centre of gravity must be moved much closer to the ocean's surface. To do that, the company plans to design a new kind of wind turbine, one whose gearbox(变速箱) sits at sea level rather than behind the blades(see picture)． Hywind is a test run, but the benefits for perfecting floating wind­farm technology could be extremely large. Out at sea, the wind is often stronger and steadier than close to shore, where all existing off shore windmills are planted. Deep­sea farms are invisible from land, which helps overcome the windmill­as­eyesore objection. If the technology catches on, it will open up vast areas of the planet's surface to one of the best low­carbon power sources available. 本文为科普短文，讲述世界上第一个深海风力发电机——涡轮发电机以及它的发电原理 及好处。 9．The Hywind project uses totally new technology to ensure the stability of________. A. the cables which tie the spar to the ocean floor B. the spar which is floating in deep­sea water C. the blades driven by strong and steady sea wind D. the stones filled in the spar below the sea surface 答案：B。细节理解题。由文章第二段特别是“these will keep the spar stable and prevent the turbine from moving up and down in the waves”可知 B 项正确。 10 ． To balance a bigger turbine high on a floating spar, a new type of turbine is to be designed with its gearbox sitting________. A. on the sea floor B. on the spar top C. at sea level D. behind the blades 答案：C。细节理解题。由文章第三段最后一句“...one whose gearbox sits at sea level rather than behind the blades.”可知 C 项正确。 11．Wide applications of deepwater wind power technology can________. A. solve the technical problems of deepwater windmills B. make financial profits by producing more turbines C. settle the arguments about environmental problems D. explore low­carbon power resources available at sea 答案：D。细节理解题。由文章最后一句“...it will open up vast areas of the planet's surface to one of the best low­carbon power sources available.”可知 D 项正确。 D (2017·天津卷，C) An idea that started in Seattle's public library has spread throughout America and beyond.The concept is simple：help to build a sense of community in a city by getting everyone to read the same book at the same time. In addition to encouraging reading as a pursuit (追求) to be enjoyed by all，the program allows strangers to communicate by discussing the book on the bus，as well as promoting reading as an experience to be shared in families and schools.The idea came from Seattle librarian Nancy Pearl who launched(发起)the“If All of Seattle Read the Same Book”project in 1998.Her original program used author visits, study guides and book discussion groups to bring people together with a book, but the idea has since expanded to many other American cities，and even to Hong Kong. In Chicago，the mayor (市长) appeared on television to announce the choice of To Kill a Mockingbird as the first book in the “One Book，One Chicago”program.As a result，reading clubs and neighborhood groups sprang up around the city.Across the US, stories emerged of parents and children reading to each other at night and strangers chatting away on the bus about plot and character. The only problem arose in New York，where local readers could not decide on one book to represent the huge and diverse population.This may show that the idea works best in medium­sized cities or large towns, where a greater sense of unity (一致) can be achieved.Or it may show that New Yorkers rather missed the point，putting all their energy and passion into the choice of the book rather than into discussion about a book itself. Ultimately，as Nancy points out, the level of success is not measured by how many people read a book，but by how many people are enriched by the process，or have enjoyed speaking to someone with whom they would not otherwise have shared_a_word. 西雅图的一名图书管理员建议大家在同一时间阅读同一本书，并允许陌生人在公共场所 对这本书进行讨论，这样做既可以促进陌生人之间的交流，又能培养公众的社区意识。然而， 在像纽约等一些大城市，由于人口背景复杂，很难选出一本具有代表性的书，或许这一想法 在一些中等城市更容易实施。 12．What is the purpose of the project launched by Nancy? A．To invite authors to guide readers. B．To encourage people to read and share. C．To involve people in community service. D．To promote the friendship between cities. 答案：B。细节理解题。由第二段“Her original program used author visits，study guides and book discussion groups to bring people together with a book”．可以推知正确答案。 13．Why was it difficult for New Yorkers to carry out the project? A．They had little interest in reading. B．They were too busy to read a book. C．They came from many different backgrounds. D．They lacked support from the local government. 答案：C。细节理解题。由第四段第一句话可知，纽约城市大，人口众多且文化背景多 样化，因此人们很难选出一本有代表性的书。 14．According to the passage，where would the project be more easily carried out? A．In large communities with little sense of unity. B．In large cities where libraries are far from home. C．In medium­sized cities with a diverse population. D．In large towns where agreement can be quickly reached. 答案：D。细节理解题。由第四段第二句话可知，这一想法在中等城市或大的城镇较容 易实施，因为在那儿人们很容易达成一致。C 项为人口多样化的中等城市，与句意不符。 15．The underlined words“shared a word”in Paragraph 5 probably mean______. A．exchanged ideas with each other B．discussed the meaning of a word C．gained life experience D．used the same language 答案：A。词义猜测题。由第二段内容可知，该活动的目的就是让陌生人通过讨论这本 书而达到交流的目的，故 A 项正确。 16．According to Nancy，the degree of success of the project is judged by______. A．the careful selection of a proper book B．the growing popularity of the writers C．the number of people who benefit from reading D．the number of books that each person reads 答案：C。细节理解题。根据最后一段“...the level of success is not measured by how many peope read the book，but by how many people are enriched by the process...”可知 C 项正确。 E (2017·辽宁卷，D) The Coalition for the Homeless is an organization that seeks to address the needs of the homeless population in the United States.It is a network of offices，some of which provide food and houses for the homeless population，and some of which fight for the passing of laws that would give every American the right to a place to call home.According to the Coalition's studies， of over two hundred million people living in the United States ， up to three million are homeless—and the number is still growing.Since the late 1970s，fast­rising house prices，large cuts in government supported housing programs，and economic recession(经济衰退) have made it impossible for many Americans to meet housing costs.Sadly，this has resulted in a number of persons being forced to leave their homes and/or unable to find new affordable homes.According to another research，families with children appear to be the fastest­growing part of the homeless population，making up 39% of it.The old idea of a homeless person，that of the single man who gets drunk all the time，is no longer true.A much larger part of the population now finds itself homeless.Even worse，once a person becomes homeless，he often finds it impossible to find a job，since most employers require anyone who wants a job from them to provide a home address on a job application. 本文记叙了无家可归者联盟试图帮助解决无家可归人的需要。为他们提供食物和房屋， 为他们的权力而战。从二十世纪七十年代以来，由于房价上升，政府支持减少，经济衰退， 使无家可归者越来越多，更糟的是，他们找不到工作。 17．The underlined word “address” in the first line probably means “______”． A．talk about B．deal with C．fight for D．write to 答案：B。词义猜测题。从下文可知，该联盟提供给无家者食物，房子，即说明该联盟 在努力满足和解决无家者的需求。故 B 项正确。 18．How many people are homeless in the U．S.according to the Coalition studies? A．39% of the population. B．200 million people. C．About 3 million people. D．About one­fifth of the population. 答案：C。细节理解题。根据短文第三句话可知，美国有两亿人口，其中有多达三百万 人无家可归，且这个数还在上升。 19．Homeless people often have difficulty finding a job because______. A．they have no home addresses B．they mostly have a drinking problem C．they aren't supported by government programs D．they often don't have enough work experience 答案：A。细节理解题。根据短文最后一句可知，因为大多数雇主要求找工作的人在申 请表上填上家庭住址，所以无家可归者发现他们不可能找到工作。 20．What is the main cause of the rising number of the homeless in the U．S.? A．The passing of new housing laws. B．The fast growth of family size. C．The slow construction of houses. D．The ever­rising price of housing. 答案：D。细节理解题。根据第四句话可知，从 20 世纪 70 年代，房价快速增长，使许 多美国人不可能满足住房费用，从而使更多的人无家可归。 **************************************************结束 *******************************************************结束 C8[2018·全国卷Ⅱ] B． You may think that sailing is a difficult sport, but it is really not hard to learn it. You do not need to be strong. But you need to be quick. And you need to understand a few basic rules about the wind. First, you must ask yourself，“Where is the wind coming from? Is it coming from ahead or behind or from the side？” You must think about this all the time on the boat. The wind direction tells you what to do with the sail. Let's start with the wind blowing from behind. This means the wind and the boat are going in the same direction. Then you must always keep the sail outside the boat. It should be at a 90°angle(角度)to the boat. Then it will catch the wind best. If the wind is blowing from the side, it is blowing across the boat. In this case, you must keep the sail half way outside the boat. It should be at a 45°angle to the boat. It needs to be out far enough to catch the wind, but it shouldn't flap(摆动)．It shouldn't look like a flag on a flagpole. If it is flapping, it is probably out too far, and the boat will slow down. Sailing into the wind is not possible. If you try, the sail will flap and the boat will stop. You may want to go in that direction. It is possible, but you can't go in a straight line. You must go first in one direction and then in another. This is called tacking. When you are tacking, you must always keep the sail inside the boat. 45. What should you consider first while sailing? A．Sailors' strength. B．Wave levels. C．Wind directions. D．Size of sails. 46．What does the word “It” underlined in Paragraph 4 refer to? A．The boat. B．The wind. C．The sail. D．The angle. 47．What do you have to do when sailing against the wind? A．Move in a straight line. B．Allow the sail to flap. C．Lower the sail. D．Tack the boat. 48．Where can you probably find the text? A．In a popular magazine. B．In a tourist guidebook. C．In a physics textbook. D．In an official report. 【要点综述】本文主要介绍了航行中关于风向的问题。首先要考虑风向，然后再根据风 是从船的后面，侧面还是前面来确定航行的方法。 45. C　细节理解题。根据第一段的最后一句话“And you need to understand a few basic rules about the wind.”和第二段的内容，可知首先要考虑风向的问题。A 项是不需要考虑的， B 项和 D 项没有提及。 46. C　代词指代题。结合第四段中“In this case, you must keep the sail half way outside the boat.”中的 the sail 可知后面的 it 指的是“风帆”。而不是“船”，“风”或“角度”。 47. D　细节理解题。从最后一段的“You may want to go in that direction.…This is called tacking.”可知是逆风航行的时候要不断地改变方向，因此选 D。 48. A　推理判断题。本文主要涉及的是大众的航行运动的知识，而不是有关旅游和物 理方面的知识，也不是一个官方的报告，因此选 A。 **********************************************************结束 C8[2018·辽宁卷] B Astronauts on shorter shuttle missions(使命)often work very long days. Tasks are scheduled so tightly that break times are often used to finish the day's work. This type of schedule is far too demanding for long missions on the International Space Station(ISS)．ISS crewmembers usually live in space for at least a quarter of a year. They work five days on and two days off to mimic the normal way they do things on Earth as much as possible. Weekends give the crew valuable time to rest and do a few hours of housework. They can communicate with family and friends by email, Internet phone and through private video conferences. While astronauts cannot go to a baseball game or a movie in orbit, there are many familiar activities that they can still enjoy. Before a mission, the family and friends of each ISS crewmember put together a collection of family photos, messages, videos and reading material for the astronauts to look at when they will be floating 370 kilometers above the Earth. During their mission, the crew also receives care packages with CDs, books, magazines, photos and letters. And as from early 2017, the Internet became available on the ISS, giving astronauts the chance to do some “web surfing(冲浪)” in their personal time. Besides relaxing with these more common entertainments, astronauts can simply enjoy the experience of living in space. Many astronauts say that one of the most relaxing things to do in space is to look out the window and stare at the universe and the Earth. Both the shuttle and the ISS circle the planet several times each day, and every moment offers a new view of the Earth's vast land mass and oceans. 60．What does the word “mimic” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Find. B．Copy. C．Change. 　D．Lose. 61．Which of the following best describes the families of the astronauts on the ISS? A．They are caring and thoughtful. B．They are worried and upset. C．They are impatient and annoyed. D．They are excited and curious. 62．In the final paragraph, the author shows that astronauts ________. A．get more pleasure in space than on the Earth B．find living in space a bit boring and tiring C．regard space life as common D．love to see the Earth from space 63．The passage mainly discusses how astronauts ________. A．work for longer missions in space B．connect with people on the Earth C．observe the Earth from space D．spend their free time in space 【要点综述】本文是记叙文。宇航员的生活往往是与众不同的，但是在国际空间站的工 作人员的生活可以跟在地球上的生活很相似。他们可以与家人或者朋友联系，也可以做一些 日常的活动。 60. B　词义猜测题。联系 They work five days on and two days off 我们知道，他们的生 活与地球上是一样的，因此答案为 B。 61. A　推理判断题。从第二段我们知道，在飞行前，这些航天员的家人以及朋友为他 们准备了照片、书籍等供他们消遣的东西，因此他们是很体贴和想法周全的。D 有一定干扰 性，文章没有讲述家人或者朋友对于这些宇航员工作的兴奋与好奇，因此可以排除。 62. D　推理判断题。从最后一段我们知道，这些宇航员喜欢从窗口看外面的世界，并 且地球在不同时间提供了不同的画面。 63. D　主旨大意题。全文讲述了国际空间站的宇航员是如何度过工作之余的闲暇时间 的。B、C 有一定的干扰性。文章提到过宇航员与地面上的家人和朋友的联系，也提到了他 们透过窗子看地球上的景观，但是这些都是细节，而不是主题。 *******************************************************结束 C8[2018·江苏卷] C Medical drugs sometimes cause more damage than they cure. One solution to this problem is to put the drugs inside a capsule, protecting them from the body—and the body from them—until they can be released at just the right spot. There are lots of ways to trigger (引发) this release，including changing temperature, acidity, and so on. But triggers can come with their own risks—burns, for example. Now, researchers in California have designed what could be a harmless trigger to date: shining near­infrared light (NIR, 近红外线) on the drug in the capsule. The idea of using light to liberate the drug in the capsule isn't new. Researchers around the globe have developed polymers (聚合物) and other materials that begin to break down when they absorb either ultraviolet (UV, 紫外线) or visible light. But tissues also readily absorb UV and visible light, which means the drug release can be triggered only near the skin, where the light can reach the capsule. NIR light largely passes through tissues, so researchers have tried to use it as a trigger. But few compounds (化合物) absorb NIR well and go through chemical changes. That changed last year when Adah Almutairi, a chemist at the University of California, San Diego, reported that she and her colleagues had designed a polymer that breaks down when it absorbs NIR light. Their polymer used a commercially available NIR­absorbing group called o­nitrobenzyl (ONB). When they catch the light, ONB groups fall off the polymer, leading to its breakdown. But ONB is only a so­so NIR absorber, and it could be poisonous to cells when it separates from the polymer. So Almutairi and her colleagues reported creating a new material for capsules that's even better. This one consists of a long chain of compounds called cresol groups linked in a polymer. Cresol contains reactive (易 反 应 的) components that make it highly unstable in its polymeric form, a feature Almutairi and her colleagues use to their advantage. After polymerizing the cresols, they cap each reactive component with a light­absorbing compound called Bhc. When the Bhcs absorb NIR light, the reactive groups are exposed and break the long polymer into two short chains. Shining additional light continues this breakdown, potentially releasing any drugs in the capsule. What's more, Almutairi says, Bhc is 10 times better at absorbing NIR than is ONB and is not poisonous to cells. 63. According to the passage, which of the following could be the best trigger? A. Temperature change. B. NIR light. C. Acidity change. D. UV light. 64. Why is ONB unsatisfactory? A. It breaks down when it absorbs NIR light. B. It falls off the polymer and triggers drug release. C. It has not come onto the market up till now. D. It is not effective enough and could be poisonous. 65. Which word can be used to complete the following process of changes? Bhcs absorb NIR.⇨Part of the cresol is　　　　.⇨Polymer breaks down.⇨Drug is released. A. protected B. formed C. exposed D. combined 【要点综述】这是一篇科技文。怎样使用胶囊？如何让吃药更加安全、疗效更好？文章 对此做了介绍。 63. B　信息理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Now, researchers in California have designed what could be a harmless trigger to date: shining near­infrared light (NIR，近红外线) on the drug in the capsule.”可知答案。 64. D　推理判断题。根据第三段最后两句“…ONB groups fall off the polymer, leading to its breakdown.”和“…and it could be poisonous to cells…”可知答案。 65. C　信息理解题。根据最后一段第五句“When the Bhcs absorb NIR light, the reactive groups are exposed and break the long polymer into two short chains.” 可 知 此 处 用 exposed，即 C 项正确。 ***********************************************************结束