高考专题复习阅读理解观点态度及篇章结构 9页

高考专题复习 阅读理解----观点态度及篇章结构 一、 观点态度题 阅读是读者跟作者交流的过程，把握作者的写作意图需要读者有较高层次的阅读和理解能力。在高考题型中主要考察读者对作者态度观点的理解以及作者对某些细节描述的意图。‎ ‎1.题干形式：‎ ‎1) What’s the writer’s/author’s attitude towards… ?‎ ‎2) The writer/ author seems to agree that… ?‎ ‎3) The writer/author believe/ implies/suggests that… ?‎ ‎4) Which of the following is true about the writer?‎ ‎5) How does the author feel about…?‎ ‎6) The writer’s attitude toward…is ________.‎ ‎2.解题策略：‎ 1) 切忌用自己的观点代替作者的观点 2) 利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断,找出褒贬性的标志性词汇或句子。‎ 3) 分清选项中的表示支持或肯定、中立、反对或否定的词语 ‎3. 常见的有关作者情感态度的词语：‎ 表示贬义 negative doubtful disgust critical disappointed ‎ disapproval pessimistic subjective sarcastic hostile 表示褒义 positive enthusiastic supportive approval optimistic ‎ objective satisfied friendly 表示中立 neutral indifferent impassive uninterested matter-of-fact 二、　篇章结构题 ‎1、设问方式 ‎(1)Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?‎ ‎(2)In the next part，the author would most probably discuss with you...‎ ‎(3)The second paragraph is developed by...‎ ‎(4)How does the passage develop?‎ ‎(5)The author answers the question raised in the first paragraph with...‎ ‎2、 题型攻略 题型可分为两种：考查对文章整体结构的把握；‎ 考查根据现有文章预测后文的能力。‎ ‎（1）对于文章整体结构——考生要弄清段落意义和段落之间的关系，就很容易理解其结构解决此类题关键在于找出篇章或段落中表示层次发展的关键词，如表示时间、方位、因果关系或对比的关联词等。‎ 一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构 一是按写作方法（论证方法）理解文章的结构 A. 考查从段落层次理解文章的结构。这类题经常用到的提问方式是：‎ which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? 常见的段落结构有如下几种情况：       ①           ①                ①                ①   ‎ ‎      ②   ③    ②          ② ③ ④         ④       ③  ④       ⑤    ⑤ ⑤  ②③④⑤                                         ‎ 图1                     图2                图3 图4 ‎ 图1表明：①（paragraph 1）是主题段（提出论题或论点），②、③段是就同一论据或者问题的同一方面作论述，④用另一论据材料或者从问题的另一方面论述，⑤段是结论段或者是用来重述论题、强调论点的段落。同样我们很容易理解图2、3、4所示的段落结构的意义。‎ B. 从写作方法，常见的议论文结构有以下两类：‎ a. put forward a question →analyze the question → solve the question 这就是“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程；‎ b. argument/idea → evidence → conclusion/ restating the idea 这就是“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。‎ 对说明文、夹叙夹议类文章结构的理解，只要我们弄清段落意义和段落之间的关系，很容易理解其结构。‎ ‎(2) 根据现有文章预测后文的能力——同学们要在正确理解篇章内容的基础上对文章的发展作出合理的推断。同学们需要重点依据篇章最后一段(特别是最后一句话)作出判断.作者总会给读者充分的证据对文章的发展进行推测:或是说明了两个对象中的一个;或是只讲了区别,没讲联系；或是只给出了理论解释，而缺少事例的证明.‎ ‎（1）‎ So advertising agencies hire young actors to "perform" in bars an d other places where young adults go．Some people might call this practice deceptive, but marketing executive Jonathan Ressler calls it creative．"Look at traditional advertising．Its effectiveness is decreasing."However, one might ask what exactly is "real" about of young women pretending to be enthusiastic about a sweater? Adverting executives would say it's no less real than an ad．The difference is that you know an ad is trying to persuade you to buy something．You don' t know when a conversation you overhear is just a performance. Be careful not to be cheated deliberately.‎ ‎54. The attitude of the writer toward “Undercover Marketing” is ________.‎ ‎ A. negative B. positive C. supportive D. casual ‎(2)‎ The law of overlearning explains why cramming （突击学习）for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one’s future development.‎ ‎70. What is the author’s opinion on cramming?‎ A. It leads to failure in college exams.‎ B. It’s helpful only in a limited way.‎ C. It’s possible to result in poor memory.‎ D. It increases students’ learning interest.‎ ‎(3)‎ Fox Van Allen is a technology expert. He agrees the Surface seems to have more to offer than the iPad.  "It's a very interesting new device. I think the key point here is that it's not just another iPad. It's a device that almost serves as a replacement for a PC." The Surface is meant to compete with the iPad. But not everyone is sure it is a better product. Some throw doubts on it as Microsoft is good at software, but not at hard products.‎ ‎53. Which of the following might the text continue to deal with?‎ ‎ A. The probable result of the competition.‎ ‎ B. The conclusion drawn by the writer. ‎ ‎ C. The reaction from Microsoft.‎ ‎ D. Negative opinions about the Surface.‎ ‎(4)‎ The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before changes for the better, changes for the worse, changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger .Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.   Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe, it has brought us a better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous development. Technology in the application of science has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life. The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings: in pure science—a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning; in applied science—a more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment.   Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons, Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the number of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race, as well as of many kinds of animals.   William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线）, good and ill together. “The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities—science seems to prove what Shakespeare said. But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war? 72．Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?  A．           B．               C．            D．       ①           ①                ①                ①‎ ‎②            ②  ③          ② ③ ④                   ④   ③    ④       ⑤          ⑤               ⑤             ②③④⑤‎ 考题印证 关于观点态度 ‎（2012辽宁卷）‎ Inside the pleasingly fragrant cafe, So All May Eat(SAME) in downtown Denver ,the spirit of generosity(慷慨)is instantly noticeable :A donation box stands in place of a cash register. Customers here pay only what they can afford, no questions asked. ‎ A risky business plan, perhaps, but SAME Café has done one unchangeable thing in the Mile High City for six years: Open only at midday, the restaurant provides poor local can instead volunteer as waiters and waitresses, and dishwashers, or took after the buildings and equipment for the cafe. 　　“It’s based on trust, and it’s working all right” , says co-owner Brad Birky , who started the café in 2006. With his wife Libby. Previously volunteering at soup kitchens, the Birkys were dissatisfied with the often unhealthy meals they served there. “ We wanted to offer quality food in a restaurant where everyone felt comfortable ,regardless of their circumstances,” Birky says. SAME’s special lunch menu changes daily and most food materials are natural and grown by local farmers. The café now averages 65 to 70 customers (and eight volunteers) a day. And the spirit of generosity behind the project appears to be spreading. In early 2007,one volunteer who had cleared snow for his meals during the long winter said goodbye to the Birkys,” He said he was going to New Orleans to help with the hurricane clear up,” says Birky. ‎ ‎70. The author’s attitude towards running such a café is ______.‎ ‎ A. unfavorable B. approving C. doubtful D. cautious Wilderness（2012 北京）‎ ‎“In wilderness(荒野) is the preservation of the world.” This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved. ‎ As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, the untouched; more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation(开发) brings to such landscapes(景观) is real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need—the rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities. To Mr.Sauven, these ”ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation.‎ Lee Lane‎, a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view. He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation. But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. There are ever more people on the Earth, and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival. While the ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need for raw materials, and some wildernesses contain them in abundance. If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide, the argument goes, there is no further reason not to do so. Being untouched is not, in itself, a characteristic worth valuing above all others.‎ I look forwards to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants. One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly. And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.‎ This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking.‎ ‎69. What is the author’s attitude towards this debate?  A. Objective.  B. Disapproving.  C. Sceptical.  D. Optimistic.‎ ‎70. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage? A.  B.  C.  D. ‎ CP: Central Point　P: Point　Sp: Sub-point(次要点)　C: Conclusion 关于篇章结构 ‎   In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible.     First of all, the job made huge demands on my strength. For ten hours a night, I took boxes that rolled down a metal track and piled them onto a truck. Each box contained twelve heavy bottles of apple juice. I once figured out that I was lifting an average of twelve tons of apple juice every night.     I would not have minded the difficulty of the work so much if the pay had not been so poor. I was paid the lowest wage of that time—two dollars an hour. Because of the low pay, I felt eager to get as much as possible. I usually worked twelve hours a night but did not take home much more than $ 100 a week.     But even more than the low pay, what made me unhappy was the working conditions. During work I was limited to two ten-minute breaks and an unpaid half hour for lunch. Most of my time was spent outside loading trucks with those heavy boxes in near-zero-degree temperatures. The steel floors of the trucks were like ice, which made my feet feel like stone. And after the production line shut down at night and most people left, I had to spend two hours alone cleaning the floor.     I stayed on the job for five months, all the while hating the difficulty of the work, the poor money, and the conditions under which I worked. By the time I left, I was determined never to go back there again. 52．How is the text organized?  A．Topic—Argument—Explanation   B．Opinion—Discussion—Description  C．Main idea—Comparison—Supporting examples   D．Introduction—Supporting examples—Conclusion ‎ Three Boys and a Dad(2012陕西)‎ Brad closed the door slowly as Sue left home to visit her mother. Expecting a whole day to relax, he was thinking whether to read the newspaper or watch his favourite TV talk show on his first day off in months. “This will be like a walk in the ‎ park,” he’d told his wife. “I’ll look after the kids, and you can go visit your mom.”‎ Things started well, but just after eight o’clock, his three little “good kids”—Mike, Randy, and Alex—came down the stairs in their night clothes and shouted “breakfast, daddy.” When food had not appeared within thirty seconds, Randy began using his spoon on Alex’s head as if it were a drum. Alex started to shout loudly in time to the beat（节拍）. Mike chanted “Where’s my toast, where’s my toast” in the background. Brad realized his newspaper would have to wait for a few seconds.‎ Life became worse after breakfast. Mike wore Randy’s underwear on his head. Randy locked himself in the bathroom, while Alex shouted again because he was going to wet his pants. Nobody could find clean socks, although they were before their very eyes. Someone named “Not Me” had spilled a whole glass of orange juice into the basket of clean clothes. Brad knew the talk show had already started.‎ By ten o’clock, things were out of control. Alex was wondering why the fish in the jar refused his bread and butter. Mike was trying to show off his talent by decorating the kitchen wall with his colour pencils. Randy, thankfully, appeared to be reading quietly in the family room，but closer examination showed that he was eating apple jam straight from the bottle with his hands. Brad realised that the talk show was over and reading would be impossible.‎ At exactly 11:17, Brad called the daycare centre (日托所）.“I suddenly have to go into work and my wife’s away. Can I bring the boys over in a few minutes?” The answer was obviously “yes” because Brad was smiling.‎ ‎52. This text is developed ______________. .‎ A. by space B. by comparison C. by process D. by time