高考英语虚拟语气讲解和练习 11页

龙文教育学科导学案 教师: 学生: 日期: 星期: 时段: ‎ 课 题 虚拟语气 学习目标 熟练掌握各种从句中的虚拟语气 学习重点 各种时态的虚拟情况 学习方法 讲解和练习 学习内容与过程 One''s real value first lies in to what degree and what sense he set himself.　　      ‎ ‎ 一个人的真正价值首先决定于他在什么程度上和在什么意义上从自我解放出来。‎ ‎1. 条件句中虚拟语气的形式 从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。‎ 时间 ‎ 从句谓语形式 ‎ 主句谓语形式 ‎ ‎ 将来 动词过去式(be用were)‎ should + 动词原形 were to + 动词原形 ‎ ‎ would / should / might / could + 动词原形 现在 动词过去式(be 用 were)‎ would / should / might / could + 动词原形 过去 had +动词过去分词 would / should / might / could have + 动词过去分词 ‎2. 条件中的虚拟语气的举例 ‎(1) 将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：‎ If he should go to Qing‎ Hua ‎University, he would make full use of his time. 如果他要上清华大学的话，他就会充分利用他的时间了。‎ If he were to come here, he would tell us about it. 如果他要来的话，他会通知我们一声。‎ ‎(2) 现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：‎ If he were free, he would help us. 要是他有空的话，它会帮助我们的。‎ If he studied at this school, he would know you well. 如果他在这所学校学习的话，它会对你很熟悉。‎ ‎(3) 过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：‎ If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it. 我如果看过这场电影，我会把电影内容告诉你了。‎ If I had got there earlier, I would have met Mr. Li. 如果我早点到那儿，我就会会到了李先生。‎ ‎3. 运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问题 ‎(1) 当从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词若是系动词be时，可用was代替were。但在倒装虚拟结构及if I were you, as it were中，只能用were。如：‎ Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad. 要是我还年轻十岁的话，我会去国外学习。‎ If I were you, I would try my best to grasp the chance. 要是我是你的话，我要尽力抓住这次机会。‎ ‎(2) 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时，须区别对待。‎ ‎①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如：‎ If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会使工程师了 If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。‎ ‎②从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：‎ If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了(from www.yygrammar.com)。‎ If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。‎ ‎③从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。如：‎ If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. 如果天不下太多的雨的话，庄家会长得更好。‎ If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now. 要是他工作一直努力的话，他现在已进了办公室了。‎ ‎(3) 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可省略，而将were, should, had等词置于句首。如：‎ Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。‎ Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。‎ Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了(from www.yygrammar.com)。‎ ‎(4) 有时，句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，而须通过上下文或其他方式来判断。如：‎ I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. 我本该来看你了，然而我太忙了。‎ But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。‎ Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。‎ ‎(5) 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。‎ ‎①省略从句 He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。‎ You could have passed this exam. 你应该会通过这次考试了。‎ ‎②省略主句 If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。‎ If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了该多好啊。‎ ‎ ‎ 二、其他状语从句的虚拟语气 ‎1. 目的状语从句中的虚拟语气 ‎(1) 在for fear that, in case, lest引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为： should + 动词原形。并且 should不能省略 She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。‎ He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出发了以防迟到。‎ ‎(2) 在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为： can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。如(from www.yygrammar.com)：‎ He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能挺得更清楚。‎ He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。‎ ‎2. 让步状语从句中的虚拟语气 ‎(1) 在even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：‎ Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即是他亲自来也不知该怎么办。‎ Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 及时华佗再世也就不了他。‎ ‎(2) 在whatever， whichever，whenever，whoever, wherever，however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：‎ ‎① may +动词原形(指现在或将来)。如：‎ We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。‎ We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。‎ I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。‎ ‎② may +完成式(指过去) ，主句结构不限。如：‎ You mustn’t be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲(from www.yygrammar.com)。‎ We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他翻过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。‎ ‎(3) 在though, although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为 should +动词原形，主句结构不限。如：‎ Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student. 尽管他经常迟到，他还是个好学生。‎ Although / Though he should be secretary, he must obey the rules. 尽管他是书记，他也必须遵守规定。‎ ‎3. 方式状语从句中的虚拟语气 as if, as though引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的结构为：‎ 表示所发生的时间 虚拟语气结构 发生在主句动作之前 had + 过去分词 与主句动作同时发生 过去时(be 用were )‎ 发生在主句动作之后 would / could / might / should+原形动词 例如：‎ They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long. 他们开始热烈的谈论起来就好像他们已相互认识很久了。‎ He coughed twice as if someone should come. 他咳嗽两声就好像有人要来了。‎ ‎4. 原因状语从句中的虚拟语气 amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：‎ ‎① should + 原形动词(指现在或将来)。如：‎ He was angry that you should call him by name. 他很生气，你竟然对他直呼其名。‎ I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question. 我很惊讶他竟答不出如此简单的问题。‎ ‎② should + 完成式, 指过去。如：‎ I’m very sorry that you should have failed the exam. 我很遗憾，你这次考试竟然失败了。‎ I was very surprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday. 我很吃惊，父亲竟指导我昨天所作的事情(from www.yygrammar.com)。‎ 三、宾语从句中的虚拟语气 ‎1．英语中，如：advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(坚决要求) , order, propose, request, suggest(建议) 表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，起虚拟语气的结构为：(should) + 原形动词。如：‎ 但是，当insist的意思为：坚决认为，坚持说；suggest的意思为：表明，暗含，暗示等时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。如：‎ Tom insisted that he hadn’t stolen the watch. 汤姆坚持说他没有偷那块手表。‎ His smile suggested that he had succeeded in this exam. 他的微笑表明他在考试中成功了。‎ ‎2. believe, expect, suspect, think, imagine等动词的否定句或疑问句中的宾语从句常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： should + 原形动词。如：‎ Can you believe that he should kill a tiger? 你能相信他竟杀死了一只老虎？‎ Can you imagine that he should take the first place in the long jump contest? 你能想象得到他在跳远比赛中竟获得了第一名？‎ ‎3. 英语中，wish之后的宾语从句，表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为(from www.yygrammar.com)：‎ 表示所发生的时间 虚拟语气结构 发生在主句动作之前 ‎(1)had + 过去分词；‎ ‎(2)would / could / might / should + have + 过去分词 与主句动作同时发生 过去时(be 用were )‎ 发生在主句动作之后 would / could / might / should + 原形动词 例如：‎ I wish I learnt English well. 我希望我已学好了英语。‎ I wish I had been there with them last week. 我希望上周跟他们一起在那儿。‎ He wishes we could go and play games with him. 他希望我们能去跟他做游戏。‎ ‎4. 英语中，would rather, had rather, would sooner 等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。起虚拟语气的结构为：‎ 表示所发生的时间 虚拟语气结构 过去 had + 过去分词； ‎ 现在 过去时(be 用were ) ‎ 将来 过去时(be 用were ) ‎ 例如：‎ I’d rather you had seen the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。‎ I’d rather you were here now. 我倒想你现在在这儿。‎ We’d rather you went here tomorrow. 我么倒想你明天去那儿。‎ 六、定语从句中的虚拟语气 英语中，表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + 动词原形。如：‎ It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. 我该去学校接我的女儿了。‎ It is high time you should go to work. 你早该上班了。‎ 七. 简单句中的虚拟语气 ‎1. 表示“祝愿”时，常用“may + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他”。如：‎ May you have a good journey! 祝你一路顺风。‎ May your youth last for ever! 祝你青春永驻。‎ ‎2. 表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时，常用动词原形。如：‎ Long live the Communist Party of China. 中国共产党万岁。‎ God bless us. 上帝保佑。‎ ‎ (5) 表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：“情态动词 + have + 过去分词”。‎ You should have got here earlier. 你应该早就到这里了。‎ You should have returned it to him. 你应该把他还给他了。‎ 专项练习 ‎1. If there were no subjunctive mood, English ____ much easier.‎ ‎  A. will be B. would have been  C. could have been  D. would be ‎  2. If she had worked harder, she ____.‎ ‎   A. would succeed   B. had succeeded   C. should succeed  D. would have succeeded ‎  3. — If he ____, he ____ that food.‎ ‎   — Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.‎ A. was warned; would not take  B. had been warned; would not have taken ‎    C. would be warned; had not taken    D. would have been warned; had not taken ‎  4. If he ____ me his telephone number yesterday, I ____ able to ring him up now.‎ ‎   A. told; would be  B. had told; would be  C. had told; would have been   D. told; am ‎  5. If I ____ you, I ____ to Australia with Mr. Smith.‎ A. had been; would go  B. were; had gone  C. were; would have gone  D. am; will go ‎  6. Without electricity, human life ____ quite different today.‎ ‎    A. is   B. will be   C. would have been   D. would be ‎  7. Our monitor was absent. Otherwise I ____ the chair.‎ A. would not take   B. didn't take   C. hadn't taken    D. wouldn't have taken ‎  8. — The experiment has failed!‎ ‎   — I suggest that you ____ again.‎ ‎    A. try     B. trying   C. will try   D. would try ‎  9. His silence at the meeting suggested that he ____ to your plan.‎ A. didn't agree  B. hadn't agreed   C. wouldn't agree    D. not agree ‎10. The father insisted his daughter ____ a rich man.‎ ‎    A. would be engaged to  B. be engaged to  C. should engage to  D. must be engaged to ‎11. She insisted that she ____ ill of him behind him, but he didn't believe.‎ ‎     A. hadn't spoken   B. shouldn't speak    C. wouldn't speak   D. not speak ‎12. — I stayed at a hotel while in New York.‎ ‎  — Oh, did you? You ____ with Barbara.‎ ‎    A. could have stayed  B. could stay   C. would stay   D. must have stayed ‎13. I was really anxious about you. You ____ home without a word.‎ A. mustn't leave  B. shouldn't have left   C. couldn't have left  D. needn't leave ‎14. There was plenty of time. She ____.‎ A. mustn't have hurried  B. needn't have hurried  C. must not hurry  D. couldn't have hurried ‎15. I wish I ____ you yesterday.‎ ‎   A. seen   B. did see     C. had seen     D. were to see ‎16. If my lawyer ____ here last Saturday, he ____ me from going.‎ ‎   A. had been; would have prevented  B. had been; would prevent ‎   C. were; would prevent         D. were; would have prevented ‎17. He ____ you more help, even though he was very busy.‎ ‎   A. might have given  B. might give   C. may have given     D. may give ‎18. If it ____ for the snow, we ____ the mountain yesterday.‎ A. were not; could have climbed      B. were not; could climb C. had not been; could have climbed     D. had not been; could climb   ‎ ‎19. I told Sally how to get there, but perhaps I ____ for her.‎ A. had to write it out          B. must have written it out C. should have written it out    D. ought to write it out ‎20. I didn't see your sister at the meeting. If she ____, she would have met my brother.‎ ‎   A. has come    B. did come    C. came  D. had come ‎21. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ____.‎ ‎   A. breaks  B. has broken C. were broken   D. had been broken ‎22. You didn't let me drive. If we ____ in turn, you ____ so tired.‎ A. drove; didn't get            B. drove; wouldn't get C. were driving; wouldn't get     D. had driven; wouldn't have got ‎23. She couldn't have answered the question if she _____ a few books on world history.‎ A. hadn't read  B. hasn't read  C. wouldn't read   D. didn't read ‎24. If it ____ so hard, we'd go to town.‎ A. isn't raining  B. weren't raining  C. doesn't rain    D. has rained ‎25. Our former math teacher died of cancer last term, otherwise he ____.‎ ‎    A. will still work        B. should still work C. would still have worked      D. would still be working ‎26. The soldier died in the hospital. He ____ if the doctor ____ on him two hours earlier.‎ A. might be saved; operated            B. could be saved; had operated C. could have been saved; had operated     D. had been saved; was operated ‎27. It's time that you ____ home and I'd rather you ____ again tomorrow.‎ ‎  A. are going; will come  B. go; are coming   C. went; came   D. would go; would come ‎28. I ____ you a more valuable present for your birthday, but I was short of money at that time.‎ ‎ A. would buy   B. had bought  C. would have bought   D. must have bought ‎29. I went to the meeting yesterday because I ____ nothing about the discussion without attending it. ‎ ‎ A. didn't know  B. would know    C. knew    D. would have known ‎30. It was required that each student ____ enough food for the public.‎ ‎ A. bring   B. brought    C. would bring   D. had brought  ‎ ‎31. He didn't come yesterday, or you ____ him.‎ ‎ A. would see  B. were to see    C. might have seen   D. had seen ‎32. It was suggested yesterday that a meeting ____ to discuss the matter.‎ ‎  A. will be held    B. would be held   C. should hold    D. be held ‎33. It's strange that he ____ without saying good-bye to us.‎ ‎   A. should have gone out    B. went  C. should go out     D. goes out ‎34. Nothing could have saved him even if he ____ without delay.‎ ‎   A. would be tended  B. was tended  C. has been tended   D. had ben tended ‎35. The manager was angry and ordered that this work ____ tomorrow. ‎ ‎   A. be finished    B. finish   C. was finished    D. would finish ‎36. He is talking so much about Britain as if he ____ there.‎ ‎   A. had been   B. has been     C. was       D. had gone ‎37. The young man insisted that he ____ nothing wrong and ____ free.‎ A. did; set  B. had done; should be set   C. do; be set  D. had done; must be set ‎38. My suggestion was that the meeting ____ off till next week.‎ ‎    A. to put   B. be put    C. should put   D. would be put ‎39. Had you listened to the doctor, you ____ all right now.‎ A. are    B. were   C. would be    D. would have been ‎40. It is requested that Li Ming ____ at the class meeting on behalf of us.‎ ‎   A. will speak  B. speaks   C. would speak   D. speak ‎41. — I didn't catch the first train this morning.‎ ‎  — You ____ the first train if you ____ earlier.‎ ‎      A. would catch; had got up        B. could catch; should get up ‎ C. would have caught; had got up   D. would catch; got up ‎42. You ____ earlier. The bus left a moment ago.‎ A. would come   B. should have come   C. must come  D. could have come ‎43. Without your help, we ____ this task.‎ ‎ A. don't finish  B. will not finish  C. didn't finish   D. would not have finished ‎44. Mr. Fang spoke slowly in order that we ____ him.‎ ‎  A. should follow  B. follow   C. might follow   D. followed ‎45. — Have you ever been to Hong Kong?‎ ‎  — No, but I wish I ____.‎ ‎  A. have   B. will     C. do     D. had ‎46. What should we do if it ____ tomorrow?‎ ‎   A. should snow   B. would snow   C. snow     D. will snow ‎47. He ____ the test, but he wasn't careful enough.‎ ‎   A. could have passed        B. were able to pass ‎   C. must have passed        D. might be able to pass ‎48. If there ____ not the Communist Party, we ____ a happy life.‎ ‎    A. were; couldn't live     B. are; can't live ‎    C. is; can't live       D. was; wouldn't live ‎49. But for the leadership of out Party and Government, we ____ these splendid results.‎ ‎   A. have achieved             B. couldn't have achieved ‎   C. could have achieved        D. would achieve ‎50. — It was the drug, not the disease, that killed the boy.‎ ‎  — He would be still alive today if he ____ that drug.‎ A. not take    B. shouldn't have taken C. didn't take   D. hadn't taken  ‎ 课内练习与训练 教学小结 ‎ ‎ 学生对于本次课的评价：‎ ‎ ○ 特别满意 ○ 满意 ○ 一般 ○ 差 ‎ ‎ 学生签字：‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 教师签字： ‎ ‎ 主任签字： ‎