通用版2018高考英语一轮复习基础知识解读 10页

Unit 4　Astronomy：the science of the stars Ⅰ.写作单词——会拼写 ‎1．system n． 系统；体系；制度 ‎2．theory n. 学说；理论 ‎3．crash vi.&vt. 碰撞；坠落 ‎4．pull n．&vt. 拉(力)；拖；牵引力 ‎5．float vi.&vt. (使)浮动；(使)漂浮 ‎ n. 漂浮物 ‎6．violent adj. 猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的 ‎→violence n. 暴力 ‎→violently adv. 猛烈地 ‎7．like prep. 像 ‎→unlike prep. 不同；不像 ‎→dislike vt.&n. 不喜欢 ‎8．harm n. 害处 ‎ vt. 对……有害 ‎→harmful adj. 有害的 ‎9．exist vi. 存在；生存 ‎→existence n. 存在 ‎10．puzzle vt.&vi. (使)迷惑；(使)为难 ‎ n. 谜；难题 ‎→puzzled adj. 迷惑不解的 ‎→puzzling adj. 令人迷惑的 ‎11．gentle adj. 温和的；文雅的 ‎→gently adv. 温柔地；温和地 Ⅱ.阅读单词——要识记 ‎12．astronomy n． 天文学 ‎13．atmosphere n. 大气层；气氛 ‎14．fundamental adj. 基本的；基础的 ‎15．chain n. 链子；连锁；锁链 ‎16．gravity n. 万有引力；重力 ‎17．satellite n. 卫星；人造卫星 高频短语——会默写 ‎1．in time 及时；终于 ‎2．be harmful to/do harm to 对……有害 ‎3．in one's turn 轮到某人；接着 ‎4．prevent...from 阻止；制止 ‎5．cheer up 感到高兴；感到振奋 ‎6．now that 既然 ‎7．break out 突发；爆发 ‎8．watch out for 密切注意；当心；提防 ‎9．lay eggs 下蛋 ‎10．give birth to 产生；分娩 ‎11．block out 挡住(光线)‎ 教材原句——会背诵 句式仿写——能应用 ‎1.The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.‎ ‎(whether...or not 是否……)‎ ‎1.他们是否能够通过交流达成协议还不清楚。‎ It's not clear whether they are able to arrive at an agreement through communication or not.‎ ‎2.This produced a chain reaction，which made it possible for life to develop.‎ ‎(make it ＋adj.＋to do sth.)‎ ‎2.这个女孩懂三门外语，这使她更容易找到一份好工作。‎ The girl knows three foreign languages，which makes it easier for her to find a good job.‎ ‎3.But when I tried to step forward，I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.‎ ‎(“倍数＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as”倍数表达法)‎ ‎3.新技术被引进后，这个工厂2016年生产的机器的数量是去年的两倍。‎ After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced twice as many machines in 2016 as last year.‎ 精讲 4个考纲单词 ‎ harmful adj.有害的 ‎[高考佳句]　Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well.(2015年江苏高考·阅读理解B)‎ 生产过程中产生的许多废料也是有害的。‎ ‎(1)be harmful to sb./sth. 对某人/某物有害 ‎(2) 对某人有害 ‎(3) 做某事没有坏处 ‎①Some boys are too crazy about playing games on the computer，which is very harmful to their health.‎ 有些男生对玩电脑游戏简直到了痴迷的程度，这对他们的健康非常有害。‎ ‎②If you want to solve the problem in this way，there is no harm in calling him.如果你想以这种方式来解决问题，你不妨给他打个电话。‎ ‎[链接写作]　一句多译 众所周知，过量喝酒对你的健康有害。‎ ‎①What is known to us is that drinking too much is harmful to your health．(harmful)‎ ‎②It is known to us that drinking too much does harm to your health．(harm)‎ ‎ exist vi.存在；生存 ‎[高考佳句]　If it weren't for Rachel Carson，the environmental movement might not exist today.(2016年全国乙卷·阅读理解)如果不是因为Rachel Carson，今天的环保运动就可能不存在。‎ ‎(1)exist/live on sth. 靠某物生存 exist in 存在于 There exist(s)．.. 有/存在……‎ ‎(2)in existence 现存的；现有的 come into existence 产生；存在 ‎①You can't imagine what difficulty they have existing on the money he's earning.你无法想象他们靠他挣的那点钱维持生活是多么的困难。‎ ‎②Scientists have many theories about how the universe first came into existence(exist)．关于一开始宇宙是如何产生的，科学家们有多种理论。‎ ‎ puzzle vt.& vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难 n. (游戏的)猜谜；难题；谜 ‎[教材原句]　 How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that scientists found hard to solve.‎ 地球生命如何起源是科学家们觉得很难解决的最大的难题之一。‎ ‎(1)a puzzle 一件(让人感到)困惑的事情 be in a puzzle 感到困惑；不知如何是好 ‎(2)puzzle about/over 冥思苦想；苦苦思索 ‎(3)puzzling adj. 令人迷惑的 puzzled adj. 迷惑不解的；困惑的 be puzzled about 对……迷惑不解 ‎①What puzzles me is why he left the country without telling anyone.‎ 令我百思不解的是他为什么没有告诉任何人就离开了这个国家。‎ ‎②Where the missing plane has gone still remains a puzzle to us.‎ 失联飞机去了哪儿对我们来说仍是个谜。‎ ‎③The puzzled look on her face suggested she was puzzled about the puzzling math problem.(puzzle)‎ 她困惑的表情暗示了她对那个令人困惑的数学问题迷惑不解。‎ ‎【导学号：30892074】‎ ‎ pull n．& vt.拉(力)；拖；牵引力 ‎[高考佳句]　On a family car trip，her Aunt Dede pulled out a copy of Harry potter，as a surprise for her niece.(2016年四川高考·完形填空)‎ 在一次家庭汽车旅行中，她(Lainey)的姑妈Dede拿出一本《哈利·波特》，作为令她侄女惊奇的东西。‎ pull down 拆毁；摧毁 pull in (车辆)进站停靠；靠边停靠 pull out 驶出；拉出；拔出 pull through 康复；痊愈 pull up (使)停住 ‎①Whether the buildings in this area should be pulled down has remained controversial；people are still looking for other possible solutions.‎ 这个区域的建筑物是否需要拆毁还存在争议；人们仍旧在寻找着其他可能的解决方法。‎ ‎②We waved as the train pulled out of the station.‎ 火车驶出车站时我们挥手告别。‎ ‎③Everyone was very concerned whether he would pull through or not.‎ 每个人都很关心他是否能痊愈。‎ ‎[链接写作]　句式升级 The train has pulled in(已进站停靠)and the passengers are boarding it now.‎ ‎→The train having pulled in，the passengers are boarding it now.(独立主格结构)‎ 诠释3个核心短语 ‎ in time及时；终于；迟早 ‎[高考佳句]　As a proverb goes“Where there is a will，there is a way.”Our efforts will pay off in time.(2014年山东高考·书面表达)常言道，“有志者，事竟成”，我们的努力迟早会有所回报。‎ ‎(1)in no time 立刻；马上 at no time 决不(位于句首时，句子须用部分倒装结构)‎ at a time 每次；一次 at one time 曾经；一度 at the same time 同时 from time to time 有时；偶尔 ‎(2)take one's time 别着急；慢慢来 kill time 消磨时间 ‎①We'll have that leak fixed in no time.‎ 我们马上就把那个漏洞补上。‎ ‎②At no time did they actually break the rules of the game.It was unfair to punish them.(2013年辽宁高考·单项填空)‎ 他们确实没有违反比赛规则。惩罚他们是不公平的。‎ ‎③At the same time，we are going to bring along about five hundred books with us for your class.(2015年天津高考·书面表达)‎ 同时，我们将为你们的中文班带去大约500本图书。‎ ‎ in one's turn 轮到某人；接着 ‎[经典例句]　Thus they have，in their turn，become the most important animals on the planet.‎ 于是，他们接着成了这个行星上最重要的动物。‎ ‎(1)in turn 依次；轮流；反过来 by turns 轮流；交替地 ‎(2)take turns to do sth. 轮流做某事 It is one's turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事 ‎①Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.‎ 理论的基础是实践，反过来理论又为实践服务。‎ ‎②I think it's my turn to drive (drive) the kids to school this week.‎ 我想这周该轮到我开车送孩子们上学了。‎ ‎[链接写作]　句式升级 People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars，and this in turn creates more problems(反过来造成更多的问题)．‎ ‎→People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars，which in turn creates more problems．(定语从句)‎ ‎【导学号：30892075】‎ ‎ cheer up (使)高兴；(使)振奋；感到高兴；感到振奋 ‎[经典例句]　I do hope she can cheer up and accept the challenge of life bravely!‎ 我真心希望她能振作起来，勇敢地接受生活的挑战！‎ ‎(1)cheer sb.up 使某人振作起来 cheer sb.on (比赛中)以喝彩声鼓励；为某人加油 cheer for 为……而欢呼 ‎(2)Cheers! [口语](用于祝酒)干杯！‎ ‎①When I'm feeling sad，my mother tells me funny stories to cheer me up.当我感到忧伤时，我的母亲就给我讲有趣的故事哄我高兴。‎ ‎②Let's go to the football game and cheer for our favorite team.‎ 咱们去看足球比赛，为我们最喜爱的球队呐喊助威。‎ 突破2个高考句型 ‎ (教材P26)This produced a chain reaction，which made it possible for life to develop.‎ 这就产生了一系列的反应，使生命的发展成为可能。‎ ‎“make it ＋adj./n.＋to do sth.”中，it 为形式宾语，指代后面的不定式结构，形容词或名词为宾语补足语。‎ ‎“find/think/feel/consider＋it＋adj./n.＋to do sth.” it 为形式宾语，动词不定式为真正的宾语。‎ ‎①People in the west make it a rule to buy Christmas presents for their relatives and friends.‎ 在西方，人们常在圣诞节时购买礼物给亲属和朋友。‎ ‎②They made itclear to the public that they did an important and necessary job.‎ 他们向公众表明：他们所做的工作重要且必不可少。‎ ‎[链接写作]　一句多译 精通这项技术可能会让我们更加有效地利用网络。‎ ‎①Mastering the technology makes it possible for us to use the Internet more effectively.(不定式作宾语)‎ ‎②Mastering the technology makes it possible that we can use the Internet more effectively．(从句作宾语) ‎ ‎ (教材P31)But when I tried to step forward，I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。‎ twice as far as...是一种倍数的表示方法，意为“是……的两倍远”。‎ 英语中常见的倍数表达法：‎ A＋be＋倍数＋as＋adj./adv.原级＋as B A＋be＋倍数＋adj./adv.比较级＋than B A＋be＋倍数＋the＋名词(size/weight/length...)＋of B A＋倍数＋what 从句，表示“A是……的多少倍”‎ ‎①The red ruler is three times as long as the yellow one.‎ ‎＝The red ruler is three times longer(long) than the yellow one.‎ ‎＝The red ruler is three times the length of the yellow one.‎ 这个红尺子是这个黄尺子的三倍长。‎ ‎②Jessica devoted twice more energy and time than she did before，so I believe she will succeed this time.杰西卡付出的是以前三倍的时间和精力，所以我相信她这次能成功。‎ ‎【导学号：30892076】‎ ‎[多角快练]——练单词 练短语 练句型————————————‎ 基础考点全面练 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．We live in a (globe)village，but this doesn't mean that we all behave in the same way.‎ ‎2．It is none of your business other people think about you.Believe in yourself.‎ ‎3．During those four years，he worked day and night，thus (improve) his theory gradually until it was complete.‎ ‎4．I could feel the wind (gentle) blowing through my hair，it was a ‎ warm summer breeze.‎ ‎5．The two girls are so alike that strangers find difficult to tell one from the other.‎ ‎【答案】　1.global　2.what　3.improving 　4.gently　5.it Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．There is so much rain on the island that its annual rainfall reaches as many as sixty inches.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2．You'll succeed on time because you are always working hard.‎ ‎【导学号：30892077】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎3．(2015·天津高考·单项填空改编)The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere that his employees enjoy their work.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎4．The twin brothers stood under the tree，puzzling and saying nothing.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎5．We recognized the possibility and took steps to prevent it happened.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【答案】　1.many→much　2.on→in　3.that→where　4.puzzling→puzzled　5.happened→happening 重难考点多维练 ‎1．exist ‎(1)单句语法填空 ‎①As is known to us，China came into (exist) as an independent country in 1949.‎ ‎②There a good way to solve the problem in geography.(exist)‎ ‎③You can't imagine what difficulty they have existing the money he is earning.‎ ‎(2)高考小作文 ‎④在我们学校，自行车的存放是一个长久以来就存在的问题。‎ The parking place for bikes in our school.‎ ‎【答案】　①existence　②exists；existing　③on　④was an existing problem for a long time ‎2．倍数表达法 ‎(1)单句改错 ‎①This big stone is three times as heavier as that one.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎②There are four times many books in our library than in yours.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎(2)一句多译 ‎③正在为下一届亚运会建设的新体育场是现在的三倍大。‎ The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will be three times the present one.‎ ‎→The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will be three times the present one.‎ ‎→The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will be three times the present one.‎ ‎【导学号：30892078】‎ ‎【答案】　①heavier→heavy　②many→more　③as big as；bigger than；the size of Ⅰ.课文语法填空 根据P25－26课文内容，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ The earth was just a cloud of dust 1. future is uncertain after the “Big Bang”. Then the dust began to settle into a solid ball which was so 2. (violence) and exploded loudly with fire and rock.They were in time 3. (produce) many things，which made the earth's atmosphere. As the earth cooled down, water began to appear and it allowed the earth to dissolve 4. (harm) gases. Then life began to develop.‎ Many millions of years later，small plants appeared.They multiplied and 5. (fill) the oceans and seas with oxygen. Land 6. (animal) followed after the first green plants appeared. Then small clever animals spread all 7. the earth.‎ Humans developed new means of growing, hunting and moving around.As time went by they covered the earth. Now too much carbon dioxide has been put into the atmosphere，which prevents heat from 8. (escape) from the earth into ‎ space. As 9. result, the problem of global warming occurs.10. life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.‎ ‎【答案】　1.whose　2.violent　3.to produce　4.harmful　5.filled　6.animals　7.over　8.escaping　9.a 　10.Whether Ⅱ.高考话题微写作 根据提示，运用本单元所学知识完成下面小作文。‎ ‎1．据报道今年我们发生火灾的次数是去年的3倍。(three times as many fires as...)‎ ‎2．上个星期六，光明路上的一家百货商场发生大火。(break out)‎ ‎3．路上有那么多车辆和人以至于消防人员不能通过，消防车很难靠近现场。(get through；get close to)‎ ‎4．依靠他们丰富的经验，消防人员最终阻止了火灾的蔓延。(depend on；prevent...from)‎ ‎5．显而易见我们是否能阻止火灾取决于我们是否有安全意识。(a sense of safety)‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【参考范文】　‎ It is reported that we have had three times as many fires as last year.Last Saturday，a big fire broke out in a department store in Guangming Road.There were so many people and cars in the street that firefighters couldn't get through，which made it difficult for the fire trucks to get close to the scene.Depending on their rich experience，the firemen prevented the fire from spreading eventually.It is obvious that whether we can stop fire disasters depend on whether we have a sense of safety.‎