高考英语语法专题讲解定语从句同位语从句强调句1 9页

高考英语语法专题讲解-‎ 定语从句 、同位语从句 、强调句 ‎1. 定语从句 ‎1.1 三步思考：‎ ‎（1）找出先行词；‎ ‎（2）看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；‎ ‎（3）选择合适的关联词。‎ ‎1.2何时用that ？何时用which？‎ ‎1.2.1‎只能用 that 的3种情况：‎ ‎（1）先行词被序数词最高级，以及the only 、the very the same、the last修饰过.‎ ‎（2）先行词为all 、everything、nothing等不定代词.‎ ‎（3）先行词同时是人和物并列时.‎ ‎ e.g. Later my father and Mr.Crosset talked of things and persons that they remembered in school.‎ ‎ ‎1.2.2‎ 只能用which的情况：‎ ‎（1）介宾短语 ‎（2）指代前面的一件事 ‎ e.g. He talked of it in a rude way which made me annoyed.‎ ‎1.3关系代词as（正如…）‎ ‎ ‎1.3.1 as在定语从句中作主语 e.g. As appear from her paper ,she has read widely in Romantic literature.‎ We have found such material as is used in their factory. (非同一块材料)‎ We have found such material that is used in their factory.(同一块材料)‎ ‎1.3.2 as在定语从句中作宾语 e.g. She is remarkable, as I have told you .‎ ‎ She wears the clothes as she did last Sunday. (穿的是同一件)‎ ‎ She wears the clothes as her sister does. (穿的不是同一件)‎ ‎1.3.3 as在定语从句中作表语 e.g. He was not the same person as he ( was).(省略从句谓语时只能用as)‎ ‎ = He was not the same person that he was.‎ ‎1.3.4 as的固定用法:‎ ‎ As we know, = As is known to all that/ As is known to all, …‎ ‎1.4 all that 和what ‎ All that I know is that he has made up his mind to heave the country for a new place.‎ ‎ ‎ that引导定语从句 that引导表语从句 ‎ = What I know is that ……‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ What引导主语从句 ‎1.5 关系副词: where, when, why ‎ 比较: This is the house where I lived 2 years ago.‎ ‎ This is the house which I visited.‎ ‎ I will never forget the day when I joined the army.‎ ‎ I will never forget the day that we spent together.‎ ‎ The reason why I am calling you is to invite you to my party.‎ ‎ The reason you gave me yesterday cannot be accepted.‎ ‎ The reason is that I want you to come to my party.‎ 表语从句 ð 只要在定语从句中担任状语的，就用关系副词。‎ p.s. 在判断选用关系代词或关系副词时，尤其要注意：及物动词后直接加宾语，则选关系代词；不及物动词后不可直接加宾语，则选关系副词！‎ ‎2. 定语从句与同位语从句的区别 ‎2.1形式结构基本相同：都跟在名词或代词之后，且又常由that引导。‎ ‎2.2句法功能不相同: 同位语从句对前一名词做补充说明，在从句中无语法位置，而定语从句所修饰词在从句中占一语法位置。‎ ‎2.3 区别方法：‎ ‎ ‎2.3.1‎ that 是否在从句中担任成分？‎ ‎ The news that the leader will come here is not true.‎ ‎ 在从句中不担任成分 ‎ The news that you told me last week is not true.‎ 在从句中担任宾语 ‎2.3.2‎‎ 在that 前面加is,如果句意成立就是同位语；否则就不是。‎ ‎ The news is that the leader will come here is not true.‎ 成立 The news is that you told me last week is not true.‎ 不成立 ‎2.3.3‎‎ 根据that 前的名字判断 同位语that 前的名词必须是一个表示事实的抽象名词: fact, news, information, order, belief, reply, answer, saying, doubt, hope, idea, thought,suggestion, wish, conclusion, decision, knowledge, opinion, problem, promise, question, plan, report, truth, view etc.‎ 定语从句前的先行词没有这个限制。‎ ‎ 2.4 同位语的连接词包括: that, how, when, where, whether.‎ ‎ ！同位语从句有时会被别的词把它和名词隔开: ‎ ‎ e.g Word came that they had won the game.‎ ‎3. 定语从句与强调句型的区别 ‎ 3.1 强调词it与先行词it的判别: ‎ 把It is / was…that…去掉，如句子仍然成立则为强调句，否则不是。‎ It is on the morning of May 1st that I met Liang Wei at the airport．(强调句)‎ It is the factory that Mr Wang works. (定语从句)‎ It is clear that not all boys like football. (it 作为形式主语的主语从句)‎ ‎= That not all boys like football is clear.‎ ‎3.2固定句型: It is/ was not until + 被强调部分+ that…..‎ e.g It was not unitl she took off her dark glasses that I realized that she was a famous star.‎ ‎ = Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize that she was a famous star.‎ ‎ =Only when she took off her dark glasses did I realize that she was a famous star.‎ 强调句的倒装 ‎！强调人时，可用who 代替that, 但若强调时间、地点、原因、方式时，不能用when, where, why, how代替 that. ‎ ‎！强调句型不用于强调谓语、表语、since, as等引导的原因状语从句。‎ ‎    He is better today since he can walk around without my help. ->‎ ‎    It is better today that he is today since he can walk around without my help. (X)‎ ‎    It is since he can walk around without my help that he is better today. (X)  ‎ ‎3.3 其他强调方式：‎ ‎3.3.1‎‎ as, though引导的让步状语从句: ‎ ‎(1) Try as he will, he can’t succeed.    (强调谓语)‎ ‎ = Though he will try, he can’t succeed. ‎ ‎    (2) English though he learnt, he didn’t learn it well. (强调宾语)‎ ‎ = Though he learnt English, he didn’t learn it well.‎ ‎ (3) Ill as he is, he keeps on working. (强调表语)‎ ‎   =Though he is ill, he keeps on working. ‎ ‎3.3.2‎用do, did 强调谓语 e.g Do sit down.‎ He did write to you last week.‎ ‎3.3.3‎用短语at all, on earth, in the world, under the sun等表示强调，意思是：到底，究竟，根本。‎ ‎【定语从句 同位语从句 强调句专项训练】‎ ‎1．He talked happily about the men and books interested him greatly in the school．‎ ‎ A．which B．who C．it D．that ‎2．His uncle works in a factory bicycles are made．‎ ‎ A．that B．which C．where D．there ‎3．There is no dictionary you can find everything．‎ ‎ A．that B．which C．where D．in that ‎4．Next month, you’ll spend in your hometown is coming．‎ ‎ A．which B．that C．when D．where ‎5.It was on 12 May,2008______the earthquake of Wenchuan county,Sichuan provimce happened.‎ A.since B.which C.that D.when.‎ ‎6．Next month, you’ll be in your hometown is coming．‎ ‎ A．which B．that C．when D．where ‎7．He wanted to know the time he needed to know ．‎ ‎ A．that B．when C．where D．what ‎8．There isn’t so much noise in the country in big cities．‎ ‎ A．that B．which C．where D．as ‎ ‎9．They could only read such stories had been rewritten in simple English ．‎ ‎ A．that B．which C．as D．what ‎10. Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.‎ ‎　　A. while    B. that    C. when    D. as ‎11．Crusoe’s dog became ill and died , made him very lonely ．‎ ‎ A．as B．which C．that D．this ‎12. It was not until midnight __ they reached the camp site. （2008 重庆卷 22）‎ A .that B. when C. while D. as ‎13. There’s a feeling in me ___ we’ll never know what a UFO is – not ever. ‎ ‎ A. that B. which C. of which D. what ‎14． has been said above ,grammar is a set of dead rules．‎ ‎ A．Which B．What ‎ C．That D．As ‎ ‎15. It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities，which is the information ____ has been put forward.‎ ‎　　A. what    B. that    C. when    D. as ‎16．Do you know the man ?‎ ‎ A．whom I spoke B．to who I spoke ‎ ‎ C．I spoke to D．that I spoke ‎17. It is not who is right but what is right ______ is of importance. [2007 重庆卷]‎ A. which B. it C. that D. this ‎18. He’s got himself into a dangerous situation __ he was likely to lose control over the plane. A. where B. which C. what D. why ‎19. when was it you called me yesterday?‎ A. until B. that C. then D. so ‎ ‎20．The knife we used to cut the bread is very sharp ．‎ ‎ A．with which B．with it C．with that D．which ‎21．He tore up my photo and upset me ．‎ ‎ A．that B．it C．which D．what ‎22．During the days , he worked as a servant at the Browns．‎ ‎ A．followed B．following ‎ ‎ C．to follow D．that followed ‎ ‎23. I can't stand the terrible noise ____ she is crying loudly.‎ A. it B. which    C. this    D. that ‎24. Was it because he was ill ____ he asked for leave?‎ A. and B. that C. that’s D. so ‎25．You can take any seat is free ．‎ ‎ A．which B．where C．that D．in which ‎26. Along with the letter was his promise ____ he would visit me this coming Christmas. A. which B. that C. what D. whether ‎27. These wild flowers are so special ___I would do ____ I can to save them.‎ A. that…whatever B. that…that ‎ C. which…whatever D. as…whichever ‎ ‎28. Occasions are quite rare______I have the time to spend a day with my kids.（2008山东） ‎ A. who   B. which    C. why    D. when ‎29. I’ll give you my friend’s home address, ______ I can be reached most evenings.（2008北京）  A. which                B. when   C. whom                D. where ‎30. The man pulled out a gold watch, ______were made of small diamonds. （2008陕西）  A. the hands of whom  B. whom the hands of  C. which the hands of        D. the hands of which ‎31. I have no idea ____ he will start.‎ ‎　　 A. when    B. that    C. what D./‎ ‎32. I've come from the government with a message ____ the meeting won't be held tomorrow.‎ ‎　　 A. if    B. that   C. whether D. which ‎33. He often asked me the question ____ the work was worth doing.‎ ‎　　 A. whether B. where    C. that        D. when ‎34. One of them held the view __ the book said was right. A. what that B. that what C. that D. whether ‎35．Do you know the reason he was late?‎ ‎ A．that B．which C．for what D．for which ‎36．We hope to get such a tool he is using ．‎ ‎ A．which B．as C．that D．where ‎37．Is there any one in you class family is in the city ．‎ ‎ A．who B．who’s C．which D．whose ‎38．Is oxygen the only gas helps fire burn ?‎ ‎ A．that B．/ C．which D．it ‎ ‎39．I often thought of my childhood , I lived on a farm．‎ ‎ A．which B．where C．when D．who ‎40．Is there anything to you ．‎ ‎ A．that is belonged B．that belongs C．which belongs D．that belong ‎ ‎41．The factory we’ll visit next week isn’t far from here ．‎ ‎ A．where B．in which C．which D．to which ‎42．My hometown is no longer the same it used to be ．‎ ‎ A．which B．as C．that D．like ‎43．John got beaten in the game , had been expected ．‎ ‎ A．as B．that ‎ C．what D．who ‎44．Is some German friends visited last week ?‎ ‎ A．this school B．this the school ‎ C．this school one D．this school where ‎45. It was Alice and her husband who saved the old man,_______?‎ A.wasn’t it B.was it C.didn’t they D.did they ‎ ‎46. When asked to explain______made his lessons so exciting,the teache kept silent.‎ A.what it is that B.that what it is C.what is it that D.that what is it raise、rise和arise的区别 前两个都有升起，抬起，上升的意思。 rise 是不及物，太阳升起 the sun rises arise 很少用到，人站立 people arise raise是及物，举手 raise the hand 区别在于：raise是及物动词，后面一定要加宾语。 ‎ ‎ 而rise是不及物动词，后面不能加宾语。另外，rise可以表示太阳的升起，比如日出：sun rise；不仅如此，在美国英语中，常用rise表示起立或着起床。 arise表示“出现，产生”，一般指不好的事情。比如，危险出现了，不好的后果产生了，可以用这个词。与上面两个次只是形近。 1.raise 提起，使升高，引起，扬起，提高，增加，筹款，召集，提出，养育。 如：raise one's hand 举手; raise crops 种庄稼; raise a building 造起一座房子; raise a cloud of dust 扬起一片尘土; raise one's voice提高嗓音; raise funds 筹集资金; raise a question 提出问题; They raise the flag every morning 他们每天早上升旗. ‎ ‎2.rise 上升，升高，上涨，指有形的东西。如： The sun rises in the east. ‎ ‎3.arise 开始发生，出现。指有形的东西，常用抽象名词作主语：都用在借喻中，不能用被动。 如Serious complications may arise from this sudden change of plans.突变的计划可能会导致严重的纠纷