江苏高考英语语法专题复习知识点汇总 29页

江苏高考英语语法专题复习知识点汇总 一、冠词The Article 知识要点：‎ ‎ 冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词（The Indefinite Article）和定冠词（The definite Article）两种。a (an) 是不定冠词，a用在辅音之前：如a book, a man; an用在元音之前，如：an old man, an hour, an interesting book等。the是定冠词。‎ 一、不定冠词的用法 ‎ 1、指人或事物的某一种类（泛指）。这是不定冠词a (an)的基本用法。如：She is a girl. I am a teacher. Please pass me an apple.‎ ‎ 2、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：He borrowed a story-book from the library.‎ ‎ A Li is looking for you. 一位姓李的同志正在找你。‎ ‎ 3、表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。如：‎ ‎ I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes.‎ ‎ 4、用于某些固定词组中。如：‎ ‎ a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, a pair of, have a good time, for a while, for a long time等。‎ ‎ 5、用在抽象名词前，表具体的介绍——a + 抽象名词，起具体化的作用。如：‎ ‎ This little girl is a joy to her parents. 这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。‎ ‎ It is a pleasure to talk with you. 跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。‎ ‎ It is an honour to me to attend the meeting. 参加这个会，对我来说是一种荣誉。‎ 二、定冠词的用法：‎ ‎ 1、特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。这是定冠词the的基本用法。如：‎ ‎ Beijing is the capital of China.‎ ‎ The pen on the desk is mine.‎ ‎ 2、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如：‎ ‎ Where is the teacher?‎ ‎ Open the window, please.‎ ‎ 3、指上文提过的人或事物（第二次出现）。如：‎ ‎ There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms.‎ ‎ The baby was thin.‎ ‎ 4、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如：‎ ‎ the earth, the moon, the sun.‎ ‎ 5、用在序数词和形容词最高级前。（副词最高级前的定冠词可省略）如：‎ ‎ He is always the first to come to school.‎ ‎ Bob is the tallest in his class.‎ ‎ 6、用在某些专有名词前（由普通名词构成的专用名词）。如：‎ ‎ the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Science Museum, the Children’s Palace, the Party等。‎ ‎ 7、用在一些习惯用语中。如：‎ ‎ on the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening), the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next year, by the way等。‎ ‎ 8、用在江河湖海、山脉前。如：‎ ‎ the Yellow River, the Pacific Ocean, the Alps, the ‎Himalayas ‎ 9、用在报刊、杂志前。如：‎ ‎ the People’s Daily, the Evening Paper, the Times 泰晤士报。‎ ‎ 10、表示某一家人要加定冠词。如：‎ ‎ The Browns are at home to receive visitors today. 布朗一家今天要接待客人。‎ ‎ 11、用在形容词前，表某一类人。如：‎ ‎ the poor, the wounded, the living, the dead, the rich, the sick等。‎ ‎ 12、定冠词可以表示一事物内部的某处。如：‎ ‎ The driver always sits in the front of the bus(car).‎ 三、零冠词（即不用冠词）：‎ ‎ 1、专用名词和不可数名词前。如：‎ ‎ China, America, Grade One, Class Two, milk, oil, water, paper, science等。‎ ‎ 2、名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any等代词。如：‎ ‎ Go down this street.‎ ‎ 3、复数名词表示一类人或事物时。如：‎ ‎ We are students.‎ ‎ I like reading stories.‎ ‎ 4、节日、日期、月份、季节前。如：‎ ‎ Teachers’ Day, Children’s Day, National Day, in summer, in July等。‎ ‎ Today is New Year’s Day.‎ ‎ It is Sunday.‎ ‎ March 8 is Women’s Day.‎ ‎ 5、在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前，尤其作表语、宾补时。如：‎ ‎ What’s the matter, Granny?‎ ‎ We elected him monitor.‎ ‎ 6、在某些习惯用语中的名词前。如：‎ ‎ at noon, at night, at first, at last, at most, at least, by bus(train, air, sea), in bed, in time, in front of, go to school, go to bed, go to college, on foot, at table, in ink, in pencil等。‎ ‎ 7、在三餐饭和球类运动前。如：‎ ‎ She goes to school after breakfast every morning.‎ ‎ We are going to play football.‎ ‎ We usually have lunch at school.‎ ‎ 8、科目前不加。如：‎ We learn Chinese, maths, English and some other subjects. ‎ 二、名词Nouns 知识要点：‎ 一、名词的种类：‎ ‎ 1、专有名词：‎ ‎ 1）China, Japan, Beijing, London, Tom, Jack（不加冠词）‎ ‎ 2）the Great Wall, the Yellow River, the People’s Republic of China, the United States等。（由普通名词构成的专有名词，要加定冠词。）‎ ‎ 2、普通名词：‎ ‎ 1）不可数名词 ‎ 注意：不可数名词前一般不加冠词，尤不加不定冠词：若加a(an)则使之具体化了。 ‎ 如：have a wonderful time.‎ ‎ ‚不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。‎ ‎ ƒ不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时，可用复数形 式。‎ 如：fishes, newspapers, waters, snows……‎ ‎ | | | |‎ ‎ 各种各样的鱼 各种报纸 河湖、海水 积雪 ‎ „有些抽象名词也常用复数，变为可数的具体的事物。如：times时代，works著作，difficulties困难 ‎ …在表数量时，常用“of”词组来表示。如：‎ ‎ a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces of paper….‎ ‎ 2）可数名词：‎ ‎ 可数名词除用复数形式表一类之外，一般都要加冠词：A birdcaufly.‎ ‎ The frog is a kind of hibernating animal. ‎ ‎ Vegetables sold at this shop are usually fresh.‎ ‎ ‚有复数形式：‎ ‎ a）规则变化——加“s”或“es”（与初中同，略）‎ ‎ b）不规则变化——child (children), foot (feet), tooth (teeth), man (men), ‎ ‎ woman (women), mouse (mice), goose (geese), Englishman (Englishmen),‎ ‎ phenomenon(phenomena)…‎ ‎ 注意：c）单、复数同形：sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, fish（同一种鱼）……。如，‎ ‎ a sheep, two sheep ‎ d）只用复数形式： thanks, trousers, goods, clothes, socks, shoes,…‎ ‎ e）形复实单：physics, politics, maths, news, plastics（塑料），means.‎ ‎ f）形单实复：people (人民，人们），the police, cattle等 ‎ g）集合名词如：family, public, group, class等。当作为整体时，为单数；当作 为整体中的各个成员时，为复数。如：‎ ‎ My family is a big one.‎ ‎ My family are music lovers.‎ ‎ h）复合名词变复数时，a）只把复合名词中的主体各词变为复数形式。如：‎ ‎ sister(s)-in-law嫂子，弟妹；step-son (s)继子；editor (s) -in-chief总编辑。‎ ‎ b）如没有主体名词则在最后一个词的后面加“s”。如：grown-up(s)成年人，go-between(s)中间人 ‎ c）woman, man作定语时，要与被修饰的名词的数一致。如：a man servant—men servants, a woman doctor—women doctors 二、名词的所有格：‎ ‎ 1、表有生命的东西（人或动物）的名词所有格，一般在名词后加“’s”。如：Mike’s bag, Children’s Day, my brother’s room, women’s rights…‎ ‎ 注意：1）名词复数的词尾是-s或-es，它的所有格只在词后加“s”。如：Teachers’ Day, the workers’ rest-home（工人疗养院），the students’ reading-room ‎ 2）复合名词的所有格，在后面的词后加“’s”。如：her son-in-law’s photo（她女婿的照片）；anybody else’s book（其他任何人的书）‎ ‎ 3）如果一样东西为两人或两人以上共有，则在最后的一个名词后面加“’s”； 如果不是共有，则每个词后都要加“’s”。如：Jane and Helen’s room. 珍妮和海伦的房间（共有）. Bill’s and Tom’s radios. 比尔的收音机和汤姆的 收音机（不共有）‎ ‎ 4）表地点（店铺，某人的家等）的名词所有格后面，一般省去它所修饰的名词。如：‎ ‎ the tailor’s (裁缝铺) the doctor’s (诊所) Mr Brown’s (布朗先生的家)‎ ‎ 5）有些表时间、距离、国家、城镇的无生命的名词，也可加“’s”表所有格。‎ ‎ 如：half an hour’s walk (半小时的路程)‎ ‎ China’s agriculture (中国的农业)‎ ‎ 2、表示无生命的东西的名词一般与of构成词组，表示所有格。如：the cover of the book ‎ 3、表示有生命的东西的名词也可以用of，特别是名词较长，有较多的定语时。如：‎ ‎ the story of Dr Norman Bethune ‎ Do you know the name of the boy standing at the gate?‎ ‎ 4、“of词组+所有格”的用法：‎ ‎ 在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词（如：a, two, some, a few, this, that, these, those等）时，常用“of词组+所有格”的形式来表示所有关系。如：‎ ‎ a friend of my father’s 我父亲的一位朋友。‎ ‎ some inventions of Edison’s 爱迪生的一些发明 ‎ those exercise-books of the students’ 学生们的那些练习本。‎ 三、主谓一致Agreement 知识要点：‎ ‎ 在英语的句子中，谓语动词的形式应与主语的人称和数保持一致。如何判定，则要看句子的意思。多数情况下，根据句子的主语形式就能判定，但有的则要看整句的意思，及强调的内容。下面我们就常用的、易混的几种情况作一下解释。‎ ‎ 1、以单数名词或代词、不定式、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：‎ ‎ 1）The book is on the table.‎ ‎ 2）He is reading English.‎ ‎ 3）To work hard is necessary.（It is necessary to work hard.）‎ ‎ 4）How you get there is a problem.‎ ‎ 2、复数主语跟复数动词。如：‎ ‎ Children like to play toys.‎ ‎ 3、在倒装句中，动词的数应和它后面的主语的数一致。如以here,there开头，be 动词与后面第一个名词一致。如：‎ ‎ 1）There is a dog near the door.‎ ‎ 2）There were no schools in this area before liberation.‎ ‎ 3）Here comes the bus.‎ ‎ 4）On the wall were two famous paintings.‎ ‎ 5）Here is Mr Brown and his children.‎ ‎ 4、and连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，谓语动词用复数。如果主语后跟有with, together with, except, but, perhaps , like, including, as well as, no less than, more than, rather than等引起的短语，谓语动词仍与短语前的主语的形式保持一致。如：‎ ‎ 1）Jane, Mary and I are good friends.‎ ‎ 2）He and my father work in the same factory.‎ ‎ 3）His sister, no less than you, is wrong.‎ ‎ 4）The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible for the accident.‎ ‎ 5）He, like you and Xiao Liu is very diligent.‎ ‎ 6）Every picture except these two has been sold.‎ ‎ 7）Alice with her parents often goes to the park on Sundays.‎ ‎ 8）Alice as well as her friends was invited to the concert.‎ ‎ 9）Nobody but Mary and I was in the classroom at that time.‎ ‎ 5、并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数，and后面的名词没有冠词。如：‎ ‎ 1）The writer and worker is coming to our school tomorrow.‎ ‎ 这位工人作家明天要来我们学校。‎ ‎ 2）Bread and butter is their daily food. ‎ ‎ 面包和黄油是他们每日的食品。‎ ‎ 3）The writer and the worker are coming to our school tomorrow.‎ ‎ 那位作家和那位工人明天将来我们学校。（两个人）‎ ‎ 6、and连接的并列单数名词前如有each, every, no, many a修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：‎ ‎ 1）Every boy and girl has been invited to the party.‎ ‎ 所有的孩子都被邀请参加这次聚会。‎ ‎ 2）No teacher and no student is absent today.‎ ‎ 今天没有老师和学生缺席。‎ ‎ 3）Many a student is busy with their lessons.‎ ‎ 许许多多的学生都忙着复习他们的功课。‎ ‎ 7、each, either, one, another, the other, neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：‎ ‎ 1）Each takes a cup of tea.‎ ‎ 2）Either is correct.‎ ‎ 3）Neither of them likes this picture.‎ ‎ 8、由every, some, any, no构成的合成代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：‎ ‎ 1）Is everyone here?‎ ‎ 2）Nothing is to be done. 没有什么要干的事儿了。‎ ‎ 9、关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：‎ ‎ 1）Those who want to go please sign their names here.‎ ‎ 2）Anyone who is against this opinion may speak out.‎ ‎ 3）He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting.‎ ‎ 10、表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时，其谓语动词常用单数形式。如：‎ ‎ 1）Three years is not a long time.‎ ‎ 2）Ten dollars is what he needs.‎ ‎ 3）Five hundred miles is a long distance.‎ ‎ 11、复数形式的专有名词作为整体看待（如人名、地点、国家、组织、书籍、报刊等），动词用单数形式。如：‎ ‎ 1）The United States is in North America.‎ ‎ 2）The United Nations has passed a resolution(决议)。‎ ‎ 3）“The Arabian Nights”（《天方夜谭》）is an interesting book.‎ ‎ 12、有些集体名词如family, team, group, class, audience（听众，观众），government等作主语时，如看作是一个整体，谓语动词则用单数形式；如强调各个成员时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如：‎ ‎ 1）My family is going to have a long journey.‎ ‎ 我家要进行一次长途旅行。‎ ‎ 2）My family are fond of music. ‎ ‎ 我家人都喜欢音乐。‎ ‎ 3）The class has won the honour. ‎ ‎ 这班获得了荣誉。‎ ‎ 4）The class were jumping for joy. ‎ ‎ 全班同学都高兴得跳了起来。‎ ‎ 13、all, more, most, some, any, none, half, the rest等作主语时，既可表示复数意义，也可表示单数意义，谓语动词要根据实际情况而定。如：‎ ‎ 1）All of the apple is rotten. 整个苹果都烂了。‎ ‎ 2）All of the apples are rotten. 所有的苹果都烂了。‎ ‎ 3）Most of the wood was used to make furniture (家具)。‎ ‎ 14、the + 形容词（或分词）作主语时，常指一类人，谓语动词用复数形式。如指的是抽象概念，谓语动词则用单数形式。如：‎ ‎ 1）The young are usually very active. 年轻人通常是很活跃的。‎ ‎ 2）The wounded are being taken good care of here now. ‎ ‎ 现在伤病员们在这里受到了很好照顾。‎ ‎ 15、or, either…or…, neither…nor…, whether…or, not only…but (also)连接的是主语，谓语动词与后一个主语一致。如：‎ ‎ 1）Either you or I am going to the movies.‎ ‎ 2）Not only you but also he is wrong.‎ ‎ 16、不可数名词没有复数形式，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：‎ ‎ 1）Water is a kind of matter.‎ ‎ 2）The news at six o’clock is true.‎ ‎ 17、集合名词如：people, police ,cattle等作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。如：‎ ‎ 1）The police are searching for him.‎ ‎ 2）The cattle are grassing (吃草)。‎ ‎ 18、population当人口讲时，谓语动词用单数形式；当人们讲时，谓语动词用复数。如：‎ ‎ 1）The population of China is larger than that of Japan.‎ ‎ 2）One third of the population here are workers.‎ ‎ 19、the number of + 名词复数，是表示“…的数字”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；a (large / great) number of + 名词复数，表示许多，作主语时；谓语动词用复数形式。‎ ‎ 1）The number of the students in our school is increasing year after year.‎ ‎ 2）A number of students have gone for an outing.‎ ‎ 20、means, politics, physics, plastics等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。‎ 四、虚 拟 语 气 虚拟语气分三种情况来掌握：‎ ‎ 1、虚拟条件句。‎ ‎ 2、名词性虚拟语气。‎ ‎ 3、虚拟语气的其他用语。‎ 一、虚拟条件句：‎ ‎ 条件状语从句是非真实情况，在这种情况下要用虚拟语气。‎ ‎ 1、条件从句与现在事实不一致，其句型为：‎ ‎ If 主语＋过去时，主语＋should（could, would, 或might）＋动词原形，如：‎ ‎ If I were you, I would study hard.‎ ‎ If it rained, I would not be here now.‎ ‎ 2、条件从句与过去事实不一致，句型为：‎ ‎ If 主语＋had＋过去分词，主语＋should（could, would, 或might）＋have＋过去分词，如：‎ ‎ If the doctor had come last night, the boy would have saved.‎ ‎ If I had not studied hard, I would have failed in the exam last term.‎ ‎ 3、条件从句与将来事实不一致，句型为：‎ ‎ ＋do，主语＋should（could…）＋ 原形 do ‎ ‎ 过去时（与现在事实条件句一样）。‎ ‎ If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.‎ ‎ If I were to go to the moon one day, I could see it with my own eyes.‎ ‎ If you missed the film to night, you would feel sorry.‎ 注意问题：‎ ‎ 1、If条件句中绝对不可出现“would”。‎ ‎ 2、根据句中的时间状语，有时可能出现“混合虚拟”的情况，即主句可能是现在的情况，条件句也许是发生在过去的情况，但都是遵守上述句型。‎ ‎ 3、在条件句中如果出现were, had, should可省去if，将主语与这些词倒装，例如：‎ ‎ Had the doctor come last night, the boy would have saved.‎ ‎ Were I to go to the moon one day, I would see it with my own eyes.‎ ‎ Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.‎ 二、名词性虚拟语气：‎ ‎ 在表示命令、建议 要求、惊叹时的名词性从句中需用虚拟语气，基本句型：‎ ‎ 主语＋（should）＋动词原形，如：‎ ‎ Mother insisted that John go to bed at 9 o’clock.（宾语从句）‎ ‎ We suggested that the meeting should not be held.‎ ‎ It was required that the crops should be harvested at once.（主语从句）‎ ‎ The suggestion that he be invited was rejected.（同位语从句）‎ ‎ That is their demand that their wages be increased.（表语从句）‎ 注意：在这种句子中绝不出现“would”“must”“could”等。‎ 三、虚拟语气在一些特殊词中的使用或含蓄条件句：‎ ‎ 1、wish后的宾语从句：‎ ‎ 与现在愿望不一致 主语＋过去时；‎ ‎ 与过去愿望不一致 主语＋had＋过去分词；‎ ‎ 与未来愿望不一致 主语＋would（could）＋原形。‎ ‎ I wish I were you.‎ ‎ I wish I had visited the white House when I was in the states.‎ ‎ I wish I met you tomorrow at the party.‎ ‎ 2、It’s time句型：当It’s time后用that从句时应该为：‎ ‎ 主语＋should＋原形 或 主语＋过去时，例如：‎ ‎ It’s time that you went to school. 或 ‎ It’s time that you should go to school.‎ ‎ 3、If only引起的感叹句相当于“How I wish＋宾语从句”‎ ‎ If only he could come! 他要能来就好了。‎ ‎ If only I had known the answer! 我要早知答案就好了。‎ ‎ 4、would rather, as if（though）引导的句子也需使用虚拟，表示过去的情况用过去完成时，表示现在与将来的情况用过去时，如：‎ ‎ I’d rather you posted the letter right away.‎ ‎ I’d rather you had returned the book yesterday.‎ ‎ She loves the children as if they were hers.‎ ‎ Alan talked about Rome as if he had been there.‎ ‎ 5、without, but, but for, otherwise引起的短语或句子常暗含着含蓄条件。‎ ‎ Without you, I would never know him.‎ ‎ But for your cooperation, we wouldn’t have done the work so well.‎ ‎ But that she was afraid, she would have said no.‎ ‎ I would be most glad to help you, but I’ am busy now.‎ ‎ I would have come to the party yesterday, but I was working.‎ ‎ I am busy now, otherwise I would do you the favor!‎ 五、倒装句 ‎ 英语的基本句型是主语 + 谓语。如果将主语与谓语调换, 称倒装句。倒装句分全倒装句和半倒装句。‎ 一、 全倒装: 主语与谓语交换位置不需任何助动词, 叫全倒装。全倒装有以下三种 ‎ ‎ 情况:‎ ‎ 1、当here, there, out, in, up, down等副词放在句首时, 句子需全倒装:‎ ‎ There goes the bell! 铃响了！ ‎ ‎ There lived an old man.‎ ‎ Here comes the bus.‎ ‎ 注意: ‎ ‎ ①在这种情况下倒装仅限于不及物动词或be动词, 像go, come, mush等。‎ ‎ ②主语如果是代词时不需倒装如Away he went. 他走远了。‎ ‎ 2、方位状语在句首, 如:‎ ‎ In front of the house stopped a police car.‎ ‎ Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.‎ ‎ Under the tree sat a boy.‎ ‎ 3 、直接引语在句首, 这种情况可倒装也可不倒装 ‎ "What does it mean?" asked the boy或the boy asked.‎ 二、半倒装: 主语与谓语的助动词交换位置称半倒装, 有以下数种情况:‎ 1、 否定意义的词在句首, 句子半倒装, 例如: little, never, not, no, hardly, rarely, ‎ ‎ seldom ‎ Never shall I forget you.‎ ‎ At no time was the man aware of what was happening.‎ ‎ Little did I understand what he said to me at that time.‎ 2、 几对并列连词如not only…but also, hardly… when等连接两个并列句, 连词 ‎ 在句首, 前句半倒装, 后句不倒装:‎ ‎ Not only was everything he had taker away from him, but also his German ‎ ‎ citizenship was taken away.‎ ‎ No sooner had I got to the bus stop than the bus started.‎ ‎ 注意: ‎ ‎ ①not only…but also连接两个并列主语时不需倒装, 如: ‎ ‎ Not only you but also I like playing chess.‎ ‎ ②neither…nor在句首时, 前后两句都需倒装, ‎ ‎ Neither do I have a sister nor does my husband.‎ ‎ 3、only在句首强调状语, 主句半倒装:‎ ‎ Only then did I realize that I was wrong.‎ ‎ Only in this way can I learn from my fault.‎ ‎ Only when the war was over in 1918, was he able to get back to work.‎ ‎ 注意: only强调主语不倒装:‎ ‎ Only the teachers can use the room.‎ ‎ 4、so…that句型, so在句首时, 主句倒装, that从句不倒装:‎ ‎ So easy is it that a clild can learn it.‎ ‎ So hard did he work that he finally won the fame.‎ ‎ I saw the film, so did he.‎ ‎1、倒装句（Inversion）‎ ‎ 英语的基本语序是“主语+谓语”。如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前，这种语序称为“倒装”。‎ ‎ 一、倒装的类型 类型 例 句 说 明 ‎ 完 全 ‎ 倒 装 Out rushed the students to welcome the foreign friends.‎ 学生们涌出去欢迎外国朋友。‎ 整个谓语移至主语之前。‎ ‎ 部 分 ‎ 倒 装 Seldom does he go to school late.‎ 他上学很少迟到。‎ 只把系动词，情态动词，助动词或表语放在主语之前。‎ 二、倒装结构的基本用法 ‎1、由于语法结构的需要而使用的倒装 情 况 例 句 说 明 疑 问 句 中 Have you got a dictionary?‎ 你有一本字典吗？‎ Where did he go last Monday?‎ 上星期一他去什么地方了？‎ Are you listening to the radio?‎ 你在听广播吗？‎ Who told you the news?‎ 谁告诉你那个消息的？‎ Which boy broke this glass?‎ 哪个男孩子把这个玻璃打破了？‎ 用完全或部分倒装，但以疑问词或疑问词修饰的名词作主语的疑问句要用正常语序。‎ ‎“there be”结构中 There are three wells in our village.‎ 我们村里有三口水井。‎ There stands a big paper making factory by the river.‎ 河边有座大型造纸厂。‎ 在以here, there, now, then, in,‎ Here is a letter for you.‎ 这儿有你一封信。‎ There goes the bell. 铃响了。‎ 使用完全倒装结构。‎ ‎ away, up down等副词开头的句子中 Now comes your turn to play.‎ 现在轮到你玩了。‎ Away went the crowd one by one .‎ 人们一个一个地离去。‎ Look, there he comes! 看，他来了。‎ Down she went 她下来了。‎ 但如果主语是代词则用正常语序。‎ 在以neither nor 或no more开头的句子中 I can’t swim, nor (neither)can she .‎ 我不会游泳，她也不会。‎ He hasn’t been to the countryside, neither does he want to go there.‎ 他没有去过农村，他也不想去那里。‎ He did not turn up. No more did his wife. ‎ 他没有来，他妻子也没有来。‎ 表示……也不这样， neither和nor意思相同，可以替换使用，no more表示动作的程度并不比前面提到的稍强。意为也不…。‎ 用在as（尽管）引导的让步状语从句中 Proud as the nobles are ,he is afraid to see me .‎ 尽管这些贵族很傲慢，他却害怕见我。‎ Young as he is, he knows a lot .‎ 虽然他年轻，却知道很多东西。‎ 从属连句as用于特殊语序，含义与though, although相同，但“as”这种结构可表示非常强烈的对照，必须用倒装（表语提前）‎ ‎2、为了加强语气而使用的倒装。（使句子更加流畅，更加生动）‎ 情 况 例 句 说 明 含有否定意义的副词或连词放在句首时 Never before have we seen such a sight.‎ 以前我们从来没有见过这样的情景。‎ Little did I think that he could be back alive.‎ 我没有想到他竟能活着回来。‎ Not until New Year’s Day shall I give you a gift.‎ 我要到元旦那天才能给你礼物。‎ Not only was everything that he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.‎ 不仅他所有的一切被没收了，而且连他的德国公民权也被剥夺了。‎ 常用否定词有： never,not,hardly,‎ scarcely seldom, little, not until, not only…but also, no sooner …than, hardly (scarcely)…when等。一般主句用部分倒装结构。‎ 副词only放在句首时 Only then did he realize his mistakes .‎ 只有在那时，他才认识到自己的错误。‎ Only in this way can you learn maths well .‎ 只有用这种方法，你才能学好数学。‎ Only Mother can understand me .‎ 只有母亲最理解我。‎ Only three of us failed in the exam.‎ 我们中只有三个人考试不及格。‎ only 起强调作用，其句型为“only +状语+部分倒装”。‎ 如置于句首的only修饰主语，则不用倒装结构。‎ 虚拟语气条件从句中 Were they here, they would help us .‎ 他们要是在这儿，他们会帮助我们的。‎ Had I been informed earlier. I could have done something.‎ 我要是早得到通知，我就能干事了。‎ Should you fail, take more pain and try again.‎ 万一你失败了，就要更加刻苦，重新再干。 ‎ 把从句中if省略将were，had或should放在主语的前面。‎ 直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时 ‎“He is a clever boy”said the teacher.‎ 老师说：“他是个聪明的孩子。”‎ ‎“Go, Dick, go!”cried Tom,“Go home and get help”“走，狄克，走！”汤姆呼喊着，“快回家去求援”‎ ‎“What do you think of the film? ”he asked.‎ 他问“你认为这部电影怎么样？”‎ ‎“I’m leaving for Hongkong next month”Mary told me yesterday.‎ 玛利告诉我“我下月要去香港”。‎ 主句主语和谓语次序颠倒，用完全倒装。‎ 但如果主句主语为代词时或谓语部分比主语长，一般不用倒装。‎ 表示祝愿的句子中 May you succeed! 祝你成功。‎ Long live the Communist Party of China.‎ 中国共产党万岁！‎ 谓语动词或谓语的一部分放在主语的前面。‎ 副词so在句首 He is interested in pop-songs, and so am I .‎ 他对流行歌曲感兴趣，我也如此。‎ They will learn chemistry next term, so will I .‎ 他们下学期学化学，我也学。‎ I can drive a car, so can my younger brother.‎ 我会开汽车，我弟弟也会开车。‎ 表示前面所说的情况也适合于另一个人或另一事物的肯定句中。‎ ‎—Tom won the first prize for the English ‎ competition.‎ ‎－So he did.‎ 英语竞赛汤姆获得了一等奖。确实如此。‎ It was cold yesterday. So it was .‎ 昨天天气冷。的确冷。‎ 如果后面的句子只是单纯重复前句的意思，不表示也适用于另一人或事，则不用倒装结构。‎ 在频度状语often, always, many a time等开头的句子中 Often did we warn them not to do so.‎ 我们曾多次警告他们不要这样做。‎ Many a time has she helped me with my English.‎ 她不止一次地帮助或学习英语。‎ 在方式状语thus开头的句子中及程度状语so放句首 Thus ended his life.这样结束了他的生命。‎ So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him .‎ 他讲话的声音那样大，连隔壁屋子里的人都听得见。‎ 介词短语作状语，放在句首 In the middle of the room stood a little girl.‎ 在房间中央站着一个小女孩。‎ In the distance was a horse.‎ 马在远处。‎ 在强调表语的句子中 Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements.‎ 阿尔伯特·曼因斯坦就是这样一个人，一个纯朴而又取得巨大成就的人。‎ Such is life. 生活就是这样。‎ Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.‎ 附近有两只他们来这个岛乘坐的独木船。‎ 表语提前，不仅为了强调，而且为了使句子结构达到平衡协调，或使上下文紧密衔接。‎ 六、并列句 知识要点：‎ ‎ 1、熟悉并掌握并列句的结构和常用的并列词的用法；‎ ‎ 2、注意while, when 和 for等作并列连词的用法。‎ ‎ 什么叫并列句：‎ ‎ 由两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子叫并列句。‎ ‎ 并列句的基本句型：‎ ‎ 简单句 + 并列连词 + 简单句 类型 说明 连接词 例 句 并 并列关系 ‎(联合关系)‎ and, not only…but(also), neither…nor等 ‎ I help him and he helps me. 我帮助他，他也帮助我。‎ ‎ Not only did we write to her but also we telegraphed her. 我们不仅给她写信而且还给她发了电报。‎ ‎ Neither I would consult him nor he would ask me for advice. 我不想与他商量，他也不会征求我的意见。‎ 列 转折关系 but, yet, still, while, however, when等 ‎ He failed many times, but he didn’t despair. 他失败多次但并没有气馁。‎ ‎ She has difficulty in learning English, however, she works hard and is making rapid progress. 她学习英语有困难，然后她学习努力，进步很快。‎ 选择关系 or, otherwise or else, either…or ‎ We must hurry, or we’ll miss the train. 我们必须快点，否则会赶不上火车。‎ ‎ Either you come to my place or I go to yours. 或者你到我这儿来，或者我到你那去。‎ 句 因果关系 for, so, thus, therefore, and so ‎ We had better stay at home, for it was raining. 我们最好呆在家里，因为天正在下雨。‎ ‎ He didn’t work hard, therefore he failed in the examination. 他学习不努力，因此这次考试不及格。‎ 有时也可不用连词，而用逗号，分号或冒号 ‎ Hurry up, it’s getting dark. 快点，天要黑了。‎ ‎ Let’s start early, we have a long way to go. 我们要早动身，因为路很远。‎ 注意：‎ ‎ （1）yet和still是连接副词，也叫半连接词。它们是副词。又起连接作用，但不如and, but, or等强，用了yet或still，前面还可加and或but。‎ ‎ He is tired, (but) still he will make another experiment. 他很累，但他仍然要做另一个实验。‎ ‎ I got up very early, (and) yet I failed to catch the first bus. 我起得很早，然而还是没有赶上头班车。‎ ‎ （2）while意义相当于at the same time表示相反和对照，常用来连接两个意义对立的分句。‎ ‎ I like football, while my sister likes basketball. 我喜欢足球，而我姐姐喜欢篮球。‎ ‎ when = and then, just then或at that time, during the time. ‎ ‎ We were ready to rush away, when the snake moved. 我们正准备离开，这时蛇移动了。‎ ‎ while和when作为并列连词使用时常是放在第二个分句前边，并有逗号和第一分句隔开。‎ ‎ 3、for表示附加或推断的理由、原因。therefore比so更正式，and so比较口语化。‎ 七、定语从句 一、定语从句 ‎1．定语从句三步：第一找出先行词；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的关联词。‎ ‎2．定语从句在选择关连词that 与which时，常常容易出错，所以应记住什么时候只能用that，什么时候只能用which.‎ ‎（1）．只能用 that 的情况归纳4种：即先得词被序数词最高级修饰过；先行词为all 、everything、nothing等不定代词；先行词同时是人和物并列时；最后先行词分别被the only 、the very the same、the last 修饰。请看下列四组例句，注意其先行词：‎ ‎①．The first thing that we should do is to work out a plan .‎ ‎②．I t almost seemed as if the good man were trying to teach us all that he knew at this lesson .‎ ‎③．Later my father and Mr.Crosset talked for about half an four of things and persons that they remembered in school.‎ ‎④．This is the very dictionary that I want to find .‎ ‎（2）．只用which is 情况有两种情况：一是非限制性定语从句，关连词要用which；二是做介词宾语时只能用which。请看下列两组例句：‎ ‎ I said nothing , which made him more angry .‎ ‎ I have the book about which you are talking .‎ 三、在定语从句的非限制性定语中，which 和as 是容易混淆的。在很多情况下两者兼可互换，但在下列情况中不可互换：‎ ‎ 1、通常As 可以放在整句的句首，而which，只能在逗号之后，as 本身含有“正如”，as 在定语从句中既可是主语也可做宾语 As appear from her paper ,she has read widely in Romantic literature.‎ She is remarkable, as I have told you .‎ ‎ 2、 which 在做非限制性定语从句关联词时可以无明确先行词，指前句整个的意思，如：she has warried again,which surprises us .‎ 四、在定语从句中，许多人往往分不清all that 和what,what 实际上只引导名词性从句，它相当于all that两个字，例如：‎ ‎ All that I know is that he has made up his mind to heave the country for a new place.‎ ‎ = what I know is that ……‎ 一、限定性定语从句：‎ 种类 先行词 关联词 例句 说明 定 语 从 句 ‎（人）在从句中做主语或宾语 物 在从句中做主语或宾语 who which This is the doctor who saved the boy’s life .‎ 这就是救了孩子生命的医生。‎ She is the new student whom I want to introduce to you .‎ 她就是我要介绍给你的新学生 Please pass me the book which is lying on the table.‎ 请递给我摆在桌上的那本书。‎ The novel which Tom bought is very interesting.‎ 汤姆买的小说很有意思。‎ Can you lend me the magazine about which you talked yesterday?‎ 你能把昨天谈到的那本杂志借给我吗？‎ who在从句中做主语 whom在从句中做宾语，口语中who可以代替whom，也可以被省去，但做介词宾语时只能用whom which在从句中做主语。‎ which充当宾语时可以省去。‎ which做介词宾语不可省 种类 先行词 关联词 例 句 说 明 定 语 从 句 人 或 物 的 whose The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. Williams 那位教授是威廉斯他的女儿教你英语。‎ The professor, the daughter of whom teaches you English is Dr. Williams. ‎ The bike whose brake was damaged has now been repaired.‎ 那辆坏了闸的自行车现在已经修好了。‎ ‎=The bike the brake of which was damaged has now been repaired ‎ whose在从句中做定语 指某人的也可以用…of whom代替whose 指物时也可以用…of which 代替 whose 人 或 that The woman that is playing the piano is Miss Zhang.‎ 正在弹钢琴的那位妇女是张小姐。‎ I’d like to see the films that are just on show.‎ 我想看那些刚上映的电影。‎ that指人做主语 that指物做主语 种类 先行词 关联词 例 句 说 明 物 all, little much和some,any every ,no 构成的合成代词 人 或 物 that that They talked for about an hour of things and persons that they remember in the school. ‎ 他们谈起他们所记得起的学校里的人和事，谈了大约有半个小时。‎ I’ll tell you all(that )I know about it .‎ 我要告诉你我所知道这件事的一切情况。‎ Is there anything (that) I can do for you?‎ 有什么我可以帮助做的事吗？‎ I’ve brought everything (that )you need.‎ 我把你需要的东西都拿来了。‎ This is the best film that I have seen .‎ 这是我看过的最好的一部电影。‎ The first place that we’ll visit is Beijing Library.‎ 我们要参观的第一个地方是北京图书馆 先行词分别表示人和物，关系代词要用that，不用who或which 先行词表示物，关系代词用that不用which, 在从句中做宾语可省去 。如果先行词是人时，关系代词不受制约，用that或who (whom)‎ 均可 先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时定语从句用that引导。‎ 定 语 从 句 人 或 物 that He is the only person that is believable.‎ 他是唯一可靠的人。‎ John is the very person that she wants to see.‎ 约翰正是她要见的人。‎ Who is the man that is talking with Tom ?‎ 正在和汤姆谈话的人是谁？‎ Which of the books that you bought is easy to read?‎ 你买的那些书中哪一本容易读。‎ 先行词被the only, the very,the same 等修饰时用关系代词that.‎ 当主句以who、which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句要用that 时 间 when He came at a time when we. needed him most.他在我们最需要的时候来了。‎ We’ll never forget the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.‎ 我们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立的那一天。‎ 在定语从句中作时间状语 ‎ 注：先行词是time, minute, moment, next tim很少用关系副词when,可用that 但通常省去。‎ 地点 where This is the room where he put up for the night.‎ 这就是他渡过夜晚的那房子。‎ 在定语从句中作地点状语 原因 理由 why I know the reason why she studies so well .‎ 我知道她学习好的原因。‎ 在定语从句中作原因状语 ‎（2）非限制性定语从句 种类 先行词 关联词 例 句 说 明 非 限 制 性 定 语 从 句 ‎ 人 物 没有固定的先行词而是一个句子 who whom which which as George ,who is my classmate, has won a scholarship.‎ 乔治获得了奖学金，他是我的同学。‎ Dr. Li , whom I know very well, will come here tomorrow.‎ 李大夫明天将来这儿，我跟他很熟悉。‎ I gave him a New Year card ,which he enjoyed very much.‎ 我给他一张贺年卡，他很喜欢它。‎ He studies hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life .‎ 他年轻时在校学习努力，这导致了他后来生活中的成功。‎ He gets up early ，as is always his habit.‎ 他总是早起床，这是他的习惯。‎ John was admitted into the college, as we had expected.‎ 约翰被大学录取了，这是我们期待的。‎ The earth ,as is known to all ,is round.‎ 人人皆知，地球是圆的。‎ who, whom不能省去，也不能用that代替 which指物，不可省去，也不能用that代替 which作主语指它前面的整个句子，不可用that代替，强调结果。‎ as指全句，在从句中做主语。‎ as指全句意思，在从句中做宾语。‎ as引导的定语从句可以放在句首，句中或句末。‎ This is the same book as I lost yesterday.‎ 这本书与我昨天丢失的那本书一样。‎ 用于the same… as, such… as ,as…as等结构中。‎ ‎（3）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 从句与先行词的关系 从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省去，主句的意思就会不完整或不明确。‎ 从句只是对先行词的附加说明，如果省去,主句的意思仍然清楚或完整 标 点 从句和主句之间不用逗号分开 从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开 关 系 代 词 指人who (that) whom 指物which (that)‎ 人和物whose 关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省去 指人who（作主语）whom（做宾语）‎ 指物which 人和物的whose 关系代词一般不可省 修饰 从句只修饰一个名词或代词 可以修饰一个名词或代词也可修饰整个主句 翻译 定语从句译在被修饰词的前面 定语从句通常被译成另一个独立的句子 八、名词性从句 知识要点：‎ ‎ 1、熟悉并掌握各个连接词、关系代词和连接副词的用法。‎ ‎ 2、熟悉并掌握复合句即名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句），定语从句和状语从句。‎ ‎ 什么叫复合句 ‎ 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。在复合句中主句是全句的主体，从句是全句的一个成分，不能独立。‎ ‎ 从句通常是用关联词来引导的。在这里关联词还起联系从句和主句的作用。‎ 主从复合句（Complex Sentences）‎ 一、从句的种类：‎ 主语从句（Subject Clauses）‎ ‎1、名词性从句 表语从句（Predicative Clauses）‎ Noun Clauses 宾语从句（Object Clauses）‎ 同位语从句（Appositive Clauses）‎ ‎2、定语从句 ‎（Attributive Clauses）‎ ‎3、状语从句 ‎（Adverbial Clauses）‎ 注：以it作形式主语，把主语从句后置的常用的句型有：‎ ‎ （1）It + be + 形容词 + that从句 ‎ （2）It + be + 名词词组 + that从句 ‎ （3）It + be + 过去分词 + that从句 ‎ （4）It seem, happen等不及物动词 + that从句 二、常用的关联词 ‎1、从属连词 ‎ that（无词义）；whether是否；if假如，是否 ‎ although(though)虽然；because因为 ‎ when当…时候；before在…前；after在…后 ‎ since既然，自从；as正如，尽管，一边，由于；while在…期间 ‎ as soon as一…就；as long as只要；as if好像 ‎2、连接代词 ‎ who, whom, which, what, whose ‎3、连接副词 ‎ when, where, why, how ‎4、关系代词 ‎ who, whom, whose, which, that ‎5、关系副词 ‎ when, where, why ‎ 1、主语从句：‎ 种类 关联词 例 句 说 明 连 that ‎ That he will come and help you is certain. 他来帮助你是确实无疑的。‎ ‎ that在句首不可省去 词 whether ‎ Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。‎ ‎ 主语从句中只能用whether不可用if。‎ 主 语 连接代词 who what which whatever ‎ What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。‎ ‎ Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。‎ ‎ 主语从句放在句首，句子常显得笨重，因此一般 从 句 连接副词 when where why how ‎ It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。‎ ‎ Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。‎ 把它移到句子后面，前面用引导词“it”来作形式主语。‎ ‎ 2、宾语从句：‎ 种类 关联词 例 句 说 明 陈述意义 that ‎ I believe(that) he is honest. 我相信他是忠诚的。‎ We must never think(that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。‎ ‎ that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。‎ 宾 疑问意义 if whether ‎ I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。‎ ‎ Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。‎ ‎ I don’t know if(whether) it is interesting. 我不知道它是否有意思。‎ ‎ He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day. 他不在乎天气是否好。‎ ‎ whether常与or not连用，不能用if代替。‎ ‎ 作介词宾语要用whether不能用if。‎ 从句是否定句时一般用if引导。‎ 语 特殊疑问意义 who, whom,‎ which,whose,what, when,‎ where, why,‎ how,whoever,‎ whatever, ‎ whichever ‎ Please tell me what you want. 请告诉我你需要什么？‎ ‎ She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。‎ ‎ She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。‎ ‎ 宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介词的宾语。‎ 从 注1‎ ‎ We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished. 我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到惩罚。‎ ‎ 如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，将从句后置。‎ 句 注2‎ ‎ We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。‎ ‎ I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。‎ ‎ think, believe, imagine, suppose等动词引出的宾语从句，要将从句中的否定形式，移动主句中。‎ ‎ 3、表语从句：‎ 种类 关联词 例 句 说 明 表 连词 that whether as if ‎ The problem is(that) they can’t get here early enough. 问题是他们不能很早到达这里。‎ ‎ It looks as if it’s going to rain. 看起来天要下雨。‎ ‎ 在非正式的文体中that可以省去。‎ 语 从 连接代词 who what which ‎ That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。‎ ‎ The question is who(which of you) will be the next speaker. 问题是谁（你们哪一位）接着发言。‎ ‎ 表语从句位于主句系动词之后 句 连接副词 when where why how ‎ This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。‎ ‎ That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。‎ ‎ 4、同位语从句：‎ 种类 关联词 例 句 说 明 同 位 语 从 句 ‎ 由连词that引导，不担任成分，也可有when, how, where等引导。‎ ‎ The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world. 他曾在月球上登陆这个消息传遍世界。‎ ‎ I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。‎ ‎ The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。‎ ‎ He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。‎ ‎ 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容，常用的名词如：fact, news, idea, hope, thought,question, order, fear, doubt, word, proof， belief, story等。‎ ‎ 名词性从句包括四种从句即主语从句、表词从句、宾语从句和同位词从句。名词性从句的特点：that 、who、 whom、 what 、whether及 when、 where引导名词性从句时必须是陈述句词序：‎ ‎ 1、主词从句：‎ ‎ That light travels in straight line is known to all .‎ ‎ (That 引导主语从句不可省）‎ ‎ When the plan is to take off hasn’t been announced ．‎ ‎ 主语从句通常以it 做形主语出现 ‎ It was my fault that I had him play foatball all faternoon.‎ ‎ It is important that we should go to the school to talk with the teacher.‎ ‎ 2、表语从句，即名词性从句放在表语位置就是表语从句，需要注意的，主语 ‎ 是 reason时，表语要用that引导而不是because．‎ ‎ The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .‎ ‎ 3、宾语从句that 常可以省略，并且注意时态呼应，当主句为过去时时，从句 ‎ ‎ 时态一定往前推移，不可出现现在时或现在完成时。‎ ‎ The teacher told us that Tomo had left us for America． ‎ ‎ 4、同位语从句注意与定语从句区别，同位语从句对前一名词做补充说明，在 ‎ 从句中无语法位置，而定语从句所修饰词在从句中占一语法位置如：‎ ‎ The idea that one can do the work without thinking is wrong．( 同位idea在从句中 ‎ 无位置，而从句只是具体说明idea的内容）。‎ ‎ The idea that you put forward at the meeting is wrong ．(定语从句，idea做put forward 的宾语)。‎ 九、状语从句Adverbial Clauses 知识要点：‎ ‎ 状语从句是副词性从句，它在句子中担任状语，修饰主句的动词、形容词或副词。根据修饰的方面，状语从句可以分为以下九种。‎ ‎ 1、时间状语从句 ‎ 2、地点状语从句 ‎ 3、原因状语从句 ‎ 4、目的状语从句 ‎ 5、结果状语从句 ‎ 6、条件状语从句 ‎ 7、方式状语从句 ‎ 8、 让步状语从句 ‎ 9、 比较状语从句 ‎1、时间状语从句 种类 从属连词 例 句 说 明 时 when whenever When I came into the room, he was writing a letter.‎ 当我进屋时，他正在写信。‎ We shall go there whenever we are free.‎ 我们什么时间有空，我们就去那里。‎ when指的是“某一具体的时间”。‎ whenever指的是“在任何一个不具体的时间”。‎ 间 状 when I was walking along the street when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.‎ 我正在街上走着，这时忽然有人从后面拍我的肩膀。‎ when意为“这时”或“在那个时候”,可以看作是并列句,这种用法的when分句一般位于句末。‎ 语 while While it was raining, they went out.‎ 天下雨的时候，他们出去了。‎ I stayed while he was away.‎ 他不在的时候我在。‎ while指“在某一段时间里”，“在…期间”，while引导的动作必须是持续性的。‎ 从 as He hurried home, looking behind as he went.‎ 他赶快回家，不时地一边走一边向后看。‎ as引导持续性动作，强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。‎ 句 before Be a pupil before you become a teacher.‎ 先做学生，再做先生。‎ before译为在…之前 after He arrived after the game started.‎ 比赛开始后，他到了。‎ till ‎ We waited till (until)he came back .‎ 我们一直等到他回来。‎ 如主句动词是持续性动作，常用肯定式，表示“直到…为止”‎ 种类 从属连句 例 句 说 明 时 until ‎ She didn’t stop working until eleven o’clock .‎ 她到11点钟才停止工作。‎ Until he had passed out of sight, she stood there.‎ 她站在那里看着，直到看不见他的身影。‎ 如主句动词是瞬间动词，常用否定式，表示“直…才”“在…以前不”,从句放在句首表示强调，一般用until 间 since Great changes have taken place in China since 1978.‎ 状 ‎ ‎ as soon as 自从1978年以来中国发生了巨大的变化。‎ As soon as I arrive in Shanghai, I’ll write to you.我一到上海就给你写信。‎ 状语从句在主句之前时一般用逗号与主句分开，如从句在主句之后则不必用标点符号。‎ 语 从 句 hardly…when no sooner…than I had hardly got home when it began to rain.‎ 我刚一到家，就下雨了。=Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.‎ No sooner had we got to the station than the train left.‎ 我们刚到车站，火车就走了。‎ Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.‎ 我们刚开始就被叫停。‎ hardly…when和no sooner…than的意义相当于as soon as,但只表示过去发生的事情，主句为过去完成时，从句为过去时，如hardly或no sooner位于句首时语气强，而且主句的谓语要用部分倒装。‎ every time, by the time, the moment 等 Every time I travelled by boat, I got seasick.‎ 我每次乘船都晕船。‎ The moment I heard the song, I felt cheerful.‎ 我一听到这首歌，就感到很愉快。‎ Next time you come ,you’ll see him.‎ 下次你来的时候，就会见到他。‎ 在时间状语从句中，不能用将来时或过去将来时，而要用现在时或过去时代替将来时。‎ 地 点 状 语 从 句 where wherever Where there is a will, there is a way.‎ 有志者，事竟成。‎ Where there is water there is life.‎ 哪里有水，哪里就有生命。‎ You are free to go wherever you like.‎ 你可以随意到你喜欢的任何地方去。‎ Wherever you go, you must obey the law.‎ 无论你去哪都要遵守法律。‎ where与wherever意义基本相同，但后者语气较强，多用于书面语。‎ 原 因 状 because I came back late yesterday because I was on duty.‎ 昨天我回来晚了，因为我值班。‎ because用来回答why 的问题，语气最强一般放在主句之后 语 从 句 since Since everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting.‎ 既然大家都到了，我们开始开会。‎ since表示既然或全已知的理由,稍加分析即可表明的原因,多放句首 种类 从属连句 例 句 说 明 原 因 as As he didn’t know much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary .‎ 由于他英语懂得不多，他在字典中查阅这个单词。‎ 从句常放在句首，说明原因，主句说明结果，常用于口语中。‎ 状 语 从 句 now that, seeing that Now (that) the weather has cleared up, we can start our journey.‎ 鉴于天气已经晴朗，我们可以启程了。‎ Seeing (that) he was badly ill, we sent for the doctor.‎ 鉴于他病情严重，我们派人去请医生去了。‎ seeing (that), now that 和since, as 意义相似，他们都有“鉴于某个事实”的意思，that可以省去。‎ 目 的 状 语 从 句 that so that in order that lest = for fear that I shall write down your telephone number that I may not forget.‎ 我要把你的电话号码记下来，以免忘记。‎ We’ll tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself.‎ 我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自己作出判断。‎ They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time .‎ 他们比往常更加努力工作，为了能提前完成工作。‎ Put on more clothes lest (= for fear that ) you should catch cold.‎ 多穿点衣服，以免患感冒。‎ 目的状语从句中常用情态动词may (might) can (could) ,should 等放在动词之前，从句往往放在主句之后，主从句之间不用任何标点符号 结 so that ‎ We turned up the radio, so that everyone heard the news.‎ 我们把收音机的音量放大，大家都听到了新闻。‎ so that前有逗号为结果状语从句。‎ so…that的so后面跟形容词或副词。‎ 果 状 so…that He was so excited that he couldn’t say a word.‎ 他十分激动，以致一句话都说不出来。‎ 语 从 句 such…that He gave such important reasons that he was excused.他说出了这么重要的理由，得到大家的谅解。‎ It is such an interesting novel that all of us want to read it. ‎ It is so interesting a novel that all of us want to read it.‎ 这是一本十分有意思的书，大家都想看。‎ such…that的such后面跟名词，如果名词是单数就要用such a /an…that还可以转换用so…that，语气较强 种类 从属连句 例 句 说 明 条 件 状 语 ‎ 从 ‎ 句 if ‎ unless as/so long as in case ‎ so far as Difficulties are nothing if we are not afraid of them.‎ 如果我们不怕困难，困难就算不了什么了。‎ We shall go there tomorrow unless it rains.‎ 除非下雨，我们明天就去那里。‎ ‎= We shall go there tomorrow if it doesn’t rain.‎ So/As long as you work hard, you will succeed.‎ 只要你努力工作，你就一定能成功。‎ In case I forget, please remind me about it .‎ 万一我忘了，请提醒我一下。‎ So far as I know, the book will be published next month.‎ 据我所知，那本书下月出版。‎ unless从句的谓语只能用肯定式。unless和if…not同义，unless是书面语，if…not是口语，通常二者可以换用。‎ 条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态一般要用现在时或过去时代替一般将来时或过去将来时。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 方 ‎ ‎ ‎ 式 ‎ 状 ‎ ‎ ‎ 语 ‎ 从 ‎ 句 as ‎ as if…‎ as though Draw a cat as I taught you .‎ 按照我教你的画一只猫。‎ Do as you are told.‎ 按照人家告诉你做的去做。‎ She looks as if she is ill.‎ 看上去她好象是生病了。‎ He acted as if (though) nothing had happened.‎ 他的行动就好象什么也没有发生。‎ They treat the black boy as if (though) he were an animal.‎ 他们对待这黑孩子仿佛他是一头牲口。‎ 此处as译为，按照或正如 as if或as though的意义和用法基本一样。从句中可以用现在时表示可能符合事实，也可以用虚拟语气。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 让 ‎ 步 ‎ ‎ 状 ‎ ‎ 语 though although Although (Though) he was over sixty, (yet) he began to learn French.‎ 虽然他六十多岁了，但仍开始学习法语 。‎ We were not tired though (although) we had worked all day.‎ 虽然我们干了一天活，但并不累。‎ 在句子中一般用了“虽然”就不能再用“但是”（but）但可以与yet或still连用。though / although意义相同，用法基本一样，前者通俗，口语化，后者正式多放主句的前面。‎ ‎ 从 ‎ 句 even if even though I’ll go even if (though) it rains tomorrow.‎ 即使明天下雨，我也要去。‎ even if 和even though的意思为“即使”“纵使”有退一步设想的意味，多用于书面语中。‎ 种类 从属连词 例 句 说 明 ‎ 让 ‎ ‎ ‎ 步 as ‎ Child as he is , he knows a lot .‎ 虽然他是一个孩子，但他懂得很多。‎ Cold as it is, (= Though it is cold,)the children play outdoors.‎ 虽然天气冷，但孩子们仍在户外玩。‎ as引出的状语从句多用于书面语，它比用 though或although引导的从句，语气强，更有表现力，从句常放在句首，语序部分倒装。‎ ‎ 状 no matter (who, what when,‎ Do it no matter what others say.‎ 不管别人怎么说,尽管干。‎ No matter how busy he was, he studied English every day.‎ no matter……与 who-ever引导的让步状语从句意义基本一 样，no matter……‎ ‎ 语 ‎ 从 ‎ where which, how…)‎ 不管他多忙，他都每天坚持学习英语。‎ No matter who takes up the matter for me ,I shall be very grateful.‎ 不管谁为我处理这件事，我都将非常感激。‎ 引导的从句可是以位于主句前或主句后。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 句 wh－ever (whatever whoever whenever whichever however)‎ Whatever happens / may happen , we shall not lose heart.‎ 无论发生什么，我们都不要失去信心。‎ Whoever comes, he will be welcome.‎ 无论谁来，都会受到欢迎。‎ wh－ever从句中的动词有时可以和may连用。判断wh－ever引导的是状语从句还是名词性从句的一点是，名词性从句，主句中一定有一个成分要在从句担任，一般从句与主句之间没有逗号。‎ 不可将no matter与wh—ever连用 ‎ 比 ‎ 较 ‎ 状 ‎ 语 as…as ‎ not so/as ‎ …as the same ‎ …as such…as Mary is as old as my sister.‎ 玛利和我姐姐一样大。‎ He doesn’t run so (as) fast as Jack (does).‎ 他不如杰克跑得那样快。‎ His book is the same as mine.‎ 他的书和我的一样。‎ Henry is not such a good worker as Peter .‎ 享利这个工人不如彼得那样好。‎ 连词表示同程度级的比较，肯定句用as…as否定句可用not as…as 或not so…as ‎ 从 ‎ 句 than She has made greater progress this year than she did last year.‎ 她今年比去年进步更大。‎ He bought fewer books than I (did).‎ 他买的书比我买的少。‎ 表示不同程度之比较，主句中用比较级的形容词或副词。‎ 种类 从属连句 例 句 说 明 比 较 状 语 从 句 the more ‎ …the more The more you read, the better you understand.‎ 你看的书越多，你懂得的就越多。‎ The more tickets you sell, the more money you will get.‎ 你卖的票越多，你的收入也越多。 ‎ The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.‎ 你工作越努力，你取得的进步就越大。‎ The sooner, the better.‎ 越快越好。‎ The warmer, the better.‎ 越暖和越好。 ‎ the more…the more 意思为越…越…，通常的语序为从句在前主句在后，这两个the都是表示程度的副词，用在比较级的形容词或副词前面。‎ 句子意思明显，句子的主语和动词都可省略。‎ 特 殊 形 式 的 状 语 从 句 that ‎ We are sure (that )the four modernization will be realized in China .‎ 我们相信四化一定会在中国实现。‎ I’m sorry (that) I didn’t have time to write you sooner.‎ 很抱歉，我没有抽出时间早点给你写信。‎ I am afraid that I can’t go with you.‎ 恐怕我不能同你一起去了。‎ that 引导的从句，往往跟在一个做表语的形容词后面，从句概念上看是宾语，所以有的语法家把它看做是宾语从句，但结构上看，也可以把它看作是一个特殊的状语从句，用来修饰表语的形容词。这种从句的连词常常被省略。‎ 十、“It”的用法和“There be”结构 知识要点：‎ 一、代词it 用 法 例 句 代替前文提到过的东西或事情，用作人称代词。‎ This is a new dictionary. I bought it yesterday.‎ 这是一本新词典，我昨天买的。‎ Tom joined the army last mouth. Do you know about it?‎ 汤姆上月入伍了，你知道这事吗？‎ 代替指示代词，起着this或that Is this your car? No, it isn’t. 这是你的汽车吗？不是。‎ What’s that?—It’s a video. 那是什么？它是一台录像机。‎ 的作用 Whose room is this?—It is theirs.这是谁的房间，是他们的。‎ 指明某人或某物的身分，还可指不明性别的婴儿 Who’s there? It’s me. (It’s John) 谁在那儿？是我。（是约翰）‎ Go and see who it is that rings. It’s Bill.‎ 去看看是谁来的电话，是比尔。‎ The Greens have a new baby. It’s lovely.‎ 格林家有一个新生婴儿。它很可爱。‎ 指时间，距离，自然现象（天气，气候，明暗）量度，价值等 It’s Sunday today. 今天是星期天。‎ It’s three months since he came here.‎ 自从他来到这里，已经三个月了。‎ How far is it to the Great Wall .到长城有多远？‎ It’s getting dark. 天快黑了。‎ ‎—How much is the coat? —It’s ninety dollars.‎ 这件衣服多少钱？九十美元。‎ 二、引导词it 用 法 例 句 形 代替不定式短语 It is up to you to decide. 这事要由你决定。‎ It makes me happy to hear you have recovered.‎ 听说你恢复了健康，这使我很高兴。‎ 式 主 代替动名词短语 It’s no good smoking. 吸烟没有好处。‎ It’s worthwhile working the whole night on the problem.‎ 用整夜的时间来研究那个问题是值得的。‎ 语 代替主语从句 It doesn’t matter what you do. 你干什么都没有关系。‎ It seems that everyone has known the news.‎ 好象大家都知道这个消息。‎ 形式 代替不定式短语 I consider it better to be early.‎ 我认为能够早一些更好。‎ We found it impossible to get there before July .‎ 我们觉得，要在七月以前到达那里是不可能的。‎ 宾语 代替动名词短语 We thought it no use doing that.‎ 我们认为做那事没有用。‎ 代替宾语从句 The teacher makes it clear that everyone should hand in his homework on time .‎ 老师清楚地指出，每个人都应该按时交作业。‎ 三、it在强调结构中 强调句型：It is (was) +被强调部分+ that (who) + 其它 强调 部分 例 句 说 明 主 语 It is I who am to blame. 是我该受责怪。‎ It was your uncle that (who) came yesterday.‎ 昨天来的是你叔叔。‎ 原句的谓语动词如果是现在或将来时态用It is …that(who)如果原句谓语动词是过去时态，则用It was…that(who)。在 宾 语 It was a new pen that Mother gave me .‎ 母亲给我的是一支新钢笔。‎ 强调时间，地点，原因或方式时不要用when, where, how, 必须用that。‎ 地点 It was in the classroom that I left my umbrella.‎ 我把雨伞就落在了教室里。‎ 状 时间 It is at eleven that the train leaves.‎ 火车是在十一点钟离开。‎ 方式 It was just as he ordered that I acted.‎ 我正是照他吩咐的那样做的。‎ 语 原因 It was because he was in trouble that I tried my best to help him.‎ 正是因为他处境困难我才尽力帮助他。‎ 宾 补 ‎ It was red that we painted the gate.‎ 我们把门油漆成红的颜色。‎ It was chairman that they elected him .‎ 他们选他担任的是主席的职务。‎ ‎ there be结构 ‎ ‎ 基本句型 结 构 例 句 there ‎ 肯定句 there be +主+其它 There is a map on the wall.‎ ‎ 墙上有张地图。‎ be 否定句 there be + not +主+ There is not a map on the wall.‎ ‎ 其它 墙上没有地图。‎ 结构 一般疑问句 be + there +主+其 Is there a map on the wall?‎ ‎ 它 墙上有地图吗？‎ 肯定与否定 Yes ,there is . No, there isn’t.‎ 回答 是的，有 不，没有 特殊疑问 特殊疑问词+ be + —How many maps are there on the wall?‎ 句及回答 there +主+其它 墙上有多少张地图？‎ ‎ —There are two. 有两张 注1：‎ There be 句型也可以由其它动词代替be，常用的词有seem to be , happen to be ,appear to be, used to be 等词组或用live, come, stand, lie, occur, exist, flow等动词。‎ There seems to be much hope of our team beating theirs.‎ 好象我们队很有希望打败他们队。‎ Only there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.‎ 从前有一位老渔夫住在海边的一个村子里。‎ 注2：‎ There be 之后如有几个并列主语时，用is或用are要取决于第一个主语是单数还有复数，单数用is,复数则用are.‎ There is a pen, a pencil and two books on the desk.‎ 桌上有一支钢笔，一支铅笔和两本书。‎ There are two books, a pen and a pencil on the desk.‎ 桌上有两本书，一支钢笔和一支铅笔。‎ 十一、交 际 英 语 知识要点：‎ 一、Greeting（问候）‎ ‎ 1、Good morning! (afternoon, evening)‎ ‎ 2、Hello! (Hi)‎ ‎ 3、How do you do?‎ ‎ 4、How are you?‎ ‎ 5、How are you getting on with your studies?‎ ‎ 6、How's everything with you?‎ ‎ 7、Did you have a nice holiday? (summer vacation)‎ 二、Introduction（介绍）‎ ‎ A．Introduction:‎ ‎ 1、 This is my friend, Tom..‎ ‎ 2、Let me introuduce you to my friend, Tom.‎ ‎ 3、May I introduce myself? I'm Tom.‎ ‎ 4、Please allow me to introduce my friend, Tom.‎ ‎ 5、I'd like you to meet my friend Tom.‎ ‎ B．Responses:‎ ‎ 1、How do you do? Pleased to meet you. (Glad to meet you. Nice to meet you.)‎ ‎ 2、It's my pleasure to have this chance to meet you.‎ 三、Farewells（告别）‎ ‎ A．Farewells:‎ ‎ 1、It's getting late. I must be going.‎ ‎ 2、It's five o'clock already. I must be off now.‎ ‎ 3、Oh, God, it's late, I've got to go.‎ ‎ 4、It's time I was going, I'm afraid.‎ ‎ 5、I think I must go now.‎ ‎ 6、I think I'd better leave.‎ ‎ 7、I'm glad to have met you.‎ ‎ B．Responses:‎ ‎ 1、Come again whenever you are free.‎ ‎ 2、If you pass my home, drop in.‎ ‎ 3、Good night, have a nice dream.‎ ‎ 4、Can't you stay a little longer?‎ ‎ 5、I hope we'll meet again sometime.‎ 四、Asking and Directing the Way（问路和指路）‎ ‎ A．Asking the way:‎ ‎ 1、Can you tell me the way to the post office?‎ ‎ 2、Is this the way to the post office?‎ ‎ 3、Excuse me, how can I get to the post office?‎ ‎ 4、Which is the nearest way to the post office?‎ ‎ 5、Is the post office far from here?‎ ‎ 6、How long will it take me to get to the post office?‎ ‎ 7、Excuse me, is there a post office near here?‎ ‎ 8、Excuse me, does this bus go to the post office?‎ ‎ B．Responses:‎ ‎ 1、Go ahead till you come to the next crossing.‎ ‎ 2、No, it's not far from here. It's only about ten minutes' walk.‎ ‎ 3、It's about 200 yards down the street.‎ ‎ 4、Take Bus No. 3 and it will take you right there.‎ ‎ 5、Go down the street and take the second turning on the left.‎ 五、Asking for Time and Date（询问时间与日期）‎ ‎ A．Asking:‎ ‎ 1、What time is it now?‎ ‎ 2、What's the time by your watch?‎ ‎ 3、What day is it today?‎ ‎ 4、What is the date today?‎ ‎ 5、Is your watch correct?‎ ‎ B．Responses:‎ ‎ 1、It's ten.‎ ‎ 2、It's Wednesday.‎ ‎ 3、It's October, 8th.‎ ‎ 4、My watch says it's 7:30.‎ ‎ 5、My watch always keeps good time.‎ 六、Asking about Health（询问健康）‎ ‎ A．Asking:‎ ‎ 1、How are you these days?‎ ‎ 2、What's wrong with you?‎ ‎ 3、Have you seen the doctor?‎ ‎ 4、You look tired. What's wrong?‎ ‎ B．Responses:‎ ‎ 1、I'm not quite myself today.‎ ‎ 2、My stomach hurts.‎ ‎ 3、I don't feel like eating anything today.‎ ‎ 4、I've got a bad cold.‎ 七、Talking about Weather（谈论天气）‎ ‎ 1、It's a fine day, isn't it?‎ ‎ 2、What's the temperature today?‎ ‎ 3、What's the weather like today?‎ ‎ 4、How is the weather?‎ ‎ 5、What's the weather going to be like at the weekend?‎ ‎ 6、Do you like the weather in Beijing?‎ ‎ 7、Do you think that we are going to have snow today?‎ 八、Invitations（邀请）‎ ‎ A．Invitations:‎ ‎ 1、Would you like to come to my birthday party?‎ ‎ 2、Will you be able to come to my birthday party? 3、I'd be very glad if you would come to my birthday party.‎ ‎ 4、Can you fix a time for a picnic?‎ ‎ 5、Are you free tomorrow? What (How) about having a picnic?‎ ‎ 6、Won't you come with me?‎ ‎ 7、You will come to have dinner with me, won't you?‎ ‎ B．Responses:‎ ‎ 1、I'd be glad to, thank you.‎ ‎ 2、It's very kind of you to invite me.‎ ‎ 3、I'd like to, but I'm too busy.‎ ‎ 4、Thank you for your kind invitation, I will.‎ ‎ 5、I'm afraid not. I will have to look after my sick mother.‎ ‎ 6、I'm sorry, I can't. Thank you very much.‎ 九、Making an Appointment（约会）‎ ‎ A．Making an appointment:‎ ‎ 1、Are you free this afternoon?‎ ‎ 2、How about tomorrow evening?‎ ‎ 3、Shall we meet at 7:00 at the gate of the cinema?‎ ‎ 4、When will you be able to see us?‎ ‎ 5、What time can I call on you?‎ ‎ 6、Will you be at home next Sunday?‎ ‎ 7、Don't forget to come to my birthday party.‎ ‎ B．Responses:‎ ‎ 1、Tomorrow evening will be all right.‎ ‎ 2、Yes, I'll be free then.‎ ‎ 3、No, I won't be free then, but I'll be free next Wednesday.‎ 十、Making a phone call（打电话）‎ ‎ A．Making a call:‎ ‎ 1、Hello, is Mary in?‎ ‎ 2、Hello, is that Mary speaking?‎ ‎ 3、Can I have your telephone number, please?‎ ‎ 4、Hello, may I speak to Mary?‎ ‎ 5、Could you ask him to call me, please?‎ ‎ 6、Who is it, please?‎ ‎ B．Responses:‎ ‎ 1、This is Mary speaking.‎ ‎ 2、Hold on please.‎ ‎ 3、Mary, you are wanted on the phone.‎ ‎ 4、Mary isn't here right now. Can I take a message for you?‎ 十一、Shopping（购物）‎ ‎ A．Shop assistant:‎ ‎ 1、What can I do for you?‎ ‎ 2、Can (May) I help you?‎ ‎ 3、How much do you want?‎ ‎ 4、What about this (these)?‎ ‎ B．Customer:‎ ‎ 1、I'd like to have a look at the sweater.‎ ‎ 2、That's too expensive (dear), I'm afraid.‎ ‎ 3、That's fine. I'll take it.‎ ‎ 4、How much is it?‎ 十二、Seeing the Doctor（看病）‎ ‎ A．Doctor:‎ ‎ 1、What's wrong (the matter) with you?‎ ‎ 2、How long have you been like this?‎ ‎ 3、Let me examine you.‎ ‎ 4、Take this medicine three times a day.‎ ‎ 5、Drink plenty of water and take a good rest.‎ ‎ 6、It's nothing serious. Take it easy.‎ ‎ B．Patient:‎ ‎ 1、There's something wrong with my stomach.‎ ‎ 2、I've got a pain here.‎ ‎ 3、I feel terrible (sick).‎ ‎ 4、This place hurts.‎ ‎ 5、I don't feel like eating anything.‎ 十三、Requests and Offers（请求与提供帮助）‎ ‎ A．Requests:‎ ‎ 1、Can (could) you do something for me?‎ ‎ 2、Will (would) you do something for me?‎ ‎ 3、May I have some ice—cream?‎ ‎ 4、Please do me a favor.‎ ‎ 5、Please don't open the window.‎ ‎ 6、Do (Would) you mind turning down the radio?‎ ‎ 7、I wonder if you could lend me some money.‎ ‎ B．Offers:‎ ‎ 1、Can (Shall) I help you?‎ ‎ 2、What can I do for you?‎ ‎ 3、Is there anything (else) I can do for you?‎ ‎ 4、Would you like me to do this for you?‎ ‎ 5、Would you like some help?‎ 十四、Asking for Permission（请求允许）‎ ‎ A．Ask for permission:‎ ‎ 1、May I park my car here?‎ ‎ 2、Can (Could) I smoke in this room?‎ ‎ 3、Do (Would) you mind if I smoke (smoked) here?‎ ‎ 4、I wonder if I could smoke here.‎ ‎ B．Responses:‎ ‎ 1、Certainly. (sure, of course), go ahead ‎ 2、Yes, please.‎ ‎ 3、All right (OK).‎ ‎ 4、I'm sorry, it's not allowed.‎ ‎ 5、I'm afraid not.‎ 十五、Advice and Suggestions（劝告和建议）‎ ‎ 1、You'd better go to see the doctor.‎ ‎ 2、You should do it at once.‎ ‎ 3、Why not go on a picnic next Sunday?‎ ‎ 4、What (How) about going there by boat?‎ ‎ 5、Have you considered going there by boat?‎ ‎ 6、Shall we take a walk after supper?‎ ‎ 7、I suggest you do more reading.‎ ‎ 8、I advise you to take more exercises.‎ 十二、非谓语动词 知识要点：‎ 一、非谓语动词种类及句法功能 ‎（一）概述：‎ ‎ 在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。‎ ‎ 1、非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：‎ ‎ 1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：‎ ‎ They built a garden.‎ ‎ They suggested building a garden.‎ ‎ 2）都可以被状语修饰：‎ ‎ The suit fits him very well.‎ ‎ The suit used to fit him very well.‎ ‎ 3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如：‎ ‎ He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）‎ ‎ He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）‎ ‎ We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）‎ ‎ Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）‎ ‎ 4）都可以有逻辑主语 ‎ They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）‎ ‎ The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）‎ ‎ We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）‎ ‎ We being League member, the work was well done.（现在分词的逻辑主语）‎ ‎ 2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：‎ ‎ 1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。‎ ‎ 2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。‎ ‎ 3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。‎ ‎（二）非谓语动词的句法功能：‎ ‎ 句子成分 非谓语 ‎ 主语 表语 宾语 补语 定语 状语 同位语 不定式 ü ü ü ü ü ü ü 动名词 ü ü ü ‎（极少）‎ ü ü 现在分词 ü ü ü ü 过去分词 ü ü ü ü 二、非谓语动词用法：‎ ‎（一）动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。‎ ‎ 1、不定式的形式：‎ 主 动 被 动 一般式 to write to be written 进行式 to be writing ‎/‎ 完成式 to have written to have been written ‎ 否定式：not + (to) do ‎ 1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，例如：‎ ‎ I’m glad to meet you.‎ ‎ He seems to know a lot.‎ ‎ We plan to pay a visit.‎ ‎ He wants to be an artist.‎ ‎ The patient asked to be operated on at once.‎ ‎ The teacher ordered the work to be done.‎ ‎ 2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：‎ ‎ The boy pretended to be working hard.‎ ‎ He seems to be reading in his room.‎ ‎ 3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：‎ ‎ I regretted to have told a lie.‎ ‎ I happened to have seen the film.‎ ‎ He is pleased to have met his friend.‎ ‎ 2、不定式的句法功能：‎ ‎ 1）作主语：‎ ‎ To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.‎ ‎ To lose your heart means failure.‎ ‎ 动词不定式短语作主语时，常用形式主语it作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式：‎ ‎ It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.‎ ‎ It means failure to lose your heart.‎ ‎ 2）作表语：‎ ‎ Her job is to clean the hall.‎ ‎ He appears to have caught a cold.‎ ‎ 3）作宾语：‎ ‎ 常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：‎ ‎ Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.‎ ‎ 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：‎ ‎ I have no choice but to stay here.‎ ‎ He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.‎ ‎ 动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：‎ ‎ He gave us some advice on how to learn English. ‎ ‎ 4）作宾语补足语：‎ ‎ 在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.‎ ‎ 此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：‎ ‎ With a lot of work to do, he didn’t go to the cinema. ‎ ‎ 有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如：‎ ‎ I saw him cross the road.‎ ‎ He was seen to cross the road.‎ ‎ 5）作定语：‎ ‎ 动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：‎ ‎ A）动宾关系：‎ ‎ I have a meeting to attend.‎ ‎ 注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：‎ ‎ He found a good house to live in.‎ ‎ The child has nothing to worry about.‎ ‎ What did you open it with?‎ ‎ 如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：‎ ‎ He has no place to live.‎ ‎ This is the best way to work out this problem.‎ ‎ 如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：‎ ‎ Have you got anything to sent?‎ ‎ Have you got anything to be sent?‎ ‎ B）说明所修饰名词的内容：‎ ‎ We have made a plan to finish the work.‎ ‎ C）被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：‎ ‎ He is the first to get here.‎ ‎ 6）作状语：‎ ‎ A）表目的：‎ ‎ He worked day and night to get the money.‎ ‎ She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.‎ ‎ 注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：‎ ‎ wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.‎ ‎ right: To save money, he has tried every means.‎ ‎ wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.‎ ‎ right: To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.‎ ‎ B）表结果：‎ ‎ He arrived late to find the train gone.‎ ‎ 常用only放在不定式前表示强调：‎ ‎ I visited him only to find him out.‎ ‎ C）表原因：‎ ‎ They were very sad to hear the news.‎ ‎ D）表程度：‎ ‎ It’s too dark for us to see anything.‎ ‎ The question is simple for him to answer.‎ ‎ 7）作独立成分：‎ ‎ To tell you the truth, I don’t like the way he talked.‎ ‎ 8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。‎ ‎ If you don’t want to do it, you don’t need to.‎ ‎ 9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。‎ ‎ He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.‎ ‎（二）动名词：‎ ‎ 动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。‎ ‎ 1、动名词的形式：‎ ‎ 语 态 ‎ 式 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done ‎ 否定式：not + 动名词 ‎ 1）一般式：‎ ‎ Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。‎ ‎ 2）被动式：‎ ‎ He came to the party without being invited. 他未被邀请就来到了晚会。‎ ‎ 3）完成式：‎ ‎ We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。‎ ‎ 4）完成被动式：‎ ‎ He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。‎ ‎ 5）否定式：not + 动名词 ‎ I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。‎ ‎ 6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词 ‎ He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。‎ ‎ His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。‎ ‎ 2、动名词的句法功能：‎ ‎ 1）作主语：‎ ‎ Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。‎ ‎ Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。‎ ‎ 当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。‎ ‎ It’s no use quarrelling. 争吵是没用的。‎ ‎ 2）作表语：‎ ‎ In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。‎ ‎ 3）作宾语：‎ ‎ They haven’t finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。‎ ‎ We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。‎ ‎ 注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：‎ ‎ We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。‎ ‎ 要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：‎ ‎ enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from,stop…（from）,protect…from,set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like ‎ 4）作定语：‎ ‎ He can’t walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。‎ ‎ Is there a swimming pool in your school. 你们学校有游泳池吗？‎ ‎ 5）作同位语：‎ ‎ The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。‎ ‎ His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged. 他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。‎ ‎（三）现在分词：‎ ‎ 现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。‎ ‎ 1、现在分词的形式：‎ 现在 及 物 动 词 write 不及物动词go 分词 主动语态 被动语态 主动语态 一般式 writing being written going 完成式 having written ‎ having been written having gone ‎ 否定式：not + 现在分词 ‎ 1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：‎ ‎ They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。‎ ‎ Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打兰球。‎ ‎ 2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。‎ ‎ The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。‎ ‎ Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。‎ ‎ 2、现在分词的句法功能：‎ ‎ 1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前，如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。‎ ‎ In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。‎ ‎ The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor’s father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。‎ ‎ 现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed, the man speaking 可改为the man who is speaking. ‎ ‎ 2）现在分词作表语：‎ ‎ The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。‎ ‎ The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。‎ ‎ be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。‎ ‎ 3）作宾语补足语：‎ ‎ 如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：‎ ‎ see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：‎ ‎ Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？‎ ‎ He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。‎ ‎ 4）现在分词作状语：‎ ‎ A）作时间状语：‎ ‎ (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。‎ ‎ B）作原因状语：‎ ‎ Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。‎ ‎ C）作方式状语，表示伴随：‎ ‎ He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。‎ ‎ D）作条件状语：‎ ‎ (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。‎ ‎ E）作结果状语：‎ ‎ He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。‎ ‎ F）作目的状语：‎ ‎ He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。‎ ‎ G）作让步状语：‎ ‎ Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。‎ ‎ H）与逻辑主语构成独立主格：‎ ‎ I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head. 我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。‎ ‎ All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。‎ ‎ Time permitting, we’ll do another two exercises. 如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。‎ ‎ 有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式 ‎ With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。‎ ‎ H）作独立成分：‎ ‎ Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。‎ ‎ Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。‎ ‎（四）过去分词：‎ ‎ 过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。‎ ‎ 过去分词的句法功能：‎ ‎ 1、过去分词作定语：‎ ‎ Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。‎ ‎ Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。‎ ‎ 注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。‎ ‎ 2、过去分词作表语：‎ ‎ The window is broken. 窗户破了。‎ ‎ The were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。‎ ‎ 注意be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：‎ ‎ The window is broken.（系表）‎ ‎ The window was broken by the boy.（被动）‎ ‎ 有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：‎ ‎ boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）‎ ‎ newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳）‎ ‎ the changed world（变了的世界）‎ ‎ 这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。‎ ‎ 3、过去分词作宾语补足语：‎ ‎ I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。‎ ‎ 有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：‎ ‎ With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。‎ ‎ 4、过去分词作状语：‎ ‎ Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）‎ ‎ Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）‎ ‎ Given more time, I’ll be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）‎ ‎ Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 虽然被告之危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步）‎ ‎ Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。‎ ‎ 5、过去分词与逻辑主语构成独立主格：‎ ‎ All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied. 所有的书期末时都还了，图书管理员很高兴。‎ ‎ The field ploughed, he began to spread seed. 地耕好了，他开始撒种子。‎ 非谓语动词用法对比 知识要点：‎ 一、不定式与动名词做主语：‎ ‎ 1、动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。例如：‎ ‎ Collecting information about children’s health is his job. 收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。‎ ‎ It’s necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 与一位有经验的老师讨论这个问题是有必要的。‎ ‎ 2、常用不定式做主语的句型有：‎ ‎ （1）It’s difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do ‎ （2）It’s kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb. to do.‎ ‎ 3、常用动名词做主语的句型有：‎ ‎ It’s no good (use, fun) doing.‎ ‎ It’s (a) waste of time one’s doing.‎ ‎ It’s worth while doing.‎ 二、不定式、动名词、分词做表语：‎ ‎ 1、不定式做表语常表示谓语动词所表示动作之后发生的动作。‎ ‎ His teaching aim of this class is to train the students’ speaking ability. 他这节课的教学目的是要训练学生说的能力。‎ ‎ 2、动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释，这时主语与表语位置可以互换，动名词常用于口语中。‎ ‎ Its full-time job is laying eggs. 它的（指蚁后）的专职工作是产卵。‎ ‎ 3、现在分词做表语表示主语的性质与特征；进行时表示正在进行的动作。‎ ‎ The task of this class is practising the idioms. （现在分词做表语）‎ ‎ With the help of the teacher, the students are practising the idioms. （现在进行时）‎ ‎ 4、常用作表语的现在分词有：interesting, amusing, disappointing, missing, puzzling, exciting, inspiring, following等。现在分词表示进行与主动。‎ ‎ The joke is amusing .这笑话很逗人。‎ ‎ The problem is puzzling. 这个问题令人不解。‎ ‎ 5、过去分词作表语表示主语所处的被动状态或完成某动作的状态。而被动语态表示主语所承受的动作。‎ ‎ The village is surrounded by high mountains.（过去分词做表语）‎ ‎ The enemy was surrounded by the Red Army.（被动语态）‎ ‎ He is well educated.（过去分词做表语）‎ ‎ He has been educated in this college for three years.（被动语态）‎ ‎ 常用在句中做表语的过去分词有：‎ ‎ used, closed, covered, interested, followed, satisfied, surrounded, done, lost, decided, prepared, saved, shut, won, completed, crowded, dressed, wasted, broken, married, unexpected等。‎ ‎ 6、注意如下动词的现在分词与过去分词用法不同：‎ ‎ interest（使…感兴趣），surprise（使…吃惊），frighten（使…害怕），excite（使…兴奋），tire（使…疲劳），please（使…满意），puzzle（使…迷惑不解），satisfy（使…满意），amuse（使…娱乐），disappoint（使…失望），inspire（使…欢欣鼓舞），worry（使…忧虑）‎ ‎ 它们的现在分词常修饰物（有时修饰人），表示主动，过去分词常修饰人，表示被动（包括某人的look、voice等）。例如：‎ ‎ Climbing is tiring. 爬山很累人。‎ ‎ They are very tired. 他们很疲劳 ‎ After hearing the exciting news, he gave a speech in an excited voice.‎ 三、不定式与动名词做宾语：‎ ‎ 1、下列动词跟不定式做宾语：‎ ‎ want, wish, hope, expect, ask, pretend, care, decide, happen, long, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, order, cause, afford, beg, manage, agree, promise等。‎ ‎ 2、在下列动词或动词短语后用动名词做宾语：‎ ‎ enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, keep, miss, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from), keep…from, stop…(from), protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on等。‎ ‎ 3、在forget, remember, stop, regret, try, mean等动词后跟不定式与动名词意义不同，不定式表示谓语动词之后的动作，而动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，常用一般式doing代替完成式having done.‎ ‎ He forgot to tell me to post the letter.（他忘了叫我发信。）‎ ‎ I shall never forget finding that rare stamp on an ordinary envelope. 我永远也忘不了在一个普通信封上发现了那枚珍贵的邮票。‎ ‎ Remember to write to us when you get there. 到那里，记得给我们写信。‎ ‎ I don’t remember meeting him. 我不记得见过他。‎ ‎ I regret to tell you that I can’t go to your birth-day party. 我很遗憾告诉你我不能去参加你的生日晚会了。‎ ‎ They regretted agreeing to the plan. 他们后悔同意这个计划。‎ ‎ He tried to pretend to share in the pleasure with his friend. 他尽力假装与朋友分享欢乐。‎ ‎ She tried reading a novel, but that couldn’t make her forget her sorrow. 她试着看看小说，但也不能使她忘记伤心事。‎ ‎ I didn’t mean to hurt you. 我没有企图伤害你。‎ ‎ A friend indeed means helping others for nothing in return. 真正的朋友意指不图回报地帮助别人。‎ ‎ 4、动名词作need, want, require, be worth的宾语时，用主动式代替被动式。‎ ‎ The washing-machine needs repairing.（或用：needs to be repaired）这台洗衣机需要修理。‎ ‎ The point wants referring to. 这一点要提到。‎ ‎ This English novel is worth reading. 这本英文小说值得一读。‎ ‎ The situation in Russian required studying. 俄国形式需要研究。‎ 四、不定式与分词在句中做宾语补足语：‎ ‎ 1、以下动词后跟不定式做宾语补足语：‎ ‎ ask, tell, beg, allow, want, like, hate, force, invite, persuade, advise, order, cause, encourage, wait for, call on, permit, forbid ‎ The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. 医生嘱咐他再卧床休息几天。‎ ‎ We wish him to remain and accept the post. 我们希望他留下来接受这个职位。（注意hope后不跟不定式做宾补。）‎ ‎ 2、有些动词后的复合宾语用不带“to“的不定式，这些动词有：see, watch, notice, hear, feel, make, let, have等。例如：‎ ‎ We noticed him enter the house. 我们留意到他进了那所房子。‎ ‎ The boss made them work twelve hours a day. 老板让他们一天干12小时工作。‎ ‎ 注意当make、have不做“迫使、让”讲，而做“制造、有”解时，跟带有to的不定式做状语。‎ ‎ Mother made a cake to celebrate his birthday. 妈妈做了一个蛋糕给他庆贺生日。‎ ‎ He had a meeting to attend. 他有个会要开。‎ ‎ 3、下列动词后的复合宾语用分词做宾补：see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, make, set, have, leave, keep, find等。用现在分词还是用过去分词做宾补，要看分词与宾语的关系。例：‎ ‎ We heard him singing the song when we came in. 当我们进来的时候，听见他正唱那首歌。‎ ‎ We have heard the song sung twice. 我们听过这首歌唱过两遍了。‎ 五、非谓语动词做定语：‎ ‎ 1、不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后，表示在谓语动词之后发生的动作或过去的某一特定动作。例如：‎ ‎ He had no house to live in but a lot of work to do. 他没有房子住却有好多活要干。‎ ‎ Our monitor is the first to arrive. 我们班长是第一个到的。‎ ‎ 2、动名词与现在分词做定语的区别：‎ ‎ 动名词做定语说明所修饰名词的用途；现在分词做定语，表示所修饰名词进行的动作。‎ ‎ a walking stick 拐杖（动名词做定语，意为a stick for walking）‎ ‎ a sleeping car 卧铺车厢（动名词做定语，意为a car for sleeping）‎ ‎ the rising sun 正在升起的太阳（现在分词做定语，意为the sun which was rising）‎ ‎ the changing world 变化中的世界（现在分词做定语，意为the world which is changing）‎ ‎ 3、现在分词与过去分词做定语的区别：过去分词做定语表示完成或被动的动作，现在分词做定语表示主动或进行的动作。如：‎ ‎ a piece of disappointing news 使人失望的消息（意同a piece of news which disappointed us）‎ ‎ in the following years 在后来的几年中（意同in the years that followed）‎ ‎ a well dressed woman 衣着讲究的女士（意同a woman who is dressed well）‎ ‎ a car parked at the gate 停在门口的小汽车（意同a car which was parked at the gate）‎ 六、不定式与分词做状语：‎ ‎ 1、不定式做状语，只表示目的、结果或原因：‎ ‎ He hurried home only to find his money stolen. 他匆忙赶到家中，发现钱被盗了。（结果状语）‎ ‎ To make himself heard, he raised his voice. 为了被听清楚，他提高了嗓门。（目的状语）‎ ‎ All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. 看到他的进步，我们都很吃惊。(原因状语)‎ ‎ 2、分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式：‎ ‎ Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful. 从山上看，这座城市很美。（条件状语）‎ ‎ Coming into the room, he found his father angry. 当走进房间时，他发现父亲生气了。（时间状语）‎ ‎ Being tired, they went on working. 虽然累了，但他们继续工作。（让步状语）‎ ‎ Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry. 由于被大孩子打了鼻子，那个小男孩哭了。（原因状语）‎ ‎ He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased. 他把一个手指放进嘴里，尝了尝，笑了，看起来挺高兴。（伴随状语）‎ 十三、The Sentences 知识要点：‎ 句子按使用的目的可分为四类：‎ ‎ 1、陈述句 2、疑问句 3、祈使句 4、感叹句 从结构上看句子可分为三种类型：‎ ‎ 1、简单句 2、并列句 3、复合句 一、句子的种类（Kinds of Sentences）‎ ‎ 1、陈述句：‎ ‎ （1）肯定句：We love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。‎ ‎ （2）否定句：They don’t go to work on Sundays. 他们星期日不上班。‎ ‎ 说明：叙述或否定一个事实或看法。‎ ‎ 2、疑问句：‎ ‎ （1）一般疑问句：‎ ‎ Are you a worker? 你是个工人吗？‎ ‎ Yes, I am. 是的，我是工人。‎ ‎ Haven’t you seen the film? No, I haven’t. 你没看过这部电影吗？没看过。‎ ‎ 说明：以一个助动词，情态动词或动词be开始的问句。回答要用yes或no。‎ ‎ （2）特殊疑问句：‎ ‎ Who is the man? 这人是谁？‎ ‎ When do you watch TV? 你什么时间看电视？‎ ‎ What are they doing now? 他们现在正在干什么？‎ ‎ 说明：以一个疑问代词或疑问副词开头的句子一般要用倒装句语序（或称为疑问词加一般疑问句）‎ ‎ （3）选择疑问句：‎ ‎ Do you want tea or coffee? Either will do. 你要茶水还是要咖啡？哪种都行。‎ ‎ Does he learn Japanese or French? He learns French. 他学日语还是学法语？他学法语。‎ ‎ 说明：提出两个或两个以上的情况，选择一个作为答案。‎ ‎ （4）反意疑问句：‎ ‎ They are going to the airport, aren’t they? 他们要去机场，是吗？‎ ‎ You haven’t finished your homework, have you? 你没做完作业，是吗？‎ ‎ 说明：提出情况或看法问对方是否同意。在陈述句后附加一个简短的疑问句，即前面句子肯定，后为否定；前面句子否定，后为肯定。‎ ‎ He seldom went to bed at ten, did he? 他很少在十点钟上床睡觉？是吗？‎ ‎ He knows little Russian, does he? 他几乎不懂俄语，是吗？‎ ‎ 说明：当陈述句部分含有never, no, hardly, seldom, little等否定意义的副词时，附加问句用肯定形式。‎ ‎ （5）祈使句：‎ ‎ a．陈述句：‎ ‎ Be sure to get there at eight. 八点钟一定要到那儿。‎ ‎ b．否定句：‎ ‎ Don’t worry. I’ll help you out. 别担心，我会帮助你的。‎ ‎ 说明：表示命令，请求，叮嘱，号召等，谓语动词用原形。‎ ‎ （6）感叹句：‎ ‎ what + n.：‎ ‎ What great changes we have had these years! 这几年我们有了多么大的变化啊！‎ ‎ What a fine day it is! 多好的天呀！‎ ‎ how + adj.：‎ ‎ How brave he is! 他多么勇敢呀！‎ ‎ how + adv. ：‎ ‎ How hard they are working! 他们工作多努力呀！‎ ‎ How time flies! 时间过得多么快呀！‎ ‎ How + adj. + a (an) + n.‎ ‎ How nice a boy (he is)！=What a nice boy he is! 多么好的孩子啊！‎ ‎ 说明：表示说话时惊异，喜悦，气忿等情绪。what修饰名词，how修饰形容词、副词或句子。‎ 二、句子的类型（Types of Sentences）‎ ‎ 1、简单句的句子的类型：‎ ‎ 一个主语+一个谓语，例：‎ ‎ The girl plays the piano every day. 那女孩每天弹钢琴。‎ ‎ 两个主语+一个谓语，例：‎ ‎ Tom and I are good friends. 汤姆和我是好朋友。‎ ‎ 一个主语+两个谓语，例：‎ ‎ He opened the door and left. 他打开门出去了。‎ ‎ 两个主语或两个谓语或更多，例：‎ ‎ Mr and Mrs Smith went to the market, bought some fruit and visited their friends. ‎ ‎ 史密斯夫妇去市场，买了些水果，并看望了朋友。‎ ‎ 结构特殊：只含有一个词或一个词组，例：‎ ‎ Hello! 喂！‎ ‎ Help! Help! 救命啊！救命！‎ ‎ Many thanks. 万分感谢。‎ ‎ 2、简单句的基本句型（The Basic Sentence Patterns）‎ ‎ 句型结构：‎ ‎ （1）主语+不及物动词：S + Vi.，例：‎ ‎ Birds fly. 鸟飞 ‎ They disappeared. 他们消失了。‎ ‎ （2）主 + 连系动词 + 表语：S + V + P，例：‎ ‎ She is a university student. 她是一名大学生。‎ ‎ He has become a pilot. 他已成为一名飞行员。‎ ‎ （3）主 + 及物动词 + 宾语：S + Vt + O，例：‎ ‎ He likes swimming. 他喜欢游泳。‎ ‎ We help each other. 我们互相帮助。‎ ‎ （4）主 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语：S + Vt + O + O，例：‎ ‎ I told my friend the good news. 我把好消息告诉了我的朋友。‎ ‎ They sent us a telegram. 他们给我们拍了电报。‎ ‎ （5）主 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 补语：S + Vt + O + C，例：‎ ‎ They named the boy Jack. 他们给孩子起名叫杰克。‎ ‎ I want everything ready by eight o’clock. 我要求一切都要在八点前准备好。‎ ‎ 注：S = Subject（主语）Vi=Intransitive Verbs（不及物动词）Vt=Transitive Verb（及物动词）P=Predicative（表语）O=Object（宾语）C=Complement补语 重点、难点：‎ ‎ 否定陈述句要注意下列几点：‎ ‎ （1）否定陈述句主要是在肯定句中加not或no (= not a /any) 构成的，除not和no外，用具有否定意义的副词也可构成否定陈述句。常用的词有hardly, seldom, never, little, scarcely, barely, rarely等。‎ ‎ （2）其他成分的否定形式 ‎ 有些句子的结构上属于肯定式，但含有否定意义的词，可分以下几种。‎ ‎ 否定的主语：‎ ‎ Nobody will agree with you. 没人同意你的意见。‎ ‎ None of the students like the novel. 没有学生喜欢这本小说。‎ ‎ No student here studies Russian. 这里没有一个学生学俄语。‎ ‎ 否定的宾语：‎ ‎ We saw nothing in the darkness. 在黑暗中我们什么都看不见。‎ ‎ He will borrow the book from nobody. 他从谁那都借不来这本书。‎ ‎ You must remember not to be late for class. 你必须记住上课不准迟到。‎ ‎ 否定的状语：‎ ‎ They came here not by bike but on foot. 他不是骑车来的而是走着来的。‎ ‎ We could find him nowhere. 我们什么地方也找不到他。‎ ‎ （3）不定代词all, both, everyone或everybody用于否定句时，表示部分否定。‎ ‎ All the trees here are not apple trees. ( = Not all the trees here are apple trees. )‎ ‎ 这里的树并非都是苹果树。（有的是苹果树，有的不是。）‎ ‎ Both of the sisters are not nurses. ( = Not both of the sisters are nurses.)‎ ‎ 这姐儿俩并不都是护士。‎ ‎ Everybody can’t do it. (= Not everybody can do it. )‎ ‎ 并不是人人都能做这件事。‎