高考英语大二轮复习阅读理解专题十四科普知识类阅读完形填空短文改错优选习题 11页

教学课件 专题十四　科普知识类阅读+完形填空+短文改错 Ⅰ.阅读理解 A ‎(2018吉林长春二模)‎ Sleep repairs the body and the mind and helps prevent disease by strengthening the immune system.However,many adults do not get eight hours of sleep each night.The average sleep time an adult today gets is only 6.4 hours.Only in recent years have health professionals begun to realize the seriousness of sleep deprivation in the working population.A significant number of people work at night,work long hours,or suffer from sleeplessness or jet lag.‎ Studies show that the brain is negatively affected by sleep deprivation because certain patterns of electrical and chemical activity that occur during sleep are interrupted and the brain cannot function normally.In one study,thirteen healthy adult subjects(实验对象) who usually had normal sleep patterns were kept awake and carefully monitored in a lab during a period of 35 hours.During the experiment,the subjects were asked to perform several tasks,such as mathematics and word problems,while undergoing scans of their brain activity.The researchers found that the temporal lobe(颞叶) of the brain,the region involved in language processing,was active during speech tasks in rested subjects but not in subjects who lacked enough sleep.After several hours without sleep,there was no activity within this region.‎ Several studies show that getting fewer than six hours of sleep can damage short-term memory and reaction time—thus causing a serious risk of accident.In one study ‎ of drivers,researchers reported that sleep deprivation had the same effects as being drunk.They found that people who drove after being awake for 17 hours performed worse than those with a blood alcohol level of 0.5 percent,the legal limit for drunk driving in most western European countries.The researchers concluded that countries with drunk driving laws should consider similar restrictions against sleep-deprived driving.‎ ‎【语篇解读】本文介绍缺少睡眠给人带来的影响。研究表明睡眠剥夺对大脑活动有不利的影响,它和醉酒有同样的危险性。‎ ‎1.What does the underlined word “deprivation” in the first paragraph mean?‎ ‎　　　　　　　　　　　　‎ A.Weakness. B.Loss.‎ C.Discomfort. D.Pain.‎ 答案B 解析词义猜测题。根据第一段中“Only in recent years have health professionals begun to realize the seriousness of sleep deprivation in the working population.”的关键词seriousness“严重”,可知是缺觉带来的严重性。画线词的意思是“缺少,损失”,故选B项。‎ ‎2.The passage mentions all of the following as causes of sleep deprivation EXCEPT 　　　. ‎ A.jet lag B.long work hours C.boring work D.working at night 答案C 解析细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“A significant number of people work at night,work long hours,or suffer from sleeplessness or jet lag.”可知,句中提到了A、B、D三项,故选C项。‎ ‎3.What does the author intend to determine by the study described in Paragraph 2?‎ A.How many hours people can survive without sleep.‎ B.How people react when their sleep is interrupted.‎ C.The changes in brain activity that occurs during sleep.‎ D.The effects of sleep deprivation on brain activity.‎ 答案D 解析细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Studies show that the brain is negatively affected by sleep deprivation because certain patterns of electrical and chemical activity that occur during sleep are interrupted and the brain cannot function normally.”可知,研究目的是确定睡眠剥夺对大脑活动的影响。故选D项。‎ ‎4.Why does the author mention blood alcohol level in Paragraph 3?‎ A.To show how sleep deprivation reduces the blood alcohol level.‎ B.To show that sleep deprivation has the same dangerous effects as being drunk.‎ C.To suggest that sleep-deprived drivers are also likely to drink.‎ D.To argue against raising the legal limit for drunk driving.‎ 答案B 解析推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Several studies show that getting fewer than six hours of sleep can damage short-term memory and reaction time—thus causing a serious risk of accident.In one study of drivers,researchers reported that sleep deprivation had the same effects as being drunk.”可知,作者提到血醇水平是为了表明睡眠剥夺和醉酒有同样的危险性。故选B项。‎ B ‎(2018广西钦州三模)‎ Americans are worried about new technology.They are concerned that machines,including robots,will take over work now done by humans.These findings come from a new report by the Pew Research Center of Washington D.C.‎ About 75 percent of Americans questioned by Pew say automation will increase income inequality between the rich and the middle class and the poor.And 64 percent of people expect automation to be so common in America that people will face difficulty finding things to do with their lives.‎ Some of the concerns about technology come from a distrust about whether machines will always make the right decision.Many Americans believe humans have better judgment in dealing with complex matters.One example is selecting a person for a job.Three quarters of Americans say they will not want to apply for a job that uses a computer program to choose the most qualified person.‎ Most Americans want the government to limit automation,for example,87 percent support a requirement that all driverless vehicles have a human in the driver’s seat who can take control when needed.And 85 percent want to limit machines to mostly doing jobs that are dangerous or unhealthy for humans.And only 25 percent expect more jobs to come from automation.‎ Mark Zuckerberg,the co-founder of Facebook,spoke last May to graduating seniors from Harvard University in Massachusetts.His talk centered on the uncertain future facing young people.“Our generation will have to deal with tens of millions of jobs replaced by automation like self-driving cars and trucks,” Zuckerberg told the graduates.Zuckerberg said young people would have to find projects that would bring both jobs and direct benefits to the people of the world.He said in his speech that 300,000 people worked to put a man on the moon,and millions of people built the Hoover Dam as well as other great projects over the last 100 years.‎ ‎【语篇解读】文章介绍了美国人担心随着科技发展机器人会代替人类工作,增加富人、中产阶级和穷人之间的收入差距,主张政府限制机器人的社会现象。‎ ‎5.What do Americans think of technology?‎ A.Useful. B.Effective.‎ C.Dangerous. D.Undependable.‎ 答案D 解析推理判断题。根据第一段中“Americans are worried about new technology.”,第二段中“About 75 percent of Americans questioned by Pew say...and the poor.”,第三段中“Some of the concerns about technology come from a distrust about whether machines will always make the right decision.”和第四段中“Most Americans want the government to limit automation...”等信息可知美国人对科技的态度,他们担心新技术带来的变化,认为自动化将增加富人、中产阶级和穷人之间的收入差距,主张限制自动化。由以上观点可以看出美国人认为科技是不可信赖的,故选D项。‎ ‎6.Which of the following do the majority of Americans want the government to do?‎ A.Use machines to do dangerous and harmful jobs.‎ B.Increase job chances by introducing machines.‎ C.Select a person for a job by the computer.‎ D.Get rid of all driverless vehicles.‎ 答案A 解析细节理解题。根据第四段中“And 85 percent want to limit machines to mostly doing jobs that are dangerous or unhealthy for humans.”可知多数美国人希望政府让机器人从事一些危险或对人类不健康的工作,故选A项。‎ ‎7.What did Zuckerberg encourage the students to do?‎ A.Refuse self-driving vehicles. B.Create new job chances.‎ C.Consider large projects. D.Fight against robots.‎ 答案B 解析推理判断题。根据最后一段中“His talk centered on the uncertain future facing young people.‘Our generation will have to deal with tens of millions of jobs replaced by automation like self-driving cars and trucks,’”和“Zuckerberg said young people would have to find projects that would bring both jobs and direct benefits to the people of the world.”可知Zuckerberg认为年轻人必须面对许多工作自动化的现实,寻找能给世界人民带来工作和直接利益的项目。故选B项。‎ ‎8.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?‎ A.New Technology Creates More Jobs B.New Technology Makes New Unfairness C.Americans Worry Robots Will Take Jobs D.Robots Make Work Easy to Do for Workers 答案C 解析主旨大意题。根据第一段“Americans are worried about new technology.They are concerned that machines,including robots,will take over work now done by ‎ humans.”和下面每段中心句可知美国人担心随着科技发展机器人会代替人类工作,增加富人、中产阶级和穷人之间的收入差距。Americans Worry Robots Will Take Jobs概括了全文内容,适合作为文章标题。故选C项。‎ C ‎(2018安徽马鞍山二模)‎ Last week,two companies,Kitty Hawk and Uber,announced their plans to bring flying cars to reality very soon.‎ Kitty Hawk president,Sebastian Thrun,announced Kitty Hawk’s flying car plans last Monday.According to its website,the car is electric-powered and will be able to travel at a speed up to 40 kilometers an hour.It says such a machine “does not require registration or a pilot’s license and may be flown in uncrowded areas for recreational purposes.” As of now,the car can only be flown over fresh water.‎ Kitty Hawk is making a list of people interested in buying the flying car.They must pay a deposit of $100.Those who get their names on the list early will receive $2,000 off the final cost of the car.However,Kitty Hawk has not yet announced the price.Its first flying cars are expected to go on sale by the end of this year.‎ Unlike the Kitty Hawk company,Uber does not plan to build its flying cars.Uber expects to launch flying taxis in Dallas-Ft.Worth,Texas,US by 2020.Like the Kitty Hawk car,Uber flying taxis will use electric power.Uber says its flying taxis could travel up to 241 kilometers an hour.The company says that could reduce the travel time between San Francisco and San Jose,California from 2 hours on the road to 15 minutes in the air.‎ Riders could use the Uber app to book a flying taxi to take them to their destinations.The company has not yet said how costly air taxi travel would be compared to road taxi travel.‎ Sooner than you think,flying cars may appear in the sky.Much convenience as they will bring,just imagine having to avoid other flying cars.Also,what if your battery dies when you are in the air?And,how will you know where to land?‎ ‎【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。上周,Kitty Hawk和 Uber两家公司宣布他们很快就会使飞行汽车成为现实。文章具体介绍了两家公司研制的飞行汽车的一些特点。‎ ‎9.What may Kitty Hawk’s flying car be used for at present?‎ A.Accelerating the speed. B.Having fun.‎ C.Advertising the company. D.Fetching water.‎ 答案B 解析细节理解题。由第二段中的“It says such a machine‘...may be flown in uncrowded areas for recreational purposes.’”可知,目前,该飞行汽车主要用于消遣娱乐。故B项正确。‎ ‎10.What do we know about Kitty Hawk’s flying car from the third paragraph?‎ A.It costs two thousand dollars each.‎ B.It can travel over water.‎ C.It offers $100 to its potential buyers.‎ D.It hasn’t gone to market.‎ 答案D 解析推理判断题。由第三段中的“However,Kitty Hawk has not yet announced the price.Its first flying cars are expected to go on sale by the end of this year.”可知,Kitty Hawk的飞行汽车还没有定价,预计到今年年底进行销售。由此可以推知,该飞行汽车还没有上市。故D项正确。‎ ‎11.In what way is Uber’s flying taxi similar to Kitty Hawk’s flying car?‎ A.They travel at the same speed.‎ B.They are electric-powered.‎ C.They are supported by the Uber app.‎ D.They require a flying license.‎ 答案B 解析细节理解题。由第二段中的“...the car is electric-powered”和第四段中的“Like the Kitty Hawk car,Uber flying taxis will use electric power.”可知,它们都是电动的。故B项正确。‎ ‎12.What is the purpose of the last paragraph of the text?‎ A.To call for public donations.‎ B.To introduce some advantages.‎ C.To promote interest in science.‎ D.To talk about possible problems.‎ 答案D 解析写作目的题。由最后一段中的“Much convenience as they will bring,just imagine having to avoid other flying cars.Also,what if your battery dies when you are in the air?And,how will you know where to land?”可知,该段介绍了飞行汽车可能出现的问题。故D项正确。‎ Ⅱ.完形填空 ‎(2018江西南昌二模)‎ ‎“I have a letter for you,” my friend Kirsten told me on the phone.“I think it’s from your mother.” I was 　1　,since my mother had been 　2　 for seven years. ‎ A few weeks later Kirsten handed me the 　3　 dated Aug.30,2002.Around then I was preparing for my pilot course’s final exam at the 　4　 school.The students finished the training on 　5　 days. ‎ I was the first to 　6　.My mother’s letter 　7　 after I left.Kirsten picked it up from my mail-box,to keep 　8　 she next saw me.　9　,a few days later,when it was ‎ her turn to leave,she 　10　 the letter among the piles of papers she 　11　 packed into boxes.It 　12　 there for a decade,during which my mother died.In 2013,when Kirsten 　13　 some dusty belongings from her flying school days,she 　14　 the letter. ‎ It’s been two years since Kirsten gave me the letter which I’ve carried on my long flights.But I haven’t 　15　 it yet.When I told some friends this,they 　16　 their heads.They said they wouldn’t have been able to wait a second.Of course,I 　17　—How could I not?—about her 　18　 in the envelope.Surely,I think,she had written to wish me luck,ask about my life and tell me the news from 　19　 to make me at case.However,for now it’s 　20　 to look at her handwriting on the envelope,and to remember that until I open it,I know I’ll hear from her once more. ‎ ‎【语篇解读】这是一篇记叙文。作者飞行学校即将毕业的时候,母亲给她寄了一封信。信到的时候,作者已经离校。作者的朋友替她拿了这封信。但是,由于意外,这封信在朋友那儿待了10年之后才到了作者手里。作者一直随身携带这封信,没有打开。作者感觉只要看到信封上母亲的字迹就足够了。‎ ‎1.A.delighted B.confused C.terrified D.moved 答案B 解析考查形容词词义辨析。delighted“高兴的”;confused“困惑的”;terrified“恐惧的”;moved“感动的”。作者的母亲去世七年之后,作者的朋友给她一封来自她母亲的信,作者感到很惊讶、困惑。B项正确。‎ ‎2.A.back B.lost C.dead D.sick 答案C 解析考查形容词词义辨析。back“回来的”;lost“丢失的,迷路的”;dead“死去的”;sick“生病的”。由第三段中的“It 　12　 there for a decade,during which my mother died”可知,作者的母亲已经去世。C项正确。 ‎ ‎3.A.envelope B.package C.ticket D.stamp 答案A 解析考查名词词义辨析。envelope“信封”;package“包裹”;ticket“票”;stamp“邮票”。第一段中提到朋友要给作者一封信。该空后面提到“dated Aug.30,2002”可知,朋友递给作者的应该是信封,信封上的日期是2002年8月30日。A项正确。‎ ‎4.A.art B.sports C.flight D.military 答案C 解析考查名词词义辨析。art“艺术”;sports“体育运动”;flight“飞行,航班”;military“军队”。由前面的“my pilot course’s”可知,作者上的是飞行学校,作者要参加飞行员最后的考试。C项正确。‎ ‎5.A.blessed B.hard C.particular D.different 答案D 解析考查形容词词义辨析。blessed“神圣的,有福的”;hard“困难的”;particular“尤其的,特别的”;different“不同的”。由下一段中的“I was the first to 　6　”和“a few days later,when it was her turn to leave”可知,作者和她的朋友在不同的日期完成了培训。D项正确。 ‎ ‎6.A.flee B.leave C.abandon D.escape 答案B 解析考查动词词义辨析。flee“逃离”;leave“离开”;abandon“抛弃”;escape“逃跑”。由下一句中的“after I left”可知,作者是第一个离开学校的。故B项正确。‎ ‎7.A.landed B.returned C.disappeared D.delivered 答案A 解析考查动词词义辨析。land“抵达,到达,登陆”;return“返回”;disappear“消失”;deliver“递送”。作者离开之后,她母亲的信才到达。A项正确。‎ ‎8.A.until B.when C.unless D.after 答案A 解析考查连词词义辨析。until“直到”;when“当……时候”;unless“除非”;after“在……之后”。Kirsten从我的邮箱里把信取出来,想保留着它一直到她下次见到我(把信给我)。A项正确。‎ ‎9.A.Surely B.Thankfully C.Doubtfully D.Unfortunately 答案D 解析考查副词词义辨析。surely“肯定地”;thankfully“谢天谢地”;doubtfully“怀疑地”;unfortunately“不幸地”。下文提到Kirsten因故没有及时把信给我,信在Kirsten那一直待了10年。这是“不幸地”。故D项正确。‎ ‎10.A.removed B.misplaced C.hid D.unfolded 答案B 解析考查动词词义辨析。remove“移走”;misplace“把……放错位置”;hide“藏”;unfold“展开,打开”。由下一句可知,信在Kirsten那待了10年才被她发现。由此可以推知,Kirsten在打点行装的时候,误把信放到了她的一堆文件里。B项正确。‎ ‎11.A.slowly B.seriously C.hurriedly D.carefully 答案C 解析考查副词词义辨析。slowly“慢慢地”;seriously“严肃地,认真地”;hurriedly“匆忙地”;carefully“认真地”。由Kirsten误把信放到她的一堆文件里可知,她收拾行装很匆忙才犯了这个错误。C项正确。‎ ‎12.A.appeared B.stood C.settled D.remained 答案D 解析考查动词词义辨析。appear“出现”;stand“站”;settle“在……定居,使定居”;remain“停留在某处”。那封信在Kirsten那儿待了10年。D项正确。‎ ‎13.A.sorted through B.set down C.put down D.got through 答案A 解析考查动词短语辨析。sort through“分类,整理”;set down“记下来”;put down“放下,记下”;get through“完成,度过”。2013年,当Kirsten整理飞行学校的旧物时,她才发现了这封信。A项正确。‎ ‎14.A.posted B.recalled C.found D.addressed 答案C 解析考查动词词义辨析。post“张贴”;recall“回想起”;find“发现”;address“写地址”。2013年,当Kirsten整理飞行学校的旧物时,她才发现了这封信。C项正确。‎ ‎15.A.received B.opened C.touched D.replied 答案B 解析考查动词词义辨析。receive“收到”;open“打开”;touch“接触,触动”;reply“回复”。由下文的“They said they wouldn’t have been able to wait a second.”可知,朋友们会迫不及待地打开这样的一封信。由此可以推知,作者两年一直没有打开这封信。B项正确。‎ ‎16.A.nodded B.lifted C.shook D.lowered 答案C 解析考查动词词义辨析。nod“点头”;lift“抬起”;shake“摇动”;lower“低下”。作者没有打开这封信,朋友们会迫不及待地打开这样一封信。由此可推知,朋友们对作者的做法不理解、不赞同,他们会“摇头”。C项正确。‎ ‎17.A.complain B.inquire C.worry D.wonder 答案D 解析考查动词词义辨析。complain“抱怨”;inquire“调查”;worry“(使)担心”;wonder“疑惑,想知道”。作者疑惑母亲的信里写了什么。D项正确。‎ ‎18.A.words B.interests C.puzzle D.secret 答案A 解析考查名词词义辨析。word“话,词”;interest“兴趣”;puzzle“谜”;secret“秘密”。由下一句中的“Surely,I think,she had written...”可知,作者也疑惑母亲的信里写了什么。A项正确。‎ ‎19.A.network B.abroad C.papers D.home 答案D 解析考查名词词义辨析。network“网络”;abroad“海外”;paper“文件”;home“家”。母亲给孩子写信,当然会告诉孩子来自家里的一些消息。D项正确。‎ ‎20.A.appropriate B.enough C.foolish D.polite 答案B 解析考查形容词词义辨析。appropriate“适当的”;enough“足够的”;foolish“愚蠢的”;polite“礼貌的”。看到信封上母亲的字迹作者就感到足够了。B项正确。‎ Ⅲ.短文改错 ‎(2018江西八所重点中学联考)‎ Last Friday I saw the worst weather in years.In the morning,the sun was completely blocked so that I could see something clearly.I stayed at home,look outside.That came into sight was a flash of lightning.Seconds later,the noise of thunder broke the silent.Then a strong wind starts to blow into my room.Pieces of paper on my desk was blown high into the air and some flew out the open window.Then I closed the window when it rained hard and near broke my window.‎ What a bad weather!I hate it so I can’t go out to play.‎ 答案 Last Friday I saw the worst weather in years.In the morning,the sun was completely blocked so that I could see clearly.I stayed at home, outside. came into sight was a flash of lightning.Seconds later,the noise of thunder broke the .Then a strong wind to blow into my ‎ room.Pieces of paper on my desk blown high into the air and some flew out the open window.Then I closed the window when it rained hard and broke my window.‎ What ‎ a ‎ bad weather!I hate it I can’t go out to play.‎