高考英语专题复习：阅读理解解题指导精品 28页

新课标高考英语专题复习：阅读理解解题指导　精品 ‎【专家支招】‎ 做细节理解题时，大多数学生易出现的问题就是阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧，考生要培养自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。除了运用扫读法外，还可以兼用排除法，将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就需要恰当地使用查阅的方法及技巧。查阅是在读者对材料有所熟悉的情况下进行的，它的特点是带着问题去寻求答案，它往往与略读综合使用。‎ ‎〖第一招〗‎ 直接细节理解题答案与原文挂钩，在文中可直接找到答案，但往往与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。间接细节理解题需要通过有关词语和句子的转换，利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断，此类试题在高考中占大多数。其常见命题方式有：‎ ‎1、特殊疑问句形式。以what, who, when, where, which, how much / many 等引出的问题；‎ ‎2、是非题。通常以true / false, not true / false 提问以及以according to the text 开头；‎ ‎3、填空题。通常涉及与主题有关的事实和细节；‎ ‎4、就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。‎ ‎〖第二招〗‎ 略读材料，大概了解全文，掌握其中心或主旨。‎ ‎〖第三招〗‎ 按文章的体裁，如记叙文、说明文和议论文等及作者写作的组织模式和有关的信息词，如for example, first, second 等预测应该到何处寻求自己所需要的事实。段落的组织形式常见的有时间型段落、空间型段落、列举型段落、例证型段落、程序型段落和对比型段落等。如时间型段落和空间型段落要凭借表达时间和空间的信息词按时间和空间的组织形式进行查读，寻找有关细节。‎ ‎〖第四招〗‎ 将精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上，快速通篇跳读，眼睛自左至右，自上而下呈Z型扫读，直到找到含细节句子时，就要放慢速度，仔细核对、比较内容，直至找到答案。‎ ‎〖第五招〗‎ 了解细节题干扰选项的特点也能有助于提高答题的正确率。一般情况下，干扰项有以下五个特点：①是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；②符合常识，但不是文内容；③与原句的内容极为相似，只是在程度上有些变动；④在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；⑤部分正确，部分错误。值得一提的是，有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语甚至一个单词，因此需要我们阅读中格外仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。‎ ‎【试题分析】‎ ‎1、直接信息理解题细节的直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读材料中直接获取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要的细节，在必要的时候（做判断、推论或结论的时候）能准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住关键信息，直接得出答案。有时需要词句意的转换理解，将获得的信息用同义或近义的形式复述出来。NMET设计了许多这样的同义转换理解题，具体的要求是为阅读材料中某些词汇、短语及句型找到正确的释义。‎ 例如：2008陕西省西工大附中第三次模拟试题阅读理解B篇：‎ The World Trade Organization (WTO), founded on January 1, 1995, aims to encourage international trade to flow as possible, making sure that trade agreements are respected and that any disputes can be settled.‎ In the five years since its founding, the WTO has become well known as one of the world’s most powerful economic organizations, taking its place alongside the World Bank and International Money Fund.‎ The system of global rules for international trade, however, dates back half a century to 1948 when the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was formed after World War II.‎ As time went by, is became clear that the GATT had two major drawbacks-the limited areas of trade it covered, and the lack of an effective system to settle disputes. ‎ After seven years of trade talks ending in 1994, the so-called Uruguay Round finally give birth to the WTO, complete with an effective system to settle disputes and new rules covering trade in services and intellectual property.‎ Even after seven years of talks and 22, 500 pages of agreements, there were still problems, especially the difficulty to deal with areas of agriculture and services, which the member nations agreed to revise in 2007, The WTO, with its head office in Geneva, has 135 members with 30 more waiting to join.‎ 总述：本文主要介绍了世贸组织的演变过程，即由最初的关贸总协定，到后来的乌拉圭回合谈判，到‎1995年1月1日成立的世贸组织，其演变经历了大半个世纪，使其成为世界上最大的国际经济组织。‎ ‎45. From the passage we know that the GATT stopped working ________.‎ A. soon after World War II ended B. a little more than ‎50 ‎years after World War II ‎ C. just in the year 1994 D. seven years before the Uruguay Round talk ‎46. Compared with the GATT, the WTO _______.‎ A. didn’t pay enough attention to services and intellectual property B. got its members to sign the agreements more easily C. has got to many areas of international trade to deal with to work effectively D. can do better to settle disputes in more areas of international trade ‎47. In the new century the WTO will ________.‎ A. take the place of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund B. have more members and settle more problems C. make complete new rules in every area of international trade D. have new rules covering trade in services and intellectual property 本文后的这三个题都是细节理解题。其中45题，由文第五段中，After seven years of trade talks ending in 1994, the so-called Uruguay Round finally give birth to the WTO…作为原句，因此先C。 46题仍由文第五段原句…complete with an effective system to settle disputes and new rules covering trade in services and intellectual property。可以看出选D。 47题问的是“在新世纪，世贸组织将如何？”由文中第六段最后一句The WTO, with its head office in Geneva, has 135 members with 30 more waiting to join.可知选B。‎ ‎〖第六招〗利用上下文语境线索 任何一篇文中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点。例如：‎ ‎1. Charlotte’s tale was inspired by the girls’ coin collection. “We’ve collected foreign coins for years-since our families went on holiday to Tenerife,” she explains. “That was before the Euro, so we put pesetas in.”‎ The underlined wore “pesetas” in Paragraph 2 is a kind of _______.‎ A. story B. collection C. inspiration D. foreign coin 分析：本题正确答案为D。由原文中的Euro（欧元，欧洲统一货币）可推知该词是一种在欧元发行前使用的钱币。‎ ‎2. In ‎1963 a schoolboy called Andrew Wiles reading in his school library came across the world’s greatest mathematical 17th century, the theorem had baffled and ‎ beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique.‎ Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text?‎ A. To encourage people to raise questions. ‎ B. To cause difficulty in understanding.‎ C. To provide a person with an explanation.‎ D. To limit people’s imagination.‎ 分析：本题正确答案为B。 从短文中对Fermat’s Last Theorem一书的介绍中有the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds一句，句中两个并列的谓语动词baffled 和beaten ,意义相同，加强语气，从beat的本意就可以猜测出baffled 为“使（某人）困惑，难倒”。‎ ‎3. Today when many tend to worry more about their own happiness, Houng’s deeds remind us of what we usually neglect: love and care for others. Without these, none of us could survive. Houng turned down donations from others. He said he felt encouraged by kind offers, but he could depend on his own work. [2008浙江绍兴市高三4月教学质量检测卷]‎ ‎42. The underlined word “donation” in Paragraph 3 probably means ______.‎ A. invitation to give a speech B. something, especially given to help others C. questions asked by interviewers D. chances to be a hero 分析：由本段可以看出：洪家里很穷，但他拒绝别人对他的“donation”，他说他很感谢人们好心的馈赠，但他能够靠打工的钱来养活自己和妹妹，由此可以判断出donation和后文的offer，是近义词，也是馈赠之意。因此选B。‎ ‎〖第七招〗利用定义和解释性线索 阅读文中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的生词，往往在其后有对该词进行解释方明性的短语或句子，如to be, that is , mean, stand for,‎ ‎ namely, to refer to, to mean, in other words等，有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现，或用破折号、括弧来表示。留心阅读就可以断定它们的意思。例如：‎ ‎1. The elder learn to master the Internet and to overcome what Lansdale calls the maladies of the institutionalized: loneliness, helplessness, boredom, and lose of memory.‎ 分析：根据句意，maladies of the institutionalized应和后面的解释意思相同，综合后面的内容可得知其意为：“（老年）综合症”。‎ ‎2. Some ships carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies (军用物资),while others carried only passengers.‎ 分析：such as 后所列举物品均属“货物”，由此推断cargo的意思与之相同，和后句中的passengers形成对比。‎ ‎3. Scientists grow large quantities of common mould (霉菌)so that they can get penicillin from it in order to make antibiotics, that is , substances that kill germs.‎ ‎ 分析：从that is 后的解释可看出antibiotics 是一种能杀死细菌的物质（抗生素）。‎ ‎4. Marine biology, the study of oceanic plants and animals and their relation, has furthered the efficient development of fisheries.‎ 分析：从marine biology 后的同位语可知，marine biology是一门研究海洋动植物及其关系的学科。‎ ‎5. －Yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems, such as shoplifter, who always take away things from the shop without paying for them.‎ 分析：从后面的定语从句解释可看出，shoplifter为在“商店里偷东西的人”。‎ ‎〖第八招〗利用因果关系 因果关系的语境，通常由because, so ,therefore, so that, so / such… that… 等连词体现。‎ ‎1. Answer the following questions by using the information taken from a dictionary page. ‎ jazz: 1. n. a type of music that originated in New Orleans and is characterized by rhythmic beats. 2. n. popular dance music influenced by jazz. 3. n. slang. Empty talk. 4. adj. of or like jazz; a jazz band, jazz records.‎ What does the word “jazz” mean in the following sentence?‎ Don’t give me that jazz, for I am a practical person.‎ A. Rhythmic beats. B. A type of music. ‎ C. A kind of dance. D. Meaningless talk.‎ 分析：本题正确答案为D。从后面的原因for I am a practical person可知，说话的人说自己是一个讲究实际的人，因此，他或她让对方不要说空话。‎ ‎2. The biggest power failure happened yesterday. All of our ice cream and frozen foods melted.‎ 分析：melted“溶化”。既然停电，必然造成冰激凌和冷冻食品的“溶化”。‎ ‎3. He ran downstairs through the smoke-filled house to push and pull at Karen and Todd until they sat up. Then he helped each other out of the house to the safety of the garden. There, his sister and brother, taking short and quick breaths and coughing, collapsed on the lawn.‎ 分析：collapsed“瘫倒”。经过一番艰难脱险之后，他们呼吸短促，咳嗽不断，最终“瘫倒”在草坪上。‎ ‎〖第九招〗利用对比线索 有时文章作者为了增强表达效果，会用一对反义词揭示事物的不同点，形成鲜明的对比，这时只要把握其中的一词，就不难推出另一词的含义，这时句中多见unlike; although; but; yet; while; on the contrary; on the other hand; for one ‎ thing; for another; instead of; rather than等信息词。‎ ‎1. “Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can’t be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.”‎ The underlined word “cultivated”(Paragraph 1) roughly means ________.‎ A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developed 分析：本题正确答案为D。 从上句的对比可知，领导能力不是swallowed down,而是慢慢培养的。‎ ‎2. One idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse , business polite, life itself is games which we must normally play with very imperfect information.‎ Which of the following can be used in place of “quite the reverse”?‎ A. Quite right. B. Time enough. C. Most unlikely D. Just the opposite.‎ 分析：由前句中perfect information到后imperfect information这一组对比关系的词，我们不难推断应表示“对比、相反”的意思，因此答案应选D。‎ ‎3. Thousands of people got stuck in lifts. But no one panicked, We passed the time telling stories.‎ 分析：被困在电梯中，应该是“慌张”，“不安”。But引出转折，“我们讲故事消磨时间”，因此panicked应为“慌张、惊恐”之意。‎ ‎4. Unlike the Unite States where many different nationalities make up the population, Japan’s population is quite homogeneous.‎ 分析：文unlike表明日本和美国在人口组成方面不同，由此可见，homogeneous与many different nationalities 意义相反，即of the same nationality,“单一民族的”。‎ ‎〖第十招〗利用同义线索和同等关系 同义词替换可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。一些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有 or, like,‎ ‎ similarly等。同等关系是指一个词、一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属一范畴。只要我们认识其中一个或几个词或短语，即可确定同等关系中生词的词性，作用和大概意思。‎ ‎1. Millions of animals die each year on US roads, the Federal Highway administration reports. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat exist in the US today. The main reason? Roadkill.‎ 分析：从后面的同谓语an endangered wild cat可知“ocelot”是一种野生猫。‎ ‎2. mansion, church, battle site, theatre and other public halls can be preserved.‎ 分析：句中mansion应和church, battle site, theatre and other public halls 的词义同属“建筑物或场所”这一范畴。‎ ‎3. We should, therefore, learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, of they will make our speech silly and vulgar.‎ 分析：句中vulgar应和silly 意义相近，“粗俗的，庸俗的”。‎ ‎〖第十一招〗利用例证性线索 ‎ 某些冷僻的词汇后会举一个例子，使词汇具体易懂。Such as, like, for example, for instance等连接性词语往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的名词。‎ ‎1. You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, of English learning.‎ 分析：通过后面的举例：《英语世界》，《中小学外语教学》，《英语学习》，说明periodicals为“期刊杂志”。‎ ‎2. Many United nations employees are polyglots: Mr. Simpson, for example, speaks five languages fluently.‎ 分析：通过例举Mr. Simpson一人通晓五国语言，说明许多联合国雇员都是“通晓多国语言”。‎ ‎〖第十二招〗根据构词法 阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，可利用构词法知识来推测其意思。《教学大纲》已经明确地将构词法列在语法附表中，因此利用所学构词法生成的词不应被认定为生词。‎ ‎1. Exhibition officials said that a person bitten by one of these snakes would need at least 80 ml of an anti-poison medicine to be saved.‎ 分析：anti-poison是由poison加前缀anti-构成的，anti-意思是“反对、排斥、抵抗 ”，由此可猜出anti-poison是“解毒、抗毒”的意思。‎ ‎2. Although simplified Chinese characters were accepted for use many years ago, it seems that more and more people like Chinese characters in the complex form.‎ 分析：simplified跟simple是同根词，带有-ed显然是过去分词形式的形容词。许多年以前我们采用了什么跟“简单”有关的汉字呢？不难想到是“简化的”汉字。‎ ‎〖第十三招〗注意熟词生义 英语中大量的词汇具有多义性，其含义并非完全等同于词典所标注的汉语意思，具体的词义需要在一定的上下文中体现出来。阅读理解中的熟悉词生义比生词本身的障碍要大得多。原因有三：其一，高考对生词的数量有量的规定，不得超过3%；其二，熟悉词生义很容易引起考生的误解；其三，熟悉词生义的数量没有限制。如果这种现象在一篇文章中出现得多，那就更难理解了。‎ 下题中划线的词可换为：‎ ‎1. New York, 10 November, 5:27 p.m.,yesterday. Biggest power failure in the city’s history.‎ A. enough B. not passing C. lack of D. lack 分析：本题正确答案为D。failure是fail 变来的名词，有“失败；失败者；失败的事”的意思。本句power failure可翻译为“停电”。再如：crop failure“庄稼欠收”；heart failure“心力衰竭”。‎ ‎2. A bike tour and race will be held in August 26 and 27. At 5:‎30 a .m. , the riders will leave Tian’an Men square and ride the first 35 kilometers as a training lge . Then the next 55 kilometers from Yanjiao to Jixian, will be the first competitive ‎ part for the tour.‎ A. race B. practice C. part of the training D. part of the tour 分析：本题正确答案为D。从first 35 kilometers可看出，自行车赛车手从天安门出发，开始的三十五公里作为赛程的一部分，从后句…leg…will be …part of the tour也可确定答案为D。‎ ‎〖第十四招〗根据常识或经验猜测词义 在阅读中碰到生词时，我们有时可以运用逻辑推理能力、自身的生活经验及生活常识去推断生词的含义。当然也要结合语境。‎ ‎1. Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming.‎ The underlined phrase “mopping up ” in the second paragraph means _______.‎ A. cleaning up B. taking in C. wiping out D. giving up 分析：本题正确答案为B。由常识可知，雨林可以“吸收”空气中CO2。所以mop up 意为“吸收、吸纳”，故选B。另外根据下文Currently the trees in the Amazon take in around 500 million tones of CO2each year 也可推知答案。‎ ‎2. She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took a mop . She pushed past the desk and as the nurse looked up. Mum nodded and said, “Very dirty floor.”‎ ‎ 分析：从文中可看出，母亲用mop从桌子前面擦过去，还说了一句“地板真脏”。不言而喻mop的词义是“拖把”。‎ ‎〖第十五招〗利用词性转化 ‎1. The most important reason for such a visit is to realize how our ancestors battled nature with the basic tools they had.‎ 分析：此处picture为动词，“使脑海中出现图画”即“描绘”.在理解原词的基础上，分析它的新词性，并结合原词含义发挥便理想象，从而概括抽象出它的新词义。‎ ‎3. The aging of the population will affect American society in many ways-education, medicine, and business.‎ The underlined work “aging” means ______.‎ A. counting the number of years someone lives B. the numbers of years someone lives C. becoming older D. making someone looking older 分析：本题正确答案为C。我们熟悉的是age作名词用时是“年龄”的意思，而此处是作动词用，意思是“老化”。‎ 怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意 ‎【专家支招】‎ 文章是由段落组成的，段落的主题是段落的中心思想。而就一篇文章而言，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的，寻找中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句，进而通过主题句找出文章主题，主题句通常有这样的特点：①有一个题；②阐述控制性概念。主题句偶尔也可在一段文章中间；有的文章无明显主题句，主题句陷含在段意之中，这就需要读者进一步加工概括了。‎ ‎〖第一招〗‎ 在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法。浏览时，一般不需逐句浏览，只需选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句。重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。‎ 有些文章的主题句或者说“文眼”‎ 出现在文章的最后，此类文章往往以列举事实开头，通过论证，最后阐述核心观点，或者引用某个人的话印证自己的观点，以此归纳文章的主旨大意，所以有时要找出这样的信息，从中提炼标题或归纳大意。‎ 例如：河北唐山市高三第二次模拟考试题E篇：‎ In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes the workers’ life more enjoyable, it doesn’t actually make him work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, the variety is not an important factor.‎ Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem was that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in fixed way. Thus freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to create it .‎ Another important consideration is how much each worker contributed to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one small part of the product. Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is the degree of workers’ contribution an important factor, therefore, but it is also one we do something about.‎ To what extent more money led to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this is important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them.‎ ‎59. In this passage, the author mainly talks about ______.‎ A. how to make the workers contribute more B. possible ways leading to greater productivity C. to what extent more money leads to greater productivity D. how to make workers’ jobs more interesting 分析：本文就如何能使工人们的工作效率得到提高而进行讨论。根据作者文中所提到的观点，就工人们的工作效率问题专家们提到了很多不同的观点，如使工作多样化、给工人们更多的自由时间、使工人们意识到自己工作的重要性以及增加工资等等，而作者的观点是尽可能地使工作更有趣，以吸引工人的兴趣，从而达到提高生产效率的目的，因此59题的正确答案应该是B，即提高工人们工作效率的措施的方法。‎ ‎〖第二招〗抓住文章段落大意，概括中心思想 寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。在这个过程中，考生们不能只依据只言片语，或光看文章的某一些段落，而应该观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的重点，考虑文章中材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么的，分析故事的发展结局都是围绕什么中心来安排的。最后用简明扼要的文字将文章的中心思想表达出来。即不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。‎ 例如：2008石家庄市高中毕业班第二次模拟考试卷A篇：‎ Many people think a telephone is essential. But I think it’s a pest and a time waster. Very often you find it impossible to escape from some idle or curious chatterbox, or from somebody who wants something for nothing. If you have a telephone in your own house, you will admit that it tends to ring when you are asleep, of in the middle of a meal or a conversation, or when you are just going out, or when you are taking your bath. Are you strong-minded enough to ignore it, to say to yourself, “Ah, well, it will all be the same in a hundred year’s time?” You are not. You think there are maybe some important news or messages for you . I can assure you that if a message is really important it will reach you sooner or later. Haven’t you ever rushed dripping from the bath, or chewing from the table, or dazed from the bed, only to be told that you are a wrong number?‎ But you will say, you need not have your name printed in the telephone directory, and you can have a telephone which is only unable for outgoing calls.‎ ‎ Besides you will say, isn’t it important to have a telephone in case of emergency-illness, an accident, or fire? Of course you are right, but here in a thickly populated country like England, one is seldom far from a telephone in case of dreadful necessity.‎ I think perhaps I had better try to justify myself by trying to prove that what I like is good. I admit that in different circumstances-If you were a business VIP, for instance, or a bed ridden person-I might find a telephone essential. But then if I were a taxi driver, I should find a car essential.‎ Let me put it another way: there are two things for which the English seem to show particular talent. One is mechanical invention, the other is literature. My own business happens to be with the use of words but I see I must now stop using them. For I have just been handed a slip of paper to say that somebody is waiting to speak to me on the telephone. I think I had better answer it .After all, one never knows, it may be something important.‎ ‎41. The passage is mainly about _______.‎ A. that we should be strong enough to ignore a phone call B. that important message will reach you sooner or later ‎ C. whether it’s necessary to answer all telephone calls D. whether it is necessary to have a telephone 分析：文章每一自然段的主题句分别是：1. Many people think a telephone is essential. But I think it’s a pest and a time waster. 2. …but in a thickly populated country like England, one is seldom far from a telephone in case of dreadful necessity. 3. I think perhaps I had better try to justify myself by trying to prove that what I like is good. 4. Let me put it another way. 都是围绕是否有必要拥有电话而展开的，作者的观点很明确，就是没有必要拥有一部电话机，因此本题应选D。‎ ‎〖第三招〗抓住文章主线和关键词语，归纳文章中心 要注意不是所有的段落都有主题句，有时主题句暗含在句中。阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是：先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。如：‎ Tom Brennan was working in a Philadelphia office building when he noticed a black bag. The bag contained a book.‎ This chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasurea 120-page diary dept 190 years age by Deborah Logan, “a woman who knew everybody in her day,” James Green, the librarian told the magazine American Libraries.‎ Most of the diary is a record of big events in Philadelphia. It also includes a description of British soldiers burning Washington. D. C in the war of 1812. She describes President James Madison on horseback as “perfectly shaking with fear” during the troubled days. George Washington, she writes, mistook her for the wife of a French man and praised her excellent English.‎ The adventure of the lost book began on September 4 when Cory Luxmoore arrived from England to deliver the diary of his ancestor to the Library Company, which he and his wife considered to be the best home for the diary.‎ Green told American Libraries he had the diary in his possession “about five minutes” when Luxmoore took it back because he had promised to show it to one other person. On returning to his hotel after showing the precious book to Green, Luxmoore was shocked to realize that he had left it in the taxi.‎ Without any delay, Green began calling every taxi company in the city, with no luck, “I’ve felt sick since then” Luxmoore told reporters.‎ According to Green on one has yet learned how the diary came to the office building.‎ Tom Brennan received a reward of 1,000, Philadelphia gained another treasure for its history, and Luxmoore told reporters, “It’s wonderful news. I’m on high.”‎ ‎51. This article mainly tells about the story of “__________”.‎ A. A lost diary B. Deborah C. Cory Luxmoore D. The Library Company 分析：解题时必须首先理顺文章时间顺序：‎ ‎1. Deborah Logan kept a 120-page diary 190 years ago.‎ ‎2. Cory Luxmoore delivered the diary to the library Company.‎ ‎3. James Green, the librarian, had the diary in his possession about five minutes.‎ ‎4. Cory Luxmoore left the diary in the taxi.‎ ‎5. Tom Brennan noticed a black bag which contained a book (the diary).‎ 从以上的时间顺序中，可以清楚地看到5个时间段内所发生的事情均与the diary有关，它就是贯穿全文的主线，故此题应选A。‎ 怎样选择文章的标题 ‎【专家支招】‎ 标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想的最精炼的表达形式，它的特点是：短小精炼，多为一个短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，即不能太大，也不能太小，恰如帽子，太大能遮了眼睛，太小则发挥不了应起的作用且风一吹必跑；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表达的程度及色彩。它可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图，那么如何选择文章的标题呢？‎ ‎〖第一招〗‎ 要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系；再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何；然后要注意题目是否过大或过小，要避免下列三种错误：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；③以事实、细节替代抽象的大意。‎ 要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方式。一般来说，标题的拟定方式是：以话题为核心，与控制性的概念词按一定的语法浓缩为概括句意或中心思想的词组。‎ 例如：2008石家庄市高中毕业班第二次模拟考试题C篇 People say teenagers are no good. They make too much noise in shopping malls; they drive recklessly up and down America’s main streets; they carry chips on their shoulders as big as the SearsTower. And at least some of the time those things are true. But we shouldn’t forget that there are hard moments in the life of a teenager too.‎ I watched such a moment not long ago at a woman’s funeral. I didn’t expect the event to affect me. Through much of the ceremony, in fact I remained unmoved.‎ Then her teenage grandson stepped forward. With his first very deep breath, every heart in that church was achingly reminded of something we had all forgotten. Softly he began:“I want to share a few values that Nana taught me. She never failed to see light in any situation. If our family dog should attack her, what would Nana say?”“Oh, what beautiful markings that dog has!” That was Nana.‎ ‎“She was a strong woman who often lived in the shadow of my grandpa, who was a successful businessman in the city. But she was the one behind the scenes who provided the strength and support for Grandpa’s career,” he said, with a voice now trembling. “That was Nana’s way.”‎ Through a sob, he continued, “Whenever she did anything worth recognition, you’d have to hear about it from a different source, because she was never the one to brag.”‎ Finally, in a voice breaking free of sorrow, he looked up and said, “Nana taught me courage. She put up an incredible fight to the end, when she died peacefully, which is how she lived her life. That was Nana’s way, and I hope I can carry on in the asme manner.”‎ There are no hearts as sensitive as those of teenagers, because everything is happening to them for the first time. The trouble with the teenagers is that they haven’t learnt to be controlled.‎ When that boy rose to speak about the woman who surely had truest ally and dearest friend, his honest voice dragged each of us out into the open where could no longer hide in the calm ritual. He exposed us to the truth about this very real woman who believed in a boy who probably tried the patience of many adults. He reminded ‎ us that his grandmother was more than another dot on the chart of life and death.‎ All over again we felt those powerful losses crisscrossing our own hearts. As we know, when you say goodbye to a beloved grandparent, you say goodbye to something happy, something young in yourself, and even if something never really returns, the pain never really goes away.‎ ‎52. Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?‎ A. A Moving Funeral B. Are Teenagers Always Light-hearted?‎ C. Teenagers Are No Good D. A Teenager And His Grandma 分析：本文通过作者在一个葬礼上所看到的一位少年对其祖母的感情的表白，来说明青少年并非总是玩世不恭，因此本题正确答案应该是B，用疑问句作为文章题目更能引起读者的深入思考。‎ ‎〖第二招〗‎ 有些文章，比如记叙文，主题思想不是通过一两句话就可以表达的。这时就需要阅读全文，抓住关键字眼或主要论题来归纳文章主题。‎ 例如：2008河北省保定市高三模拟试题A篇 ‎“Jingle bells, jingle bells, jingle all the way…” goes the popular Christmas tune. With the song in my head, I felt a bit sorry for myself. Instead of rushing back and forth across a freezing school campus, I could have had a cozy Christmas dinner at home or enjoyed the fabulous fireworks lighting up campus at night. But this Christmas would not be celebrated as usual.‎ One month ago, all six girls in my dormitory (including me )had made detailed plans for a more-exciting-than-ever Christmas holiday. But one day we received an unusual mission: we were asked to organize a party that would be a fund-miser for mentally disabled children from the hospital. The children would perform on stage while volunteers offered food to the spectators and collect some money for the organization.‎ Naturally, we were supposed to support the ideas wholeheartedly, and we did. But the date of the show was set right on Christmas Eve! This meant that all our original Christmas plans would have to be set aside.‎ However, we took the plunge into preparations for the party. We spared no effort in organizing, designing, propagandizing, making contacts with the potential sponsors, negotiating and so on. We went through thick and thin and finally made it, though with a bit of reluctance.‎ Finally, Christmas Eve arrived. As I dragged myself into the auditorium, I discovered the notes of a beautiful Christmas song that immediately filled me with happiness. I looked to find the source of the song…it wasa group of children singing on stage. Though disabled, they appeared extraordinarily earnest and sincere in front of the audience. Everyone attending was deeply moved by the sight. People wanted to donate some money or show their support. The performance earned recognition and respect from all of us.‎ At that point, I found that all I had done in the one-month time was worthwhile. And all my classmates who had been participating in this Christmas party shared the same feeling: getting the true meaning of Christmas and receiving the love from one another.‎ ‎41. What would be the best title for the text?‎ A. Christmas on stage B. An unusual Christmas C. Christmas party D. Volunteers for disabled children 分析：本文是作者通过自己的一次圣诞晚会的经历，来表达他本人的心理变化。在圣诞节前的一个月里，作者和其他同学被安排为精神残疾的孩子组织一场圣诞晚会，作者心里很不情愿，所以在排练时敷衍了事，但当晚会开始时，他们听到了残疾孩子的合唱后深受触动，他们这时才觉得他们的这次圣诞活动非常有意义。文章中没有明确的主题句，但通过阅读我们可以理解到本文始终贯穿的一条主线就是“一个非同寻常的圣诞节”，所以这就是文章的主题，故本题选B。‎ 推理判断类 ‎【专家支招】‎ ‎ 考生做题时一定要整体理解语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去把握作者的“弦外之音”。‎ 首先，考生在阅读时，要抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章结构，根据上下文内在联系，挖掘文章的深层含义。在进行推理时，一定要仔细阅读短文，千万不可脱离原文，仅凭个人的看法主观臆断。‎ 其次，对于暗含在文章中的人物的行为动机、事件中的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、意图、态度、观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断、推理、分析，进一步增强理解能力，抓住材料实质性的东西。‎ 第三，在解答推理性问题时，应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用canning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，其解题的主要依据是文章的主题思想，然后再分析句子之间的逻辑关系，区分观点与例证（opinion and fact）、原因与结果（cause and effect）、主观点与次观点（main idea and supporting idea）。‎ ‎〖第一招〗抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理 做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正向推理，推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。‎ 第二招 整合全文（段）信息进行推断 做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目有关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论，忌“见树不见林”。‎ 例如：2007北京卷E篇 ‎①Brain-injured boy set for ‎1.75m payout A YOUNGSTER who was knocked off his tricycle by a serious brain injury is set to be awarded 1.75 million.‎ Fourteen-year-old George Currie, from Dalkeith was living in CountyDurham with his parents Allister and Paula at the time of the accident in September 1993.‎ George, who was then three years old, was riding his small tricycle along the pavement(人行道)when he lost control and swerved (突然转向) on to the road into the path of an on-coming taxi.‎ The driver’s insurance(保险) company has now accepted responsibility for the accident and New Castle County Court is expected to rule on the payout on Monday.‎ ‎② TOP 10‎ Florida‎ counties with the most accidents in 2007:‎ ‎1. Monroe (98)‎ ‎2. Palm Beach (65)‎ ‎3.Pinellas (64)‎ ‎4. Broward (59)‎ ‎5. Miami-Dade(54)‎ ‎6.Okaloosa (34)‎ ‎7. Orange (24)‎ ‎8. Bay (22)‎ ‎9. Lee (21)‎ ‎10. Collier (21)‎ Boating accidents reduce Lee and Collier counties tied at No. 10 for boating accidents in Florida in 2007, an improvement for both.‎ But because the counties remained in the top 10 among Florida’s 67 counties, safety continues to be a concern, officials said.‎ ‎③ Teens react to new law on driving permit Lawmakers may hope to make teenage drivers drive more safely, but tome local teens behind the wheel feel angry following the passing of Senate Bill 36 last week.‎ SB 36 is a law that limits times new teen drivers can drive and the number of ‎ passengers they can carry.‎ ‎④ Road accidents take costly toll Traffic accidents kill more than one million people each year, injure tens of millions more and cost developing countries twice as much as they receive in international aid, the leader of a research body said Wednesday.‎ The figures have led experts to form an international roadsafety network to choose the most important research areas, inform policy makers and help develop ways to prevent accidents, particularly in poor nations.‎ ‎75. Which passage would give more intormation on the prevention of road accidents?‎ A.① B.② C.③ D.④‎ 分析：此题需要综合全文信息进行判断推理。Passage “Brain-injured boy set for ‎1.75m payout”报道了被一辆出租车撞成严重脑伤的孩子等待了漫长的十年才得到赔偿的消息。文中没有提及防范交通事故的信息。排除选项A Passage “Boating accidents reduce”报道了boating accidents 的情况与road accidents 无关，故淘汰B项。Passage “Teens react to new law on driving permit”报道了十几岁的司机对《新驾照法》的反应，并没有提及road accidents,排除C项。Passage “road accidents take costly toll”先报道了世界上每年交通事故所付出的惨重代价（traffic accidents kill more than one million people each year, injure tens of millions more and cost developing countries twice as much as they receive in international aid, the leader of a research body said wednesday）然后专家建立一个国际道路安全网络去选择重点研究的地区，最后通知决策者找出防止交通事故发生的有效方法（the figures have led experts to form an international road safety network to choose the most important research areas, inform policy makers and help develop ways to prevent accidents, particularly in poor nations）故选D。‎ 第三招 利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断 几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图，因此利用好文章的语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子对我们掌握文章主旨大意，了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有好处。‎ 例如：2008浙江金华十校高三联考试卷E篇 Is it possible to persuade mankind to live without war? War has existed for at least six thousand years. It was always evil and usually foolish, but in the past the human race managed to live with it. Modern skill has changed this. Either man will end war, or war will end man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons(核武器) that cause the greatest danger, but bacteriological or chemical weapons may, before long, offer an even greater threat. If we succeeded in stopping war, there would be no danger for us. To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look upon international questions in a new way, not by contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is most skillful in killing people, but by talking in accordance with agreed rules of law. It is not easy to change old mental habits, but this is what must be attempted.‎ Some people hold completely false attitudes towards how to prevent war. In fact, they are willing to go to war in support of them. However the movements of the world opinion during the past two years has changed very largely such as we can welcome. It has become a common belief that nuclear war must be avoided. Of course, very difficulit problems remain in the international world but the attitude towards them is a better one than it was some years ago. It has begun to be thought, even by the powerful man who decide whether we shall leave or die, that agreements should be reached, even if both sides do not find these agreements wholly satisfactory. It has begun to be west, but between man and the bomb.‎ ‎56. from the first paragraph we can know that _____.‎ A. we may face greater threat from weapons B. chemical weapons are less dangerous than nuclear weapons C. man’s idea of victory has changed D. dangerous weapons are forbidden in modern society ‎58.The author believes that the only way to stop war is to ____‎ A. stop nuclear weapons ‎ B. settle international problems through agreements C. get rid of bacteriological and chemical weapons D. let the stong side take over the world ‎60. which of the following words can best describe the author’s feeling in writing this passage?‎ A. disappointed B. doubtrul C. worried D. hopeful 分析：本文介绍的是关于战争问题，作者说从6000多年前人们开始了第一场战争起，战争一直与人类历史并存，近年来随着着细菌武器，生化武器的不断升级和发展，人类的生存受到了前所未有的威胁和挑战，然而在作者看来，战争还是有可能会终止的。而以上的三个阅读理解理解都是属于推理判断题，尤其是第60题，要理解作者写这篇文章是怎样心情，我们必须要在阅读时注意作者所使用的一些有暗示意义的词句，如第一段最后一句“…it is not easy to change old mental habits, but this is what must be attempted.”“it has become a common belief that nuchlar was must be avoied ”“… but the attitude towards them is a better one than it was some year ago”等可知，作者对于战争的态度是忧心忡忡而又对其结束充满希望。‎ 文章的第一段先提到现今对人类生存威胁最大的是核武器，而后又说不久以后细菌武器和生化武器都将威胁人类的生存，由此可推断出人类将会面临越来越多的危险的战争武器，因此56题选A。纵观整篇文章，尤其是第二段中可知国际间的合作协议在制止战争中起着非常重要的位置，故58题选B。60题选D。‎ 第四招 根据文章的结论推断作者的态度 作者的态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。‎ 例如：前一招的第60题。‎ 第五招根据上下文的逻辑得出结论 逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路，预测下文可能发展的内容。文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系，对比关系来描写。必须注意的是：1、读者不可根据自己的主观臆断毫无根据地下结论；2、所得结论必须符合作者的意图。‎ 例如：NMET2007E篇 ‎66. According to the writer of the text, imagining the future will ____.‎ A. serve the interests of the present and future generations B. enable us to better understand human’s history C. help us to improve farming D. make life worth living 分析：首先作者提出自己的观点：However, most of our ideas about the future are really very short-sighted… so why bother even to try imagining life far in the future?然后提出正反两个次要观点去论述：First unless we remember how shout our own lives are compared with the whole human history, we are likely to think our own interests are much more important than they really are. Second, by trying to escape from present interests and imagining life far in the future we may arrive at quite fresh ideas that we can use ourselves(take action right away)(to make the world a better place in which to live).由第二个次要观点可判断上题答案为A。‎ 第六招 结合已有的知识进行推断 知识推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用自己掌握的基础知识进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论的一种推断方法。知识推断题一般都针对细节。解答此类题。不仅需要我们有一定的社会基础知识，而且需要对文章细节以及有关背景知识有一个充分的理解。‎ 例如：NMET‎1996A篇 ‎53. After reading the story what can we infer about the hospital?‎ A. It is a children’s hospital ‎ B. It has strict rules about visiting hours C. The conditions there aren’t very good D. The nurses and doctors there don’t work hard 分析：本文讲述了一位母亲采用拖地计谋混进病房近视女儿的故事。由常识可知医院内拖地并非医生护士的工作，选项D不对。C项与文中的it’s a fine hospital意思相矛盾。A项依据不充分，女儿未必是儿童。正确答案是B。文中I told her about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow则暗示此规章在探视时间上是严格规定的，而且在实际生活中我们都知道医院对探视病人是有严格规定的。‎ 第七招 根据文章的篇章结构去进行判断推理。‎ 根据不同文章的内容和写作目的，作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体。作者也会采用叙述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构。不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不同，阅读方法也应不同。增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量。‎ 例如：2008湖北卷A篇 ‎56. How does the writer explain birds singing?‎ A. By comparing birds with human beings B. By reporting experiment results C. By describing birds’ daily life D. By telling a bird’s story.‎ 分析：由文章第一、二两段：Have you ever wondered why birds sing? Maybe you thought that they were just happy. After all, you probably sing or whistle ‎ when you are happy. Some scientists believe that birds do sing some of the time just because they are happy. However, they sing most of the time for a very different reason. Their singing is actually a warning to other birds to stay out of their territory. 可知作者是把鸟儿和人类进行对比。答案为A。‎ 再如：2008浙江卷C篇 How is the text organized?‎ A. Topic-Argument –Explanation ‎ B. Opinion-Discussion-Description C. Main idea-Comparison-Supporting examples D. Introduction-Supporting examples –Conclusion 分析：本题正确答案为D。本文叙述了作者上学时在一个苹果加工厂打工的经历。作者在第一段提出在苹果加工厂工作的辛苦：工资低和工作条件差（the work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible）中间三段举例具体描述，最后一段得出“再也不愿意做”的结论（by I left I was determined never to go back there again）‎