新课标高考英语阅读理解细节理解主旨大意归纳法解题附带答案 9页

高三英语阅读理解---主旨大意（查找、归纳法）解题 ‎ ‎　 　‎ ‎ 导入：‎ ‎ 高考英语阅读理解考纲关于阅读理解部分考纲要求：‎ ‎ 阅读部分 要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：（1）理解主旨要义；（2）理解文中具体信息；（3）根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；（4）做出判断和推理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。‎ ‎ 高考英语阅读理解常见的设题形式有： 细节理解题、推理判断题、词意猜测题、主旨大意题。阅读理解的考题分为客观理解题Facts（文章中客观存在的事实，客观题的答案一般都可以在原文中找到，即文中的具体事实或者抽象概念。）和主观理解题（Opinions）（这类问题不可能直接从原文中找到答案，需要通过阅读文章对文章主旨和深层含义有更深的理解，并据此进行判断和推理。）‎ ‎ 今天主要处理的是主旨大意（归纳法）解题。‎ 阅读策略：主旨大意（查找、归纳法）解题 一篇文章一般表达一个中心或主题。这个中心或主题通常用一个句子来概括，此句叫主题句，这类题主要考查读者把握全文内容或理解中心思想的能力，也包括分析归纳文章段落大意、重要情节、人物特征、写作特点的能力。一般说来说明文和议论文都有主题句，而且多位于文章的开头，有时也位于文章的中间或末尾。但有时不能直接在文章中直接找到主题句，在弄清段与段之间逻辑关系的基础上自己归纳总结。主题句必须能简洁明了地概括全文的主要内容，具有高度的综合性和概括性，文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步的解释、说明、论证或拓展。‎ ‎　　常见的主旨大意题的考查形式：‎ ‎　　The text is mainly about ____.‎ ‎　　The main idea/The general idea/The main purpose is ______.‎ ‎　　What would be the best title /headline for the text?‎ ‎　　This article mainly tells about the story of ____.‎ ‎　　What is the topic of the text?‎ ‎　　The subject discussed in this text is ____.‎ ‎　　What does the second paragraph discuss?‎ ‎　　The paragraph (passage) deals with _____.‎ ‎　　What is mainly discussed in the text? ‎ 主旨大意范例 ‎ ‎1.Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. ‎ The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. ‎ We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time ‎ we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. ‎ The main idea of the paragraph is ________.‎ ‎2. When you are poor, you can also say you are very happy, because you have something else that can' t be bought with money. When you meet with difficulties, you can say loudly you are very happy, because you have more chances to challenge yourself. So you should always say you are happy.‎ The topic sentence of the paragraph is________________ ‎ ‎3. Some people like reading, and some people like swimming. I have many hobbies, such as reading, skating, and traveling. In fact, different people have different hobbies. My friend Ann studies very hard. So her hobby is reading all kinds of books. Tony loves working ‎ with her hands, and his hobby is gardening. ‎ The main idea of the paragraph is ________.‎ ‎4. Going green seems to be fad(时尚)for a lot of people these days. Whether that is good or bad, we can’t really say, but for the tow of us, going green is not a fad but a lifestyle.‎ On April22, 2011, we decided to go green every single day for an entire year. This meant doing 365 different green things, and it also meant challenging ourselves to go green beyond easy things. Rather than recycle and reduce our energy, we had to think of 365 different green things to do and this was no easy task.‎ ‎ What might be the best title for the passage?‎ A．Going Green. B．Protecting the Planet.‎ C．Keeping Open-Minded D．Celebrating Our Green Year.‎ ‎ 5. 自己需要归纳总结类的主旨类阅读理解 Everyone’s at it, even my neighbors. I thought I might be the only person left in the world who hadn’t done an eBay deal. So, I decided to try my hand at online auction(网上拍卖).‎ Buying for beginners: Sign up on www. ehay. co. uk. Most items (e. g. tables, computers, and books) ready for auction will come with a picture and a short description; others may be marked with “Buy It Now” and have a fixed price. You can buy these right away.‎ ‎　　If the item is being auctioned, you offer the highest price you are prepared to pay and eBay bids (出价) for you. The bid will be increased little by little until it goes beyond your highest bid, then you are emailed and asked if you would like to bid again. Auctions last up to 10days and when they finish you get an email telling you whether you have won the item.‎ ‎　　How to pay: Sellers decide how they would like to be paid and you need to check this before placing a bid as you might not want to post a cheque or postal orders. The easiest way is through PayPal, an online payment system that takes the money away from your credit card (信用).‎ ‎　　Selling made simple: If you plan to sell on eBay, it helps to include a picture of the item. I followed my friends' advice and put up the items I wanted to sell for a 10-day auction, starring on a Thursday. This way buyers had two weekends to bid.‎ ‎　　The big things in life: It' s easy to post a small item, but furniture is a big part of eBay and this has to be collected or sent by deliverymen. Cheek the ways of delivery before you bid.‎ ‎　　What is the passage mainly about?‎ ‎　　A. How to make payment online. 　　B. Ways of making delivery online ‎　　C. Advantages of an online-auction system.　D. How to use an online-auction system.‎ 第三部分 主旨类解题归纳总结 ‎(一)经验总结: 　　1.把握逻辑结构，提高这方面的能力对于阅读议论文或说明文尤为重要，在此类文章中常用某个细节来引出题目从而进行议论，在议论的过程中可能会出现一些论据或细节描述，这部分常被设置为此类试题的干扰项。‎ ‎2.找准主题句，主题句通常在文章句首，句中或句末，主题句表达中心思想，起主导作用，阅读时要对容易出现主题句的地方特别注意。‎ ‎(二)主旨大意题的错误选项有一下特点：‎ ‎　　1.以偏盖全。只是局部信息或者是一句没有展开论述的话。‎ ‎　　2.过于笼统。即归纳的主题太宽泛，与细节脱节或者是没有对细节加以充分论述。‎ ‎　　3. 把观点强加于作者。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。‎ ‎　　4.无关信息，即在文章中没有提到或者是找不到语言依据的信息。‎ 当堂检测反馈：‎ 主旨大意（查找、归纳法）解题经典应用 ‎ ‎ People who multitask all the time may be the worst at doing two things at once, a new research suggests. The findings, based on performances and self-evaluation by about 275 college students, indicate that many people multitask not out of a desire to increase productivity, but because they are easily distracted (分心) and can’t focus on one activity. And “those people turn out to be the worst at handling different things,” said David Sanbonmatsu, a psychologist at the University‎ of ‎Utah.‎ ‎ Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues gave the students a set of tests and asked them to report how often they multitasked, how good they thought they were at it, and how sensation-seeking (寻求刺激) or imperative (冲动)they were. They then evaluated the participants’ multitasking ability with a tricky mental task that required the students to do simple mathematical calculations while remembering a set of letters.‎ ‎ Not surprisingly, the scientists said, most people thought they were better than average at multitasking, and those who thought they were better at it were more likely to report using a cellphone while driving or viewing multiple kinds of media at once. But those who frequently deal with many things at the same time were found to perform the worst at the actual multitasking test. They also were more likely to admit to sensation-seeking and impulsive behavior, which connects with how easily people get bored and distracted.‎ ‎“People multitask not because it’s going to lead to greater productivity, but because they’re distractible, and they get sucked into things that are not as important.” Sanbonmatsu said.‎ ‎ Adam Gazzaley, a researcher at the University of California, San Francisco, who was not a member of the research group, said one limitation of the study was that it couldn’t find out ‎ whether people who start out less focused toward multitasking or whether people’s recognizing and understanding abilities change as a result of multitasking.‎ ‎ The findings do suggest, however, why the sensation-seeker who multitask the most may enjoy risky distracted driving. “People who are multitasking are generally less sensitive to risky situations.” said Paul Atchley, another researcher not in the group. “This may partly explain why people go in for these situations even though they’re dangerous.”‎ ‎67. The research led by Sanbonmatsu indicates that people who multitask________. .‎ A. seek high productivity constantly ‎ B. prefer handling different things when getting bored C. are more focused when doing many things at a time D. have the poorest results in doing various things at the same time ‎68. When Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues conducted their research, they ___________. .‎ A. assessed the multitasking ability of the students ‎ B. evaluated the academic achievements of the students C. analyzed the effects of the participants’ tricky mental tasks D. measured the changes of the students’ understanding ability ‎69. According to Sanbonmatsu, people multitask because of their __________. _.‎ A. limited power in calculation B. interests in doing things differently ‎ C. inability to concentrate on one task D. impulsive desire to try new things ‎70. From the last paragraph, we can learn that multitaskers usually__________. .‎ A. drive very skillfully ‎ B. go in for different tasks C. fail to react quickly to potential dangers ‎ D. refuse to explain the reasons for their behavior 高三英语阅读理解---细节理解（扫读法）解题、主旨大意（查找、归纳法）解题 ‎ 高三英语阅读理解---细节理解（扫读法）解题、主旨大意（查找、归纳法）解题 ‎ 参考答案：‎ 导入：‎ ‎ 高考英语阅读理解考纲关于阅读理解部分考纲要求：‎ ‎ 阅读部分 要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：‎ ‎（1）理解主旨要义；（2）理解文中具体信息；（3）根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；（4）做出判断和推理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。‎ ‎ 高考英语阅读理解常见的设题形式有： 细节理解题、推理判断题、词意猜测题、主旨大意题。阅读理解的考题分为客观理解题Facts（文章中客观存在的事实，客观题的答案一般都可以在原文中找到，即文中的具体事实或者抽象概念。）和主观理解题（Opinions）（这类问题不可能直接从原文中找到答案，需要通过阅读文章对文章主旨和深层含义有更深的理解，并据此进行判断和推理。）‎ ‎ 今天主要处理的是细节理解（扫读法）解题、主旨大意（归纳法）解题。‎ 阅读策略：主旨大意（查找、归纳法）解题 一篇文章一般表达一个中心或主题。这个中心或主题通常用一个句子来概括，此句叫主题句，这类题主要考查读者把握全文内容或理解中心思想的能力，也包括分析归纳文章段落大意、重要情节、人物特征、写作特点的能力。一般说来说明文和议论文都有主题句，而且多位于文章的开头，有时也位于文章的中间或末尾。但有时不能直接在文章中直接找到主题句，在弄清段与段之间逻辑关系的基础上自己归纳总结。主题句必须能简洁明了地概括全文的主要内容，具有高度的综合性和概括性，文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步的解释、说明、论证或拓展。‎ ‎　　常见的主旨大意题的考查形式：‎ ‎　　The text is mainly about ____.‎ ‎　　The main idea/The general idea/The main purpose is ______.‎ ‎　　What would be the best title /headline for the text?‎ ‎　　This article mainly tells about the story of ____.‎ ‎　　What is the topic of the text?‎ ‎　　The subject discussed in this text is ____.‎ ‎　　What does the second paragraph discuss?‎ ‎　　The paragraph (passage) deals with _____.‎ ‎　　What is mainly discussed in the text? ‎ 范例 ‎ ‎1.Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. ‎ The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. ‎ We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time ‎ we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. ‎ The main idea of the paragraph is _____ Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. ___.‎ ‎2. When you are poor, you can also say you are very happy, because you have something else that can' t be bought with money. When you meet with difficulties, you can say loudly you are very happy, because you have more chances to challenge yourself. So you should always say you are happy.‎ The topic sentence of the paragraph is___ you should always say you are happy.‎ ‎_____________ ‎ ‎3. Some people like reading, and some people like swimming. I have many hobbies, such as reading, skating, and traveling. In fact, different people have different hobbies. My friend Ann studies very hard. So her hobby is reading all kinds of books. Tony loves working ‎ with her hands, and his hobby is gardening. ‎ The main idea of the paragraph is ______ In fact, different people have different hobbies.__.‎ ‎4. Going green seems to be fad(时尚)for a lot of people these days. Whether that is good or bad, we can’t really say, but for the tow of us, going green is not a fad but a lifestyle.‎ On April22, 2011, we decided to go green every single day for an entire year. This meant doing 365 different green things, and it also meant challenging ourselves to go green beyond easy things. Rather than recycle and reduce our energy, we had to think of 365 different green things to do and this was no easy task.‎ ‎ What might be the best title for the passage?‎ A．Going Green. B．Protecting the Planet.‎ C．Keeping Open-Minded D．Celebrating Our Green Year.‎ ‎ 答案解析：主旨大意题。根据本文叙述了一家人环保生活的经历和效果，文章出现了出现了多次going green，点名的主题，故选A。‎ ‎5. 自己需要归纳总结类的主旨类阅读理解 Everyone’s at it, even my neighbors. I thought I might be the only person left in the world who hadn’t done an eBay deal. So, I decided to try my hand at online auction(网上拍卖).‎ Buying for beginners: Sign up on www. ehay. co. uk. Most items (e. g. tables, computers, and books) ready for auction will come with a picture and a short description; others may be marked with “Buy It Now” and have a fixed price. You can buy these right away.‎ ‎　　If the item is being auctioned, you offer the highest price you are prepared to pay and eBay bids (出价) for you. The bid will be increased little by little until it goes beyond your highest bid, then you are emailed and asked if you would like to bid again. Auctions last up to 10days and when they finish you get an email telling you whether you have won the item.‎ ‎　　How to pay: Sellers decide how they would like to be paid and you need to check this before placing a bid as you might not want to post a cheque or postal orders. The easiest way is through PayPal, an online payment system that takes the money away from your credit card (信用).‎ ‎　　Selling made simple: If you plan to sell on eBay, it helps to include a picture of the item. I followed my friends' advice and put up the items I wanted to sell for a 10-day auction, starring on a Thursday. This way buyers had two weekends to bid.‎ ‎　　The big things in life: It' s easy to post a small item, but furniture is a big part of eBay and this has to be collected or sent by deliverymen. Cheek the ways of delivery before you bid.‎ ‎　　What is the passage mainly about?‎ ‎　　A. How to make payment online.‎ ‎　　B. Ways of making delivery online ‎　　C. Advantages of an online-auction system.‎ ‎　　D. How to use an online-auction system.‎ ‎　　【点津】D本题考察考生对文章主旨要义的理解能力。四个选项均涉及到有关短文内容，但是通过比较其核心概念，会发现A选项为支付首段， B选项为交货方式， C选项为系统优势，D选项为使用方法。由此可见A、B、C三个选项都只涉及了短文部分内容，不具备概括全篇的作用。D选项包含所有内容，能够全面概括出短文的主旨要义。C选项由于说话方式本身具有概括意味，具有一定的干扰。‎ 第三部分 主旨类解题归纳总结 ‎(一)经验总结:‎ ‎　　1.把握逻辑结构，提高这方面的能力对于阅读议论文或说明文尤为重要，在此类文章中常用某个细节来引出题目从而进行议论，在议论的过程中可能会出现一些论据或细节描述，这部分常被设置为此类试题的干扰项。‎ ‎2.找准主题句，主题句通常在文章句首，句中或句末，主题句表达中心思想，起主导作用，阅读时要对容易出现主题句的地方特别注意。‎ ‎(二)主旨大意题的错误选项有一下特点：‎ ‎　　1.以偏盖全。只是局部信息或者是一句没有展开论述的话。‎ ‎　　2.过于笼统。即归纳的主题太宽泛，与细节脱节或者是没有对细节加以充分论述。‎ ‎　　3. 把观点强加于作者。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。‎ ‎　　4.无关信息，即在文章中没有提到或者是找不到语言依据的信息。‎ 当堂检测反馈：‎ 主旨大意（查找、归纳法）解题经典应用 ‎ ‎ People who multitask all the time may be the worst at doing two things at once, a new research suggests. The findings, based on performances and self-evaluation by about 275 college students, indicate that many people multitask not out of a desire to increase productivity, but because they are easily distracted (分心) and can’t focus on one activity. And “those people turn out to be the worst at handling different things,” said David Sanbonmatsu, a psychologist at the University‎ of ‎Utah.‎ ‎ Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues gave the students a set of tests and asked them to report how often they multitasked, how good they thought they were at it, and how sensation-seeking (寻求刺激) or imperative (冲动)they were. They then evaluated the participants’ multitasking ability with a tricky mental task that required the students to do simple mathematical calculations while remembering a set of letters.‎ ‎ Not surprisingly, the scientists said, most people thought they were better than average at ‎ multitasking, and those who thought they were better at it were more likely to report using a cellphone while driving or viewing multiple kinds of media at once. But those who frequently deal with many things at the same time were found to perform the worst at the actual multitasking test. They also were more likely to admit to sensation-seeking and impulsive behavior, which connects with how easily people get bored and distracted.‎ ‎“People multitask not because it’s going to lead to greater productivity, but because they’re distractible, and they get sucked into things that are not as important.” Sanbonmatsu said.‎ ‎ Adam Gazzaley, a researcher at the University of California, San Francisco, who was not a member of the research group, said one limitation of the study was that it couldn’t find out whether people who start out less focused toward multitasking or whether people’s recognizing and understanding abilities change as a result of multitasking.‎ ‎ The findings do suggest, however, why the sensation-seeker who multitask the most may enjoy risky distracted driving. “People who are multitasking are generally less sensitive to risky situations.” said Paul Atchley, another researcher not in the group. “This may partly explain why people go in for these situations even though they’re dangerous.”‎ ‎67. The research led by Sanbonmatsu indicates that people who multitask________. .‎ A. seek high productivity constantly ‎ B. prefer handling different things when getting bored C. are more focused when doing many things at a time D. have the poorest results in doing various things at the same time ‎68. When Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues conducted their research, they ___________. .‎ A. assessed the multitasking ability of the students ‎ B. evaluated the academic achievements of the students C. analyzed the effects of the participants’ tricky mental tasks D. measured the changes of the students’ understanding ability ‎69. According to Sanbonmatsu, people multitask because of their __________. _.‎ A. limited power in calculation B. interests in doing things differently ‎ C. inability to concentrate on one task D. impulsive desire to try new things ‎70. From the last paragraph, we can learn that multitaskers usually__________. .‎ A. drive very skillfully ‎ B. go in for different tasks C. fail to react quickly to potential dangers ‎ D. refuse to explain the reasons for their behavior 小题67:D 小题68:A 小题69:C 小题70:C 试题分析：中国有句古语云：一心不可二用。而最近的一项研究就表明。那些经常一心多用的人往往就是同时做两件事做的最糟糕的人。正是因为不能专注于一件事，才会同时多做几件事，结果可想而知。‎ 小题69:细节理解题。根据全文第一句话可知，一心多用，往往会把事情做得更糟糕。故选D。‎ 小题70:细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句话可知，然后他们要这些学生一面做一些数学运算, 一面记忆一组字母, 用这个很刁难的方法来测试这些学生一心多用的能力。和A项意思一致 。‎ 小题71:细节理解题。根据全文第二句的but because they are easily distracted (分心) and can’t focus on one activity.可知，许多人一心多用, 并不是因为他们想要增强工作生产量, 而是因为他们很容易分心或是不能专注于做一件事。故选C。‎ 小题72:推理判断题。由最后一段的People who are multitasking are generally less sensitive to risky situations.一心多用的人一般对危险的情形不太敏感。可知，对危险的事情，一心多用者往往对潜在的危险不能迅速判断。故选C。‎