高考英语复习_基础写作归纳及常见错误总结，精品资料 41页

高考英语基础写作 归纳及其常见错误总结 1. 一个黄金法则 与 [ 写作内容 ] 中规定的内容有关的，能写一点就写一点，哪个是不成句子的零星的一个或几个单词，也一定要写，千万不留空格！这是基础较差考生必须记住的黄金法则。 因为从近年广东高考英语阅卷情况看，只要能写出与写作内容相关的一个或几个单词就会给分！若能用正确的简单句表达全部内容的，可以得该题满分的 60% ，即 9 分，这已大大超过全省的平均分了啊！ 但是若是抄试卷中阅读理解等地方的段落或句子，或者乱写一些与写作内容无关的话，再写多些也是零分！ 2. 五个解题步骤 (1) 仔细审题 ①文章主题：做什么事？ ②写作原因：为何要写这篇文章？写给谁看？ ③ 内容信息：文章的内容要点？ ( 按照写作内容的顺序排列信息要点，尽量不要打乱顺序 ) ④ 逻辑顺序：尽量找出信息点之间的逻辑关系，如因果、转折、并列、条件等。 ⑤主体时态：主要用哪种时态？ ⑥主体人称：用第几人称来写？ (2) 列举提纲 ①根据图画或图表，图画外的所有中文说明，特别是 [ 内容要点 ] ，列出要点，然后根据这些内容要点，列出可能用到的关键词汇及句型； ②将关健词补充成结构完整准确的句子，表述所有内容要点。 (3) 连句成篇 按照上述构思后安排的写作顺序，使用恰当的连接性词语，连句成篇。为了确保只能用五个句子，此步可能需要用到合并句子等技巧。 (4) 认真誊写 连句成篇后，还要通读检查一遍，在准确无误后，用规范的书法认真誊写，整洁书写非常重要。 (5) 再度核查 ①查 内容信息 是否 完整。 ②查句子结构是否完整。如 英文句子一定要有主语和谓语 ，且在 人称和数 方面要注意主谓一致； 两个句子之间一定要有连词 。 ③查是否有单词拼写错误、时态错误等。 ④看整个语篇是否连贯。 3. 三个重要基础 根据广东高考基础写作的评分标准中“句子结构准确”的要求，我们必须具备有关句子结构的三点基础： (1) 掌握简单句的五个基本句型和 there be 结构。 所谓简单句就是由一个主语 ( 包括并列主语 ) 和一个谓语 ( 包括并列谓语 ) 组成的句子，即一个主谓关系的句子。 ①主＋谓： The sport first appeared in 1896. 这项运动最早出现于 1896 年。 ②主＋谓＋宾： We did a survey among 600 students. 我们在 600 个学生中作了一次调查。 ③ 主＋谓＋双宾： My parents bought me a pair of shoes. 我父母给我买了一双鞋。 ④主＋谓＋宾＋宾补： We painted the wall white. 我们把墙漆成了白色。 ⑤主＋系＋表： Our spelling becomes worse. 我们的拼写变得更差了。 ⑥ There be + 主语 (+ 地点 / 时间 ) There will be a football match between China and South Korea in Shanghai Stadium this evening. 今晚在上海体育馆有一场中国队和韩国队之间的足球赛。 特别提醒： 根据历年高考阅卷的情况，考生写句子最易犯的错是：不用 be 时却用了，或者该用 be 时却没用。因此，我们须注意： ①英语句子通常要有谓语动词，否则就不完整。如表达“他很累”，不能说 He very tired. 而要说 He is very tired. 因为 tired 是形容词，句中无动词，要加上 be 。切记：当句子意思好像完整，但句中没有动词时，一定要加上 be 。 ②当句中已有谓语动词时，若不是进行时态或被动语态，一定不要再用 be 。如表达“他昨天来过这里”，不能说 He was came here yesterday. 而要说 He came here yesterday. (2) 掌握并列句的结构。 所谓并列句就是两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子。即： 简单句 + 并列连词 (and, but, yet, or, etc.) + 简单句。如： Work hard, or you will fail. 努力工作，否则你就要失败。 I made no answer and she went away. 我没有回答，接着她就走了。 She invited me, but I turned her down. 她请了我，但我拒绝了她。 (3) 掌握主从复合句的结构。 复合句指的是含有两个或更多的主谓结构的句子，其中有一个 ( 或更多 ) 主谓结构充当整个句子的某一 ( 些 ) 成分。充当定语的句子 ( 有主谓结构 ) 叫定语从句，充当状语的从句叫状语从句，充当主语、宾语或同位语的从句叫名词性从句。主句与从句之间用从属连词 (when, before, until, unless, if, although, that, which, who, when, where, etc.) 连接起来。大体上可表述为以下两种结构： ① 主句 + 从属连词 + 从句 He was fond of drawing when he was a child. 他还是个孩子时就喜欢画画。 ②从属连词 + 从句，主句 When he was a child, he was fond of drawing. 他还是个孩子时就喜欢画画。 特别提醒： 凡是有两个或多个句子 ( 有主谓关系的称句子 ) ，若之间没有句号或分号，就必须要有连词，否则句子结构就不完整。 4. 五个重要巧技 因只能使用五个句子，若信息点较多，我们必须使用以下方法，合并整理句子结构，才能表达完所有的信息点，也只有这样才能提升句子的档次。 (1) 使用非谓语动词短语。 特别是分词短语作状语和作定语。 (2) 使用 with 的复合结构。 即“ with+ 宾语 + 宾补”。 (3) 用从属连词，合并为主从复合句。 特别要注意使用一两个限制性或非限制性定语从句。 (4) 用并列连词，合并为并列复合句。 如 but, and, while( 表对比 ), for( 表原因 ) 等。另外，表示“正在或正要做某事，突然又发生另一件事”的句型在写作中也经常用到： ① was/were doing sth. when…did…; ②was/were about to do sth. when…did…; ③was/were on the point of doing sth. when…did… (5) 一些特殊句型。如使用强调句、倒装句、感叹句、 there be 开头的句子、以 it 作形式主语或形式宾语的句子等。 5. 运用关连词语 篇章结构连贯是三大评分标准之一，因此，我们在写作时，除按逻辑组合信息点外，还必须学会灵活运用连接性词语。除上述提到的并列连词和从属连词之外，特别推荐使用以下连接性词语： (1) 表起始： first of all, to begin with, in my opinion, according to, as far as…I’m concerned, as you know 等。 (2) 表递进： besides, what’s more, moreover, furthermore, what’s worse = to make things worse = worse still, in addition to, still, even 等。 (3) 表并列： also, as well (as), or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, and, and then, both…and 等。 (4) 表因果： therefore, as a result (of), thanks to, due to, owing to 等。 (5) 表强调： above all, indeed, surely, certainly, of course, at least, obviously 等。 (6) 表解释： that is to say, in other words, believe it or not, to tell you the truth 等。 (7) 表比较： just as, just like, in the same way, more or less, similarly, instead 等。 (8) 表空间： on the left/right, to the left/right of, on one side of…on the other side of…, at the foot/top/end of, in the middle/centre of 等。 (9) 表时间： at first, in the beginning, next, then, later, now, about two months later, after a while, soon, afterwards, since then, meanwhile, in the end, at last, finally, for the first time, after that, the next moment, up to now, before long, from then on, sooner or later 等。 (10) 表总结： in short, in a word, in conclusion, in general, in brief, generally speaking, on the whole, to sum up, in all 等。 (11) 表转折或对比： yet, however, otherwise, on the other hand, on the contrary, in spite of, after all, in fact, as a mater of fact 等。 (12) 表列举或举例： for one thing…and for another (thing); first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), finally/ last but not least ( 最后但同等重要的 ); for example/instance, take…for example, such as, that is, as follows, and so on 等。 (13) 常用的放在句首，修饰整个句子的连接性副词 ： (un)luckily, (un)fortunately, hopefully, naturally, strangely, apparently, in this way 等。 写作中常见错误： 1). 动词与主语关系不清 误： I saw an old man going out of City Park and was about to cross Park Road. 正： I saw an old man going out of City Park and he was about to cross Park Road. 误： But the car ran off immediately instead of stopping to apologize to the man. 正： But the driver drove off immediately instead of stopping to apologize to the man. 误： The park should charge the entrance fee. 正： The entrance fee should be charged for parks. 正： People should pay for the entrance fee if they go to the parks . 2). 主谓不一致 误： Father and I am going to visit her. 正： Father and I are going to visit her. 误： There had many people on the bus. 正： There were many people on the bus. 3). 时态、语态混用 误： The meal is so nice that we all enjoyed it very much. 正： The meal was so nice that we all enjoyed it very much. 误： The old man knocked down by the car and injured badly. 正： The old man was knocked down by the car and injured badly. 4). 句子成分残缺 误： The young man running in the street fast. 正： The young man was running in the street fast. 误： They think whether go to college or not doesn’t matter. 正： They think it makes no difference whether they go to college or not 5). 中文式英语 误： Next month have a sports meeting. 正： Next month we will have a sports meeting. 误： Have some students think that college is so expensive that common families can’t afford it. 正： Have Some students think that the college tuition is so high that common families can’t afford it. 6). 名词单复数不分 误： He will give a talk on American film. 正： He will give a talk on American films . 误： He is one of the best player in our school. 正 : He is one of the best players in our school. 7). 赘词现象严重 误： At last, the lost boy returned back. 正： At last, the lost boy returned. 误： On one day, he went to the cinema. 正： One day, he went to the cinema. 2. 机械翻译 修改前： My hobbies are swimming, skating, collecting stamps, pop music. 修改后： In my spare time, I enjoy listening to pop music and collecting stamps. My favorite sports are swimming in summer and skating in winter. 修改前： In the daytime, we took lessons and had to do our homework. In the evening, we had to do our homework. 修改后： We have to go to school even at weekends and do much homework both in the daytime and in the evening. 误： In the past ten years, the village has taken place great changes. 正： In the past ten years, great changes have taken place in the village. 3. 句子之间的逻辑关系不清 误： It hit the old man down but the driver, a woman, didn’t stop her car. Finding she had caused an accident, the woman sped her car to flee away. The old man and I saw the car’s number. It’s AC864. The old man couldn’t move , I decided to help him. 正： It hit the old man down but the driver, who was a woman, didn’t stop her car. Finding she had caused an accident, the woman sped her car to flee away. Fortunately, I saw the car’s number. It’s AC864. Noticing the old man couldn’t move, I decided to help him. 4. 画蛇添足 、过多的长句使句子复杂化（语言不简洁） 修改前： A famous sportsman was giving a speech which was rather interesting. 修改后： A famous sportsman was giving an interesting speech. 修改前 Nowadays, some people are still cutting down trees without permission. The air pollution is becoming more and more serious which is caused by buses and cars. What’s more, so many rivers are polluted by dirty water which is from factory. In addition, sandstorm struck us now and then, from which we suffered a lot. 修改后 Nowadays, some people are still cutting down trees without permission. As a result , people have to suffer sandstorms now and then. What’s more, as buses and cars give off a lot of poisonous gases, the air is getting dirtier and dirtier. Moreover, there are many rivers polluted by dirty water from factories. The situation is becoming more and more serious. 修改前： As soon as came in, we heard some voice made by instruments. There were some students playing piano violin and so on . 修改后： As soon as we came in, we heard a piece of beautiful music played by the students by different instruments, such as, piano, violin and so on. 5. 过于简单的句子使文章缺少逻辑 性，可读性。 修改前 Yesterday, there was a policeman in the street. He stopped a car. The car was at the corner. It looked like a Honda. There was a boy on the sidewalk. He was riding his bicycle. The bicycle was a two-wheeler. The car nearly knocked down the boy. 修改后 Yesterday, a policeman stopped a car—Honda at the corner of the street, because it nearly knocked down a boy who was riding a two-wheel bicycle on the sidewalk. 修改前 Suddenly, a car run quickly from the third street and turned to the west. The car didn’t stop and hit the old man. The driver didn’t stop and have a look. The car ran away quickly. The car was yellow and the driver was a woman. 修改后 Suddenly, a car turned west from the 3 rd Street to the Park Road. It hit the old man, but it didn’t stop and ran away quickly. I noticed the car was yellow and the driver was a woman. 6. 正确使用从句为文章增色 修改前： We study in the new teaching building. It makes everyone excited. We walk in the building. We are happy. We can enjoy many paintings and handwritings. We use our own works to decorate it . It is cool. Our school provides us convenience. It is the goal of our school. The cabinet is an example. We bring many things to school. We can put them in the cabinet. There is hot water too. How can we keep the teaching building clean and beautiful? We are discussing it. 修改后： That we are studying in the new teaching building makes everyone excited. Even walking in the building brings us happiness for we can enjoy many paintings and handwritings. It is cool that we use our own works to decorate it . To provide us convenience is the goal of our school. The cabinet is an example. What we bring to school can be kept in it. Besides, whenever we are thirsty there is hot water. Now, how we can keep the teaching building clean and beautiful is being discussed.