上海市上海中学高三上学期周练英语试题一 13页

上海中学高三周考 II. Grammar and vocabulary Section A 10%‎ Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.‎ There seems never 21 (be) a civilization without toys, but when and how they developed is unknown. They probably came about just to give children something to do.‎ In the ancient world, as is today, most boys 22 (play) with some kinds of toys and most girls with others. In societies 23 social roles are rigidly determined, boys pattern their play after the activities of their fathers and girls 24 (prepare), even in play, to step into the roles and responsibilities of the adult world.‎ ‎ 25 is remarkable about the history of toys is not so much how they changed over the centuries but how much they have remained the same. The changes have been mostly 26 craftsmanship, mechanics, and technology.‎ It is the universality (普遍性) of toys with regard to their development in all parts of the world and their persistence to the present 27 is amazing. In Egypt, America,‎ China, Japan and among the Arctic (北极的) people, generally the same kinds of toys appeared. Variations depended on local customs and ways of life 28 toys imitate their surroundings. Nearly every civilization had dolls, little weapons, toy soldiers, tiny animals and vehicles.‎ Because toys 29 be generally regarded as a kind of art form, they have not been subject to technological leaps that characterize inventions for adult use. The progress from the wheel to the cart to the automobile is a direct line of ways up. The progress from a rattle (拨浪鼓) used by a baby in 3,000 BC to 30 used by an infant today, however, is not characterized by inventiveness (独创性). Each rattle is the product of the artistic tastes of the times and subject to the limitations of available materials.‎ Section B Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.‎ A. unwilling B. aggression C. necessarily D. felt E. tension F. area G. surprised H. clear I. range J. helpful K. relatively An addiction（瘾）is an activity or substance we are eager to experience repeatedly and for which we are willing if necessary to pay a price. Common addictions involve alcohol cigarettes food drugs gambling etc. This article discusses the concepts which can be ‎ 31 in coping with addictive behavior.‎ ‎ 32 minor addictions such as watching too much television or lying in bed on weekend mornings are often not even considered addictions because the price paid for engaging in them is not high. On the other hand we tend to use the term “addict” to describe the person who at least in the eyes of others continues to be addicted in a behavior long after it has become 33 that the substantial price being paid was not worth the benefit.‎ The individual who has lost career house family and friends because of cocaine (可卡因) use but is 34 to consider stopping is an unfortunate example.‎ Negative addictions range from those with very minor negative consequences to those as serious as the cocaine addict just mentioned with much 35 in between. Although it is not 36 true that a negative addiction grows stronger over time yet a constant level of addictive behavior (e.g. overspending $ 200 a week ) can lead to an increasing level of negative consequences.‎ You may be 37 to learn that addictions can also be considered positive. Positive addictions are those in which the benefits outweigh the price. A common example would be the habit of regular exercise. The price of membership in a gym the time involved and any clothing expense is outweighed by the benefits of better health energy self-confidence and appearance. As with negative addictions positive addictions may not get stronger over time and there is a broad 38 of how much benefit is actually obtained.‎ What is common to both positive and negative addictions is the urge to engage in the addictive behavior and the satisfaction that is 39 when the urge is acted upon. The urge is a state of 40 and expectation that is experienced uncomfortably as a desire for the substance or activity. Because we experience relief when the urge is acted upon there is an increased likelihood that we will act on the urge again.‎ II. Reading comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.‎ The importance of liking people is the subject of an article in the Harvard Business. Review，which has carried out an experiment to find out who we'd rather work with. Hardly surprisingly, the people we want most as our workmates are both: 41 at their job and delightful human beings. And the people we want least are both unpleasant and useless. More interestingly, the autors found that, given the choice between working with lovable folls and comptent jerks (性情古怪的人), we irresistibly choose the 42 . Anyway, who likes those who 43 or hurt other people? We might insist that competence matters more, but our 44 shows we stay close to the people we like, sharing information with them.‎ What companies should 45 do is get people to like each other more. The trick here is apparently to make sure that stuffs come across each other as often as possible during day. They also should be sent on bonding courses and so on to encourage friendliness and ‎ 46 displeasure.‎ ‎ 47 , more outdoor-activity weekends and shared coffee machines inspire no confidence at all. The 48 is that people either like each other or they don’t. You can’t force it. Possibly you can make offices fridendlier by tolerating a lot of chat, but there is a ‎ 49 cost to that. In my experience, the question of lovable fool against competent jerk may not be the right one. The two are interrelated: we tend not to like our workmates when they are completely 50 . I was once quite friendly with a woman whom I later worked with. I found her to be so 51 bad at her job that I lost respect for her and ended up not really liking her at all. Then is there anything that companies should be doing about it?‎ By far the most effective strategy would be to hire people who are all pretty much the same, given that 52 is one of the main determinants of whether we like each other. I think this is a pretty good ides, but no one 53 recommend this anymore without offending the diversity lobby group (游说团体). There is only one acceptable view on this subject: teams of similar people are bad because they stop creativity. This may be true, though I have never seen any conclusive proof of it.‎ Not only do we like similar people, we like people who like us. So if companies want to ‎ 54 more liking, they should encourage a culture where we are all nice to each other. The ‎ 55 is that this needs to be done with some skill.‎ 41. A. strange B. brilliant C. surprised D. absent-minded 41. A. former B. latter C. majority D. minority 42. A. hate B. fear C. doubt D. annoy 43. A. thought B. behavior C. expression D. appearance 44. A. further B. nevertheless C. therefore D. instead 45. A. break down B. talk to C. pick out D. hold out 46. A. besides B. Furthermore C. However D. Hence 47. A. impression B. reality C. practice D. custom 48. A. investment B. production C. operation D. productivity 49. A. valueless B. disabled C. hopeless D. careless 50. A. outstandingly B. inevitably C. hopefully D. forgetfully 51. A. appearance B. effectiveness C. distinction D. similarity 52. A. need B. dare C. must D. should 53. A. create B. discover C. promote D. place 54. A. strategy B. standard C. hope D. trouble Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.‎ A As a father of four, I’m concerned about how to lead my children to be good young men and women in such a turbulent time. I have studied philosophy, mysticism, and religion my entire life. They provide great lessons in responsibility and growth. However, I also recognize that, at least at this point in their lives, my children are not terribly interested in such subjects. While I was reflecting on this, I was reminded of a line in a song I had heard recently. It goes: “If you had only one chance to say something, what would it be?”‎ That night, I found my tow oldest kids lounging on the couch watching a TV show that featured violence, cursing and even some “adult scenes”. I quietly sat on a chair next to them. I saw my boy straighten up, and my girl pretended to ignore me. I didn’t make any usual comments about the pointlessness of such programs. I didn’t even roll my eyes, although this took some effort. I simply asked:‎ Can you tell me how this will make you a batter person?‎ Without a word, I got up and left the room. About ten minutes later, to my surprise, the children were in their rooms doing their homework and the television was silent. Remarkable. This philosophy can change the way we live our lives. For example, whenever I feel angry and get the urge to lash out, I ask myself: “How does this acting or feeling the way I do right now make me a better person?” I began to realize that rarely did my thoughts or actions result in self-improvement, so I made conscious effort to change my mindset and behavior.‎ We all want to be better fathers, mothers, sons and daughters. Better workers, better leaders, better lovers...... this list goes on. Sometimes succeeding in these roles can be tough. But one question aligns us with all those duties we possess to society and ourselves: “Is this making me a better person?”‎ Whatever I said, it worked. My daughter has begun watching nature programs instead of violent TV shows, and she decided to go to school to become a counselor. My son told me he wants to be a police officer. I’ve since thrown away all those parenting magazines and books I’ve collected over the years because I made more progress with a single question than I did with hundreds of pages of “experts” advice.‎ 41. When the writer found his kids watching inappropriate TV programs that night, he appeared .‎ A .calm B. indifferent C. critical D. anxious 57.How can this philosophy change the way we live our lives?‎ A. By calming ourselves down when we are angry B. By raising a question about our current action and feeling C. By helping us realize our need for self-improvement D. By providing us with new mindset and behavior 58. Why did the writer throw away his parenting magazines and books?‎ A. Because his kids had grown out of them B. Because they didn’t offer him any help.‎ C. Because that single question was more useful D. Because the expert advice was too much to follow 59.The wrote this passage to ‎ A. convince teenagers of the downsides to watching TV B. introduce a life philosophy by telling a parenting story C. inform the readers of how he helped hid kids set good goals D. call on other other parents to trust themselves instead of experts.‎ B When the people you know run more, you run more. And now there's data to prove it.‎ A new study published today in Nature Communications of the daily-recorded exercise patterns of more than one million runners over five years shows that exercise is socially contagious. Your knowledge of what your friends are doing can and will motivate you to do more. The work marks a watershed moment in the use of detailed fitness tracking data to understand health behavior and causal behavior change.‎ ‎"Knowing the running behaviors of your friends as shared on social networks can cause you to run farther, faster, and longer," said MIT Sloan Professor Sinan Aral, an author of "Exercise contagion in a global social network."‎ Aral and colleague Christos Nicolaides, a postdoctoral fellow at MIT Sloan, used a data set that recorded the geographic location, social network ties, and daily running patterns of more than one million people who ran 359 million combined kilometers (223 million miles) and logged those runs digitally in a global social network of runners over five years. The data contain the daily distance, duration, pace, and calories burned by the runners, recorded by digital fitness tracking devices. The results, said Aral, revealed "strong contagion effects."‎ ‎"On the same day, on average, an additional kilometer run by friends can inspire someone to run an additional three-tenths of a kilometer and an additional ten minutes run by friends can inspire someone to run three minutes longer," the authors wrote.‎ Historically, in the context of exercise, a debate exists about whether we make upward comparisons to those performing better than ourselves or downward comparisons to those performing worse than ourselves. Comparisons to those ahead of us may motivate our own self-improvement, while comparisons to those behind us may create "competitive behavior to protect one's superiority." According to Aral, there is evidence for both trajectories in the study, but comparisons to those better than us are more powerful.‎ Gender matters too. The contagion is most pronounced among men, with men influencing other men to run farther and faster. In this regard, men may be more competitive and, specifically, more competitive with each other. Influence among same sex pairs is strong while influence among mixed sex pairs is weaker. Both men and women influence men. However, only women influence women who have reported, in earlier studies, being more influenced by self-regulation and individual planning than by their peers.‎ 60. The word “contagious” in paragraph 2 most probably means ‎ A. infectious B. communicative C. motivated D. available 61. Jack and Tom both are friends and like running. They post their runs every day on social media. According to the research, if one day Jack ran for an hour and a half and Tom an hour, them how long would Tom most probably run the next day?‎ A.30 minutes B.63minutes C.69minutes D.90 minutes 62.Which runner tends to get the most powerful influence?‎ A. A man making upward comparisons to his female friends.‎ B. A man making upward comparisons to his male friends.‎ C. A competitive women making comparisons to her peers D. A self-regulated woman who prefer individual planning C The study of psychology is facing a crisis. The Research Excellence Framework (the Ref) has led to a research culture which is holding back attempts to stabilize psychology in particular, and science in general. The Ref encourages universities to push for groundbreaking innovative, and exciting research in the form of 4* papers, but it does not reward the efforts of those who replicate studies.‎ The point of replicating a study is to test whether a statistically significant result will appear again if the experiments is repeated. Of course, a similar result may not appear – casting into questions the validity of the results from the first experiment.‎ Last year, the Open Science Collaboration attempted to replicate 100 studies from highly ranked psychological journalists. While 97% of the original studies had a statistically significant result, just 36% of the replications had the same outcome. Equally worrying: when an effect did appear, it was often much smaller than previously thought.‎ Recent data calls into question some widely influential findings in psychological science. These problems are not confined to psychology however – many findings published in scientific literature may actually be false.‎ Science is supposed to be self-correcting and reproducibility is a cornerstone of the scientific method. Yet, we simply aren’t invested in replicating findings. We all want to be good researchers and understand more about how the world works. So why are we so reluctant to check our conclusions are valid?‎ Because no incentive is provided by the system we carry out our research in. In the UK, the Ref ranks the published works of researchers according to their originality (how innovative is the research?), significance (does it have practical or commercial importance?),‎ and rigour (is the research technically right?). Outputs are then awarded one to four stars. 4* papers are considered world-leading. The cumulative total of 3* and 4* papers determines research funding allocation and has a knock-on effect on institutional position in league tables ‎(排名表) and therefore attractiveness to students. Obviously, the more publications the better.‎ Worrying, many academics admit to engaging in at least one questionable research practice in order to achieve publication. Examples of this include: coming up with a theory after data is collected, stopping collecting data when an effect appears in case it disappears later, or only reporting the significant effects from collected data. Others simply fabricate data ‎– Dutch psychologist Diederik Stapel shockingly falsified data from more than 50 studies.‎ The Ref completely harms our efforts to produce a reliable body of knowledge. Why? The focus on originality – publications exploring new areas of research using new paradigms, and avoiding testing well-established theories – is the exact opposite of what science needs to be doing to solve the troubling replication crisis. According to Ref standards, replicating an already published piece of work is simply uninteresting.‎ With the next Ref submission just four years away, many researchers are effectively faced with a choice: be a good scientist, or be a successful academic who gets funding and a promotion.‎ 63. What crisis the study of psychology facing?‎ A. The Ref has led to a revolution in not only psychology but also science.‎ B. The universities are encouraged to generate more groundbreaking research.‎ C. The Ref tends to set up a different standard for replications of studies.‎ D. The Ref’s indifference to replications of studies has led to worrying effects.‎ 64. The Ref’s focus on originality has brought about .‎ A. a reliable body of knowledge B. publications exploring new areas C. tests of well-established theories D. uninteresting replications of studies 65. We can infer from the passage that the Ref .‎ A. is a system for assessing the quality of research in UK universities B. provides UK researchers with funding and job opportunities C. recognizes researchers’ work and adds to their attractiveness to students D. is planning to change its standard before the next Ref submission 66. What does the writer mean by saying “be a good scientist”?‎ A. Contribute to the solution to the replication crisis.‎ B. Reform the standards that have been set up by the Ref.‎ C. Give up possible funding and promotion given by universities.‎ D. Avoid using false research practices to test old theories.‎ Section C Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.‎ A. The parents’ refusal to admit these changes when the child knows them to be true makes impossible.‎ B. Most children have such a high ideal of their parents, unless the parents themselves have been unsatisfactory, that it can hardly hope to stand up to a realistic evaluation.‎ C. They may even make some unpleasant remark’s about the friends’ parents, and think of them as disloyalty.‎ D. Today we tend to go to the other extreme, but on the whole this is a healthier attitude both for the child and the parent.‎ E. What the child cannot forgive is the parent’s refusal to admit these charges if the child knows them to be true.67‎ F. They may even accuse them of disloyalty, or make some unpleasant remarks about the friends’ parents.‎ Parents are often upset when their children praise the homes of their friends and regard it as a slur (诋毁) on their own cooking, or cleaning, or furniture, and often are foolish enough to let the teenagers see that they are annoyed. 67 Such a loss of dignity and a kind of childish behavior on the part of the adults deeply shocks the teenager, and makes them decide that in future they will not talk to their parents about the place or people they visit. Before very long the parents will be complaining that the child is so secretive and never tells them anything, but they seldom realize that they have brought this on themselves.‎ Disillusionment(醒悟) with the parents, however good and adequate they may be both as parents and as individuals, is to some degree inevitable.‎ ‎68 Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they realized how much belief their children usually have in their character and correctness, and how much this faith means to a child. If parents were prepared for this teen-aged reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by offending and resisting it. The teenagers, with his passion for sincerity, always respects a parent who admits that he is wrong, or ignorant, or even that he has been unfair or unjust. 69‎ Victorian parents believed that they kept their dignity by retreating（伪装） behind an unreasoning authoritarian attitude; in fact they did nothing of the kind, but children were then too frightened to let them know how they really felt. 70 It is always wiser and safer to face up to reality, however painful it may be at the moment.‎ II. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.‎ ‎71. 新任的总统因军事危机而忧心忡忡。（concern）‎ ‎72. 即便他负担得起奢侈品，他也不会把钱浪费在不必要的东西上。（afford）‎ ‎73. 尽管他急需钱，但他不会想当然地认为尊严能换来钱。（desperate）‎ ‎74. 面对质疑和反对，他仍然坚持立场，毫不让步，这是他成为伟人的关键。（key）‎ 参考答案 ‎21. to have been 22. played 23. where 24. are [being] prepared 25. What 26.in 27.that 28.because 29.can 30.one ‎31-40 JKHAFCGIDE ‎41-55 BADBC DCBDA BDBAA ‎（A）：ADCB ‎（B）：CCB ‎（C）DBAA 67-80 FBED IV. Translation ‎71. 新任的总统因军事危机而忧心忡忡。（concern）‎ The newly-elected president was much concerned about the military crisis.‎ ‎72. 即便他负担得起奢侈品，他也不会把钱浪费在不必要的东西上。（afford）‎ Even if he can afford (to buy) luxuries, he won’t waste money on those unnecessary things.‎ ‎73. 尽管他急需钱，但他不会想当然地认为尊严能换来钱。（desperate）‎ Though he is desperate for money, he won’t take it for granted that dignity can be traded for money.‎ ‎74. 面对质疑和反对，他仍然坚持立场，毫不让步，这是他成为伟人的关键。（key）‎ Faced with doubts and objections, he still held his ground and never gave in, which was his key to becoming a great man.‎