新人教英语选修10高中Unit 1 复习学案 17页

Unit 1 Nothing ventured, nothing gained 一、核心单词用法例析 1. venture vt. & vi. 冒险；敢于去。。。。。。 n. 冒险行动；商业冒险，投机 Don’t venture too near the edge of the well; you might fall in.别冒险太靠近水井，那样你 会掉进去的。 He failed in his ventures.他投机失败了。 2. strengthen vt. & vi. 加强、巩固；变强 The wind strengthened during the night.夜晚，风吹得更大了。 3. bear n.熊、粗鲁的人、笨拙的人；vt. & vi. 负担、忍受、佩带、经得起、生育 She is nice but her husband is such a bear that nobody likes him.她很好，可是她丈夫非 常粗鲁，没有人喜欢他。 The sound of music was borne on the wind.音乐声随风飘扬。 She bore (has borne) her husband 5 children.她给她丈夫生了５个孩子。 注：bear 过去分词是 borne 和 born，born 只有在 were/was born 短语中。比如： I was born in Beijing in May. 4. delay vt. & vi.; n. （使）耽搁、推迟、延误 Don’t delay; act today.别拖延，今天就开始行动。 We decided to delay (going on) our holiday until next month. 5. crush vt. & vi. n. 压碎、弄皱、拥抱；塞、使挤入 This material doesn’t crush.这种料子不会打皱的。 The young mother crushes the baby into her breast 那年轻的妈妈把孩子紧紧地抱在怀 里。 6. rank n. vt. & vi. 排、横列、把．．．．．分等／评级；adj.繁茂、过于肥沃的、腥臭的[来源:.Com] Each rank has a name.每一个等级都有名称。 Taxis stand in a (taxi) rank waiting to be hired.出租车排成一列等候乘客。 Cut the rank grass.把这些繁茂的青草割掉。 7. select vt. & vi. adj. 挑选、选择、精选的 Most of the delegates to the conference are selected from advanced workers.大多数与 会代表是从先进工作者中挑选出来的。 8. collect vt. & vi. 收集、采集、集中、接走、堆积 I tried to collect my thoughts but was too excited.我试图集中思想，可是太激动了。 She’ll come around to collect her son.她会来接她儿子的。 9. swear vt. & vi. n. 宣誓、发誓、骂；誓言、骂人的话 He swore to obey.他发誓要遵守规矩。 10. freeze vt. & vi. n. （使）结冰、凝固、感到极冷、严寒期 Fresh water freeze at 0°C.淡水在零度结冰。 The road is frozen hard.路上的冰结得很厚。 11. gratitude n. 感激、感恩、感谢 She showed me her gratitude by inviting me to dinner. He sent me some flowers out of gratitude. 12. rarely adv. 稀少、不平凡地、极好地 Rarely have I seen such a rarely beautiful sunset.请比较：I have rarely seen…我很稀少 看到这么美丽的日落。 13. long adj. adv. n. vi. 长的、长期（地）、渴望（for） He is taking a long time to get there.他花了很长时间才到达那里。 I can’t wait much longer.我不能等太久。 Children are longing for the Spring Festival.孩子们渴望春节的来临。 14. tear n. vt. & vi. 眼泪、撕开、撕拽、扯 The little boy burst into tears when the sweets were taken away from in front of him. 当有人把糖从他面前拿走时，那小孩子放声大哭起来了。 This material tears easily, so be careful when you wear it.这布料很容易撕裂，你穿时要小 心。 15. struggle n. vi. 斗争、奋斗、努力、挣扎 With a struggle, he controlled his feelings.他努力控制住自己的感情。 He struggled to the surface as the water dragged him down.当水把他往下拽的时候，他 挣扎着浮到水面上来。 二、词组句型用法全解 1. set out 出发、开始、装饰、宣布、陈述、移植、设计 He set out to paint the whole house but finished only the front part.他开始粉刷整个屋 子，可是才刷完前面的那部分。 The wall was set out with pictures.这墙上被用画字装饰着。 真 题 ： It’s ten years since the scientist ____ on his life’s work of discovering the valuable chemical.(江苏) A. made for B. set out C. took off D. turned up 解析：此句意思是：自从那位科学家“开始”工作至今有十年时间了。故选 B。 2. give way to 给……让路、屈服撤退、跨掉 Don’t give way to grief.不要过度悲伤。 The barren land has given way to green vegetation.不毛之地已盖满葱绿的作物。 3. give off 发出（液体、气味、蒸汽、光等） What gives off a bad smell?什么东西发出臭味啊？ give off 和 give out 区别：give out：“分发、公布、耗尽”、“发出（气味、热）”。比如： The enemy’s supplies began to give out.敌人的供给即将耗尽了。 Tom gave himself out to be a good swimmer.汤姆自称是优秀的游泳选手。 4. remind sb of sth 提醒某人某事 The sight of this picture reminds me of my childhood.这幅画子使我想起了童年。[来源:Z。xx。k.Com] 5. stare at 盯着看…… It’s rude to stare at others.盯着别人看是不礼貌的。 6. on earth 究竟、在世界上。 “地球”还是要用 the earth 表示。 She is the most beautiful woman on earth.她是世上最漂亮的女人. What on earth are you doing there?你到底在那里干什么? 7. in sight (of ) 见到(。。。。。。) Peace is in sight at last after 2 years of war.经过两年的战争后，和平终于来临了。 8. above all 首先、最重要的 What we shall learn, above all, is how to study.我们首先（最重要的）是要学会如何学习。 9. deal with 与…… 做生意、应付、对付、安排、处理 Deal with a man as he deals with you.以其人之道，还治其人之身。[来源:.Com] 10. think of… 想、考虑、想到、想起。。。。。。 We are thinking of going to France for our holidays but we’ve not decided for certain yet.我们打算去法国度假，可是还没有最后确定下来。 11. be about to do sth 按计划安排即将要发生。。。。。。 When I was about to leave she came back.我正准备离去时她回来了。 I am not about to stop when I’m so close to success.我不会放弃的，因为我已成功在望了。 12. die down 渐渐消失、变弱 It took a long time for the excitement to die down.过了很长时间激动的情绪才平静下来。 13. be particular about… 挑剔、（过于）讲究 He is very particular about having his breakfast at exactly 8 o’clock.他非常讲究，要在八 点正吃早饭。 14. There’s no doubt that 毫无疑问。。。。。。 There’s no doubt that he will come.毫无疑问，他会来的。 注意：在否定结构中，doubt 后要用 that-clause，不能用 whether/if 从句。请比较： I don’t doubt that he will come.我毫不怀疑，他会来的。 I doubt whether it is true. 我怀疑这是否真实。 15. I don’t mind if… 我不在乎/不管 。。。。。。 I don’t mind if it is cold or warm.我不在乎天气冷还是热。 注意： 1）mind 后面可以接各种各样的连词引导的宾语从句。比如： I don’t mind how you do it, as long as you get it finished quickly.我不管你怎么做，只要你 能尽快地做完这件事。 2）在 would mind…句型中,从句用过去式（虚拟语气），表示“礼貌”。比如： Would you mind if I smoked in here? 但要说：Do you mind if I smoke in here? —Have some more beer?再喝一点啤酒吧？ —I don’t mind if I do.(= thank you, I like some)好的，再喝一点吧。 16. It’s clear that… 很明显。。。。。。 It’s clear from his actions that he loves her.从他的行动看，他很明显爱上了她。 It’s clear that we should read aloud more in the morning.很显然，我们在早晨要多朗读。 17. What qualities do you think…..? 你（们）认为。。。。。。什么样的品质？do you think 是插 入语，是用来征求别人的意见和看法。请比较： Whose opinion is right? Whose opinion do you think is right? （你认为）谁的看法正确？ 三、课文长句难句剖析 1. The smell is, as usual, almost unbearable, being a mixture of sweat, seal oil fat, and dirty underwear. 剖析：being a mixture of sweat, seal oil fat, and dirty underwear 是现在分词短语，作表 语 unbearable 的补语，进一步解释 unbearable 的原因。 译文：气味像平时一样几乎让人无法忍受,有汗味、海豹油味，还有肮脏内衣的气味。 2. I try to think of happier things: warm and dry clothes, a cosy bedroom, sunny days, my mother’s face and the celebration we will get when we return, for I am part of a failed expedition that tried to cross the continent of Antarctica, something that had never been done before. 剖析：try to 的意思是：努力去做。。。。。。／试图想要。。。。。。（但往往没有做成功） 比如： Jack tried to stand up on the head but (he) failed.杰克想用头着地倒立，可是没有立起来。 think of 是“想起、想到、认为”等意思。比如：She felt afraid when she thought of the story his boy friend told her the other day.她一想起男朋友那天给她讲的故事就感到害怕。 3. … for I am part of a failed expedition that tried to cross the continent of Antarctica, something that had never been done before. for 引导的“顺便表示原因的”状语从句。比如：Tom didn’t come today for he is ill.汤姆今天 没来，因为他生病了。Because 是用来回答 why 提出的问题的，语气最强；since 引导原因状 语从句时，含有“前提条件、前提原因”的意思。比如：——Why didn’t you come to my birthday party last weekend? 你为什么不来参加我上一个周末的生日聚会？ ——Because I was away on business in Shanghai. 因为我出差在上海呢。Since this method doesn’t work, let’s try another.既然这个方法不行，我们试用另一种吧。在这个状语从句里包含两个 that 引导 的定语从句，分别修饰 expedition 和 something，something 指 to cross the continent of Antarctica 这一件事。 注意：“。。。中的一员”英语要说成：… be part of … 。part 前面不能有冠词 a，比如：Our class is a big family and everyone here is part of this big family.我们班级是个大家庭，在 座的每一个人都是这个家庭中的一员。 Something 意思是“重要的～、了不起的、含糊的概念”等。比如：At least we didn’t lose any money. That’s something. 至少我们没有丢钱。这才是最重要的。 译文：我竭力地想着更加高兴的事情：温暖干燥的衣服、一张舒适的床、阳光灿烂的日子、妈 妈的面庞和我们回到家时我们将要得到的庆祝，因为我是试图横穿南极大陆这个失败的探险队 里的一员，这也是史无前例壮举。 真题：Playing tricks on others is _____ we should never do.(04 湖南) A. anything B. something C. everything D. nothing 解析：something 指不明确、含糊的事情。故选 B。 4. So it was with great excitement one morning in July 1914 that I read this advertisement:… 这是强调结构的句子，with great excitement one morning in July 1914 是“被强调部分”。这 种强调结构可以被用来对句子的主语、宾语、状语等进行强调。比如： I met your parents in the street yesterday.我昨天在街上遇见你爸爸妈妈了。 It was I that/who met your parents in the street yesterday.（强调“我”遇见～，不是“其 他的人”） It was in the street that I met your parents yesterday.（强调“在街上”不是别的地方） It was yesterday that I met your parents in the street.（强调“昨天”不是其他的时间） 要注意从句里的主谓一致。比如： Tom has done this . It was Tom that/who has done this. 对句子的谓语动词强调用 do 的适当形式。比如： When rescue did come, we felt such relief and joy that many of us could not hide our tears. Tom did break the cup this morning. She does know the good news. We do want to help you with your maths. 5. He made me a steward to help cook twenty-eight meals three times a day. 剖析：to help cook twenty-eight meals three times a day 是结果状语，不是 made 的宾语 补语。 译文：他让我做船上的善务员，协助做２８个人的一日三餐饭菜。 真题：An awful accident _____ , however, occur the other day. A. does B. did C. has to D. had to 解析：该句意思：可是，有一天的确发生了一件严重的事故。是过去时态，只能用 did 强调 occur,故选 B。 6. Calling us calmly together, he made an urgent announcement that we must save only essential supplies before the ship sank, particularly the small boats, food, cooking equipment, candles, bedding and clothes. 剖析：现在分词短语 calling us calmly together 作状语，句子主语 he 执行该动作，但是，如 果用 having called us calmly together（现在分词的完成式）会更好，和 made 在时间的层 次上显得更加清楚；that 引导同谓语从句，解释 announcement 的内容。 译文：他镇静地把我们叫到一起，紧急宣布在船沉下去之前我们必须抢出一些基本的供给品， 尤其是小船、食物、烹饪用具、蜡烛、床上用品和衣服。 真题：_____such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered 解析：“已经遭受。。。”要用现在分词完成时态表示。故选 A。 真题：_____ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed 解析：非谓语动词的否定式，“过去没有做完，所以再逗留二周”。故选 C。 7. No rescue attempt could be expected from outside as nobody knew where we were. 剖析：could be expected…是被动语态，强调事实(fact)。as nobody knew where we were 是原因状语从句，是 as 从句中 knew 的宾语。 译文：因为无人知道我们在什么地方，所以别指望任何外部救援。 8. What Shackleton and his men must have felt doesn’t bear thinking about. 剖析：结构表示对过去的“肯定猜测”。比如：The headmaster must have gone to bed, for there’s no light in his room.校长一定已经睡觉了，因为他的房间里没有灯光了。 译文：沙克尔顿和他的手下人肯定感觉到的东西是经不起推敲的。 真题：Sorry I’m late. I ____ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again. A. might B. should C. can D. will 解析：情态动词在该句中需要表示“推测”。故选 A。 真题：—Are you coming to Jeff’s party? —I’m not sure. I ____ go to the concert instead. A. must B. would C. should D. might 解析：情态动词在该句中需要表示“推测”。故选 D。 9. It’s no wond er that Frank Wild, the kindest of men, describes “crying like a baby” when he saw Shackleton return at last with the rescue party. 剖析：这是复杂的主从复合句。It’s no wonder 是 naturally／of course 的意思。that…是宾 语从句；when …是宾语从句中的时间状语从句，return…是动词不定式短语作 saw 的宾语补 语。 译文：怪不得，那个最善良的人弗兰克。沃尔德描述道：当他们看到沙克尔顿终于带着营救队 返回来时他们像孩子般地大哭起来了。 10. Left behind, we watched as Shackleton and the boat sailed away from Elephant Island. 剖析：过去分词短语 left behind 既是时间状语又是伴随状语，主句主语 we 承受 leave 的动 作，所以用过去分词（请比较“课文难句剖析６”）。 as Shackleton and the boat sailed away from Elephant Island 是时间状语。 译文：我们被留在后面，注视着沙克尔顿和他的小船驶离象鼻岛。 真 题 ： ____ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States. A. Being founded B. It was founded C. Founded D. Founding 解析：过去分词短语表示１）被动，句子主语承受该动作；２）过去已发生。故选 C。 11. The danger of what lay ahead of them, the chances of them ever returning to find us, the fear that we might never know their fate and possible delays, at first made us feel low and discouraged. 剖析：“of what lay ahead of them”、 “of them ever returning to find us” 和“that we might never know their fate and possible delays”分别作定语修饰其前面的名词：“the danger， the chance 和 the fear” 。这三个名词是并列的主语，made 是谓语。 译文：他们将面临的危险、回来寻找我们的机会、无从知晓他们的命运以及可能出现的耽搁， 起初使我们情绪低沉沮丧。 四、语法知识归纳梳理 本单元主要学习定语。英语中作定语的结构比较多：单个的词（形容词、名词、数量词、形容 词性物主代词及少数副词等）、短语（形容词性短语、名词短语、非谓语动词短语）、从句（限 制性定语从句、非限制性定语从句）。定语是高考中重要的采分点，也是进一步学习英语的基 础。现分述如下： １、单个的词做定语： This is a valuable lesson Robert learned from the spider.这是罗伯特从蜘蛛那里学到的很 有价值的一课。 The tea cup was broken by Tom yes terday.那茶杯是汤姆昨天打坏的。 I was made to help cook twenty-eight meals three times a day.我被迫一日三餐帮助做二 十八个人的饭菜。 The boy asleep (=The sleeping boy）was adopted by the couple.睡觉的孩子是那对夫妇领 养的。 The people there are all from a bankrupt factory.那里的那些人都是来自一个破产的工厂。 注意：１）以 a-开头的形容词通常只作表语，作定语时要后置；副词和非限制性结构的短语 作定语也要后置。２）名词做定语表示被修饰词的用途、制作用的原料、时间、空间、地点等； 而形容词做定语只对被修饰词进行描述。 真题； １．When we plan our vacation, mother often offers _____ suggestions. ２．A. careful B. practical C. effective D. acceptable 解析；practical 和 suggestions 搭配，该句的逻辑才通顺：“可行的建议”。故选 B。 ２．—I’m very _____ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious. —Mmm, it does have a _____ smell. A. pleasant; pleased B. pleased; pleased; C. pleasant; pleasant D. pleased; pleasant 解析：be pleased with 是“对某事满意”意思；pleasant 是“令人愉快”意思。故选 D。 ２、短语做定语： Shackleton threw some gold coins and his gold watch onto the ice. 沙克尔顿把一些金币 和他的金表扔到了冰上。 Tom Orde-Lees is a selfish and bad-tempered member of the crew and his attitude may upset other people.汤姆·奥德·利兹是船员中自私而又脾气暴躁的人，他的态度会使别人不安。 He is a man of good manners. 他是很有礼貌的人。 真题： １．All the people _____ at the party were his supporters. ２．A. present B. thankful C. interested D. important 解析：(be) present at 是“出席”的意思。故选 A。 ２．_______ students are required to take part in the boat race. ３．A. Ten strong young Chinese B. Ten Chinese strong young C. Chinese ten young strong D. Young strong ten Chinese 解析：该题考察作定语的几类词的“语序”。通常是：数词／冠词／或其他限定词＋形容词（两 个或更多的形容词，其序是“从抽象到具体”）＋做定语的名词＋被修饰名词。故选 A。 ３．The _____ house smells as if it hasn’t been lived in for years. A. little white wooden B. little wooden white C. white wooden little D. wooden white little 解析：道理与上一题相同。故选 A。 ４．John Smith, a successful businessman, has a ______ car. A. large German white B. large white German[来源:学&科&网] C. white large German D. German large white 解析：道理与第２题同。故选 B。 ５．Our neighbor has ______ ours. A. as a big house as B. as big a house as C. the same big house as D. a house the same big as 解析：在 as…as 结构中，第一个 as 是副词,第二个 as 是连词，as big 是形容词短语,修饰名词 短语 a house。故选 B。 ３、非限制性结构做定语： …Shackleton explained his plan to save us…….，沙克尔顿就解释他要救我们的计划。 The money collected to help the Hope School hasn’t been sent out yet.（collected 后置 侧重表示被动）被募集起来帮助希望小学的款还没有寄出呢。 The girl standing by the door is my niece.站在门旁的女孩是我的侄女。 The sleeping child is very naughty.在睡觉的那个男孩很淘气。 真题： 1. I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ____ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects 解析：不定式作定语修饰 what，其他选项不能和 what 形成搭配。故选 B。 2. The picture _____ on the wall is painted by my nephew. A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung 解析：现在分词作后置定语，相当于省略的定语从句。故选 B。 3. Prices of daily goods ____ through a computer can be low than store prices. A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying 解析：过去分词作定语表示“被动”和“已发生”。故选 B。 4. I’m going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything _____ ? A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought 解析：不定式作 anything 的定语，意思是：要买的东西。故选 B。 5. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, _____ as 3M. A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known 解析：过去分词短语作定语，等于 which is known as…非限制性定语从句。 故选 B。 6. The old man, _____ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked 解析：逗号之间的部分是非限制性定语从句，等于 who has worked abroad… ，故选 D。 7. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _____ in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed 解析：现在分词做定语，等于 that/which form in your mind。故选 C。 8. The flowers _____ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt 解析：道理与７小题同。故选 B。 9. The disc, digitally _____ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded 解析：道理与第３、５小题同。故选 A。[来源:] 10. Sarah , hurry up. I’m afraid you won’t have time to _____ before the party. A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change 解析：该题考查 get 的搭配。get done 是半／准被动语态，表示状态。故选 A。 ４、从句做定语：（常用的引导词：which, that, who, whom, whose, as, when, where, why 等） I yell in a hoarse voice that I hardly recognize as my own. 我用自己都辨认不出来的沙哑 声音尖叫着。 The old man whose daughter is a nurse was a headmaster.女儿是护士的那位老人过去当校 长。 The old man, whose daughter is a nurse, was a headmaster.那位老人，他的女儿是护士， 过去当校长。 The building which was painted in red was built in the 1990s.那座粉刷成红色的建筑是上 世纪 90 年代建造的。 As everybody knows, Jones married Mark.众所周知，琼斯嫁给了麦克。 Jones married Mark, as/which everybody knows. 琼斯嫁给了麦克，正如大家所知／这件事 大家都知道。 注意：定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。that 不能引导非限制性定语从句， 在定语从句中也不能直接放在介词后面；但是定语从句的先行词是两种或两种以上不同类的名 词或先行词受到某些特殊词（allonlyanyfirstlastvery形容词的最高级、序数词等）修 饰，则要用 that 代替 which 引导定语从句。 真题： 1. Anyway, that evening, _____ I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachle’s place. A. when B. where C. what D. which 解析：which 引导非限制性定语从句，代替 that evening,在从句里做 about 的宾语。故选 D。 2. _____ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. A. Which B. When C. What D. As 解析：as 引导的非限制性定语从句在位置上灵活，可以放在句首、句中、句末，在意思上含 有“比较”义。故选 D。 3. Luckily, we’d brought a road map without _____ we would have lost our way.(2004 北 京) A. it B. that C. this D. which 解析：在定语从句中，引导词 that 不能直接放在介词后。故选 D。 4. The result of the experiment was very good, _____ we hadn’t expected. A. when B. that C. which D. what 解析：which 引导非限制性定语从句，代替主句所讲的事情；that 不能引导非限制性定语从 句；what 不能引导定语从句。故选 C。 5. These houses are sold at such a low price ____ people expected. A. like B. as C. that D. which 解析：该题１）涉及 such…as 结构；２）as 引导此定语从句含“比较”意——正如人们所期盼的 那样。故选 B。 6. Have you seen the film “Titanic”, _____ leading actor is world-famous?(2001 上海) A. its B. it’s C. whose D. which 解析：在定语从句本身做定语，只能用 whose。故选 C。 7. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, ____ , of course, made the others envy him. A. who B. that C. what D. which 解析：同第四小题。故选 D。 8. He’s got himself into a dangerous situation _____ he is likely to lose control over the plane. A. where B. which C. while D. why 解析：该定语从句的先行词是 situation，where 在从句本身做地点状语。故选 A。