上海市上海中学2021届高三上学期英语9月摸底英语试题 Word版含解析 37页

上海中学高三英语上 9 月测试 II.Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions:Read the following passage. Fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent. For the blanks with a given word,fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word. For the other blanks,fill in each blank with one proper word. Make sure that your answers are grammatically correct. Of the many factors that contribute to poor performance on standardized tests like the SAT, nerves and exhaustion, surprisingly, ___1___ not rank very high. In fact, according to a new paper published in Journal of Experimental Psychology, a little anxiety – not to mention fatigue – might actually be a very good thing. The study was conducted by psychology professors Phillip Ackerman and Ruth Kanfer. They recruited 239 college freshmen, each ___2___ (agree) to take three different versions of the SAT reasoning test ___3___ (give) on three consecutive Saturday mornings. The tests would take three-and-a-half hours, four-and-a-half hours and five-and-a-half-hours, and would be administered in a random order to each of the students. ___4___ (boost) the stress level in the students – who had already taken the SAT in the past and gotten into college – Ackerman and Kanfer offered a cash bonus to any volunteers who ___5___ (beat) their high-school score. ___6___ the test began on each of the three Saturdays, the students filled out a questionnaire that asked them about their fatigue level, mood and confidence. They completed the questionnaire again at a break in the middle of the test and once more at the end. Together, all of these provided a sort of fever chart of the students’ energy and anxiety___7___ the experience. When the researchers scored the results, it came as no surprise that volunteers’ fatigue and stress rose steadily ___8___ the test got longer. ___9___ was unexpected was their corresponding performance: as the length of the test increased, so ___10___ the students’ scores. The average score on the three-and-a-half-hour test was 1209 out of 1600. On the four-and-a-half-hour version it was 1222; on the five-and-a-half-hour test it was 1237. 【答案】1. may 2. agreeing 3. given 4. To boost 5. (would) beat 6. Before 7. throughout / during 8. as 9. What 10. did 【解析】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了心理学教授菲利普·阿克曼和露丝·坎弗主持的研究，研究 表明适当的疲劳和焦虑对考生有好处。 【1 题详解】 考查情态动词。根据下文可知，此处要表达：令人惊讶的是，在导致 SAT 等标准化考试成 绩不佳的诸多因素中，神经紧张和疲惫可能排在前列的并不多。设空后的动词 rank 前需要 情态动词 may，故填 may。 【2 题详解】 考查非谓语动词。设空处所在部分前是个句子，故此部分是做前面句子的状语，所给提示词 为动词，要用其非谓语形式，agree 以 each 之间主动关系，故填 agreeing。 【3 题详解】 考查非谓语动词。根据句式结构可知，设空处所给提示词要修饰前面的名词 test 做其后置定 语，提示词与 test 之间是被动关系，过去分词表被动，修饰名词常位于名词之后，故填 given。 【4 题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：为了提高学生的压力水平——这些学生过去已经参加了 SAT 考试 并进入了大学——阿克曼和肯弗尔向任何超过他们高中成绩的志愿者提供现金奖励。根据句 意可知，设空处是做句子的目的状语，动词不定式可以作目的状语，位于句首，首字母要大 写，故填 To boost。 【5 题详解】 考查时态。根据上文可知，此处是指研究中承诺谁若是赢得高分便可得奖金，此处要用过去 将来时，would do，故填 would beat。 【6 题详解】 考查状语从句。句意：在这三个星期六的每一天考试之前，学生们填写一份问卷，询问他们 的疲劳程度、情绪和信心。根据下文在考试休息是和考试结束后都要学生填写问卷可知，此 处是指考试之前也要填写，故填 before。 【7 题详解】 考查介词。句意：所有这些加在一起，提供了一种学生在试验期间精力和焦虑的发烧图表。 根据句意可知，此处是指在试验期间，故填 throughout/during。 【8 题详解】 考查状语从句。句意：随着测试时间的延长，志愿者们的疲劳和压力持续上升也就不足为奇 了。根据句意可知，此处需要连词 as，as 是连词，有“随着….”的意思，引导时间状语从 句，故填 as。 【9 题详解】 考查名词性从句。句意：令人意外的是他们的相应表现。这是个主语从句，从句中缺少主语， 结合句意，故填 What。 【10 题详解】 考查倒装。句意：随着考试时间的延长，学生们的分数也提高了。此处是 so 用于与上述情 况一致时的常使用倒装形式，so+助词+主语，结合上文可知，此处是过去式，谓语是实意 动词，故需要助词 did，故填 did。 Section B Direction: Complete the following passages by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once.Note that there is one word more than you need. （A) 从方框里选择合适的词语的适当形式填空。 A.qualifying B.difficult C.distant D.disappointment E.crash AB. undeniable AC.memory AD.scoring AE.sour BC.make BD.work Germany Crashes Out of World Cup Germany became the latest defending champion to crash out of the World Cup at the first hurdle, part of a trend but definitely not part of the plan when Germany arrived here. A smooth-running___11___machine when it won the Cup in 2014, Germany now appears in need of a reform after losing,2-0,to South Korea here on Wednesday and saying goodbye to Russia about three weeks earlier than many expected. It has been the earliest exit for a German team at the World Cup since 1938,which seems even more ___12___when you consider Hitler was then the country's leader and only 15 teams participated. With stars like Kroos, Mesut Özil and Mats Hummels, Germany won every match in___13___for this World Cup, the first German team to do so. But it could not even___14___it out of the group phase in Russia. There seems to be a World Cup curse at___15___.Since the 1998 edition, the defending champion has been eliminated in the group phase on four occasions: France in 2002, Italy in 2010, Spain in 2014 and now Germany. But this team's early exit was still a(n)___16___shock, and Joachim Löw, the German coach since 2006, used that same word—"shock," in his own language-to describe the experience on Wednesday. “The___17___of being eliminated is just huge,” said Löw, who added that the team deserved to go out early. “It turned___18___. I must take responsibility for this.” A four-time World Cup winner, Germany was a finalist in 2002, third in 2006 and 2010 and the champion in 2014 after dealing the host nation of Brazil a 7-1 defeat in the semifinals, the ___19___of which still leaves many Brazilians in pain. The Germans certainly have historical company, however. The list of defending champions to lose very early shows how____20____it is to maintain momentum and focus with national teams whose players practice and play together much less frequently than they do with their clubs. 【答案】11. AD 12. C 13. A 14. BC 15. BD 16. AB 17. D 18. AE 19. AC 20. B 【解析】 这是一篇说明文。主要说明了德国成为世界杯卫冕冠军中最新的一个在在小组赛就被淘汰出 局的卫冕冠军，介绍了德国足球队的相关情况。 【11 题详解】 考查固定短语。句意：德国队在 2014 年赢得世界杯时是一台运转流畅的记分机，但周三在 这里以 0 比 2 输给了韩国队，而且比很多人预期的时间提前了大约三周，现在看来德国队需 要进行改革。结合句意表示“记分机”可知短语为 scoring machine。故填 scoring。故选 AD。 【12 题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这是自 1938 年以来，德国队在世界杯上最早的一次出局。考虑到当时 的德国领导人是希特勒，而且只有 15 支球队参赛，这就显得更加遥远了。根据上文“seems even more”可知此处应填形容词作表语，且表示“遥远的”，故填 distant。故选 C。 【13 题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：拥有克罗斯、厄齐尔和胡梅尔斯这样的球星，德国队赢得了本届世 界杯预选赛的每一场比赛，这是第一支做到这一点的德国队。根据后文“for this World Cup” 可知此处指“获得世界杯资格”应用动词 qualify，且作介词 in 的宾语应用动名词形式。故 填 qualifying。故选 A。 【14 题详解】 考查动词。句意：但在俄罗斯的小组赛阶段，它甚至无法出线。结合句意表示“成功，达到 预定目标”可知短语为 make it，且 could not 后跟动词原形。故填 make。故选 BC。 【15 题详解】 考查名词。句意：世界杯的诅咒似乎在起作用。结合句意表示“起作用”可知短语为 be at work。故填 work。故选 BD。 【16 题详解】 考查形容词。句意：但德国队的过早出局仍是不可否认的震惊，自 2006 年起担任德国队教 练的 Joachim Low 在周三的比赛中也用同样的词——“shock”来形容这段经历。修饰后文 名词 shock，且结合句意表示“不可否认的”可知应用形容词 undeniable，作定语。故填 undeniable。故选 AB。 【17 题详解】 考查名词。句意：“被淘汰的失望是巨大的，”勒夫说，他补充说球队应该早点出局。根据 上文定冠词 the，以及句意“失望”可知应填名词 disappointment，且 disappointment 不可数。 故填 disappointment。故选 D。 【18 题详解】 考查形容词。句意：“事情恶化。我必须对此负责。”结合句意表示“令人失望；恶化”可 知短语为 turn sour。故填 sour。故选 AE。 【19 题详解】 考查名词。句意：德国队曾四次获得世界杯冠军，2002 年入围决赛，2006 年和 2010 年获得 第三名，2014 年在半决赛中以 7 比 1 击败东道主巴西队后获得冠军，至今让很多巴西人记 忆犹新。根据上文定冠词 the，以及句意“记忆”可知应填名词 memory，此处应用单数形式。 故填 memory。故选 AC。 【20 题详解】 考查形容词。句意：早早失利的卫冕冠军名单表明，球员在国家队一起训练和比赛的频率远 低于在俱乐部的频率，要想在国家队保持动力和专注力是多么困难。此处为 how 引导的感 叹句，结合句意表示“困难”应用形容词 difficult。故填 difficult。故选 B。 （B) 从方框里选择合适的词语的适当形式填空。 A.advisable B.appreciate C.encounter D.concert E.usually AB.earn AC.transportation AD.love AE.accessible BC.independently BD.mission The New York subway system is one of the largest in the world, ferrying nearly eight and a half million people around the city every week. Riders find more than___21___below the streets; among the dirt and the screech of the trains,there is also music.The subway system is like a free___22___hall,offering almost every kind of music. You never know what you might___23___,depending on the day of the week and the particular station.At a subway platform below Pennsylvania station one afternoon recently,Rawl Mitchell, an immigrant from Trinidad and Tobago,was playing the steel drums. He said he's been performing in the subway since the mid-1990s. “The people do___24___the music,"he said."They stand around listening and if it pleases them,they applaud and put their money in the case or whatever.They___25___clap and say things like 'It's nice.' They offer me some positive feedback.” Singer-songwriter Rosateresa, who often sings on a station at 14th Street, has been at it almost as long.She moved from Puerto Rico to study classical voice several decades ago."My___26___is to sing like the jilguero,a Puerto Rican bird, which wakes up the sun,” said Rosateresa. Mitchell and Rosateresa both perform___27___,outside the transit authority's official "Music Under New York” program, which sponsor 150 performances each week, by more than 200 individuals and groups. Like Rosateresa and Mitchell,Musicians who participate in “Music Under New York"___28___only whatever people choose to give.Opera singers Tom McNichols and Patricia Vital,part of a group called“Opera Collective",said they___29___performing in the subways, though it isn't lucrative. "Music in general is not about money, and 'Music Under New York' is definitely more about making opera ___30___ than it is about making a living,"McNichols said. 【答案】21. AC 22. D 23. C 24. B 25. E 26. BD 27. BC 28. AB 29. AD 30. AE 【解析】 【分析】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了在世界上最大的地铁系统之一纽约地铁系统，你能欣赏几乎 所有种类的音乐。 【21 题详解】 考查名词。句意：乘客们发现地下街道不仅仅只有交通工具。由空格后的内容“there is also music 也有音乐”可知，纽约地铁系统中不仅仅只是“transportation 交通”。故选 AC。 【22 题详解】 考查名词。句意：纽约地铁系统就像一个免费的音乐厅，提供几乎所有种类的音乐。由空格 后的内容“offering almost every kind of music 提供几乎所有种类的音乐”可知，纽约地铁系统 就像是一个免费的“concert 音乐厅”。故选 D。 【23 题详解】 考查动词。句意：你永远不知道你会遇到什么，这取决于一周中的哪一天和某个特定的车站。 分析句子结构可知，what 引导的从句中缺谓语，所以空格处填动词作谓语。由空格后内容 “depending on the day of the week and the particular station 这取决于一周中的哪一天和某个特 定的车站”可知，你不会知道有什么“encounter 偶遇”。故选 C。 【24 题详解】 考查动词。句意：人们确实很会欣赏音乐。由后文句子“They stand around listening and if it pleases them,they applaud and put their money in the case or whatever 他们站在那里听音乐，如 果他们喜欢的话，他们会鼓掌并把钱放在箱子或什么里”可知，观众很会“appreciate 欣赏”音 乐。故选 B。 【25 题详解】 考查副词。句意：他们通常会拍手说‘很好’。修饰动词要用副词，根据句意，他们“usually 经常”拍手说好。故选 E。 【26 题详解】 考查名词。句意：我的使命是像波多黎各的一种叫 jilguero 的鸟一样唱歌，唤醒太阳。空格 由 my 修饰，所以要填名词。根据句意，像波多黎各的一种鸟一样唱歌是我的“mission 使命”。 故选 BD。 【27 题详解】 考查副词。句意：米切尔和罗莎特蕾莎都是独立表演，不在交通管理局官方的“纽约地下音 乐节”项目之内。修饰动词要用副词，根据句意，她们的表演，不在项目之内，所以她们都 是“independently 独立”表演。故选 BC。 【28 题详解】 考查动词。句意：像罗莎特蕾莎和米切尔一样，参加“纽约地下音乐节”的音乐家只赚人们自 愿给予的钱。分析句子结构可知，主句缺谓语，所以空格处填动词作谓语。根据句意，参加 “纽约音乐”的音乐家只 “earn 赚”取人们自愿给予的钱。故选 AB。 【29 题详解】 考查动词。句意：歌剧歌手汤姆•麦克尼科尔斯和帕特里夏•维特尔是“歌剧集体”的成员，他 们说他们喜欢在地铁里表演，尽管这并不赚钱。分析句子结构可知，said 后面的宾语从句中 缺谓语，所以空格处填动词作谓语。由后面的句子“Music in general is not about money.音乐 不是为了钱”可以知道他们“love 喜欢”在这里表演。故选 AD。 【30 题详解】 考查形容词。句意：“一般来说，音乐与金钱无关，而‘纽约地下音乐节’绝对更多的是为了 让歌剧更容易被人们接受，而不是为了谋生，”麦克尼科尔斯说。根据面内容“than it is about making a living（纽约地下音乐节）不是为了谋生”而是让歌剧变得让人们更容易“accessible 接受”。故选 AE。 【点睛】选词填空是要求学生利用所给的单词完成短文。学生首先要对备选短语研究几遍， 对词性作简单的标记，同时对词义作初步的理解；其次，要充分理解文章的内容，注意发现 固定搭配关系，凭借语感积极主动地猜测空格中所缺的信息，根据需要去备选词汇或短语中 寻找匹配的答案。 III.Reading Comprehension Section A Direction:For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. （A) You can actually catch a good mood or a bad mood from your friends, according to a recent study in the journal Royal Society Open Science.But that shouldn't stop you from___31___with pals who are down in the dumps,say the study authors:___32___,the effect isn't large enough to push you into depression. The new study adds to a growing body of research suggesting that happiness and sadness-as well as lifestyle and behavioral factors like smoking,drinking,obesity,fitness habits and even the ability to concentrate-can___33___across social networks, both online and in real life.But while many___34___studies have only looked at friendship data at one point in time, this is one of the few that measured social and mood changes over time. The new research involved groups of junior-high and high-school students who took part in___35___ screenings(筛查） and answered questions about their best friends, many of whom were also enrolled in the study. In total,2,194 students were included in the___36___,which used a mathematical model to look for connections among friend networks. Overall,kids whose friends suffered from bad moods were more___37___to report bad moods themselves- and they were less likely to have improved when they were screened again six months to a year later. When people had more happy friends,___38___,their moods were more likely to improve over time. Some symptoms related to depression-like helplessness,tiredness and loss of interest-also seemed to follow this___39___,which scientists call “social contagion.”But this isn't something that people need to ___40___,says lead author Robert Eyre,a doctoral student at the University of Warwick. Rather, it's likely just a “___41___empathetic response that we're all familiar with, and something we recognize by common sense,"he says. In other words,when a friend is going through a rough patch, it makes sense that you'll feel some of their ___42___,and it's certainly not a reason to stay away. The study also found that having friends who were clinically depressed did not ___43___ participants' risk of becoming depressed themselves. “Your friends do not put you at risk of illness," says Eyre,"so a good course of action is simply to___44___them."To boost both of your moods, he suggests doing things together that you both ___45___-and taking other friends along to further spread those good feelings,too.” 31. A. keeping up B. making off C. hanging out D. getting away 32. A. Thankfully B. Particularly C. Hopefully D. Totally 33. A. increase B. generate C. delay D. spread 34. A. growing B. previous C. real D. large-scale 35. A. depression B. anxiety C. anger D. friendship 36. A. assessment B. examination C. analysis D. exercise 37. A. willing B. reluctant C. able D. likely 38. A. what's worse B. as a result C. on the other hand D. in one word 39. A. prediction B. pattern C. report D. improvement 40. A. worry about B. look for C. rely on D. put forward 41. A. social B. normal C. rough D. certain 42. A. symptoms B. responses C. recognition D. pain 43. A. eliminate B. conceal C. increase D. sugarcoat 44. A. enlighten B. entertain C. empower D. support 45. A. enjoy B. understand C. advise D. permit 【答案】31. C 32. A 33. D 34. B 35. A 36. C 37. D 38. C 39. B 40. A 41. B 42. D 43. C 44. D 45. A 【解析】 本文是一篇说明文。根据最近发表在《皇家学会开放科学》杂志上的一项研究，你实际上可 以从你的朋友那里获得好心情或坏心情。但研究报告的作者说，这不应该阻止你和垂头丧气 的朋友出去玩。值得庆幸的是，这种影响还没有大到把你推向抑郁的地步。越来越多的研究 表明，快乐和悲伤——以及生活方式和行为因素，如吸烟、饮酒、肥胖、健身习惯，甚至集 中注意力的能力——会在社交网络中传播，无论是在网上还是在现实生活中，这项研究是为 数不多的测量社交和情绪随时间变化的研究之一。 【31 题详解】 考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：但研究报告的作者说，这不应该阻止你和垂头丧气的朋友出 去玩。值得庆幸的是，这种影响还没有大到把你推向抑郁的地步。A.keeping up 保持；B.making off 逃走；离开；匆忙离开；C.hanging out 闲逛；D.getting away 离开；逃脱；出发。根据后 文“…who are down in the dumps” 垂头丧气的朋友们。可知是不能阻止和垂头丧气的朋友一 起出去玩。故答案为 C 【32 题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意见上题解析。A.Thankfully 感谢地；B.Particularly 特别地；C.Hopefully 有 希 望 地 ； D.Totally 完 全 地 。 根 据 后 文 “the effect isn't large enough to push you into depression.” 这种影响还不足以让你陷入抑郁。可知这种影响还不足以让你陷入抑郁，是值 得庆幸的。故答案为 A。 【33 题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：行为因素如吸烟、饮酒、肥胖、健身习惯，甚至集中注意力的能 力，都可以在社交网络中传播，无论是在网上还是在现实生活中。A.increase 增加；B.generate 产生；C.delay 推迟；D.spread 增加。根据常识可知，行为因素如吸烟、饮酒、肥胖、健身 习惯，甚至集中注意力的能力，都可以在社交网络中传播的。故答案为 D。 【34 题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管之前的许多研究都只是在某个时间点上查看友情数据，但 这项研究是为数不多的测量社交和情绪随时间变化的研究之一。A.growing 增加的； B.previous 之前的；C.real 真的；D.large-scale 大规模地。根据后文“The new research involved groups of junior-high and high-school students who took part in 5 screenings(筛查） and answered questions about their best friends, many of whom were also enrolled in the study.” 这 项新研究的对象是一些初高中学生，他们参加了抑郁症筛查，并回答了有关他们最好朋友的 问题，其中许多人也参与了这项研究。此处“new”和上文的“previous”翻反义对应。故 答案为 B。 【35 题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这项新研究的对象是一些初高中学生，他们参加了抑郁症筛查， 并回答了有关他们最好朋友的问题，其中许多人也参与了这项研究。A.depression 沮丧、忧 郁；B.anxiety 焦虑；C.anger 生气地；D. friendship 友谊。根据下文的“The study also found that having friends who were clinically depressed did not 13 participants' risk of becoming depressed themselves. ”得知这是在做抑郁症筛查。故答案为 A。 【36 题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：共有 2194 名学生参与了这项评估，该评估使用了一个数学模 型来寻找好友网络之间的联系。 A. assessment 评估；B. examination 考试；C. analysis 分析； D. exercise 练习。根据后文“which used a mathematical model to look for connections among friend networks.” 它使用一个数学模型来寻找好友网络之间的联系。可知在研究当中是用 使用一个数学模型来评估寻找好友网络之间的联系。故选 C。 【37 题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：总的来说，如果孩子的朋友心情不好，那么他们自己也更有可 能心情不好。 A.willing 愿意的；B.reluctant 不情愿的；C.able 有能力的；D.likely 可能的。 根据后文“…and they were less likely to have improved when they were screened again six months to a year later. ” 当他们在 6 个月到一年后再次接受检查时，改善的可能性更小。可 知如果孩子的朋友心情不好，那么他们自己也更有可能心情不好。此处均表示研究的结果， 故用 be likely to do…（可能做某事）表示可能性。故答案为 D。 【38 题详解】 考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：另一方面，当人们有更多快乐的朋友时，他们的情绪更有可 能随着时间的推移而改善。A.what's worse 更糟糕的是；B.as a result 结果；C.on the other hand 另一方面；D.in one word 总之。根据上文“Overall,kids whose friends suffered from bad moods were more likely to report bad moods themselves- and they were less likely to have improved when they were screened again six months to a year later. When people had more happy friends, on the other hand ,their moods were more likely to improve over time. ” 总的来说，那些朋友心情不好的孩子更有可能报告自己心情不好——而且当 他们在 6 个月到一年后再次接受检查时，改善的可能性更小。另一方面，当人们有更多快 乐的朋友时，他们的情绪更有可能随着时间的推移而改善。可知此处为研究结果的两个方面。 故答案为 C。 【39 题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：一些与抑郁相关的症状——比如无助、疲倦和兴趣的丧失——似 乎也遵循这种模式，科学家称之为社会传染。A.prediction 预测；B.pattern 模式；C.report 报 告；D.improvement 提高。根据后文“…which scientists call “social contagion.”” 科学家称之 为社会传染。此处非限性定语从句当中 which 指代设空处，“social contagion”（社会传 染）是指的是模式。故答案为 B。 【40 题详解】 考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：但这不是人们需要担心的事情，该研究的主要作者，华威大 学的博士生罗伯特·爱说。A.worry about 担忧；B.look for 寻找；C.rely on 依靠；D.put forward 提出。根据后文“相反，它可能只是一种我们都熟悉的同理心反应，是我们通过很熟悉的东 西。” 可知它可能只是一种我们都熟悉的同理心反应，是不需要担心的。故答案为 A。 【41 题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：相反，它可能只是一种我们都熟悉的同理心反应，是我们通过 很熟悉的东西。A.social 社会的；B.normal 正常的；C.rough 粗略的；D.certain 特定的。根据 后文“…that we're all familiar with”这是我们都很熟悉的。可知是常见的。故答案为 B。 【42 题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：换句话说，当朋友遇到困难时，你会感受到他们的一些痛苦，这 是合理的，这当然不是远离他们的理由。A.symptoms 症状；B.responses 回应；C.recognition 识 别 ；D.pain 痛 苦 。根 据 上 文 “…In other words,when a friend is going through a rough patch,…”换句话说，当一个朋友遇到困难的时候。可知当朋友遇到困难的时候，你会感受到 他们的痛苦。故答案为 D。 【43 题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究还发现，有临床诊断为抑郁症的朋友并不会增加参与者自己 患上抑郁症的风险。A.eliminate 消除；B.conceal 隐藏；C.increase 增加；D.sugarcoat 粉饰。 根据后文“"Your friends do not put you at risk of illness," says Eyre,” 你的朋友不会把你置 于疾病的危险之中，”艾尔说。可知有临床诊断为抑郁症的朋友并不会增加参与者自己患上 抑郁症的风险。故答案为 C。 【44 题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：所以一个好的做法就是支持他们。A.enlighten 启蒙、启发； B.entertain 娱乐、交代；C.empower 授权；D.support 支持。根据后文“To boost both of your moods, he suggests doing things together that you both 15 -and taking other friends along to further spread those good feelings,too.”” 为了提升你们的情绪，他建议大家一起做一些你们 都喜欢的事情——也可以带着其他的朋友一起来进一步传播这些美好的感觉。可知做这些事 情是来支持朋友的。故选 D。 【45 题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了提升你们的情绪，他建议大家一起做一些你们都喜欢的事情 ——也可以带着其他的朋友一起来进一步传播这些美好的感觉。可知做这些事情是来支持朋 友的。A.enjoy 欣赏；B.understand 理解；C.advise 建议；D.permit 允许。根据上文“To boost both of your moods,” 为了提升你们的情绪。可知是大家一起做一些你们都喜欢的事情。故 答案为 A。 （B) Many of China's ancient architectural treasures crumbled to dust before Lin Huiyin and Liang Sicheng began documenting them in the 1930s. The husband and wife team were by far the best-known ___46___ to operate in China.Their ___47___ have since inspired generations of people to speak out for architecture threatened by the rush toward development. Becoming China's first architectural historians was no easy___48___.The buildings they wanted to___49___ were centuries old, often in shambles and located in distant parts of the country. In many cases, they had to journey through ___50___conditions in the Chinese countryside to reach them. ___51___China's outlying areas during the 1930s meant traveling muddy, poorly maintained roads by mule, or on foot.This was a(n)___52___undertaking both for Liang,who walked with a bad limp(跛）after a motorcycle accident as a young man, and Lin,who had a lung disease for years. Inns were often unimaginably dirty,food could be tainted(污染的），and there was always ___53___ of violence from rebels,soldiers and bandits. Their greatest discovery came on an expedition in 1937 when they dated and extremely___54___catalogued Foguang Si, or the Temple of Buddha's Light, in Wutai County,Shanxi Province. The breathtaking wooden temple was___55___in 857 A.D.,making it the oldest building known in China at the time. (It is now the fourth-oldest known). Liang and Lin crawled into the temple's most___56___areas to determine its age, including one aerie inhabited by thousands of bats and millions of bedbugs, covered in dust and littered with dead bats. Liang wrote of the___57___in an account included in "Liang and Lin:Partners in Exploring China's Architectural Past," the English-language story of their lives written by Wilma Fairbank,their close friend and correspondent. ＂In complete darkness and amid the___58___smell, hardly breathing, with thick masks covering our noses and mouths,we measured,drew,and photographed with flashlights for several hours,"Liang wrote."When ___59___we came out to take a breath of fresh air, we found hundreds of bedbugs in our backpack.We ourselves had been badly bitten.Yet the___60___and unexpectedness of our find made those the happiest hours of my years hunting for ancient architecture." 46. A. architects B. historians C. preservationists D. travelers 47. A. documents B. efforts C. operations D. encouragements 48. A. achievement B. dream C. determination D. breakthrough 49. A. construct B. develop C. announce D. save 50. A. opposing B. unexpected C. unfamiliar D. dangerous 51. A. Exploring B. Touring C. Developing D. Overlooking 52. A. unadvisable B. priceless C. demanding D. worthless 53. A. tolerance B. accusation C. suspicion D. risk 54. A. efficiently B. carefully C. merrily D. creatively 55. A. built B. ruined C. discovered D. recorded 56. A. untidy B. ancient C. forgotten D. important 57. A. crawl B. experience C. prospect ion D. exploitation 58. A. unknown B. disgusting C. hard D. thick 59. A. at last B. in contrast C. in result D. with effort 60. A. misery B. result C. reflection D. importance 【答案】46. C 47. B 48. A 49. D 50. D 51. A 52. C 53. D 54. B 55. A 56. C 57. B 58. B 59. A 60. D 【解析】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了梁思成和林徽因夫妇不辞辛苦保护建筑，激励一代又一代加 入到保护古建筑的这一事业中来的事迹，正是他们勇于承担起保护古建筑的责任，才使这一 事业得以发展。 【46 题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这对夫妻是目前为止在中国的最知名的保护主义者。A. architects 建筑师；B. historians 历史学家；C. preservationists 保护主义者；D.travelers 旅行者。根据前 文“Many of China's ancient architectural treasures crumbled to dust before Lin Huiyi n and Liang Sicheng began documenting the m in the 1930s.”20 世纪 30 年代， 在林徽因和梁思成开始记录这一现象之前，中国的许多古建筑瑰宝都已化为尘土。可知林徽 因和梁思成保护建筑，所以他们夫妻是保护主义者。故选 C。 【47 题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：从那以后，他们的努力鼓舞了一代又一代的人，让他们为受到开 发热潮威胁的建筑大声疾呼。A. documents 记录 ；B. efforts 努力；C. operations 操作；D. encouragements 鼓励。根据上文“Many of China's ancient architectural treasures crumbled to dust before Lin Huiyin and Liang Sicheng began documenting them in the 1930s. ” 20 世纪 30 年代， 在林徽因和梁思成开始记录它们之前，中国的许多古建筑瑰宝都已化为尘土。可知林徽因和 梁思成为保护建筑付出了很大的努力。此处应填“努力”。故选 B。 【48 题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：成为中国第一批建筑历史学家并非易事。A.achievement 成就， 达到；B.dream 梦想；C.determination 毅力；D.breakthrough 突破。根据后文“The buildings they wanted to 4 were centuries old, often in shambles and located in distant parts of the country. In many cases, they had to journey through 5 conditions in the Chinese countryside to reach them. ” 他们想要挽救的建筑已经有几百年的历史了，经常是残破不堪的，而且坐落在这 个国家的偏远地区。在许多情况下，他们不得不在中国农村的危险条件下到达这些地方。可 知保护文物并非易事。故答案为 A。 【49 题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们想要挽救的建筑已经有几百年的历史了，经常是残破不堪的， 而且坐落在这个国家的偏远地区。A.construct 建造；B.develop 发展；C. announce 宣布；D.save 拯救。结合语境，主要介绍了梁思成和林徽因夫妇不辞辛苦保护建筑。故答案为 D。 【50 题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在很多情况下，他们必须穿越中国农村的危险的条件才能到达 那里。A.opposing 反对的；B.unexpected 难以预料的；C.unfamiliar 不熟悉的；D.dangerous 危险的。根据上文“The buildings they wanted to 4 were centuries old, often in shambles and located in distant parts of the country.” 他们想要挽救的建筑已经有几百年的历史了，经常是残 破不堪的，而且坐落在这个国家的偏远地区。可知在很多情况下，他们必须穿越中国农村的 危险的条件才能到达那里。故选 D 【51 题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：句意“在 20 世纪 30 年代，探索中国的边远地区意味着要骑骤子 或步行在泥宁、维护不良的道路上行走” 。A.Exploring 探索，探测，；B.Touring 巡游； C.Developing 发展；D.Overlooking 俯瞰。根据后文“… traveling muddy, poorly maintained roads by mule, or on foot.” 骑骡子或步行在泥泞的、养护不好的道路上行走。可知是探索边远地区。 故选 A。 【52 题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“这对于梁思成和林徽因来说是费力的事业” A.unadvisable 不 听劝的；B. priceless 无价的；C.demanding 要求高的，费力的；D.worthless 无价值的。根据 上文“ 6 China's outlying areas during the 1930s meant traveling muddy, poorly maintained roads by mule, or on foot.” 在 20 世纪 30 年代，探索中国的边远地区意味着要骑骤子或步行 在泥宁、维护不良的道路上行走。可知，这对于梁思成和林徽因来说是费力的事业。故选 C。 【53 题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：“经常有叛乱分子、士兵和土匪经常制造暴力事件的风险。” A.tolerance 宽容；B.accusation 指责；C.suspicion 怀疑；D.risk 冒险。根据后文设空处后的修 饰成分“…of violence from rebels, soldiers and bandits.” 叛乱分子、士兵和强盗的暴力。可知 有叛乱分子、士兵和强盗的暴力风险。故选 D。 【54 题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：“他们非常仔细地编目了佛光寺”。结合文章，A.efficiently 有效 地；B.carefully 认真地；C. merrily 愉快地；D.creatively 有创造力地。因为要保护文物，可 知此处是“仔细地”的意思，故选 B。 【55 题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这座令人叹为观止的木制寺庙建于公元 857 年。A.built 建立； B.ruined 毁坏；C.discovered 发现；D.recorded 记录。根据后文“making it the oldest building known in China at the time. (It is now the fourth-oldest known).” 使它成为当时中国最古老的 建筑(它现在是已知的第四古老的宫殿)。可知是从建造之日起来说这是当时中国最古老的建 筑之一。故答案为 A。 【56 题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：梁和林爬进寺庙最被遗忘的地方，以确定它的年龄。A.untidy 不整洁的；B.ancient 古代的；C.forgotten 被遗忘的；D.important 重要的。根据后文“to determine its age, including one aerie inhabited by thousands of bats and millions of bedbugs, covered in dust and littered with dead bats.” 为了确定它的年龄，包括一个居住着数千只蝙蝠和数百万只 臭虫的巢穴，那里布满灰尘，散落着死蝙蝠。可知是爬进最容易被遗忘的地方。故选 C。 【57 题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：梁思成把他们的经历写进书中。A.crawl 爬行；B.experience 经历； C.prospection 预期；D.exploitation 开发。根据后文“… "Liang and Lin: Partners in Exploring China's Architectural Past," the English-language story of their lives written by Wilma Fairbank, their close friend and correspondent.” 《梁和林:探索中国建筑历史的合作伙伴》他们的密友、 通讯员威尔玛·费尔班克(Wilma Fairbank)写的关于他们生活的英语故事。可知是把他们的 经历写进书中。故答案为 B。 【58 题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在完全的黑暗和令人作呕的气味中，我们几乎无法呼吸，厚厚 的口罩遮住了我们的鼻子和嘴巴，我们用手电筒测量、画画和拍照，持续了几个小时。 A.unknown 未知的；B.disgusting 令人厌恶的；C.hard 努力的；D.thick 厚的。根据后文“…hardly breathing, with thick masks covering our noses and mouths, we measured, drew, and photographed with flashlights for several hours” 我们几乎屏住呼吸，戴着厚厚的口罩，用手电 筒测量、画画和拍照，持续了好几个小时。可知气味是令人作呕的。故选 B。 【59 题详解】 考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：最后我们出来呼吸新鲜空气。A.at last 最后；B. in contrast 相反；C.in result 结果；D.with effort 努力的。根据上文“we came out to take a breath of fresh air” 可知，他们最后出来呼吸新鲜空气。故选 A。 【60 题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，我们发现的重要性和意想不到的发现，让那些时光成为我 多年来寻找古建筑中最快乐的时光。A.misery 痛苦；B.result 结果；C.reflection 反思； D.importance 重要性。根据后文“…of our find made those the happiest hours of my years hunting for ancient architecture." 这是我多年来寻找古建筑中最快乐的时光。可知是发现的重要性让 那些时光成为我多年来寻找古建筑中最快乐的时光。故选 D。 Section B Direction: Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them in passage A,B and C, there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A) Sandra Boynton, a children’s author, has in more recent years branched out into kids music. Her most recent album Hog Wild!, for example, features Samuel L. Jackson as a Tyrannosaurus Rex. She talked in an interview about how to tap into kids' imaginations and how to make scary things less threatening for them. In your years of writing and illustrating children’s books, have you noticed anything that really sparks a child’s imagination? I think maybe there’s no basic difference between what fascinates a child and what fascinates the rest of us. We’re all drawn to things that wake us up, things that grab our attention through our hearing or our sight or our sense of touch. We’re curious about the world as it is, and we’re curious about what could be. Imagination follows curiosity pretty naturally. It doesn’t feel to me like it’s been a long time that I’ve been drawing and writing things. It doesn’t feel like a short time, either. It just feels like what I do. I make things. I’m a permanent Kindergartner, I guess. You often take a threatening figure like a Tyrannosaurus Rex or a monster and make him cute. Do you have any suggestions for how to make children less afraid of things? Actually, I think kids kind of like being afraid of things, as long as someone calm is right there with reassurance. Hugging helps. What have you learned about childhood from writing kids’ books? Accessing childhood has actually never been that hard. It’s adulthood that’s still perplexing. I would guess that most children’s book writers are that way. I’m really writing books and making music for my own child-self. But I’m certainly delighted and grateful that my books work for people other than just me. It keeps me from having to find an actual job. A lot of authors are worried that children spend too much time on digital devices rather than with books, but you seem to have embraced it. Why? When the interactive book app universe was new, I was, as a creator of things, curious. My background is theater, and I thought it could be interesting to try to figure out how to create content that’s both theater-like and book-like. I found a superb partner in this, the insanely ingenious Loud Crow Interactive in Vancouver. We worked intensively together for a couple of years and made five very cool apps. I’m proud of them. But now, having too often seen very young kids sitting idly, staring at screens, I have my doubts. 61. What does Sandra Boynton think about imagination? A. It fascinates both adults and children. B. It can be waken up by attention to senses. C. It can be naturally aroused out of curiosity. D. It lasts for long in a permanent kindergartner. 62. When writing children’s books, Sandra ______. A. finds herself confused about remembering childhood B. agrees with other book writers that writing is hard C. puts herself in a child’s place and thinks like a child D. is delighted that she doesn’t need to find another job 63. Sandra thinks the apps she made with her partner were cool because they were ______. A. new ways to increase interactions between users B. interactive by combining theatre and book C. beneficial with the content both theatre-like and book-like D. created by an insanely ingenious expert and friend 64. We can conclude from the interview that ______. A. Sandra is good at making a threatening figure cute B. kids are always calm instead of being afraid of things C. digital devices have been embraced by most of the authors D. there were no interactive book apps before Sandra’s apps 【答案】61. C 62. C 63. B 64. A 【解析】 这是一篇应用文。本文是对 Sandra Boynton 的采访报道，她在一次采访中谈到了如何激发孩 子们的想象力，以及如何让可怕的事情对他们的威胁降低。 【61 题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章对 Sandra 采访的第一个问题的回答 We’re curious about the world as it is, and we’re curious about what could be. Imagination follows curiosity pretty naturally. 可知， 想象力是被好奇心激起的，故选 C。 【62 题详解】 细节理解题。根据对 Sandra 的采访的第三个问题的回答 It’s adulthood that’s still perplexing. I would guess that most children’s book writers are that way. I’m really writing books and making music for my own child-self. 可知，作者设身处地为孩子着想，像孩子一样思考，故选 C。 【63 题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章的最后一部分 I thought it could be interesting to try to figure out how to create content that’s both theater-like and book-like. I found a superb partner in this, the insanely ingenious Loud Crow Interactive in Vancouver. 可知，Sandra 对与搭档的合作感到很棒是因为 这个 APP 是戏剧与书的完美结合，故选 B。 【64 题详解】 推 理 判 断 题 。 根 据 文 章 的 第 二 个 问 题 You often take a threatening figure like a Tyrannosaurus Rex or a monster and make him cute 可知，Sandra 很善于把有威胁性的人 物可爱化，故选 A。 （B) FOUR BOOKS YOU SHOULD READ Caroline Leavitt Cruel Beautiful World At age 16 Lucy is a lonely orphan living with older sister Charlotte and devoted aunt Iris in Waltham, Massachusetts. On the last day of school, she runs away with her 30-year-old teacher, William, and settles in a hillside shack in rural Pennsylvania, near his new teaching job. Though Lucy feels increasingly isolated, William won’t allow her any outlet. Leavitt draws upon a real-life crime that involved a girl she knew in high school. She tells her story from multiple viewpoints, building tension and empathy for Lucy and Charlotte as tragedy swallows them. Steven Price By Gaslight Price, an award-winning Canadian poet, achieves an extraordinary achievement of Dickensian storytelling in his weighty second novel. His hero is William Pinkerton, son of the founder of the legendary detective agency, who finds clues in his late father’s safe to the case of William Shade. This mythic thief had disturbed and upset his father. William tracks a Shade accomplice（共犯）, Charlotte Reckitt, to London, only to find she’s been found dead in the Thames. Also on the scene is Adam Foole, who is obsessed with Charlotte, who he met while stealing De Beers diamonds from a South African mine. Price ably arranges dozens of interlinking plotlines as he spans three continents and several decades, from American Civil War battlefields to Scotland Yard at the end of the 19th Century. GeFei The Invisibility Cloak Beijing-based GeFei (pen name for Liu Yong) won the 2015 Mao Dun Literature Prize for fiction “describing the changing spirit of Chinese society” over the past century. The Invisibility Cloak, his first English publication, revolves around Cui, a divorced man who creates customized hi-fi speakers for Beijing’s newly wealthy and a few intellectuals. Beijing’s rapid expansion has left Cui longing for an invisible life away from the city. His chance comes when he agrees to build a world-class sound system for a gangster （黑社会老大）. GeFei’s nice irony, translated from the Chinese by Canaan Morse, should find many fans. The temptation to be neat and tidy may be powerful, but “we would be better served by embracing a degree of mess,” Harford argues. His defense of the creative potential of the imperfect, crude, random, vague, difficult, diverse and even dirty is refreshing. Reaching into the arts, politics, business, science and technology, Tim Harford Messy Harford makes a compelling case for opening up to disorder and luck. 65. Which author does NOT tell a story in his / her work listed above? A. Caroline Leavitt B. Steven Price C. GeFei D. Tim Harford 66. Jack is an American who would like everything to be neat and tidy. He loves reading novels with ironic humor and detective stories. He is going to work and live in Beijing for the next three years, and he is very curious about the place he is soon heading to. Which book will he most likely choose to read now? A. Cruel Beautiful World B. By Gaslight C. The Invisibility Cloak D. Messy 67. This page is intended for people who want to ______. A. buy newly-published books at a discount B. recommend books to friends and family C. know what books are worthwhile to read D. understand the current trend in literature 【答案】65. D 66. C 67. C 【解析】 这是一篇说明文。介绍了四本书的主要内容。 【65 题详解】 细节理解题。由“The temptation to be neat and tidy may be powerful, but “we would be better served by embracing a degree of mess,” Harford argues. His defense of the creative potential of the imperfect, crude, random, vague, difficult, diverse and even dirty is refreshing. Reaching into the arts, politics, business, science and technology, Harford makes a compelling case for opening up to disorder and luck.”可知，Tim Harford 讲述的是对不完美、粗糙、随意、模糊、困难、 多样甚至肮脏的创作潜力的辩护，没有在他的作品中讲述故事。故 D 选项正确 【66 题详解】 推 理 判 断 题 。 由 “Beijing-based GeFei (pen name for Liu Yong) won the 2015 Mao Dun Literature Prize for fiction “describing the changing spirit of Chinese society” over the past century. The Invisibility Cloak, his first English publication,………. for Beijing’s newly wealthy and a few intellectuals. Beijing’s rapid expansion has left Cui longing for an invisible life away from the city.”可知，The Invisibility Cloak 描述的是中国社会精神的变化。杰克是一个 美国人。他将在北京工作和生活三年，对即将去的地方非常好奇，他现在最可能读 “The Invisibility Cloak ” 。故 C 选项正确。 【67 题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文可知，每一本书都简要的介绍了书籍的主要内容。目的是让读者了解 内容，并确定是否需要去读。所以这篇文章是为那些想知道哪些书值得一读的人准备的，故 C 选项正确。 （C) To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say “I will take an interest in this or that.” Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual labourer, tired out with a hard week’s sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or business man, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend. As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire — for them a new pleasure, a new excitement is only an additional satiation. In vain they rush frantically round from place to place, trying to escape from the avenging boredom by mere clatter and motion. For them discipline in one form or another is the most hopeful path. It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes: first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and secondly, those whose work and pleasure are one. Of these the former are the majority. They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms. But Fortune’s favoured children belong to the second class. Their life is a natural harmony. For them the working hours are never long enough. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays when they come are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation. Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential. Indeed, it may well be that those whose work is their pleasure are those who most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their mind. 68. What does “are toiled” in the 2nd paragraph mean? A. have hobbies B. feel pleased C. work very hard D. are busy 69. Which is NOT true based on the first two paragraphs? A. Being late in life to attempt to cultivate hobbies adds to mental stress. B. Great knowledge irrelevant to the daily work can’t guarantee benefit. C. Those tired out for a week’s labour are reluctant to play football on weekends. D. Unfortunate people need discipline to help them build up hope. 70. For those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure, they ______. A. are very willing to work long hours in the office or the factory B. earn a large amount of money due to their hard work for a long time C. are keen to enjoy the pleasure when they are off duty D. usually enjoy themselves in the simplest and most modest forms 71. Which statement will the author agree with according to the 3rd paragraph? A. The first class are lazy and the second class are bound to succeed. B. The second class never need holidays because their life is harmonious. C. The minority are more favoured by fortune because they never stop working. D. One really needs alternation for a change in order to work better. 【答案】68. C 69. D 70. C 71. D 【解析】 【分析】 本文是一篇议论文。短文论述了工作和培养业余爱好的关系。 【68 题详解】 词义猜测题。根据第二段中“Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death and those who are bored to death. ”概括地说，人可以分为三类:劳累至死的人，忧虑至死的人， 无聊至死的人。由此可知划线词的意思是“工作非常努力”，故选 C。 【69 题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中“As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire — for them a new pleasure, a new excitement is only an additional satiation.”可知，至于那些能够任意支配一切，能够恣意妄为，能够随心所欲地追求一切 目标的不幸的人们，对他们来说，一种新的乐趣、一种新的刺激只不过是增加了一种餍足而 已。根据前两段，“不幸的人需要纪律来帮助他们建立希望。”是不正确的。故选 D。 【70 题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms.”可知，他们得到了补偿。在办公室或工厂里长时间的工作给他们带来了酬劳，这不 仅是谋生的手段，而且带来了寻找乐趣的强烈欲望，哪怕是最简单、最朴实的乐趣。由此判 断出对于那些工作就是工作，娱乐就是娱乐的人来说，他们渴望在下班后享受这种乐趣。故 选 C。 【71 题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential. Indeed, it may well be that those whose work is their pleasure are those who most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their mind.”可知，然而，对这两类人来说，换一 种观点、改变一下气氛、转移一下注意力都是必不可少的。的确，把工作当作娱乐的人可能 是最需要每隔一段时间就把工作从脑子里赶出去的人。根据第三段，作者会同意“为了更好 地工作，一个人确实需要改变。”的看法。故选 D。 【点睛】做推理判断题时，对于暗含在文章中的人物的行为动机、事件的因果关系及作者未 言明的倾向、意图、态度、观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断、推理、分析，进一步增强理解能 力，抓住材料实质性的东西。本题第 3 小题，根据第三段中“They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms.”可知，他们得到了补偿。在办公室或工厂里长时间的工作给他们 带来了酬劳，这不仅是谋生的手段，而且带来了寻找乐趣的强烈欲望，哪怕是最简单、最朴 实的乐趣。由此判断出对于那些工作就是工作，娱乐就是娱乐的人来说，他们渴望在下班后 享受这种乐趣。故选 C。 （D) Ladies and gentlemen, I feel that this award was not made to me as a man, but to my work - a life's work in the agony（痛苦）and sweat of the human spirit. But I would like to use this moment as a climax from which I might be listened to by the young men and women already dedicated to the same agony and sweat, among whom is already that one who will someday stand here where I am standing. Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fear so long sustained by now that we can even bear it. Because of this, the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about, worth the agony and the sweat. He, the writer, must learn them again. He must teach himself that the worst of all things is to be afraid; and, teaching himself that, forget it forever, leaving no room in his workshop for anything but the old truths of the heart, the old universal truths lacking which any story is short-lived and doomed - love and honor and pity and pride and sympathy and sacrifice. Until he does so, he labors under a curse（诅咒）. He writes not of love but of desire, of defeats in which nobody loses anything of value, of victories without hope and, worst of all, without pity or sympathy. His griefs grieve on no universal bones, leaving no scars. He writes not of the heart but of the glands（腺体）. Until he relearns these things, he will write as though he stood among and watched the end of man. I decline to accept the end of man. It is easy enough to say that man is immortal simply because he will endure. I refuse to accept this. I believe that man will not merely endure: he will prevail. He is immortal, not because he alone among creatures has an inexhaustible voice, but because he has a soul, a spirit capable of sympathy and sacrifice and endurance. The poet's, the writer's, duty is to write about these things. It is his privilege to help man endure by lifting his heart, by reminding him of the courage and honor and hope and pride and sympathy and pity and sacrifice which have been the glory of his past. The poet's voice need not merely be the record of man, it can be one of the pillars to help him endure and prevail. 72. The word “that” in the 2nd paragraph probably means ______. A. the agony and sweat of the human spirit B. the general and universal physical fear C. the sustenance and endurance for a long time D. the human heart in conflict with itself 73. According to the speaker, the old truths of the heart are so important that ______. A. they are love, honor, pity, pride, sympathy and sacrifice B. they prolong a writer’s life and protect him from curses C. they are the soul of a real and powerful piece of writing D. they can effectively stop the trend towards the end of man 74. How can poets / writers help man endure and prevail? A. By inspiring man with his past glories through words. B. By helping man endure the end through endless voices. C. By recording sympathy, sacrifice and endurance in his soul. D. By building spiritual pillars through immortal hearts. 75. The speaker may probably agree that ______. A. the award was not fair because his life was too painful B. young writers now are too fearful to bear the agony and sweat C. the biggest obstacle to good writing is the writer’s fear D. writing about man’s soul signals his final prevalence 【答案】72. D 73. C 74. A 75. C 【解析】 【分析】 本文是一篇演讲。作者认为今天的青年男女作家已经忘记了人类内心的矛盾问题，而这种矛 盾恰恰可以造就优秀的作品，因为只有这样的作品才值得写，才值得付出痛苦和汗水。 【72 题详解】 词义指代题。根据第二段中Because of this, the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about, worth the agony and the sweat. 正因为如此，今天的青年男女 作家已经忘记了人类内心的矛盾问题，而这种矛盾恰恰可以造就优秀的作品，因为只有这样 的作品才值得写，才值得付出痛苦和汗水。由此可知 that 指代的是“人类的心与它自己相冲 突”。故选 D。 【73 题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中 the old truths of the heart, the old universal truths lacking which any story is short-lived and doomed - love and honor and pity and pride and sympathy and sacrifice. Until he does so, he labors under a curse（诅咒）. He writes not of love but of desire, of defeats in which nobody loses anything of value, of victories without hope and, worst of all, without pity or sympathy.可知，根据讲话者所说，古老的内心真理是如此重要，它们是一篇真实而有力的 文章的灵魂。故选 C。 【74 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中 The poet's, the writer's, duty is to write about these things. It is his privilege to help man endure by lifting his heart, by reminding him of the courage and honor and hope and pride and sympathy and pity and sacrifice which have been the glory of his past.可知，诗 人/作家只有用过去的辉煌来激励人才能帮助人类生存和胜利。故选 A。 【75 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中 He, the writer, must learn them again. He must teach himself that the worst of all things is to be afraid;可知，演讲者可能会同意，优秀写作的最大障碍是作者的恐 惧。故选 C。 【点睛】代词指代题要求同学们根据语境的逻辑关系、判断画线的人称代词或指示代词在文 章中指代的对象，包括考查 it（指动物，无生命的事物、特定的事件或人），they/them(指代 人、物、事件的复数名词)，he/she 等人称代词的指代意义，以及指示代词 this，that，these， those 等在文章中的指代意义，考查同学们对文章中叙述特定的人，物，事件的认知能力。 解答这类题时，同学们要认真阅读画线词所在句和前后临近句的内容，分析人称转换和动作 变换的详细过程，理清来龙去脉和前后的因果关系，从而准确推断其指代的对象。本题第 1 小题，根据第二段中 Because of this, the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about, worth the agony and the sweat. 正因为如此，今天的青年男女 作家已经忘记了人类内心的矛盾问题，而这种矛盾恰恰可以造就优秀的作品，因为只有这样 的作品才值得写，才值得付出痛苦和汗水。由此可知 that 指代的是“人类的心与它自己相冲 突”。故选 D。 （E) By now you’ve probably heard about the “you’re not special” speech, when English teacher David McCullough told graduating seniors at Wellesley High School: “Do not get the idea you’re anything special, because you’re not.” Mothers and fathers present at the ceremony — and a whole lot of other parents across the Internet — took issue with McCullough’s ego-puncturing words. But lost in the uproar was something we really should be taking to heart: our young people actually have no idea whether they’re particularly talented or accomplished or not. In our eagerness to elevate their self-esteem, we forgot to teach them how to realistically assess their own abilities, a crucial requirement for getting better at anything from math to music to sports. In fact, it’s not just privileged high-school students: we all tend to view ourselves as above average. Such inflated self-judgments have been found in study after study, and it’s often exactly when we’re least competent at a given task that we rate our performance most generously. In a 2006 study published in the journal Medical Education, for example, medical students who scored the lowest on an essay test were the most charitable in their self-evaluations, while high-scoring students judged themselves much more stringently. Poor students, the authors note, “lack insight” into their own inadequacy. Why should this be? Another study, led by Cornell University psychologist David Dunning, offers an enlightening explanation. People who are incompetent, he writes with coauthor Justin Kruger, suffer from a “dual burden”: they’re not good at what they do, and their very ineptness prevents them from recognizing how bad they are. In Dunning and Kruger’s study, subjects scoring at the bottom of the heap on tests of logic, grammar and humor “extremely overestimated” their talents. Although their test scores put them in the 12th percentile, they guessed they were in the 62nd. What these individuals lacked (in addition to clear logic, proper grammar and a sense of humor) was “metacognitive skill”: the capacity to monitor how well they’re performing. In the absence of that capacity, the subjects arrived at an overly hopeful view of their own abilities. There’s a paradox here, the authors note: “The skills that engender competence in a particular domain are often the very same skills necessary to evaluate competence in that domain.” In other words, to get better at judging how well we’re doing at an activity, we have to get better at the activity itself. There are a couple of ways out of this double bind. First, we can learn to make honest comparisons with others. Train yourself to recognize excellence, even when you yourself don’t possess it, and compare what you can do against what truly excellent individuals are able to accomplish. Second, seek out feedback that is frequent, accurate and specific. Find a critic who will tell you not only how poorly you’re doing, but just what it is that you’re doing wrong. As Dunning and Kruger note, success indicates to us that everything went right, but failure is more ambiguous: any number of things could have gone wrong. Use this external feedback to figure out exactly where and when you screwed up. If we adopt these strategies — and most importantly, teach them to our children — they won’t need parents, or a commencement（毕业典礼） speaker, to tell them that they’re special. They’ll already know that they are, or have a plan to get that way. 76. Which can be the best title of this passage? A. Special or Not? Teach Kids To Figure It Out B. Let's Admit That We Are Not That Special C. Tips On Making Ourselves More Special D. Tell The Truth: Kids Overestimate their Talents 77. The author thinks the real problem is that ______. A. we don't know whether our young people are talented or not B. young people don't know how to assess their abilities realistically C. no requirement is set up for young people to get better D. we always tend to consider ourselves to be privileged 78. Which is NOT mentioned about poor students according to the passage? A. They usually give themselves high scores in self-evaluations. B. They tend to be unable to know exactly how bad they are. C. They are intelligently inadequate in tests and exams. D. They lack the capacity to monitor how well they are performing. 79. We can infer from the passage that those high-scoring students ______. A. know how to cultivate clear logic and proper grammar B. don't know how well they perform due to their stringent self-judgement C. don't view themselves as competent because they know their limits D. tend to be very competent in their high-scoring fields. 80. The strategies of becoming special suggest that ______. A. we need internal honesty with ourselves and external honesty from others B. the best way to get better is to carefully study past success and failure C. through comparison with others, one will know where and when he fails D. neither parents nor a commencement speaker can tell whether one is special 【答案】76. A 77. B 78. C 79. D 80. A 【解析】 本文是一篇议论文。是特殊的或不是？我们要教会孩子理解它。作者认为真正的问题是年轻 人不知道如何现实地评估自己的能力。我们对自己需要有内在的诚实和对他人的外在诚实。 【76 题详解】 主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段中 As Dunning and Kruger note, success indicates to us that everything went right, but failure is more ambiguous: any number of things could have gone wrong. Use this external feedback to figure out exactly where and when you screwed up. 正如 Dunning 和 Kruger 指出的那样，成功向我们表明，一切都是正确的，但失败则更加不明确： 任何数量的事情都可能出错。使用这个外部反馈来准确地找出你在哪里和什么时候振作起来 了。可知，本文最佳主题是 A 项。 【77 题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中 In our eagerness to elevate their self-esteem, we forgot to teach them how to realistically assess their own abilities, a crucial requirement for getting better at anything from math to music to sports.可知，作者认为真正的问题是年轻人不知道如何现实地评估自己 的能力。故选 B。 【78 题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中 high-scoring students judged themselves much more stringently. Poor students, the authors note, “lack insight” into their own inadequacy.和 they’re not good at what they do, and their very ineptness prevents them from recognizing how bad they are.以及第三段中 to get better at judging how well we’re doing at an activity, we have to get better at the activity itself.可知，“他们在考试和考试中不够聪明”在文中未提到。故选 C。 【79 题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中 Such inflated self-judgments have been found in study after study, and it’s often exactly when we’re least competent at a given task that we rate our performance most generously.可知，我们可以从这篇文章中推断出，那些高分的学生往往在他们的高分领 域非常有能力。故选 D。 【80 题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段 If we adopt these strategies — and most importantly, teach them to our children — they won’t need parents, or a commencement（毕业典礼） speaker, to tell them that they’re special. They’ll already know that they are, or have a plan to get that way.可知，变得 特别的策略表明我们对自己需要有内在的诚实和对他人的外在诚实。故选 A。 Section C Directions:Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there are two more sentences than you need. When we talk about healthy brain ageing we are really discussing one of two things: how to minimise ongoing damage to the hardware of the brain, mostly by keeping its blood supply as good as possible; or how to improve the operation of the brain's software. _____81_____There is currently no magic bullet to protect the brain, but one area that has been best researched, and about which we can say with reasonable confidence,"this will help", is mental activity. There is plenty of evidence that older people who stay mentally active, by learning a new language, doing crosswords or taking part in other intellectually challenging activities,preserve full cognitive function for longer. They have spent more time doing cognitively demanding activities over a lifetime, and they are, to some extent, buffered from the physical effects of brain ageing and degenerative diseases. We call this buffer "cognitive reserve"－ a back-up reservoir of brain function that can protect from the consequences of brain damage, allowing us to Continue to perform well. For example, people with a higher IQ, longer education or cognitively challenging employment have been found to have a lower risk of developing dementia.___82___In fact, studies have found that people with higher cognitive reserve who do get dementia exhibit less severe symptoms even when they have more brain damage than those with lower cognitive reserve. ___83___ The more we understand about its role in protecting our brain and how to boost our reserve,the more effective we will be in designing interventions to keep the human brain healthier for longer. The good news is that cognitive reserve isn't exclusive to those who have the IQ of a genius or who've devoted their life to theoretical physics. ___84___Therefore, taking part in cognitively challenging activities, learning new skills and continuing to “use it or lose it" probably applies no matter how old you are. Crucially,it's never too late to start. A. We think it can be built up throughout life for everyone. B. Though there is not enough scientific research about it, many suggestions have been put forward. C. This is despite the fact that their brains actually show normal amounts of age- and disease-related damage. D. However, studies about the potential of cognitive reserve for optimising the brain's resilience leave much to be desired. E. Many ways of doing this have been suggested, but few have scientific weight behind them. F. Yet there's still much to discover about the potential of cognitive reserve for optimising the brain's resilience. 【答案】81. E 82. C 83. F 84. A 【解析】 这是一篇说明文。作者通过研究的结果告诉我们如何增强大脑活力减少大脑老化。 【81 题详解】 根据后文“目前还没有保护大脑的灵丹妙药，但有一个领域得到了最好的研究，对此我们可 以相当自信地说，“这将会有帮助”，那就是大脑活动。”可知 E 项“人们提出了许多实 现这一目标的方法，但没有几个具有科学意义。”和后句内容相互说明。同时 E 项中的“这 一目标”指代前段提到的“improve the operation of the brain's software”。E 项在此起着承上 启下的作用。E 项切题，故选 E 项。 【82 题详解】 根据下文“事实上，研究发现，认知储备高的人患痴呆症的症状不那么严重，即使他们的大 脑损伤比认知储备低的人严重。”可知，此处强调尽管大脑损伤程度可能比认知储备低的人 严重，但是认知储备高的人患老年痴呆的症状不那么严重。所以 C 项“尽管他们的大脑实 际上显示出正常数量的与年龄和疾病相关的损伤。”和下文之间相互说明。同时 C 项的内 容也承接了上句内容“例如，研究发现，智商较高、受教育时间较长或从事具有认知挑战性 的工作的人患痴呆症的风险较低。”C 项切题。故选 C 项。 【83 题详解】 根据划线后面“我们对它在保护我们大脑中的作用以及如何增强我们的储备了解得越多，我 们就能更有效地设计干预措施，使人类大脑更健康。”可知，此处提及了我们需要提高对认 知储备的潜力的了解。因此 F 项“然而，对于优化大脑弹性的认知储备的潜力，仍有很多 有待发现。”对下文起总领的作用。F 项中的“认知储备”就是下文 it 所指代的对象。F 项 切题，故选 F 项。 【84 题详解】 根据前句“好消息是，认知储备并不是只有那些拥有天才般的智商或者毕生致力于理论物理 学的人才拥有的。”可知，认知储备是人人都可获得的。所以 A 项“我们认为它可以在每 个人的一生中建立起来。”是对前句进行补充说明。同时 A 项承接着下句“所以无论你多 大年纪，参加具有挑战性的认知活动、学习新技能并继续“使用或失去它”都可能适用。”A 项在此承上启下。A 项切题。故选 A 项。 V. Translation Directions:Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 85. 直到这一刻，亨利才意识到以往那种无忧无虑的日子结束了。（Not) (汉译英） 【答案】Not until that moment did Henry realize that gone were the previous carefree days. 【解析】 【详解】考查倒装句。根据句意可知，句子用一般过去时，not until 引导的时间状语从句或 时间状语位于句首时，主句应部分倒装，从句语序不变。句式是：Not until+从句/表时间的 词+助动词+(主句)主语+谓语。形容词 gone“消逝；一去不复返的”作表语时，如果主语较长， gone 要放句首，主谓完全倒装。再根据其他汉语提示， 故翻译为：Not until that moment did Henry realize that gone were the previous carefree days。 86. 我突然意识到我们能够帮助父母做点简单的家务，比如把脏衣服分成几堆。（strike) (汉 译英） 【答案】It suddenly struck me that we were able to help our parents do some simple housework such as sorting dirty clothes into piles. 【解析】 【详解】考查主语从句和动词短语。分析句子可知，本句为使用 it 做形式主语，that 引导的 主语从句做真正的主语，sth.strike sb 某人突然想起……；be able to do 能够作某事，do some housework 做家务；such as 比如，接动名词作宾语，sort...into...把……分成。结合句意，动 作发生在过去，主句和从句用一般过去时；再根据其它汉语提示，故翻译为：It suddenly struck me that we were able to help our parents do some simple housework such as sorting dirty clothes into piles. 87. 没有一个孩子在成长过程中不犯任何错误，关键在于能否吃一堑，长一智。（learn) (汉 译英） 【答案】No children make no mistake while they are growing up and the most important thing is whether they can learn from (the) mistakes. 【解析】 【详解】考查一般现在时，固定短语以及表语从句。分析题意，中文提示“吃一堑，长一智” 可用 learn from (the) mistakes 表示；中文提示“关键在于是否...”可用表语从句表达--- the most important thing is whether；中文提示“成长”可用 gorw up 表示。分析句意，此处应用一般现 在时表示客观事实，客观真理。综合其他中文提示，故填 No children make no mistake while they are growing up and the most important thing is whether they can learn from (the) mistakes. 88. 这个宏伟的古镇重建计划由于缺乏资金而被暂时搁置，因为它表面上看上去很完美，但 实际还需要充分的讨论。（surface) (汉译英） 【答案】The giant project of rebuilding the old town is temporarily suspended for lack of money, because it seems perfect on the surface but in fact needs discussing fully. 【解析】 【详解】考查动词时态语态、固定短语和非谓语动词。句意：这个宏伟的古镇重建计划由于 缺乏资金而被暂时搁置，因为它表面上看上去很完美，但实际还需要充分的讨论。The giant project of rebuilding the old town 意为“这个宏伟的古镇重建计划”；suspend 意为“搁置”； temporarily 意为“暂时地”；for 意为“因为”；lack of money 缺乏资金；because 因为；it seems perfect 意为“看起来很完美”；on the surface 在表面；but 但是；in fact 为固定短语，意为“事 实上”，need 需要；discuss fully 充分地讨论。此处陈述客观事实，需用一般现在时，主语 The giant project of rebuilding the old town 和 suspect 为被动关系，主语为单数名词，谓语动 词使用第三人称单数形式，because 引导的原因状语从句主语为 it，need 也需要第三人称单 数形式。need doing 为固定用法，需用 discuss 的动名词形式作宾语。故答案是 The giant project of rebuilding the old town is temporarily suspended for lack of money, because it seems perfect on the surface but in fact needs discussing fully.。