专题07+阅读理解Ⅳ：篇章结构题（练）-2019年高考英语二轮复习讲练测 8页

‎1.[2016·北京卷] ‎ D Why college is not home The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today's students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities. ‎ For previous generations, college was a decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cellphones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home. ‎ To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves “trying on ” new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思维方面) and personally. While we should provide “safe spaces” within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered by strict debate and questioning. ‎ Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community(群体) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behaviour and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community. ‎ Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behaviour runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behaviour is too strictly defined(规定) and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behaviour that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged. ‎ It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescents' desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth. ‎ Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behaviour should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and selfregulation, of the necessary tension between safety and selfdiscovery. ‎ ‎70．Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?‎ ‎　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　A．　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　B.‎ ‎　　‎ ‎　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　C．　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　D.‎ I：Introduction　P：Point　Sp：Subpoint(次要点)　C：Conclusion ‎【文章大意】 本文讲述的是大学生自主性和成人的身份认同的相关情况。最近二十年来的大学生比以往的大学生更依赖家庭，对自己应负的社会责任和成长责任感下降。所以学校要加强学生的自主性、自我约束、安全和自我发现方面的工作。‎ ‎2.【2012·北京，D】 ‎ Wilderness ‎“In wilderness(荒野) is the preservation of the world.”This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism.The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection：whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved.‎ As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out，there is a strong appeal in images of the wild，the untouched；more than anything else，they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly.The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong，and the danger exploitation(开发) brings to such landscapes(景观) is real.Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need—the rainforests，for example，store carbon in vast quantities.To Mr.Sauven，these “ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation.‎ Lee Lane，a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute，takes the opposing view.He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services，such as water conservation.But that is not，he argues，a reason to avoid all human presence，or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation.There are ever more people on the Earth，and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives，rather than merely struggle for survival.While the ways of using resources have improved，there is still a growing need for raw materials，and some wildernesses contain them in abundance.If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide，the argument goes，there is no further reason not to do so.Being untouched is not，in itself，a characteristic worth valuing above all others.‎ I look forward to seeing these views taken further，and to their being challenged by the other participants.One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more ‎ directly.And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.‎ This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings，but also the guidance of reason.What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking. ‎ ‎70．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?‎ CP：Central Point　P：Point　Sp：Subpoint(次要点)‎ C：Conclusion ‎【答案】D ‎3.【2011陕西卷，D】‎ Ever since they were first put on the market in the early 1990s，genetically modified (GM，转基因) foods have been increasingly developed and marketed in many countries in the world，mainly on the basis of their promise to end the worldwide food crisis. But can GM technology solve world hunger problems? Even if it would，is it the best solution?‎ ‎ Despite what it promises, GM technology actually has not increased the production potential of any corp. In fact, studies show that the most crown GM crop.GM soybeans, has suffered reduced productivity. For instance, a report than analyzed nearly two ‎ decades of research on major GM food crops shows that GM engineering has failed to significantly increase US crop production.      Something else, however, has been on the rise, While GM seeds are expensive, GM companies tell farmers that they will make good profits by saving money on pesticides (杀虫剂). On the contrary, US government data show that GM crops in the US have produced an overall increase in pesticide use compared to traditional crops. "The promise was that you could use less chemicals and boost production. But neither is true," said Bill Christenson, President of the US National Farm Coalition.      At the same time, the authors of the book World Hunger: Twelve Myths argue that there actually is more than enough food in the world and that the hunger crisis is not caused by production, but by problems in food distribution and politics. These indeed deserve our efforts and money. Meanwhile, the rise in food prices results from the increased use of crops for fuel rather than food, according to a 2008 World Bank report.      As a matter of fact, scientists see better ways to feed the world. Another World Bank report concluded that GM crops have little to offer to the challenges of worldwide poverty and hunger, because better ways out are available, among which "green" farming is supposed to be the first choice.‎ ‎57.The author develops the second paragraph mainly .‎ A.by classification B.by comparison C.by example D.by process ‎ ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】第二段主要通过举例来证明观点，故应选C项。 ‎ ‎4.【2010·重庆卷·C】‎ It is hardly surprising that clothing manufacturers(生产商) follow certain uniform standards for various features(特征) of clothes.What seems strange，however，is that the standard adopted for women is the opposite of the one for men.Take a look at the way your clothes button.Men’s clothes tend to button from the right，and women’s from the left.Considering most of the world’s population—men and women—are righthanded，the men’s standard would appear to make more sense for women.So why do women’s clothes button from the left?‎ History really seems to matter here.Buttons first appeared only on the clothes of the rich in the 17th century，when rich women were dressed by servants.For the mostly righthanded servants，having women’s shirts button from the left would be easier.On the other hand，having men’s shirts button from the right made sense，too.Most men dressed themselves，and a sword drawn from the left with the right hand would be less likely to get caught in the shirt.‎ Today women are seldom dressed by servants，but buttoning from the left is still the standard for them.Is it interesting？Actually，a standard，once set，resists change.At a time when all women’s shirts buttoned from the ‎ left，it would have been risky for any single manufacture to offer women’s shirts that buttoned from the right.After all，women had grown so used to shirts which buttoned from the left and would have to develop new habits and skills to switch.Besides，some women might have found it socially awkward to appear in public wearing shirts that buttoned from the right，since anyone who noticed that would believe they were wearing men’s shirts.‎ ‎4.The passage is mainly developed by .‎ A.analyzing causes B.making comparisons C.examining differences D.following the time order ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】篇章结构题。文章先是提出男女服装上系纽扣的区别，然后再分析这种习俗的原因。‎ ‎5.【2010·湖北卷·B】‎ For many parents，raising a teenager is like fighting a long war，but years go by without any clear winner.Like a border conflict between neighboring countries，the parentteen war is about boundaries：Where is the line between what I control and what you do?‎ Both sides want peace，but neither feels it has any power to stop the conflict.In part，this is because neither is willing to admit any responsibility for starting it.From the parents’ point of view，the only cause of their fight is their adolescents’complete unreasonableness.And of course，the teens see it in exactly the same way，except oppositely.Both feel trapped.‎ In this article，I’ll describe three nowin situations that commonly arise between teens and parents and then suggest some ways out of the trap.The first nowin situation is quarrels over unimportant things.Examples include the color of the teen’s hair，the cleanliness of the bedroom，the preferred style of clothing，the child’s failure to eat a good breakfast before school，or his tendency to sleep until noon on the weekends.Second，blaming.The goal of a blaming battle is to make the other admit that his bad attitude is the reason why everything goes wrong.Third，needing to be right.‎ It doesn’t matter what the topic is—politics，the laws of physics，or the proper way to break an egg—the point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong，for both wish to be considered an authority—someone who actually knows something—and therefore to command respect.Unfortunately，as long as parents and teens continue to assume that they know more than the other，they’ll continue to fight these battles forever and never make any real progress.‎ It doesn’t matter what the topic is—politics，the laws of physics，or the proper way to break an egg—the point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong，for both wish to be considered an authority—someone who actually knows something—and therefore to command respect.Unfortunately，as long as parents and teens continue to assume that they know more than the other，they’ll continue to fight these battles ‎ forever and never make any real progress.‎ ‎4.What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?‎ A.Causes for the parentteen conflicts.‎ B.Examples of the parentteen war.‎ C.Solutions for the parentteen problems.‎ D.Future of the parentteen relationship.‎ ‎【答案】C ‎6.【2010·江西卷·C】‎ Kong Zi，also called Confucius(551－479 B.C.)，and Socrates (469－399 B.C.) lived only a hundred years apart，and during their lifetimes there was no contact between China and Greece，but it is interesting to look at how the world that each of these great philosophers came from shaped their ideas，and how these ideas in turn，shaped their societies.‎ Neither philosopher lived in times of peace，though there were more wars in Greece than in China.The Chinese states were very large and feudal，while the Greek citystates were small and urban.The urban environment in which Socrates lived allowed him to be more radical(激进的) than Confucius.Unlike Confucius，Socrates was not asked by rulers how to govern effectively.Thus Socrates was able to be more idealistic，focusing on issues like freedom，and knowledge for its own sake.Confucius，on the other hand，advised those in government service，and many of his students went on to government service.‎ Confucius suggested the Golden Rule as a principle for the conduct of life：“Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you.”He assumed that all men were equal at birth，though some had more potential than others，and that it was knowledge that set men apart.Socrates focused on the individual，and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom.He believed that some had more potential to develop their reason than others did.Like Confucius，he believed that the superior class should rule the inferior(下层的) classes.‎ For Socrates，the family was of no importance，and the community of little concern.For Confucius，however，the family was the centre of society，with family relations considered much more important than political relations.‎ Both men are respected much more today than they were in their lifetimes.‎ ‎4.This passage is organized in the pattern of .‎ A.time and events B.comparison and contrast C.cause and effect D.definition and classification ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】篇章结构题。纵观全文，文章用对比的手法叙述了两位古代哲学家思想的异同。‎ ‎ ‎