专题4-2+Working+the+land（词汇短语）-2018年高三英语一轮总复习名师伴学 19页

‎【学以致用】‎ 一、重点词汇细解 ‎1. struggle vi. n．斗争；拼搏；努力；挣扎 ‎【教材原句】Indeed, his sunburnt face and arms and his slim, strong body are just like those of millions of Chinese farmers, for whom he has struggled for the past five decades.‎ ‎【归纳拓展】‎ struggle for 为……而斗争 struggle with/against sb./sth. 与……做斗争 struggle to do sth. 努力做某事 struggle to one’s feet 挣扎着站起来 ‎①Helen Keller became deaf and blind when she was 19 months old, but she never gave up and struggled to lead(lead) an active life. 海伦·凯勒在19个月大时就变得又聋又瞎了，但她从不放弃并努力过积极的生活。‎ ‎②Tiffany McCoy has struggled with the effects of sickle cell disease.‎ 蒂凡尼·麦考伊一直在努力与镰状细胞病的影响作斗争。‎ ‎③Bravely, Mary struggled to her feet, and fought against the wind and rain beating against her.‎ 玛丽勇敢地挣扎着站起来，同扑向她的暴风雨搏斗着。‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ ‎(1)用适当的介词填空。‎ ‎①I have been struggling __________ depression and anxiety for most of my 28 year old life.‎ ‎②They struggled __________ the right to vote.‎ ‎③She struggled __________ her feet and continued walking.‎ ‎④They had to struggle __________ their lives __________ weather and wild animals.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎①with/against ‎②for ‎③to ‎ ‎④for；against ‎(2)完成句子。‎ ‎①He ________________ escape from the ropes that had tied him down. 他挣扎着想摆脱绑住他的绳索。‎ ‎②________________, there can be no progress. 没有斗争就没有进步。‎ ‎③It is ________________ to be ready on time. 按时准备好是一场真正的斗争。‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎【明辨异同】fight与struggle fight意为“搏斗，打斗，打架，斗争”，包含着“体力”和“勇猛”的因素。‎ struggle指较长时间的、激烈的争斗，包含着“奋力挣扎”的因素。‎ ‎2. equip vt. vi. 装备；配备 equipment n. 装备；设备(不可数名词)‎ ‎【教材原句】He therefore gives millions of yuan to equip others for their research in agriculture.‎ ‎【归纳拓展】‎ equip...with... 用……装备……‎ equip sb. for doing sth. 使某人为做某事而准备 equip sb. to do sth. 使某人能够做某事 be equipped to do sth. 使某人有准备做某事 be well/poorly equipped 设备精良的/较差的 a piece of equipment 一件设备 ‎①As far as I know, he is equipped (equip) with much experience in teaching.‎ 据我所知，他具有丰富的教学经验。‎ ‎②It is often said that human beings are naturally equipped to speak(speak).‎ 人们常说，人天生具有说话的能力。‎ ‎③My mother bought a useful piece of equipment(equip) for the kitchen yesterday.‎ 昨天，妈妈买了一件有用的厨房设备。‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ ‎(1)翻译句子 ‎①他们为战争准备装备。‎ ‎②A good education should equip you for life.‎ ‎③Please equip yourself with a pencil and a rubber for the exam.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎①They equipped themselves for the war.‎ ‎②有良好的教育能使你受用终生。‎ ‎③请准备一支铅笔和一块橡皮参加考试。‎ ‎(2)单项选择 It is required that all the vehicle companies should ________ their cars with safety belts.‎ A. associate B. equip C. relate D. feed ‎【答案】B ‎3. occupation n. 工作；职业；占据 ‎【归纳拓展】‎ occupy v. 使用，占用；使忙于；忙着 be occupied (房间、座位、床位等)被占用；被占有 be occupied in doing sth. 专心做某事 be occupied with sth. 从事，忙于某事 occupy oneself with sth./in doing sth. 忙于做某事 ‎[即学即练]‎ 用occupy的适当形式填空。‎ ‎(1)I __________ my evenings reading novels. 我晚上总在看小说。‎ ‎(2)The main __________ of the people of Greenland is farming or hotel business. 格陵兰岛人的主要职业是务农或酒店生意。‎ ‎(3)__________ herself with routine office tasks, she had no time to attend to her children. 忙于办公室的日常工作，她没有时间照顾她的孩子。‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎4. confuse vt.使迷惑；使为难 ‎【教材原句】It is important to explain this again or we will confuse the students.‎ ‎【归纳拓展】‎ confuse...with/and... 把……和……混淆 be/get confused with/about 对……感到困惑 confusing adj. 令人困惑的 confused adj. 感到迷惑的 confusion n. 混乱；混淆；困惑 in confusion 处于混乱状态 ‎[即学即练]‎ ‎(1)Great care is taken to avoid ________________ the two types of projects. 为了避免混淆这两种类型的项目已经很小心了。‎ ‎(2)Things were happening too quickly and Brian was ________________. 事情发生得太快，把布赖恩给弄糊涂了。‎ ‎(3)Memory loss and ________________ in those with Alzheimer’s and other dementias can be difficult for caregivers. 那些老年痴呆症和其他痴呆症中的记忆丧失和混乱对于照护者来说可能是很困难的。‎ ‎(4)________________ (他说的话使我困惑) and I was at a loss.‎ ‎(5)I can’t see how anyone could ________________! 我不明白怎么会有人把你和另外一个人搞混！‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎(4)What he said confused me ‎(5)confuse you with another ‎5. regret v. 可惜；后悔；遗憾；惋惜 n. 遗憾；懊悔 ‎【归纳拓展】‎ to one’s regret 令人遗憾的是 with great regret 非常遗憾 regret＋doing/having done 后悔做某事 regret to say/tell/inform... 很抱歉地说/告诉/通知……‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ ‎(1)用所给动词的适当形式填空 ‎①Li Ping did not regret ______________ (give) the comment but felt that she could have expressed it differently.李萍并不后悔提出自己的意见，但是她感觉她本来可以换种方式表达的。‎ ‎②We regret_______________ (inform) you that your application has not been successful.‎ 我们很遗憾地通知您，您的申请未通过。‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎①giving/having given ‎②to inform ‎ ‎(2)完成句子。‎ ‎①I have always ______________________ studied hard at school. 我一直后悔在校期间没有努力学习。‎ ‎②We ______________________ inform you that your application has not been successful. 我们很遗憾地通知您，您的申请未通过。‎ ‎③______________________, we will not be able to visit you next week.‎ 让我们深感遗憾的是，我们下周不能去拜访你了。‎ ‎④She has accepted his resignation ______________________.‎ 她遗憾地接受了他的辞职 ‎【答案】‎ ‎【名师指津】regret后既可用动名词作宾语又可用不定式作宾语，但二者有一定的区别。当表示“后悔做了某事”时应用regret doing sth（动作已做）；当表示“遗憾要去做某事”时应用regret to do sth（动作未做）。‎ ‎6. focus vt. 集中；聚焦 n. 焦点；中心点 ‎【教材原句】They focus on keeping their soil rich and free of disease.‎ ‎【归纳拓展】‎ the focus of ... ……的焦点 focus on 集中于……‎ focus one’s attention/eyes/energy on ... 集中注意力/目光/精力于……‎ be in focus 焦距对准；清晰 be out of focus 焦距没对准；模糊 bring sth. into focus 把某物集中在焦点上 focus sth. on (upon) sth.=fix...on...使……集中于……‎ be focused on/upon sth.=be fixed on 集中于……‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ ‎(1)The ______________________ my camera isn’t working properly. 我照相机上的调焦装置有毛病。‎ ‎(2)Health and environmental problems have become increasingly ______________________. 健康和环境问题日益成为人们瞩目的焦点。‎ ‎(3)For a time, my classmate Li Hua would rather sleep in class than listen to the teacher and no matter how hard he worked, he couldn’t ______________________ his studies. 有一段时间，我的同学李华宁愿在课堂上睡觉也不愿听老师讲课，不管他多么努力，他都不能集中精力学习。‎ ‎(4)She felt all the eyes ______________________ her. 她觉得所有人都在注视着她。‎ ‎(5)In order to restore economic stability, policymakers must ______________________ restoring the institutional role of governing. 为了恢复经济稳定，政策制定者必须集中精力恢复制度的治理作用。‎ ‎(6)We want to keep the real issues ________________. 我们想保持聚焦真正的问题。‎ ‎(7)The children’s faces were badly ________________ in the photograph. 照片上孩子们的脸非常模糊。‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎(6)in focus ‎(7)out of focus ‎ ‎【名师指津】表示“注意，集中精力于……”的短语还有：concentrate one’s attention on, fix one’s attention on, pay attention to等。‎ ‎7. reduce vt. 减少；减缩 ‎【教材原句】A healthy soil reduces disease and helps crops grow strong and healthy.‎ ‎【归纳拓展】‎ be reduced to…陷入某种境地 reduce sth to…把……减少到……；把……变为某种状态 reduce sth by…把……减少了……‎ reduction n. 缩小；减少 make a reduction 减价 ‎[即学即练]‎ ‎(1)They ________________ chemical fertilizers in their farming but use more organic fertilizers to keep the soil natural. 他们在农业中减少化肥，但使用更多的有机肥料来保持土壤天然状态。‎ ‎(2)She takes exercise every day, and she has reduced her weight __________ 10% __________ 50 kilos.‎ 她每天锻炼身体，体重减少了10%，还有50公斤。‎ ‎(3)The fire __________ the forest __________ a few trees. 大火把森林烧得仅剩下几棵树了。‎ ‎(4)Believe it or not, the rich man should ________________a beggar. 信不信由你，那位富人竟然沦落为乞丐。‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎【名师指津】reduce“减少”的近义词是decrease，反义词是increase, rise(增加)。这三个词与reduce用法一样，后可接to ...表示增减的结果，接by ...表示增减的幅度。‎ ‎8. comment n. 评论；议论 vi. vt. 表达意见；作出评论 ‎【教材原句】Swap summaries with your partner and give each other comments.‎ ‎【归纳拓展】‎ comment on/upon sth. 对……发表评论 comment that ... 评论……‎ make comments on/about ... 对……加以评论 no comment 无可奉告 ‎①The teacher often comments on/upon how different the two boys are.‎ ‎→The teacher often makes_comments_on/about how different the two boys are.‎ 老师经常谈论那两个男孩子的不同之处。‎ ‎②—Can you say something about the present situation?‎ ‎—Sorry, no_comment!‎ ‎——你能对当前的形式说说自己的看法吗？‎ ‎——对不起，无可奉告！‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ ‎(1)完成句子 ‎①Do you have any comment(s) ______________ on the recent developments? 你对最近的事态发展有什么意见吗？‎ ‎②Asked about the date of the election, the Prime Minister ______________ no decision had yet been made. 当问及选举日期时，首相评论说尚未作出决定。‎ ‎③She was asked about the pay increase but ______________ on it. 她被问及加薪问题，但是没对此进行评论。‎ ‎④—Will you resign, Minister?‎ ‎—______________!‎ ‎——部长，你是要辞职吗?‎ ‎——无可奉告!‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎①to make ‎②commented that ‎③made no comment ‎④No comment ‎(2)单项选择 Since I do not fully understand your proposal, I am not in the position to make any ________ on it.‎ A. difference B. solution C. demand D. comment ‎【答案】D 二、核心短语回顾 ‎1. Thanks to由于；多亏(有时用作反语)；因为 ‎【教材原句】Thanks to his research, the UN has more tools in the battle to rid the world of hunger.‎ ‎【归纳拓展】‎ thanks to是介词短语，因此后面可以跟名词或动词-ing形式而不可以跟从句。如：‎ ‎①Thanks to your help, we were successful. 由于你的帮助，我们成功了。‎ ‎②Thanks to you, I was saved from drowning. 多亏你，我才没被淹死。‎ ‎③Thanks to the bad weather, the match had been cancelled. 由于这倒霉的天气，比赛被取消了。‎ ‎【明辨异同】‎ 表示“因为，由于”的短语还有：because of，owing to，on account of，due to，as a result of等。‎ ‎(1)thanks to表示“幸亏，多亏，依靠；由于，因为”，是介词短语，只能作状语，多用于褒义。‎ ‎(2)due to意为“因为，由于”，可以作表语或状语，不能位于句首。be due to do sth.意为“被安排去做某事”。‎ ‎(3)owing to意为“由于”，多用作状语，作状语时常用逗号隔开。‎ ‎(4)because of语气最强，多用于表示直接原因。一般放在主句之后，有时也可放在主句之前。‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ ‎(1)单项填空 ‎①It was ________ your timely help that we accomplished the task on time. ‎ A. because B. thank C. thanks to D. as ‎②________ the new policy, we are now having a happy life.‎ A. Thanks to B. Because C. For D.Thanks for ‎【答案】‎ ‎①C 句意：幸亏你及时的帮助，我们才能按时完成任务。because是连词，后面要跟句子；thank是动词，句中已经有系动词was，所以在此不能用；as表“因为”是连词。故选C项。‎ ‎(2)用thanks to，due to，owing to，because of填空 ‎①The accident was ________ careless driving.‎ ‎②____________ his carelessness, Tom failed in the exam.‎ ‎③____________ his tiredness, he does not want to go with us.‎ ‎④Everyone knows about it now, ____________ you!‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎④thanks to ‎2. rid ... of ...摆脱；除去 ‎【教材原句】Thanks to his research, the UN has more tools in the battle to rid the world of hunger.‎ ‎【归纳拓展】‎ rid oneself of 使某人自己摆脱……‎ be rid of 摆脱；除去(状态)‎ get rid of 摆脱；除去；扔掉(动作)‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ ‎(1)Maybe we should ______________ modern technology and return to simpler times.‎ 也许我们应该摆脱现代技术，回归更为简单的时代。‎ ‎(2)Further measures will be taken to ________________ our streets of crime. 将采取进一步措施来防止街头犯罪。‎ ‎(3)Following the doctor’s advice, I gradually ________________ the bad habit. 按照医生的意见，我逐渐去掉了我的坏习惯。‎ ‎(4)We're moving, so we have to ______________ a lot of our furniture. 我们要搬家了，所以我们得扔掉许多家具。‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎(1)rid ourselves of ‎(2)rid ‎(3)kick/get rid of/rid myself of ‎(4)get rid of ‎ ‎【名师指津】在rid ... of ...短语中，rid为动词，后跟sb.或somewhere作宾语，指“使某人摆脱”或“除掉某地的不好或有害之物”。‎ ‎3. build up 逐渐增强；增强……的体质；建立；创办；开发；积累 ‎【教材原句】These chemicals in the food supply build up in people’s bodies over time.‎ ‎【归纳拓展】‎ 含有up的动词短语 stay up 不睡觉；熬夜 wake up 醒来 take up 拿起，占用；开始从事 pick up 捡起；偶然学会；收听；(用车)接人 use up 用完；花光 mix up 混淆；弄乱；搅匀；拌和 ‎[即学即练]‎ 写出下列句中build up的含义 ‎①Taking exercise helps us build up our body and keep a clear mind.‎ ‎②I'm very glad to see that your vocabulary is gradually building up.‎ ‎③It's said that she's built up a very successful business.‎ ‎④Bears build up fat stores throughout the summer and fall to have energy enough to last them through their winter sleep.‎ ‎⑤Fortunately, some experts from developed countries plan to go to Africa to help them learn advanced technology and build up the food supply.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎①增强 ‎②增加 ‎③建立，创办 ‎④积累 ‎⑤建立 ‎4. lead to导致；造成(后果)；通向……‎ ‎【教材原句】Many of these chemicals can lead to cancer or other illnesses.‎ ‎【归纳拓展】‎ lead sb. to do sth. 使某人做某事 lead/live/have a...life 过……样的生活 lead sb into 带某人进入 lead sb. to... 使某人到……‎ lead the way 带路 lead sb. by the nose 牵着某人的鼻子走 in the lead 领先；处于首位 take the lead 带头；领先 ‎(1)用所给词的适当形式填空 ‎①Questioning can lead to ______________(search) for an answer.‎ ‎②In class I will divide the students into small groups and lead them ______________(practise) speaking English in an interesting way.‎ ‎③The discovery of new evidence led to the thief ________________(catch).‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎(2)完成句子 ‎①He decided to ______________ after the unusual experience. 在这次不平常的经历过后，他决定过一种新的生活。‎ ‎②This will probably ________________ trouble in the future. 这以后将可能导致麻烦。‎ ‎③As we all know, all roads ________________ Rome. 众所周知，条条大路通罗马。‎ ‎④This has ________________ other solutions to the problem. 这就使得科学家不得不想其他解决问题的方法。‎ ‎⑤With him ________________, we got there without any difficulty. 在他带路下，我们没有任何困难就到达那里了。‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎⑤leading the way ‎ ‎【名师指津】lead to中的to是介词，后接名词、代词或动词ing形式。表示导致的短语还有：result in, contribute to, bring about等。‎ ‎5. keep...free from/of使……免受（影响、伤害等）；使……不含（有害物）‎ ‎【教材原句】This also keeps the air, soil, water and crops free from chemicals.‎ ‎【归纳拓展】‎ 含有free的短语 be free of摆脱了……的 set free释放；使获得自由 free of charge免费 for free免费 ‎[即学即练]‎ 完成句子 ‎(1)Aunty Misery ______________ the trouble at last. 米斯里阿姨最终摆脱了烦恼。‎ ‎(2)This is a heart warming video of cows that ______________ after a long winter season. 这是令人暖心的视频，在漫长的冬季之后，这些牛被释放了。‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎(1)was free from ‎(2)were set free ‎ ‎