专题07+动词—动词时态-2019届高考英语热门考点全攻略 14页

命题探究 命题探究 命题解读 命题规律 题型 ‎2016课标1‎ ‎2016新课标2‎ ‎2015课标1‎ ‎2015课标2‎ ‎2014课标1‎ ‎2014课标2‎ 考法说明 谓语动词时态、语态和主谓一致、‎ 1. 语篇型语法填空 was allowed(allow)‎ is(be)‎ arrived(arrive)‎ is(be)‎ goes(go)‎ was(be)‎ caught(catch)‎ Did 1. 语法填空对时态的考查比较多，相对来说对语态的考查少。对时态的考查主要集中在一般现在时、过去时等常见时态；‎ ‎2.会结合主谓一致进行考查，主要考查主语是第三人称单数时谓语动词的形式；‎ ‎3.‎ 情态动词和虚拟语气 常考时态：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时；‎ 1. 被动语态的基本用法 ‎3. .情态动词基本用法；2.虚拟语气基本用法 短文改错主要错误类型是上下文时态不一致、被动语态的误用以及过去式和过去分词的混淆；‎ ‎4.对虚拟语气的考查主要是考查主从句谓语动词的形式。‎ 短文改错 had→have ‎(are)using→(are)used thought→think think→thought 去掉have been shown中的been begun→began telling→told has been→have been didn’t→don’t look→looks 短文改错 ‎---‎ can→should或去掉can ‎(can) chose→(can)choose ‎(must)found→(must)find ‎---‎ ‎---‎ sat→sit ‎2017新课标：‎ 全国1：语法填空：are removed (remove)；is (be) 短文改错：goes—went 全国2：语法填空：were used (use); managed (manage) 短文改错：came—comes ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2018新课标：‎ 全国1：语法填空：is (be); strength (strengthen) 短文改错：find—found ‎ 全国2：语法填空：started (start) 短文改错：加was; are—were l 高考中主要是以时态考查为主，语态考查为辅，在语法填空和短文改错中 侧重考查一般时。‎ l 考生应了解并能够正确运用常考的 10 种时态，尤其是一般现在时，一般 过去时，现在完成进行时等高考高频时态，掌握几种易混时态的区别，如 现在完成时和一般过去时。熟知各种时态的被动语态的形式和用法以及主动形式表示被动意义的用法。‎ Ø 我们本次讲义以动词时态为主 考点精讲 一、 动词的时态 （一） 一般体 包括一般现在时、一般过去时和一般将来时。所谓一般体，表示既不“进行”也不“完成”。‎ ‎1. 一般现在时 ‎（1）一般现在时的构成 ‎1）主要由动词原形表示，如果主语为第三人称单数，则一般在动词原形后加-s或-es，其变化规则如下：‎ 情况 规则 例词 一般情况 加-s eats, rises 以s, sh, c, ch, x, o, z结尾的动词 加-es discuss→discusses teach→teaches 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词 变y为ies carry→carries fly→flies 2） be的变化：am, is, are 3） have的变化：has, have ‎（2）一般现在时的用法：除了可以表示现在的经常性、习惯性动作或状态外，还可以表示：‎ ‎1）表示客观真理、格言以及不受时间限制的客观存在。 ‎ The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转。‎ Time and tide wait for no man. 时不待我。‎ A bird in hand is worth two in the bush. 双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。‎ ‎2）表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词;表示经常或习惯性的 动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。‎ They always care for each other and help each other. 他们总是相互关心相互帮助。‎ ‎3） 表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时: see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong to, seem 等。‎ Smith owns a car and a house. 史密斯有一幢房子和一辆车。‎ All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School. 这里所有的学生都来自第一中 ‎ ‎2. 一般过去时 ‎（1）一般过去时的构成 ‎1）一般过去时有动词的过去式构成，其规则变化方法如下：‎ 情况 规则 例词 一般情况 加-ed pack→packed 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词 变y为ied carry→carried 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节的动词 双写辅音字母加-ed plan→planned 以不发音的e结尾的动词 直接加-d like→liked provide→provided ‎2）was用于第一、三人称单数，were用于其他人称。‎ ‎3）注意以元音字母加y结尾的动词，直接加-ed。如play→played。‎ ‎（2）一般过去时的用法：一般过去时除了表示过去经常性、习惯性动作或状态外（表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常用 yesterday, last year, in 1995, the other day 等作时间状语），还可以表示：‎ ‎1）want, hope, think, intend等动词用一般过去时往往表示“过去原…”之意。‎ 例：I thought he was an honest man. 我原以为他是个老实人。‎ ‎2）wonder的一般过去时有时也可以表示现在的行为，担口气要比用一般现在时更客气委婉。‎ 例：I wondered if you could do me a favour. 我在想你是否会愿意帮助我。‎ ‎3）used to + 动词原形，表示过去的习惯动作而现在已经不发生了。‎ ‎4）在时间、条件从句中代替过去将来时。‎ 例：He said he would not go if it rained. 他说要是下雨，他就不去。‎ ‎3. 一般将来时 ‎（1）一般将来时的构成 ‎1）shall + 动词原形（第一人称）‎ ‎2）will + 动词原形（各种人称）‎ ‎（2）一般将来时的用法：除了可以表示将来的动作或状态外，还可表示：‎ ‎1）will + 动词原形 ‎①可以用来表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势。‎ Fish will die without water.‎ ‎②表将来，有时含有偶然性、临时性决定的意思。‎ ‎2）be going to + 动词原形 多用于口语中，表示“计划、打算要做”；还可以表达根据现在的迹象对未来进行推测。还可以表达“过去本打算做，但未做”的意思。‎ 例：-- Tom, you didn’t come to the party last night?‎ ‎-- I was going to, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.‎ ‎3）be about to + 动词原形/be on the point of + 动名词 都表示立即的将来（immediate future），因此这两种结构不与表示将来的具体时间状语连用（如tomorrow, next week等），但可以和并列连词when（=and at that time）引出的分句连用。‎ ‎（二）进行体 ‎1. 进行体的构成 ‎（1）考纲对进行体所要求掌握的时态包括：现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时。结构分别为：‎ 现在进行时：am/is/are + doing（现在分词）‎ 过去进行时：was/were + doing（现在分词）‎ 将来进行时：will/shall + be+ doing（现在分词）‎ ‎（2）现在分词的构成形式 情况 规则 例词 一般情况 加-ing try→trying 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节 双写辅音字母加-ing regret→regretting ban→banning 以不发音的e结尾的动词 去掉e，加-ing hate→hating date→dating ‎2. 进行体的用法 ‎（1）进行体表示某一时刻或阶段内正在进行的动作或存在的状态，具有暂时性和未完成的特点。‎ ‎（2）表示某阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事，虽然当时动作不一定正在进行，常与these days, this week等时间状语连用。‎ 例：We are making model planes these days.‎ ‎（3）表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作，往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always, continually, forever, all the time等连用。‎ ‎（4）有些动词进行时表将来，如：leave, come, go, arrive, begin.‎ ‎（5）有些动词没有进行时态，如：感官系动词；（情感类）like, love, hate等；（心态类）wish, hope, want, need, believe等；（存在状态类）appear, lie, remain, belong等。‎ ‎（三）完成体 ‎1. 完成体的构成 ‎（1）考纲对完成体所要求掌握的时态包括：现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时。其结构如下：‎ 现在完成时：have/has + done（过去分词）‎ 过去完成时：had + done（过去分词）‎ 将来完成时：will/shall have done ‎（2）规则动词的过去分词构成方法同过去式的构成方法，不规则动词需要额外记忆。（单独印制，考查）‎ ‎2. 完成体的用法 ‎（1）现在完成时 ‎1）表示一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在（也许还将持续下去）。表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间的状语有：lately, recently, in the last/past few days/years, since then, up to now, so far, till now等。‎ ‎2）表示发生在过去的事情对现在产生的影响，注意这时说话者的重心在过去的事情对现在产生的影响上。常用的时间状语有：already, just, yet, before等。‎ ‎3）用现在完成时的3个必背句型 ‎① 在“最高级+名词”或“It/This is + the first/second…time”后的定语从句中，谓语动词用现在完成时。‎ 例：This is the first time (that) I have come here.‎ ‎ This is the best tea (that) I have ever drunk.‎ ‎② 现在完成时 + since + 过去时 例：It has been six years since we last saw each other.‎ ‎③ It be + 段时间+ since + 从句（现在完成时）‎ 例：It is three years since we have met each other. ‎ ‎4）瞬间动词可以用于完成时，但不可以与段时间连用（不可与for+‎ 段时间连用）。若非要一起使用，必须将瞬间动词转化为其相应的延续性动词（表示状态）。常见的转换如下：‎ 买 buy--have 借 borrow--keep 结婚 marry—be married 离开 leave—be away 回来 come back—be back 生病 fall ill—be ill 死亡 die—be dead 动身 leave for—be off to 变成 become—be 返回 return—be back 开始 begin—be on 睡觉 go to bed—sleep 穿 put on—wear 来/去 come/go—be in/away 入睡 go to sleep—be asleep 到达 get to/arrive in, at/reach—be in 感冒take/get/catch a cold—have a cold ‎（2）过去完成时 ‎1）一件事发生在过去，另一件事先于它发生（即“过去的过去”），那么发生在前面的动词要用过去完成时。‎ 例：She had learned some English before she came to the institute.‎ ‎ He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.‎ ‎2）表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一个时间的动作，常用的时间状语有by/until/before/by the end of+表过去的某一时间。‎ 例：By then he had learned English for 3 years.‎ ‎ Until then he had known nothing about it yet.‎ ‎3）表示愿望、打算的词，如：hope, expect, mean, intend, want, suppose等，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。‎ 例：I had hoped to see more of Shanghai. （但未能如愿）‎ ‎4）用于固定句型中（必背）‎ ‎① Hardly/Scarcely/Barely…when和No sooner…than…句型中，when和than从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，且用倒装，表示“刚…就…”‎ 例：Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.‎ ‎② It was/had been + 一段时间 + since从句，since从句的谓语用过去完成时。‎ 例：It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.‎ ‎③ It/This was the first/second…time + that从句，that从句的谓语用过去完成时。‎ 例：It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake.‎ ‎（3）将来完成时：表示将来某一时间某一动作会完成，常用的时间状语是“by+将来某个时间”。‎ 例：By this time of next year, all of you will have become college students.‎ ‎（四）完成进行体 ‎1. 考纲对完成进行时所要求掌握的时态为现在完成进行时，其形式为：have/has + been + doing ‎2. 现在完成进行时是现在完成时和现在进行时的组合，因此，它既具有现在完成时的特征，又具备现在进行时的特征，如：它具备进行体的额“未完性、暂时性、感情色彩”的特点。‎ 例：He has been learning English for 6 years.（从过去某一时间开始学，强调到现在还在学）‎ It has been raining for 3 days. （强调说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩）‎ ‎（五）动词时态的呼应 ‎1. 主将从现 即主句表将来（不一定为一般将来时，祈使句、情态动词+动词原形也可以表将来），从句（包括时间、条件、让步状语从句）用现在时（不一定是一般现在时，现在进行时、现在完成时也可以）。‎ 例：Whatever you say, I will change my mind.‎ If she is still waiting, tell her to go home.‎ I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.‎ ‎2. 含宾语从句的时态问题 ‎（1）主现从任意：宾语从句中，当主句时态是现在时或将来时，从句的谓语动词不受影响，可以根据从句本身具体的语境或时间状语来确定时态。‎ 例：He says his father is/was/will be a teacher.‎ ‎ They believe that you said something wrong yesterday.‎ ‎（2）主过从必过：宾语从句中，当主句时态是一般过去时，从句的谓语动词一般需要用过去的某一种时态，即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去完成进行时、过去将来时、过去将来进行时等。‎ 例：I was sure he was in bed.‎ ‎ He thought he was working for the people.‎ ‎ I wondered if she had got well.‎ ‎（3）需要注意（2）的一些变体 ‎① 当主句为过去时，宾语从句是客观真理事实，则从句时态是一般现在时；‎ ‎② 当主句含有could表示客气请求委婉语气是，从句部分根据语境选择时态，而不必一定是过去时。‎ ‎3. 含虚拟语气句子中的时态问题 ‎（1）在“would(should/ought to/could/might/needn’t/would like to等)have done sth., but…” 句型中，but后面的谓语动需用一般过去时或过去进行时。‎ 例：He should have turned up but had an unexpected visitor.‎ ‎（2）在“But for the fact + that从句，…”中，that从句的谓语动词时态需要根据后面句子谓语动词所表示的时间而定。‎ 例：But for the fact that he is busy, he would be here.‎ But for the fact that you were ill, I would have had you print the papers.‎ ‎（3）It is (high) time + that从句，从句中的谓语动词只能用should + do或did的形式，其中需要注意的是should不可以省略。 ‎ 例：It is time that we went/should go to bed.‎ 专项精练 ‎1. This medicine ________ (taste) terrible. I hate it.‎ ‎2. There exist now a park that has a small river running through.(改错)‎ ‎ ____________________________________________________________‎ ‎3. It was not until then that I came to know that knowledge ________ (come) only from practice.‎ ‎4. He said that they would go to the Great Wall if it ________ fine the next day.‎ A . will be B. would be C. is D. was ‎ ‎5. —Your phone number again? I ________ quite catch it.‎ ‎—It’s 69568442.‎ A. didn’t B. couldn’t C. don’t D. can’t ‎ ‎6. It’s time that we ________ to make a plan for our holiday.‎ A. begin B. began C. beginning D. are beginning ‎ ‎7. My sister saw a lovely cup when we are shopping the other day.‎ ‎ ____________________________________________________________‎ ‎8. Suddenly Mary, my best friend, asking me to let her copy my answers, but I refused. (改错)‎ ‎ ____________________________________________________________‎ ‎9.You do say that you would lend your bike to me yesterday.(改错)‎ ‎ ____________________________________________________________‎ ‎10.Hardly had the doctor gone to bed when there is a knock on the door.(改错) ____________________________________________________________ ‎ ‎11.Pardon, but I don't quite follow what you said just now.(改错) ____________________________________________________________ ‎ ‎12. —________ leave at the end of this month.‎ ‎—I don’t think you should do that until ________ another job.‎ A. I’m going to; you’d found B. I’m going to; you’ve found C. I’ll; you’ll find D. I’ll; you’d find ‎13. No one ________ this building without the permission of the police.‎ A. is leaving B. is to leave C. has left D. will be leaving ‎ ‎14. Although the causes of cancer _________, we do not yet have any practical way to prevent it. A. are being uncovered B. have been uncovering C. are uncovering D. have uncovered ‎ ‎15. Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts, the plane _________. A. takes off B. is taking off C. has taken off D. took off 16. You _________ television. Why not do something more active? A. always watches B. are always watching C. have always watched D. have always been watching ‎ ‎17. Oh my God! The shoes don't fit me at all! They ________________ (hurt) my toes! ‎ ‎18. I _______ a dress when she cut her finger.‎ A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes ‎19.As she _______ the newspaper, Granny _______ asleep.‎ A.read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read; fell ‎20. Tom _______ into the house when no one _______.‎ A. slipped; was looking B. had slipped; looked C. slipped; had looked D. was slipping; looked ‎21. Mr. Smith ________________ (write) a book about China last year, but I don't know whether he has finished it.‎ ‎22. (1) Unfortunately when I arrived she ______________ (leave), so we had time for a few words.‎ ‎(2) Unfortunately when I arrived she ______________ (leave), so we didn't even meet each other.‎ ‎23. Whatever great progress you ________________ (make) so far, you should still remain modest.‎ ‎24. This is the first time I ________________ (fly), so I am really excited and nervous.‎ ‎25. I have heard that Bob ____________ (come) back from his journey to America. Shall we visit him some day?‎ ‎26. My parents ________ (go) shopping and I had no keys， so I had to wait until they ________ (come) back home.‎ 27. Unfortunately, by the time I got back, they have finished the scene and the actors couldn't be seen anywhere.(改错) ___________________________________________________________________ ‎ ‎【答案解析】‎ ‎3.comes，【解析】此处虽然为宾语从句，但表述的客观真理，不受主句时态影响，故使 用一般现在时。‎ ‎4. D，【解析】因从句中 if 引导的为一条件状语从句，因此用一般过去时表示一般将来时。‎ ‎5. A ，【解析】本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，“没有听懂”这个动 作发生在过去，因此用过去时。‎ ‎6. B，【解析】不知道本句型的构成错选 A。 表示“某人该做某事了”，要用 It’s time that sb.+动词过去式。‎ ‎7. are→were【解析】考查动词时态。从句的时间状语“the other day”表示过去，故应用一般 过去时。‎ ‎8. asking→asked，【解析】分析句子结构可知，but 连接两个并列分句，前一分句缺少谓语动词， ‎ 再结合后一分句的时态可知，应改 asking 为 asked。‎ ‎9.把 do→did，【解析】从后面的宾语从句可知此句为一般过去时，故应把作强调使用的 do 改为 did。此句意为“昨天你确实说了要把你的自行车借给我的”。‎ ‎10.把 is→was ，【解析】考察“hardly...when...”句型中从句中要使用一般过去时，主句使用过去完成 时，表示“一......就......”。此句意为“这位医生刚要睡觉，就听见有人敲门”。‎ ‎11.把 don't→didn't，【解析】从 just now 可知“刚才说的话没有听明白”，故此处用一般过去时。此 句意为“不好意思，我刚才没听懂你的话”。‎ ‎12. B，【解析】第二空在 until 后，为时间状语从句，不能用将来时。故排除 C 和 D。 A 答案第二空处是过去完成时，根本不符合题意，此处 leave 意为“辞职”‎ ‎13. B，【解析】因为 leave 可以用于现在进行时表示一般将来，表“某人打算离开”， 但此处后面是“未经警方允许”，故不存在“打算”。根据意思，正确答案为 B。‎ ‎14. A，【解析】因被动语态的现在进行时不熟悉而错选 D。应该是“尽管癌症病因的面纱正在被揭开，但我们还是没有什么切实的方法来预防它。”‎ ‎17. are hurting，【解析】从语境可知这是说话人正在描述此时此刻正在发生的事情，含有抱怨的情绪，故使用现在进行时。‎ ‎18. C，【解析】割伤手是已经发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when 表时间的同时 性，“玛丽在做衣服时”提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。‎ ‎19. B【解析】句中的 as=when, while, 意为“当......的时候”。描述一件事情发生 的背景时，用过去进行时;一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意 为“在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。”句中的 fell 是系动词，后跟形容词。‎ ‎20. A，【解析】常见的表达是:Mother was cooking supper when I got home.主句是一 般过去时而从句是过去进行时。此题受之影响而犯错。正确答案 A。‎ ‎21. was writing 【解析】从后句可知不确定写书这一动作是否已经完成，故使用过去时，表示 在过去的一段时间里做某事的状态。‎ ‎22. (1)was leaving (2)had left，【解析】第一句由语境可知，“我们说了几句话”，所以“我们到的时候她正要走”，趋向性动词 leave 用过去进行时，表示过去将要发生的事情。第二句 由语境可知“我们都没能见上面”，故“我们到的时候她已经走了，使用过去 完成时表示已经完成的动作。‎ ‎23. have made，【解析】由 so far ‎ 这个时间状语可知此处应使用现在完成时，表示截至说话的时间点已经完成的动作。句意为“无论你目前已经取得了什么样的进步，都应该保持谦虚”。‎ ‎24. have flown，【解析】在一般现在时的句子中，与次数连用的从句使用现在完成时。当 the first time 作表语时，其后的定语从句的动词时态形式通常如下:‎ ‎(1) 当主句为现在时(It/This/That is the first time)时，从句的谓语动词要用现在 完成时。‎ ‎(2)当主句为过去时(It/This/That was the first time)时，从句的谓语动词要用过去 完成时。‎ ‎(3)当主句为将来时(It/This/That will be the first time)时，从句的谓语动词要用将 来完成时。‎ ‎25. has come， 【解析】通常来说，宾语从句的时态需与主句时态相同。只有宾语从句属于客 观真理时，从句不受主句时态影响。且从后一句“Shall we visit him some day” 可知“鲍勃已经回来了”，动作到说话的时间点时已经完成，故使用现在完成 时。此句意为“我听说鲍勃已经从美国旅行回来了，咱们哪天去看看他啊”。 ‎ 综合精练 语法填空 Dad quit drinking exactly one year before I was born. He joined a group of other people. He said they 1.________(stop) drinking, too. I loved my dad 2._________ hated the way his weekly meetings took him away from me. It seemed that they were more important to him than I was. But with my birthday coming up I thought Dad 3.________ (make) an exception. I begged him not to miss it but 4._________(refuse). He said, “I am chairing the meeting this Saturday. We 5.__________(have) your party on Sunday. Why not come with me together tonight? It's an open meeting. All 6._________ (be) welcome.” I agreed. Maybe I needed to see why something Dad did every week mattered so much.‎ After we arrived, Dad announced 7._________theme of the meeting was going to be gratitude. He told his story ‎ about giving up smoking 8.________(late), a man called Dave also told his story. Only then did I know it was Dad that saved his life 9._________ drinking. Showing up week after week and meeting with people, Dad 10.________ (change) lives. Shame washed over me.‎ ‎【答案解析】‎ 1. had stopped, 考察时态，宾语从句“主过从必过”可知，从句用过去完成时。‎ 2. but，考察连词，前后love和hate形成转折，故填but 3. would make，考察时态，宾语从句“主过从必过”可知，在结合语境，从句用过去将来时 4. was refused，根据句义考察被动语态，是“被父亲拒绝”‎ 5. will have，考察时态，由于是引号内的直接引语，故时态需要使用当时的说话语境，根据上下文应该用一般将来时