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2020届二轮复习阅读理解中如何破译“长难句”,摆脱读懂之“羁绊”

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‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解中如何破译“长难句”,摆脱读懂之“羁绊”‎ 英语句子有长有短,有简有繁,从表象看,似乎千变万化,难以捉摸;但从实质看,可以发现许多内在联系和共同规律。句子成分构成了英语中各种各样的句子,其实英语中最基本的句型只有五种,其他各种句型都是由这五种基本句型演变而来的。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。‎ 基本句型一 主语+谓语(不及物动词)‎ 此句型的句子有一个共同特点:句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫作不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。‎ The sun | rises in the east.‎ 太阳在东方升起。‎ Lucy and Mary | get up early every morning.‎ 露茜和玛丽每天早晨起得很早。‎ What he said | does not matter.他所说的不重要。‎ They | had talked for half an hour when I came in.‎ 当我进来时他们已经谈了半小时了。‎ 基本句型二 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语 此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟一个宾语(即动作的承受者)才能使意思完整。这类动词叫作及物动词。‎ ‎(2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达) I | love | painting very much.我非常喜欢绘画。‎ ‎(2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)At the same time, I | have grasped | several languages, including English.‎ 与此同时, 我已经掌握了几门语言,包括英语。‎ ‎(2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)I | firmly believe | that I can be a qualified volunteer.我坚信我会成为一名合格的志愿者。‎ 基本句型三 主语+连系动词+表语 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子连系动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。连系动词分两类:be, look, keep, smell等属一类,表示状态; get, grow, become, turn, fall等属另一类,表示变化。be本身没有什么意义,只起连接主语和表语的作用。其他系动词仍保持其部分词义。‎ ‎(2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)I | am | Li Hua, captain of our school volleyball team.‎ 我是李华,我们校排球队的队长。‎ He | is growing | tall and strong.‎ 他长得又高又壮。‎ ‎(2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)We | are | confident that we can ‎ win this competition.‎ 我们有自信能赢得比赛。‎ 基本句型四 主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语 此句型的句子有一个共同特点:谓语动词跟有两个宾语,这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常动词与间接承受者之间要用一个介词来连接,当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时,则没有介词。‎ She | ordered | herself | a new dress.‎ 她为自己订了一套新裙子。‎ She | cooked | her husband | a delicious meal.‎ 她给她丈夫做了美味的饭菜。‎ He | brought | you | a dictionary.‎ 他给你带来一本字典。‎ 基本句型五 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾补 此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来说明宾语,才能使意思完整。‎ They | appointed | him | manager.‎ 他们任命他为经理。‎ They | painted | the door | green.‎ 他们把门漆为绿色。‎ He | asked | me | to come back soon.‎ 他让我马上回来。‎ I | saw | them | getting on the bus.‎ 我看见他们在上公交车。‎ 但常用的英语句子并不都像基本句型这样简短,这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外,通常要在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语(modifier)而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词(主要是形容词、副词和数词),也可以是各种类型的短语(主要是形容词短语、介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语)。下面以基本句型五为例:‎ We found the hall full.(形容词)‎ 我们发现礼堂坐满了。‎ We found the great hall full of students and teachers.(形容词短语)‎ 我们发现大礼堂里坐满了学生和教师。‎ We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.(形容词短语和分词短语)‎ 我们发现大礼堂里坐满了学生和教师,他们正在听一个重要的报告。‎ 如果把句子的主干(五种基本句型)比作树干,那么修饰成分就可以比作繁茂的枝叶。若能理清这些枝叶(也就是“三长两短一并列”),主干自然就清晰了,进而轻松理解整个句子。‎ ‎(一)什么是“三长两短一并列”‎ ‎1.“三长”就是构成长难句的三种较长修饰成分(即介词短语、从句、非谓语动词短语)。‎ ‎2.“两短”,指的是镶嵌于句子之中的、会稍稍提高句子复杂度的两种较短修饰成分(即形容词和副词)。‎ ‎3.“一并列”是指由一些并列关系的连词(and, or, as well as等)将句子连接起来构成的结构。‎ 再长的句子都是在“句子主干”中加入“三长两短一并列”的某些部分,使之构成看似复杂的长难句。‎ ‎(二)如何给“三长两短一并列”做标记 ‎“三长”加括号,“并列词”加方框,给“并列项”加下划线。‎ ‎1.“三长”‎ ‎(1)介词短语 ‎[定义] 从介词开始到名词结束、表达一个独立的完整含义的结构。‎ ‎[起止标识] 标记介词短语时,要从介词开始到介词之后的第一个名词终止。如:at home, in the school, in the beautiful park, during my happy childhood, over the last few years, for three weeks, to the destination等。‎ ‎[例句] (After chatting)(with Laura)(on this matter)(for two hours)(from 2:00 to 4:00)(in the afternoon), I returned to my office.‎ 从下午2点到4点和Laura就这个问题谈论了2个小时之后,我回到了我的办公室。‎ ‎(2)从句 ‎[定义] 从句在复合句中不能独立成句,但具有主语部分和谓语部分等完整的句子结构,由that, who, whom, when, why, where, how, which, if, although等关系词引导。‎ ‎[起止标识] 标记从句时,一定从关系词开始,到以下四种情况终止。‎ ‎①到句尾终止,如:I am writing to inform you (that our team is going to play in The National League).(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)‎ 我写信是想通知你我们队要参加全国联赛。‎ ‎②到句中的逗号终止,如:(If it is convenient for you), I'll meet you at the entrance of the music hall at 7:00 that evening. (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)‎ 如果你方便的话,我将在那天晚上7点在音乐厅门口等你。‎ ‎③到下一个修饰成分终止,如:I will invite him (who is a top basketball player) to Beijing.(to Beijing是介词短语,属于另一个修饰成分,故从句的标记在此处终止)我想邀请这名优秀篮球运动员到北京。‎ ‎④到主句谓语动词终止,如:He (who is a top basketball player) is studying in Shanghai.‎ 这名优秀篮球运动员正在上海学习。‎ ‎(3)非谓语动词短语 ‎[定义] 非谓语动词是指动词在句子中“不是谓语”时的几种变化形式,主要包括动词不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)三类。非谓语动词不能独立作谓语,而是充当句子的其他成分。由非谓语动词开头的、表示一个独立、完整的含义的结构叫作非谓语动词短语。‎ ‎[起止标识] 标记非谓语动词短语时,一定是从动词不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)或分词(现在分词doing或过去分词done)开头,到以下四种情况终止。‎ ‎①到句尾终止,如:Mary is a teacher(teaching Chinese).玛丽是一位教汉语的老师。‎ ‎②到句中的逗号终止,如:(Knowing that you are fond of classical music), I'd like to invite you to join me and welcome you to show your performance. (2019·全国卷Ⅲ)‎ 知道你喜欢古典音乐,我想邀请你加入我,欢迎你的表演。‎ ‎③到下一个修饰成分终止,如:Jack walked into the hall, (waving) to the audience. (to the audience是介词短语,属于另一修饰成分)杰克向观众挥着手走进大厅。‎ ‎④到主句谓语动词终止,如:We, (singing a happy song), rode to school.我们唱着快乐的歌骑车到学校。‎ ‎2.“两短”‎ ‎(1)形容词 ‎[定义] 形容词是指用来修饰名词的单词,往往带有ous, y, ful, able等后缀。‎ ‎[常见位置]‎ ‎①一般置于名词之前,如:a beautiful park一个漂亮的公园。‎ ‎②修饰不定代词(something, anything, nothing, somebody, anybody, nobody)时置于不定代词之后,如:“一些有趣的事”应译为something interesting。‎ ‎(2)副词 ‎[定义] 副词用来修饰形容词、副词、动词等,往往带有ly等后缀。‎ ‎[常见位置] 英语中,副词的用法比形容词灵活得多。‎ ‎①可置于整句之前,如:Unfortunately, he failed to make it.不幸的是,这事他没办成。‎ ‎②可置于整句之后,如:The teacher greets his students individually.老师分别给他的学生们打招呼。‎ ‎③可置于“助动词、系动词、情态动词之后,实义动词之前”,如:The princess looks extremely beautiful today.(系动词之后)公主今天看起来特别漂亮。‎ He immediately saw the black cat.(实义动词之前)‎ 他立刻看到了那只黑猫。‎ He has undoubtedly fallen in love with the princess.(助动词、情态动词之后,实义动词之前)他无疑已经爱上了这位公主。‎ ‎④可置于形容词或副词之前,如:There is an extremely beautiful garden in our campus.(形容词之前)‎ 在我们校园里有一个特别漂亮的花园。‎ The girl dances very well.(副词之前)‎ 这个女孩跳舞跳得很好。‎ 从上面的分析可以看出,虽然英文中形容词和副词在句中的位置和中文略有不同,但一般情况下,他们较短且易于辨识,对句意理解影响不大,因此在给修饰成分做标记时,形容词和副词可不标记。‎ ‎3.“一并列”‎ ‎[定义] “一并列”即平行并列结构,是指由并列词将两个或两个以上含义相似、结构相同的并列项连接起来构成的结构。‎ ‎[标记方法] 给平行并列结构做标记的要求是:给并列词加方框,给并列项加下划线。标记时要先找到并列词,然后再找并列项。在标注形如A and B的平行并列结构时,应先找B(即右并列项)后找A(即左并列项)。由于英语中的修饰成分往往置于中心词之后,所以A和B两个并列项后面可能各自带有很长的“尾巴”,形成“A ...and B ...”的形式,导致A离and相对较远,不易确认,而B通常离and很近,容易识别。找到B之后,利用A和B结构相同、含义相似的原则,很容易将A确定出来。‎ ‎[常见并列关系]‎ 英语中可以并列的成分有很多,读句子时要注意识别到底是谁跟谁并列。‎ ‎①名词并列:I like the_box placed on the desk the_flowers in your hand.‎ 我喜欢摆放在桌子上的盒子和你手里的鲜花。‎ ‎②形容词并列:Mr. Smith is a kind,_patient knowledgeable English teacher.‎ 史密斯先生是一位和蔼、耐心、知识渊博的英语老师。‎ ‎③副词并列:You are supposed to answer the following questions quickly accurately.‎ 期望你能快速准确地回答下列问题。‎ ‎④谓语动词并列:With the Internet, people can play computer games do online shopping.‎ 有了互联网,人们不仅能玩电脑游戏,而且也能网上购物。‎ ‎⑤非谓语动词并列:Singing laughing,_we headed to the park.‎ 唱着笑着,我们向公园走去。‎ ‎⑥从句并列:I've finished reading the book which_is_written_by_Mo_Yan which_you_lent_me_last_month.‎ 我读完了你上个月借给我的莫言写的那本书。‎ ‎⑦整句并列:The_children_can_go_with_us they_can_stay_at_home.‎ 这些孩子可以跟我们一起去,也可以待在家里。‎ 一个英语句子之所以难以理解有许多原因,其中一个主要原因是句子太长或者句子结构复杂。句子过长或者复杂通常是该句除了主干之外还包含了许多附加部分,如插入语、同位语、分隔现象、各种从句或较长的非谓语动词短语等。下面我们来讲几种英语阅读理解中长难句的处理方法。‎ 技法一 据谓语,找主语 一般情况下,一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者(主语),我们可以根据谓语动词来确定其主语。而且,如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词,则该句可能是并列句或复合句(并列谓语动词的情况除外)。如:‎ ‎(2019·全国卷Ⅱ阅读C节选)He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a firstname basis if he wants to have a little interaction (交流).‎ ‎[分析] that 引导宾语从句,从句中谓语动词是sit and check和or chat up,根据逻辑关系可知,sit and check和or chat up 的主语是he。‎ ‎[句意] 他喜欢安静地坐着看手机,或者如果想要一点交流的话,他就跟关系不错的酒吧服务员说说话。‎ 技法二 提主干,去枝叶 一般情况下,一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息,从句、状语和定语等所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来,就不能完全把握句子的核心意义,从而导致思维混乱,主次不分。如:‎ ‎(2019·全国卷Ⅰ阅读B)Whaley got the idea of this secondgrade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.‎ ‎[分析] 句子主干为Whaley got the idea of this secondgrade presidential campaign project; when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.为时间状语从句,时间状语从句中又包含了一个if引导的条件状语从句。‎ ‎[句意] 有一天,Whaley问孩子们,如果他们认为自己永远都成不了总统就举手,于是他就想到了这个二年级总统竞选项目。‎ 技法三 寻关联,辨逻辑 一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词,就能够弄清楚句与句之间的逻辑关系,弄清楚主句的意义和各从句的意义,则长句就容易理解了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中常见的关联词熟记于心。如:‎ Whether you get along well with your professors or not has a huge effect on your selfgrowth as it is a measure of how well you can respect authority and obey requirements.‎ ‎[分析] 此句为复合句,句中whether引导主语从句,as 引导原因状语从句,how well 引导的宾语从句作介词of 的宾语。‎ ‎[句意] 你与教授相处是否融洽对你的自身发展有巨大的影响,因为这是衡量你是否尊重权威和服从要求的标准。‎ 技法四 看搭配,防分隔 有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成,而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。考生若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目,则对句意的理解就会发生偏差。如:‎ Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products, to some degree, their main selling points and emphasize it in their advertising.‎ ‎[分析] 本句是一个“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型,此句型中含“make+宾语+宾补”复合结构,即“使……成为……”,只不过宾语和宾补被“to some degree”隔开而增加了理解难度。‎ ‎[句意] 从某种程度上说,一些公司把生产的卫生的、安全的产品当作他们的主要卖点,并在广告中强调这一点。‎ 总之,在碰到长句和难句时,要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法,在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句的句法分析训练。有时要综合使用几种方法才能正确理解句意。如:‎ The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not experience emotions.‎ ‎[分析] 本句的主干为The fact does not mean that ...。其中that they do not experience emotions 是宾语从句作mean 的宾语。that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another 为fact 的同位语从句,其中as do members of another 是状语从句,助动词do 位于主语members of another 前形成倒装,主语后省略了express their emotions。‎ ‎[句意] 一种文化背景下的人不像另一种文化背景下的人一样直率地表达他们的情感,这一事实并不意味着他们没有这些情感。‎ ‎[课堂应用体验]‎ ‎1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ阅读A)If you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province, you could be eligible (符合条件) for this program,which provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training.‎ 解析:据谓语:分析句子成分可知,本句的主干句为you could be eligible (符合条件) for this program,谓语为could be eligible;‎ 找主语:由谓语could be eligible可知主语为you;‎ 寻关联:句中if引导条件状语从句;which引导定语从句,修饰先行词program。‎ 翻译:如果你是一个住在这个省某个地方的青少年,你就符合这个项目的条件,这个项目提供为期八周的带薪培训和工作。‎ ‎2.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ阅读D)After running hundreds of ‎ tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.‎ 解析:提主干:主句为the researchers noted;‎ 去枝叶:①After running hundreds of tests作时间状语修饰整个句子;‎ ‎②that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time为that引导的宾语从句作noted的宾语;‎ ‎③现在分词indicating为现在分词作状语,起补充说明的作用;‎ ‎④that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination为that 引导的宾语从句作indicating的宾语。‎ 翻译:在进行了数百次测试后,研究人员注意到,猴子多半时候会选择更高的值,这表明他们是进行计算,而不仅仅是记忆每个组合的值。 ‎ ‎3.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ阅读B)However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really matter where my motivation lies?‎ 解析:寻关联:这是一个由and连接的条件句;‎ 提主干:does it really matter where my motivation lies是主句,it作形式主语,where my motivation lies是真正的主语。‎ 辨逻辑:if引导的条件状语从句是由并列连词and连接的并列句构成。‎ 翻译:然而,如果别人在这个过程中受益,_而我也得到一些奖励,那么我的动机是什么真的重要吗?‎ ‎4.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ阅读A)Thursday sees us make the short journey to Paris where we will visit Disneyland Paris park, staying until late to see the parade and the fireworks.‎ 解析:看搭配:句子的主干结构为:主语+see+宾语+省略to的不定式作宾语补足语;‎ 寻关联: where作关系副词引导定语从句,修饰先行词Paris;‎ 现在分词结构staying until late to see the parade and the fireworks作伴随状语。‎ 翻译:周四我们去巴黎进行短途旅行,游览巴黎迪士尼乐园,一直待到晚些时候观看游行和烟花。‎ ‎5.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ阅读B)Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its movement.‎ 解析:提主干:主句为Chinese_models_are_the_faces_of_beauty_and_fashion_campaigns;‎ 去枝叶:①that sell dreams to women all over the world为 定语从句修饰先行词campaign;‎ ‎②which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion为which引导的非限制性定语从句代指前面的整个内容。‎ 翻译:中国模特是向全世界女性展现时尚和美丽活动的代言人,这意味着中国女性不仅是时尚的消费者——她们还是这场运动的核心。‎ ‎6.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C)Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.‎ 解析:据谓语:分析句子成分可知,本句的主干句为Some language experts believe,谓语为believe;‎ 找主语:由谓语believe可知主语为Some_language_experts;‎ 寻关联:句中that引导宾语从句,作believe的宾语;when引导时间状语从句。‎ 翻译:一些语言专家认为,10_000年前,当这个世界仅仅有五百万到一千万人口时,人们之间可能说12_000种语言。‎ ‎7.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读D)The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing.‎ 解析:寻关联:这是一个由but连接的并列句;‎ 提主干:后一个分句是一个复合句,句子的主句为the researchers also explored what would happen;‎ 辨逻辑:if从句是what would happen的条件状语从句;在条件状语从句中又含有一个定语从句that serve more than one function,修饰先行词new_electronics。‎ 翻译:这个团队的数据仅仅更新到2007年,不过研究者还探索了如果消费者把旧的产品替换为多功能的新电子设备会发生什么情况,例如可用来处理文字和看电视的平板电脑。‎ ‎8.(2019·6月浙江高考阅读C)The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed,taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt (融雪).‎ 解析:提主干:主句为The_researchers_figured_out_water_stress;‎ 去枝叶:①that calculated ... 为that引导定语从句;‎ ‎②两个how much均引导宾语从句;‎ ‎③taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt (融雪)为现在分词短语作状语。‎ 寻关联:that calculated how much water trees were getting ‎ in comparison with how much they needed为定语从句修饰先行词a computer model。‎ 翻译:研究人员利用计算机模型计算出了水压,与它们所需的水量进行比较,该模型计算出了树木获得的水量,考虑了降雨量、气温、土壤湿度和融雪时间等因素。‎