2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(二)　如何猜测词义 7页

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(二)　如何猜测词义 有时候，未知的生词对阅读来说存在很大的障碍，对上下文的理解至关重要，我们必须知道这些词的精确含义。那么，如何排除这些障碍呢？此时，了解推理和猜测单词的方法就特别重要，它们大致有以下几种：‎ ‎1．重述 ‎ 作者为了使某一难词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号与句子的其他部分隔开(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)或用信号词、同位语引导。常见的信号词有：or, namely, that is, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put in another way等。‎ 典例 (2015•天津卷阅读C节选) In the library, I found my way into the “Children's Room”. I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf at random.The cover of a book caught my eye.It presented a picture of a beagle.I had recently had a beagle,_the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child.‎ 分析 由同位语“the first and only animal companion”的解释说明可以猜出beagle为“一种动物”。‎ ‎2．定义 作者常常通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其常出现在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中。下定义时，作者通常使用信号词，如i.e., is, are, is/are called, mean, refer to, known as等。‎ 典例 (2015•北京卷阅读C节选) Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window.‎ 分析 通过本句中的定义“the same way light passes through a window”可知，transparent应意为“透明的”。‎ ‎3．举例 作者常常会通过对某一难词给出具体的例子，帮助考生理解该词的词义。举例常用的信号词有：such as, such ...as, for example, for instance, like, including, especially等。‎ 典例 (2016•全国卷Ⅲ阅读D节选) Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.‎ 分析 根据下文的举例“like anger or anxiety”可推知，画线部分的意思应是“消极的”。‎ ‎4．同义词或近义词 在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。‎ 典例 (2017•全国卷Ⅱ阅读A节选)By translating the rich and humourous text of Love's Labour's Lost into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare's comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience.‎ 分析 根据上文“By translating the rich and humourous text of Love's Labour's Lost into the physical language of BSL”中的translating可知，interpretation与translating同义，意为“翻译”。‎ ‎5．反义词 有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether)．..or, unlike, but, yet, however, while, although, nevertheless, instead, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand等。‎ 典例 (2015•福建卷阅读E节选)If you're tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that'll keep your workout on track. ‎ ‎73.The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “________”．‎ A.cheerful　　　　　　 B．average ‎ C.serious D．temporary 分析 根据上文语境，upbeat应与上文中的“tired of”意义相反，故本题正确选项为A项。‎ ‎6．构词法 英语中的许多词汇，特别是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的。因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义。‎ 典例 (2016•全国卷Ⅰ阅读D节选) A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.‎ 分析 根据构词法知识我们可知，un为否定前缀，ness为名词后缀，easy (舒适的)为词根。因此，我们可猜测uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。‎ ‎[课下语篇提能练]　　　 40分钟 Ⅰ.阅读理解 ‎(2019•广东省百校联盟第二次联考)At your next meeting, wait for a pause in conversation and try to measure how long it lasts.‎ Among English speakers, chances are that it will be a second or two at most. But while this pattern may be universal, our awareness of silence differs dramatically across cultures.‎ What one culture considers a confusing or awkward pause may be seen by others as a valuable moment of reflection and a sign of respect for what the last speaker has said. Research in Dutch (荷兰语) and also in English found that when a silence in conversation stretches to four seconds, people start to feel uneasy. In contrast, a separate study of business meetings found that Japanese people are happy with silences of 8.2 seconds — nearly twice as long as in Americans' meetings.‎ In Japan, it is recognised that the best communication is when you don't speak at all. It's already a failure to understand each other by speaking because you're repairing that failure by using words.‎ In the US, it may originate from the history of colonial (殖民地的) America as a crossroads of many different races. When you have a complex of difference, it's hard to establish common understanding unless you talk and there's understandably a kind of anxiety unless people are verbally engaged to establish a common life. This applies also to some extent to London.‎ In contrast, when there's more homogeneity,_perhaps it's easier for some kinds of silence to appear. For example, among your closest friends and family it's easier to sit in silence than with people you're less well acquainted with.‎ 语篇解读：本文主要讲述了谈话中的沉默文化。尽管交谈中出现停顿是普遍存在的，但我们对沉默的认识在不同的文化中有着巨大的差异。不同的文化中沉默时间不同，对于沉默的看 法也不同。‎ ‎1．Which of the following people might have the longest silence in conversation?‎ A．The Dutch.　　　　　　 B．Americans.‎ C．The English. D．The Japanese.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第二、三段内容可知，日本人在谈话中有最长沉默。故选D。‎ ‎2．What might the Japanese agree with in conversation?‎ A．Speaking more gives the upper hand.‎ B．Speak out what you have in your mind.‎ C．Great minds think alike without words.‎ D．The shorter talking silence, the better.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。根据第四段首句可知，在日本，一般认为最好的交流是一句话不说的时候。因此推断日本人认为“伟大的心灵，无言而喻”。故选C。‎ ‎3．What can we learn from the text?‎ A．A foursecond silence in conversation is universal.‎ B．It's hard for Americans to reach a common agreement.‎ C．English speakers are more talkative than Japanese speakers.‎ D．The closer we and our family are, the easier the silence appears.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据文章最后一句可知，亲密的人之间更容易出现沉默，因此我们和家人越亲密，沉默越容易出现。故选D。‎ ‎4．What does the underlined word “homogeneity” in the last paragraph mean?‎ A．Similarity. B．Contradiction.‎ C．Diversity. D．Misunderstanding.‎ 解析：选A　词义猜测题。根据下文的举例可知，越亲密的人，越容易出现沉默，因此推断画线句表示相比而言，当有更多相似时，也许沉默更容易出现。故画线词意思与similarity意义相近。故选A。‎ Ⅱ.完形填空 It was still raining. The shop assistant was ready to __1__. “No, please don't，” Tammy __2__. “I'm lost and I have nowhere to go.” She had __3__ her mind to stay where she was because she was sure that her mom would be back to get her.__4__， she had been here for so long and why no one had come. She thought it for the hundredth time.‎ In the distance she heard a vehicle engine __5__ hoped it was her mom or dad in their car. She was __6__ when she saw that it was a school bus filled with kids. Her eyes were fixed on the bus. Her brain got busy wondering if she should __7__ the bus and if she did so, then how __8__ would help her, because she didn't know where she __9__. Suddenly she saw a huge __10__ monster in the bus. She was really __11__ and began to run. Then the school bus was chasing after her.‎ ‎“Tammy！” a soft __12__ voice called and someone __13__ touched her shoulder.‎ ‎“Mom！” Tammy said in __14__， tears of joy rolling down her face.‎ ‎“Were you having a bad __15__， honey？” she heard her darling mom ask.‎ ‎“Yes, Mom，” she said __16__. “I was lost and being chased by a school bus and a huge green monster！”‎ Her mother laughed __17__ and hugged Tammy closely. “You poor dear！” she said. “Dreams can __18__ seem so real, right？” Tammy __19__ her head in agreement and ‎ snuggled (依偎) closer. “But you're safe and warm at home！” Tammy sighed in__20__.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。Tammy迷路了，在商店避雨，这时一辆校车驶来，她正在琢磨是否要使校车停下，突然她看到校车里有一头绿色巨兽……这时妈妈叫醒了她，原来是一场梦，她松了一口气。‎ ‎1．A.arrive B．show C．leave D．come 解析：选C　根据下文中的“No, please don't”和“I'm lost and I have nowhere to go.”可知，Tammy迷路了，无处可去，她希望店员不要离开(leave)，故C项正确。‎ ‎2．A.thought B．worried C．hesitated D．laughed 解析：选A　根据上句可知，店员要离开；结合“No, please don't”可知，该句是Tammy心里想的内容。A项意为“想”，符合语境，故A项正确。‎ ‎3．A.relied on B．made up C．dealt with D．given up 解析：选B　根据语境可知，她下定决心要待在原来的地方，因为她确信她妈妈会回来接她的。make up one's mind为固定搭配，意为“下定决心”，故B项正确。A项意为“依靠，依赖”；C项意为“处理”；D项意为“放弃”。‎ ‎4．A.Finally B．Therefore C．Besides D．However 解析：选D　根据上句可知，她下定决心要待在原来的地方，因为她确信她妈妈会回来接她的；根据空处后面的“she had been here for so long and why no one had come.”可知，她在这里待了这么久，可是没有人来接她，空处前后为转折关系。However意为“然而，不过”，符合语境，故D项正确。‎ ‎5．A.but B．and C．or D．for 解析：选B　根据语境可知，在远处，她听到了一个汽车引擎的声音，她希望那是她的妈妈或爸爸在他们的车里。根据语境并分析句子结构可知，空处前后为顺承关系，故用并列连词and，故B项正确。‎ ‎6．A.proud B．comfortable C．excited D．disappointed 解析：选D　根据该句中的“when she saw that it was a school bus filled with kids”可知，她看到的是载满小孩的校车，并不是她的父母，据此可以判断，她很失望(disappointed)，故D项正确。A项意为“骄傲的”；B项意为“令人舒服的”；C项意为“兴奋的”。‎ ‎7．A.start B．get off C．stop D．run after 解析：选C　根据前文可知，她看到的是载满小孩的校车，并不是她的父母；结合该句可以判断，她在琢磨是否要让校车停下(stop)，故C项正确。A项意为“开始”；B项意为“下班，离开”；D项意为“追赶”。‎ ‎8．A.her dad B．her mom C．the monster D．the bus driver 解析：选D　根据该句中的“if she did so, then how__8__would help her, because she didn't know where she__9__”，并结合前文中的“a school bus”可知，因为她不知道自己住在哪里，所以她担心校车司机(the bus driver)不知道如何帮助她，故D项正确。‎ ‎9．A.stayed B．lived C．hid D．waited 解析：选B　参见上题解析。B项意为“居住”，故B项正确。‎ ‎10．A.red B．white C．green D．yellow 解析：选C　根据下文中的“a huge green monster”可知，她突然看到校车里有一头巨大的绿色怪兽，故C项正确。‎ ‎11．A.scared B．puzzled C．offended D．excited 解析：选A　根据上句，她突然看到校车里有一头巨大的绿色怪兽可知，她非常害怕(scared)，开始奔跑。故A项正确。‎ ‎12．A.similar B．ordinary C．different D．familiar 解析：选D　根据下句中的“Mom”，并结合常识可知，妈妈的声音应是熟悉的(familiar)。故D项正确。A项意为“相似的”；B项意为“平常的”；C项意为“不同的”。‎ ‎13．A.quickly B．gently C．partly D．easily 解析：选B　根据该句中的“soft”可知，她的妈妈温柔地(gently)抚摸她的肩膀。故B项正确。‎ ‎14．A.relief B．danger C．regret D．sorrow 解析：选A　根据该句中的“‘Mom！’ Tammy said in __14__”可知，当发现是妈妈后，她应该是感到宽慰，故A项正确。B项意为“危险”；C项意为“懊悔”；D项意为“悲伤”。‎ ‎15．A.memory B．idea C．habit D．dream 解析：选D　根据下文中的“Dreams can__18__ seem so real”，并结合该句可知，妈妈问她是不是做噩梦(dream)了。故D项正确。‎ ‎16．A.eagerly B．angrily C．cautiously D．secretly 解析：选A　根据下句“I was lost and being chased by a school bus and a huge green monster！”可知，在梦中她迷路了，被一辆校车和一头绿色巨兽追赶；再结合常识可以判断，她急切地(eagerly)将梦中的情景讲给她的妈妈听，故A项正确。B项意为“愤怒地”；C项意为“小心地，谨慎地”；D项意为“秘密地”。‎ ‎17．A.calmly B．slowly C．softly D．strangely 解析：选C　根据语境可知，她的母亲轻轻地(softly)笑了笑，并紧紧地抱住了Tammy。故C项正确。A项意为“平静地”；B项意为“慢慢地”；D项意为“奇怪地”。‎ ‎18．A.never B．ever C．sometimes D．once 解析：选C　根据该句语境并结合常识可知，妈妈告诉她，有时(sometimes)梦境似乎很真实，故C项正确。‎ ‎19．A.waved B．nodded C．dropped D．raised 解析：选B　根据该句中的“in agreement”可知，Tammy同意地点头(nodded)，故B项正确。A项意为“挥手”；C项意为“垂下”；D项意为“抬起”。‎ ‎20．A.contentment B．doubt C．surprise D．patience 解析：选A　根据上句“But you're safe and warm at home！”妈妈告诉她，她现在待在温暖而安全的家里可知，Tammy满足(contentment)地叹了口气，故A项正确。B项意为“怀疑”；C项意为“惊奇”；D项意为“耐心”。‎ Ⅲ.语法填空 ‎ ‎“Mirror, mirror, which clothes suit me best？” Now, there is a magic mirror in the shopping center __1__ can answer the question.‎ A shopping center in England is selling a magic dressing mirror. You needn't enter a fitting room and put the clothes __2__ by yourself. All you need to do is stand in front of the mirror. The magic mirror can tell you __3__ the clothing you have chosen suits you or not.‎ ‎3D technology __4__ (use) for the magic mirror for you to choose and try on all kinds of clothes from different stores. When you stand in front of the mirror, it will use the technology to make its own __5__ (judge) of your body type. Then you can see __6__ (you) wearing the dress you have chosen in the mirror. ‎ It's very convenient for you to find the most __7__ (suit) dress. You do not have to spend a lot of time __8__ (walk) around in different stores.Neither __9__ you need to shut yourself into a small dressing room. “The mirror has worked much better with women's clothing than __10__ (expect), so we are now developing the software for mens' and kids' clothing，” said the marketing manager of the shopping center.‎ 语篇解读：文章介绍了一种新的科学技术——3D试衣魔镜。通过这种技术，我们可以很快看到哪一类衣服适合自己。‎ ‎1．that/which　考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词a magic mirror，且在从句中作主语，故填关系代词that或者which。‎ ‎2．on　考查介词。put on是固定搭配，意为“穿上”。‎ ‎3．whether　考查名词性从句。tell后是一个宾语从句，且句中含有or not，故这里需用whether，表示魔镜会告诉你你选的衣服是否适合你。‎ ‎4．is used　考查动词时态和语态。主语是3D technology，与use之间是被动关系，故用被动语态；又由于本句叙述的是一般情况，要用一般现在时，故填is used。‎ ‎5．judgment　考查名词。分析句子，在its(形容词性物主代词)后应该用名词形式，故用judgment，意为“判断”。‎ ‎6．yourself　考查反身代词。句中主语为you，这里指看到镜中的自己，故用yourself作see的宾语。‎ ‎7．suitable　考查形容词。空格处修饰名词dress，另外再根据前面的the most可知需填形容词suitable，表示找到最适合的衣服。‎ ‎8．walking　考查非谓语动词。spend ...(in) doing sth.是固定搭配，意为“花……做某事”，故填walking。‎ ‎9．do　考查倒装句。前一句是否定句，后一句表示“也不……”，根据句首的Neither可知应使用倒装句，再结合一般现在时态以及主语为you可知填助动词do。‎ ‎10．expected　考查非谓语动词。此处表示超过了期望，这里指的是对这种3D试衣魔镜的期待；动词expect与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系，故填expected，相当于than it is expected。‎ Ⅳ.短文改错 Last Christmas, my mother got smartphone as her Christmas gift. Few days late, she informed m e of that she had been using the phone to keep track of “all her important dates”， which made me curious. As I knew, she wasn't always the person who loves and knew the hightech things. She was trying to figure out what to use the new phone during those days! I was impressed that she has apparently been using the calendar app to stay organize. And then she turned his phone over to the sticky note with a list of upcoming birthday. As I started laughing, Mom asked confused, “What's wrong？”‎ 答案：第一句：got后加a 第二句：late→later; 去掉me后的of 第三句：loves→loved 第四句：what→how 第五句：has→had; organize→organized 第六句：his→her; birthday→birthdays 第七句：confused→confusedly