2017届高考英语（人教版）一轮教师文档讲义：专题二自由填空-第二讲-代词和介词（短语） 15页

第二讲　代词和介词(短语)‎ ‎ PartⅠ　真题变式体验 ‎1．[2015·福建高考]The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but________ contained any useful suggestions.‎ 答案：neither　根据题干中的“two reports”和“but”可知，此处表示“两个中的任何一个都不”，所以填neither。‎ ‎2．[2015·陕西高考]The little pupil took his grandma________ the arm and walked her across the street.‎ 答案：by　take sb. by the arm是一个固定短语“抓住某人的胳膊”。‎ ‎3．[2015·重庆高考]The meeting will be held in September, but ________ knows the date for sure.‎ 答案：nobody　根据结构可知此处填主语，结合语义及“but”这一关键信息可以确定答案是nobody。‎ ‎4．[2015·湖北高考]Don't worry. I'm sure your missing glasses will turn________ sooner or later.‎ 答案：up　考查动词短语。结合语义可知此处填up。句意：不要担心，我相信你丢失的眼镜早晚会出现的。‎ ‎5．[2015·天津高考]The quality of education in this small school is better than________ in some larger schools.‎ 答案：that　考查代词用法。根据句式结构和语义可知，此处代替的是quality，为抽象名词，故用that。‎ ‎6．[2015·浙江高考]Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes ________ animals both on land and sea?‎ 答案：to　考查介词用法。be home to为固定短语“为……的栖息地/发源地”。‎ ‎7．[2014·陕西高考]I'd appreciate ________ if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.‎ 答案：it　I'd appreciate it if/when...属于固定句式，表示“假如/当……我将不胜感激。”故填it。‎ ‎8．[2014·北京高考]Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves ________ half an hour.‎ 答案：in'“in＋一段时间”用于表示将来的句子中，意为“在……之后”。句意：简很着急，因为去飞机场的火车半小时后就发车了。‎ ‎9．[2014·重庆高考]A smile costs ________， but gives much.‎ 答案：nothing/little　根据题干中的“but”可推知该空处应为表示否定的代词，故答案为nothing或little与much相对应。‎ ‎10．[2014·福建高考]Our club is open to everyone regardless ________ age, sex or educational background.‎ 答案：of'regardless of“不管，不顾”。句意：我们的俱乐部对所有人开放，不分年龄、性别和教育背景。　‎ PartⅡ　语篇真题演练 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)‎ ‎[2014·广东高考] Last year, my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation. Some of my friends who had been there before said ___16___was a wonderful holiday destination. Before we went, we had planned for months. When the day came, we were ready.‎ ‎ After our plane landed, we went to the hotel. We had made our reservation six months ___17___ (early), but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake. We ___18___ (tell) that our rooms hadn't been reserved for that week, ___19___ for the week after. I didn't understand ___20___ this would happen and my credit card had already been charged ___21___ the reservation. What's worse，the hotel had been fully booked. When we were wondering what to do, the manager came out. She was ___22___ (surprise) helpful. She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on ___23___ top floor. We had never stayed in such an amazing room, and we weren't charged extra.‎ ‎ The next day, my brother and I went to the beach ___24___ we watched some people play volleyball. We got a little ___25___ (sunburn), but the day had been so relaxing that we didn't mind.‎ Step 1：通读全文，掌握主旨大意。‎ 本文讲述的是作者的一次旅游经历。虽然预订房间出现了差错，但问题得到了很好的解决，作者感到很满意。‎ Step 2：逐题解答，确定答案。‎ ‎16．it。根据结构可知，此处填代词，结合语境确定指代内容。‎ ‎17．earlier。考查词性转换。六个月前应如何表达？‎ ‎18．were_told。考查谓语。注意考虑时态、语态和主谓一致，确保正确。‎ ‎19．but。考查并列结构。分析空前空后的句子结构，确定答案。‎ ‎20．why/how。根据两个句子需连词的原则，可知此处填连词，在及物动词后为宾语从句，按宾语从句选择连词的方法判断。‎ ‎21．for。考查固定用法。charge...for 因……而收取费用。‎ ‎22．surprisingly。根据空格后的helpful可知此处填副词修饰形容词。‎ ‎23．the。在可数名词单数前需加冠词。‎ ‎24．where。两句子之间需连词，在名词后的从句可以考虑定语从句中关连词的选填方法。‎ ‎25．sunburnt/sunburned。考查非谓语形式。“get done”表示被动，可知答案。‎ Step 3：代入验证。‎ 需考虑语法结构正确且语义符合逻辑，语法结合语义才能确保万无一失。‎ 知识清单 ‎(1)常见代词类型的基本用法；(2)易混不定代词的区别；(3)it的用法；(4)常见介词(短语)的基本用法；(5)常见介词固定搭配。‎ 学情分析 考生在代词和介词的学习过程中存在的问题如下：‎ ‎(1)对代词的基本功能和用法掌握不扎实；(2)在使用时，未判断所指代内容，单凭语感解题；(3)易混代词的用法特点不能把握；(4)介词及介词短语在使用时混乱，不能切实掌握常见介词的特点。‎ 考点一　常见代词类型的基本用法 ‎1人称代词用来代替人或物，有人称、数和格的变化，其形式如下：‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2物主代词：在句子中作定语修饰名词或代词的为形容词性物主代词；在句子中相当于“形容词性物主代词＋n.”的为名词性物主代词，通常在句子中作主语或宾语，如下表：‎ 注意：(1)形容词性物主代词只能用作定语，修饰名词，如：her father她的父亲。‎ ‎(2)“of(介词)＋名词性物主代词(或名词所有格)”构成双重所有格，如：a friend of my father's我父亲的朋友中的一个。‎ ‎[典例1]　[2015·广东揭阳学业水平考试]Everyone in the room held their breath as the music began. When ________ all saw tears flowing down my pale cheeks, the song had only been played halfway.‎ ‎[解析]　they　根据空格的位置可知句子中缺少主语，并且根据上下文语境可知，该空格代指的是“everyone”，故用they来代替。‎ ‎[典例2]　[2015·黑龙江双鸭山一中期末]Kevin Daly was sentenced to nearly three years in prison after losing control of ________ partner Alice Hicks' car on a country road.‎ ‎[解析]　his　考查代词用法。此空无提示词，后面是名词，一般填形容词性物主代词或名词所有格，根据句意，此处填his。‎ ‎[典例3]　[2015·山西康杰中学四校联考]At first she took my hands in ________ (she) and listened patiently as I mentioned my worries.‎ ‎[解析]　hers　考查代词用法。根据语意，该空格指代的内容是her hands，在介词后面应填名词性物主代词，故答案是hers。‎ ‎3指示代词：this, that, these, those；其中this, these是时间或空间上的“近指”，可与“here”连用；that, those是时间或空间上的“远指”，可与“there”连用。‎ ‎4反身代词 ‎(1)反身代词在句中可用作宾语、表语、同位语等。‎ You shouldn't leave the child by himself at home.‎ 你不应把孩子独自留在家里。‎ I am not myself today.‎ 我今天不舒服。‎ The thing itself is not important.‎ 事情本身并不重要。‎ ‎(2)常见的一些含反身代词的固定搭配：‎ by oneself　　　　　独自地 for oneself 亲自 enjoy oneself 玩得愉快 behave oneself 举止良好 seat oneself 坐下来 devote oneself to 专心于 come to oneself 苏醒过来 dress oneself 自己穿衣 help oneself to 随便吃，随便用 ‎[典例4]　[2015·河南开封二模]Only human beings can choose where and how they want to live and then improve the physical environment to help ________ realize these choices.‎ ‎[解析]　themselves　考查代词的用法。根据空格位于help之后，应填名词/代词，结合语意可知此处填反身代词themselves，指代human beings。‎ 考点二　易混不定代词的区别 ‎ ‎ ‎[典例5]　[2015·福建泉州五校摸底]As a fresh man，what matters is to find a right position in the university, ________ that best suits your personality and ability.‎ ‎[解析]　one　考查代词用法。代替上文中的a right position即泛指可数名词单数，因此填one。‎ ‎2the other, other, another, others ‎ ‎ Recycling is one way to protect the environment；reusing is another.‎ 回收是保护环境的一种方法；而重复使用是另一种。‎ ‎[典例6]　[2015·云南玉溪一中期中]People visit other countries for various reasons: some travel on business; ________ travel to visit interesting places.‎ ‎[解析]　others　考查代词的用法。根据前面的语境可知此处应表示“其他的人”；some...; others... 故答案是others。‎ ‎3either, both, neither, all, none, any ‎ ‎ ‎①Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him, but neither of them wants to, because they have work to do.‎ 拉里让比尔和彼得跟他一起去野餐，但他们两个都不想去，因为他们都有工作要做。‎ ‎②I've lived in New York and Chicago，but don't like either of them very much.‎ 我在纽约和芝加哥住过，但是我不喜欢它们中的任何一个。‎ ‎[典例7]　[2015·安庆一中四模]—Did your mother have a professional career, or did she work at home?‎ ‎—Actually, she did ________ when we were young, she stayed at home.Later, she went back to school and became a teacher.‎ ‎[解析]　both　考查代词的用法。根据空格后的内容可知“母亲两件事情都做过”，故填both。‎ ‎4none, no one与nothing的区别 ‎(1)none指代人和物，强调数量，一般回答how many/much的提问。‎ ‎(2)no one指人，强调没有人，一般回答who的提问。‎ ‎(3)nothing指物，一般用来回答what的提问。‎ ‎[典例8]　I knew that ________ would ever discourage him; he would never give up wanting to be a director.‎ ‎[解析]　nothing　考查代词。根据下文中他从未放弃可知“没什么”能让他泄气，故填nothing。‎ ‎[典例9]　My brother would like to buy a good watch but ________ was available from that shop.‎ ‎[解析]　none　考查代词。but为关键信息，上文说“买一块手表”，but后表示“没有一块”，故用none。‎ 考点三　it的用法 ‎1it指代前面所提到过的事情、事物；身份不明的人或婴儿，未指明但谈话双方都明白的事情或情况。‎ The Parkers bought a new house but it will need a lot of work before they can move in.(指双方都明白的事情)‎ 帕克一家买了一套新房子，但是在入住之前有大量的工作需要去做。‎ ‎2it用作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面，真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动名词、不定式充当。‎ ‎①New technologies have it possible to turn out new products faster at a lower cost.‎ 新的科技使得在高效率低成本的前提下生产出新的产品变为可能。‎ ‎②As far as I'm concerned, it is no use arguing with him; he won't change his mind.‎ 就我个人而言，同他争论没用，他不会改变主意。‎ ‎3表示“喜欢、恨”等心理方面的动词后面接it，构成固定结构，这类动词有enjoy, prefer, love, like, hate, dislike, appreciate等。‎ ‎①They would appreciate it, to be frank，if the goods could be delivered as soon as possible.‎ 坦率地说，如果货物尽快被送到，他们会感激不尽。‎ ‎②Laughter is the best medicine—at least when it comes to protecting your heart.‎ 笑是最好的药，至少当涉及保护心脏的时候(是这样)。‎ ‎4it用于强调句型及其他固定句式中。‎ It is on the farm where we worked together that we got to know each other.‎ 我们是在一起工作过的农场上相互认识的。‎ ‎5it用来指代时间、地点等；也可用于不表示明确意义的语境中，通常不指代内容，如：get it(明白了)；make it(成功了)；forget it(算了吧)等结构中。‎ ‎[典例10]　When ________ comes to saving energy, big changes start with small steps, like turning off the lights.‎ ‎[解析]　it　考查it用于“when it comes to sth.”这一固定结构中，表示“当提到……”。‎ ‎[典例11]　________ was not until 1820 that Hans Christian Oersted and AndreMarie Ampere discovered that an electric current produces a magnetic field.‎ ‎[解析]　It　考查强调句型结构。其中“it is/was＋被强调部分＋that...”为强调句型，首字母需大写，故填写It。‎ 考点四　介词及介词短语 ‎1高考常考介词用法归纳与辨析 ‎ ‎ ‎[典例12]　[2015·福州毕业班质检]An anticorruption campaign has continued ________ Dec.25, 2013, when the Communist Party of China issued a fiveyear anticorruption plan.‎ ‎[解析]　since　根据空格位置在名词之前可知此处应填介词，又因主句中的时态是现在完成时，再根据语义可确定答案是since。‎ ‎2其他高考常考介词的用法 ‎(1)介词at可表示动作、感情的原因，意思是“因……而；一听到(看到/想到)……就……”。‎ At the boy's remark, the bookseller looked at him curiously.‎ 听到男孩的那句话，卖书人好奇地看着他。‎ ‎(2)on＋名词或动名词结构可表示“一……就……”。‎ On his arrival he went straight to the counter and spoke to the clerk in uniform behind it.‎ 他一到就径直往柜台走去，并与柜台后边穿制服的店员说话。‎ ‎(3)to与情感名词连用，表示“某种行动后产生的感觉”。‎ to one's delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regret等。‎ ‎(4)with的用法：‎ ‎①表示两种事物之间的相应关系或齐头并进的意思。‎ With time passing, they have grown into big boys.‎ 随着时间的流逝，他们都长成大小伙子了。‎ ‎②指原因或理由。‎ The small child trembled with fear.‎ 小孩吓得打哆嗦。‎ ‎(5)by的用法：‎ ‎①含有“到……的程度”的意思。‎ This one is shorter than that one by three inches.‎ 这一个比那一个短三英寸。‎ ‎②表示买卖东西所用以计算的数或量或付酬所用以计算的时间。‎ Milk is sold by the pint, butter by the pound, and eggs by the dozen.‎ 牛奶论品脱卖，黄油论磅卖，蛋类论打卖。‎ ‎③表示“按照……”或“根据……”的意思。‎ By my watch, the time is half past eleven.‎ 按我的表，现在是十一点半。‎ ‎(6)of与抽象名词连用，表示的意义相当于对应的形容词。‎ of＋great/much＋抽象名词＝very＋形容词；of＋no＋抽象名词＝not＋形容词。‎ It is of great/much value.＝It is very valuable.‎ 这个东西很贵重。‎ ‎[典例13]　[2015·北京石景山区期末]The unemployment rate has decreased ________ 2% to 5.4%, compared with 7.4% last year.‎ ‎[解析]　by　考查介词的用法。根据句意可知此处表示减少的幅度大小，故应用by。‎ ‎3介词搭配 ‎ ‎ ‎①You can change your job, you can move house, but friendship is meant to be for life.‎ 你可以换工作，可以搬家，但友谊却可以终生受用。‎ ‎②I have an appointment with Dr Smith, but I need to change it.‎ 我和史密斯医生有个约会，但我需要改一下。‎ ‎③Apart from good service, the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.‎ 除了良好的服务，本饭店还提供不同种类的传统闽菜。‎ ‎4除以上介词短语外，还有以同一动词后跟不同介词(副词)表示不同意义的动词短语。‎ ‎[典例14]　[2015·陕西咸阳一模]Nowadays, you should be more careful not to be taken ________ by ads for slimming products.‎ ‎[解析]　in　根据句式结构可知，此空考查介词的用法。句意：当今我们要小心被减肥产品的广告欺骗。take in“吸收；理解；欺骗”。‎ ‎[典例15]　[2015·浙江六校联考]The shelter is expected to help the homeless live ________ the bitter winter.‎ ‎[解析]　through　考查介词的用法。live through意为“度过；经受住”‎ ‎。句意：收容所有望帮助那些无家可归的人度过寒冬。‎ NO.1解题步骤　　‎ ‎1.首先分析句子结构，判断缺少的句子成分是什么。‎ ‎2．根据各个代词/介词的意义和用法的不同填写符合语境的答案。‎ NO.2解题技巧　　‎ ‎1.当句子缺少主语或宾语时，填代词，要根据语境，看该空格是指人还是指事物，是男还是女，是单数还是复数。‎ ‎2．空格在名词前，且表示与句子的某名词之间有所属关系时，填形容词性物主代词。‎ ‎3．当空格后的名词或动名词不是作主语、表语也不是作动词的宾语时，应为介词的宾语，故填介词；此时，要根据搭配的需要或句意的需要，如动词与介词的搭配，介词与后面名词的搭配等来确定具体填哪个介词。‎ ‎[典例16]　[2015·广东茂名一模]When she awoke，her eyes stared at me and I could tell she didn't recognize ________.‎ ‎[解析]　me　该空格在及物动词后，可知在句子中作宾语；根据语境可知“她认不出我来”，故填“我”的宾格形式me。‎ ‎[典例17]　[2015·江西赣州模拟]While some companies continue to find some methods of preventing workday playing, addicted players still have ________ own ways to enjoy playing video games.‎ ‎[解析]　their　考查代词用法。在空格后的名词与句子主语addicted players之间为所属关系，故填their。‎ ‎[典例18]　[2015·广东广州市调研]While other guys caught only three or four a day, Sam's boat was always full ________ fish.‎ ‎[解析]　of　考查be full of固定短语，意为“充满”。‎ ‎1.在代词的学习过程中要做到以下两点：‎ ‎(1)熟练掌握代词的基本用法和重点难点；‎ ‎(2)明确指代内容，把指代的内容与考点有机地结合起来将成为解决代词问题的关键所在：①代词指代的是人还是物；②代词指代的是可数名词还是不可数名词；③代词指代的是单数概念还是复数概念(是两者，三者还是三者以上)；④是特指还是泛指；⑤在句中代词是全部否定还是部分否定。‎ ‎2．介词需在平时的学习过程中日积月累，并在使用时注意不同介词的使用特点。‎