专题12 语法填空（二）——语法复习-2018年高考英语备考中等生百日捷进提升系列 20页

专题12 语法填空（二）——语法复习 方法与知识 中等生在进行了基础知识复习之后，把重点转到：1.熟悉高考题型；2.梳理正确的做题方法和技巧；3.精选难度适中的训练题。‎ 动词的时态和语态 命题规律 ‎ 时态与语态一直是热点，也是广大考生复习备考的难点。考纲要求考生应该具备较强的语言应用能力，能在具体语境中恰当、准确地使用某一特定时态；熟练掌握常见的8种时态，弄清16种时态，同时还要熟练运用特殊时态句式和用法以及不用被动式但表示被动的动词和短语。高考对时态的考查非常灵活且难度较大，不易把握。大部分时态题答案的选择取决于语境；但也有部分时态试题较易把握，其用法相对固定，常见于特定句式结构中；还有部分常见时态用法特殊。‎ 时态和语态高考常考点：‎ ‎（1）一般现在时考点分析： ①表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）。②表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。③表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。④在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。⑤少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。‎ ‎（2）一般过去时的考点分析：①一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。②如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。③表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常用用一般过去时。‎ ‎（3）一般将来时考点分析：①表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等）。②表示一种趋向或习惯动作。③表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。④be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。be going to ‎ 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。‎ ‎（4）现在进行时考点分析：①表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。②下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。（A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。（C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。‎ ‎（5）过去完成时考点分析：①常用过去完成时的几种情况：（A）在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. (B)表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/though / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned … + to have done。（C）“时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.（D）表示“一……就”的几个句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when / than / before + 一般过去时。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.②在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。‎ ‎（6）过去将来时考点分析。参照一般将来时对比：用would do、was / were going to do sth.表过去将来；come、go、leave等过去进行时表过去将来时；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表过去将来。‎ ‎（7）过去进行时考点分析。①过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。②某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。‎ ‎（8）现在完成时考点分析。①现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。②下列句型中常用现在完成时It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句；This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that + 完成时；This(That / It)is the only … + that + 完成时；This(that /‎ ‎ It)is the best / finest / most interesting … + that 从句 + 完成时。③在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。‎ ‎（9）被动语态考点分析：被动语态的构成方式：be + 过去分词，口语只也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）。使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题：①主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。②主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。③短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。④情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。⑤当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时，被动语态有两种形式：（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。（B）用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。‎ ‎【考例分析】‎ ‎【例1】He ______ (pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.‎ ‎【例2】Where men control the household, less money ______ (spend) on healthcare and food, which results in poorer health for children.‎ ‎【解析】is spent　money与spend之间存在被动关系，故用被动语态，从句时态提示应用一般现在时。‎ ‎【例3】One day, Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen. Suddenly, he ______ (find) that he has run out of salt.‎ ‎【解析】found 主格代词he后应为谓语动词，由语境由One day和“invited”可知，用一般过去时。‎ ‎【例4】In 1969，the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland, Ohio. It ____(be) unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up. [2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ]‎ ‎【解析】was　考查动词时态。上文提到的事情是1969年的事情，所以这里应该用过去式。‎ ‎【例5】One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop . . . . . . A boy on a bike __65__(catch) my attention. [2014·新课标全国卷Ⅱ]‎ ‎【解析】caught　考查动词时态。根据文章第一句“One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop…”可知本文叙述的是一件过去发生的事情，所以使用一般过去时。‎ ‎【例6】Jonny：Be patient！Tai Chi ____(call) “shadow boxing” in English. [2014·辽宁卷]‎ ‎【解析】 is called 考查被动语态。这句话的意思是：太极在英语中被称为是shadow boxing，这里用一般现在时的被动：is called。‎ ‎【例7】 He walked in as if he ____ (buy) the school. [2012·广东卷] ‎ ‎【解析】had bought　考查虚拟语气及时态。在主格人称代词he后，显然是作谓语；又因他不可能买下了这个学校，故应用虚拟语气，与过去事实相反，故填had bought。‎ ‎【例8】One day, Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen .Suddenly, he _______ (find)that he had run out of salt. 【2013·广东卷】‎ ‎【方法总结】规律方法5：如何判断空格处应填时态、语态、语气？‎ ‎(1) 寻找关键信息词。题干中的某些关键信息对于解答时态、语态、语气类的题目尤为重要。‎ ‎(2) 利用上下文语境。利用上下文语境是解决时态、语态、语气类题目常用的最有效的方法，‎ ‎(3) 判断是否是客观真理。如果句子所表达的是客观真理、寓言故事、谚语、格言等，通常用一般现在时。‎ 非谓语动词 命题规律 ‎ 非谓语动词包括不定式、动词-ing形式和过去分词三种形式。动词的非谓语形式是中学英语语法的重点和难点,也是每年高考热点中的热点。 考纲要求掌握：非谓语动词的时态和语态；他们在英语句子中的作用；非谓语动词的基本用法和含义，非谓语动词在句子中可以充当多种句子成分，比如主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语等；掌握非谓语动词充当相同句子成分时的辨析；掌握非谓语动词在不同的语境、语义下的运用。‎ 非谓语动词高考常考点：‎ ‎（1）非谓语动词的时态和语态 主动形式 被动形式 动词不定式 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done to have been ‎ done 完成进行式 to have been ‎ doing 一般式 doing being done 动词－ing 形式 完成式 having done having been ‎ done 过去分词 只有一种形式done ‎（2）非谓语动词作状语 ①不定式作状语：a.作目的状语，有时用in order to或so as to。b. 作结果状语，常用结构enough to，too...to...，only to等。c. 作原因状语，此时常与表示情感的形容词连用，如glad，happy，frightened，surprised等。d. 在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”的结构中，常用主动形式表示被动含义。‎ ②动词－ing形式(现在分词)作状语：a. 动词－ing形式(现在分词)作状语时与谓语动词所表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生，having done表示先于谓语动词所表示的动作发生的动作。b. 动词－ing形式(现在分词)可作时间、原因、方式、伴随、结果、让步等状语。‎ ③过去分词作状语：a. 过去分词作状语时与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动作发生。b. 某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，此时作状语时相当于形容词作状语。‎ ④不定式与动词－ing形式(现在分词)作结果状语的比较：不定式作结果状语表示意想不到的结果；而动词－ing形式(现在分词)作结果状语表示自然而然的结果。‎ ⑤动词－ing形式(现在分词)与过去分词作状语的比较：作状语时，是用动词－ing形式(现在分词)还是过去分词，取决于该动词与主语之间的关系，若为意义上的主动关系，则用动词－ing形式(现在分词)；若为动宾关系，则用过去分词。‎ ‎（3）非谓语动词作定语 ‎①不定式作定语：a. 不定式作定语时与所修饰的词之间存在动宾关系，如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，一般要跟相应的介词。但是，如果不定式修饰的名词是time，place，way等，不定式后面的介词习惯省去。b. 若名词前有序数词、最高级或no，all，only等修饰，后面一般用不定式作定语。c. 用来修饰抽象名词时常用不定式作定语，常见的有ability，chance，attempt，warning等。‎ ‎②动词－ing形式(现在分词)作定语：动词－ing形式(现在分词)作定语时与它修饰的名词之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，表示动作的主动和进行。‎ ‎③过去分词作定语：过去分词作定语时与它修饰的名词之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，表示动作的被动和完成。‎ ‎（4）非谓语动词作宾语(主语)补足语：‎ ‎①不定式作宾补：a.‎ ‎ 常跟不定式作宾补的动词有advise，allow，ask，tell，teach，encourage，cause等。b. 感官动词和使役动词后面作宾补的不定式不带to，但变为被动语态，作主补的不定式需带to。常见的词有：一感觉：feel；二听：listen to，hear；三使：let，have，make；四看：see，watch，notice，observe等。另外，help后作宾补的不定式符号to可有可无。c. 下列结构中用不定式作主补，例如be said/reported/believed/considered to等。‎ ‎②动词－ing形式(现在分词)作宾补：动词－ing形式(现在分词)作宾补时强调宾语发出的动作正在进行。常见带有这种复合宾语的动词有：六让：make，let，have，get，keep，leave；三看：look at，see，watch；两听：listen to，hear；一注意：notice；一发现：find；一感觉：feel等。‎ ③过去分词作宾补：过去分词作宾补时其动词形式与宾语发出的动作有逻辑上的被动关系，且表示完成。‎ ‎（5）非谓语动词作宾语：‎ ‎①有些动词只能跟不定式作宾语，常见的有agree，afford，decide，determine，expect，hope，manage，refuse，offer，pretend，wish，promise等。‎ ‎②有些动词或短语只能跟动词－ing形式(动名词)作宾语，常见的有admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，escape，excuse，imagine，mind，miss(错过)，risk，suggest, be used to(习惯于)，can't stand(无法忍受)，give up，feel like，keep on，insist on，look forward to，put off，devote to，stick to，object to，get down to等。‎ ③有些动词既可跟不定式又可跟动词－ing形式(动名词)作宾语，意义区别不大，但表示经常性的动作常用动词－ing形式(动名词)，表示具体的动作常用不定式，常见的有begin，start，continue，like，love，prefer等。‎ ④有些动词或短语既可跟不定式又可跟动词－ing形式(动名词)作宾语，但意义有着明显的区别，常见的有：forget to do sth.忘记去做某事(未做)；forget doing sth.忘记做过某事(已做)；remember to do sth. 记得去做某事(未做)；remember doing sth. 记得做过某事(已做)；try to do sth. 尽力去做某事；try doing sth. 试着做某事；regret to do sth. 对即将做的事感到遗憾(未做)；regret doing sth. 对做过的事感到后悔(已做)；stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事(此处不定式作状语)；doing sth. 停止做某事；mean to do sth. 打算做某事；mean doing sth. 意味着做某事；go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事；go on doing sth. 继续做同一件事；can't help (to) do sth. 不能帮助做某事；can't help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事 ⑤动词need，want，require后跟doing作宾语时，主动形式表示被动含义，另外be worth doing也是主动表示被动。‎ ⑥介词后一般跟动词－ing形式(动名词)作宾语，但but/except后接不定式作宾语，若前面有实义动词do则不带to，反之则带to。‎ ⑦动词如find，feel，expect，think，consider，make等词后接不定式作宾语，宾语后跟形容词或名词作宾补，此时要用it作形式宾语。‎ ⑧某些动词跟动词－ing形式(动名词)作宾语，但需跟不定式作宾补，常见的有allow，permit，forbid，advise，consider等。‎ ‎（6）非谓语动词作主语和表语：‎ ①不定式与动词－ing形式(动名词)作主语和表语的区别：不定式表示某一具体的，尤其是未发生的动作；动词－ing形式(动名词)表示抽象的、泛指的动作。作主语时常用it作形式主语而把不定式或动词－ing形式(动名词)置后。‎ ②过去分词与动词－ing形式(现在分词)作表语的区别：两者作表语时基本都是已经形容词化的动词－ing形式(动名词)或过去分词，此时表示“令人……的”用动词－ing形式(现在分词)；表示“感到……的”用过去分词。‎ ‎【考例分析】‎ ‎【例1】It is so dangerous that our guides will have guns (scare) the animals away if they come too near.‎ ‎【答案】to scare ‎ ‎【解析】考查非谓语动词。不定式表目的。‎ ‎【例2】H The next day, a man named Zhi Sou saw them working and tried to stop them, ______ (say), “You are silly!...”‎ ‎【答案】saying ‎ ‎【例3】Later, ______ (move) by Yu Gong, the God of the Heavens ordered another god to take the two big mountains away.‎ ‎【答案】moved， ‎ ‎【解析】考查非谓语动词。过去分词做状语，表示被动。‎ ‎【例4】But she is thinking of (switch) to a different way of transport--a bicycle．‎ ‎【答案】switching ‎【解析】考查非谓语动词。think of后面跟动名词，作宾语。‎ ‎【方法总结】如何判断空格处应填非谓语动词？‎ ‎(1) 正确判断非谓语动词。句子按照结构可分为三类，即简单句、并列句和复合句。并列句和复合句都需要连词来引导，如果句子中出现了连词，应选谓语动词形式；如果两个结构中未出现连词，则考虑用非谓语动词。‎ ‎(2) 正确判断非谓语动词和逻辑主语之间的关系。‎ 确定要选非谓语动词之后，第二步要分析其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫作逻辑主语。判断非谓语动词与逻辑主语的关系是主动还是被动。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致，找不到其逻辑主语时，整个句子或句子的主语就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语。正确判断非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系是正确选择非谓语动词形式的保证，不管是作什么成分的非谓语动词都具有以下特点： ‎ ‎1．如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，可用现在分词； ‎ ‎2．如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，可用过去分词。‎ ‎(3)正确判断非谓语动词和谓语动词发生的时间先后顺序 非谓语动词具备动词的一些特点，也可以有动作发生的时间。对于谓语动词，我们用时态来表示动词发生的时间；对于非谓语动词不能用时态来表示动作发生的时间。非谓语动词所表示的时间是一个相对时间，即相对于谓语动词的时间而言。同时也需要了解非谓语动词的不同形式所指时间的含义。如to have done，having done表示该动作在谓语动词的动作之前发生；to be doing，doing强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生。‎ 冠词 命题规律 ‎ 1. 抽象名词属于不可数名词，前面一般不用冠词；但用来表示具体的人或事时，其前用不定冠词。‎ ‎2. 比较级和最高级前冠词的选择 ‎ “a/an＋比较级”表示“(众多人或事物中)比……更……的一个”，属于泛指；“the＋比较级”表示“两者中较……的一个”。“the＋最高级”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最……的一个”；“a most＋形容词”表示“很……，非常……”。‎ ‎3. 冠词的固定搭配。‎ 冠词的考点归纳：‎ ‎(1)定冠词的常考必备：①定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有“这 / 那个”之意，但语气较弱，可以和名词连用，表示某个或某些特定的人或物。②叙述上文提到过的特定的事物或上文未提到，但听话者一定知其所指。③用于序数词、形容词的比较级、最高级以及形容词only，very，same之前。④用于表示地球、宇宙中的独一无二的事物尤指各种天体或世界上比较有影响的物体名词前。⑤用于表示具体的地点、方位，具体的时间或某天的一部分等。⑥用于表示山川、河流、海洋、群岛、报纸、杂志、朝代的专有名词及由普通名词构成的专有名词之前等等。‎ ‎(2) 不定冠词的常考必备：①表示数量“一”，与one相近。②用在首次提到的人或物之前，表泛指。③用在物质名词、抽象名词之前，表示“一阵，一场，一种……”，也可以表示引起某种情绪的事，即抽象名词具体化使用。④用于be of a（an）+ n.结构中，表示“相同……的”。⑤ 用于so / as / too / how + 形容词 + a / an + 单数可数名词。⑥不定冠词a或an用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前，表示“每一”之意，”相当于every或one，但概念上没它们那么强烈。‎ ‎(3) 零冠词的常考必备：①称呼语及表示头衔、职务的名词作宾语、补语及同位语时，其前一般不加冠词。②在as引导的让步状语从句中，作表语的名词前不加冠词。③专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前， 一般不加冠词。‎ ‎【考例分析】‎ ‎【例1】After the new students are accepted, many colleges and universities offer instruction program for them.‎ ‎【答案】an ‎【解析】考查不定冠词。instruction program在文中第一次出现，以元音音素开头，故判断填an。‎ ‎【例2】Actually, many of the teachers can’t give students efficient way to deal with reading.‎ ‎【答案】an ‎【例3】So generation after generation, there is no end to ______ number of people who can do their part.‎ ‎【答案】the ‎【解析】考查定冠词。the number of ……的数量，固定短语；‎ ‎【例4】This is how the dog lost the game. He had come to _ ____ right place at the very beginning but failed to find the bone because he only complained and didn't try at all.‎ ‎【答案】the ‎【解析】考查定冠词。place 可数名词单数形式，前无限定词，考虑填冠词。此为特指，因此填the。‎ ‎【方法总结】1： 如何判断空格处应填冠词？‎ 下列情况很可能填不定冠词：‎ ‎(1)________+可数名词(单数)；‎ ‎(2)________+形容词+可数名词(单数)。‎ 下列情况下很可能填定冠词：‎ ‎(1)________ (+定语)+名词+ of等介词短语(表示特指)；‎ ‎(2)________ (+定语)+名词+定语从句(表示特指)；‎ ‎(3)________ (+定语)+名词+不定式短语或分词短语(表示特指)。‎ 情态动词和虚拟语气 命题规律 情态动词和虚拟语气考点，是英语高考中的必考点。在高考中主要考查点有：情态动词的基本用法、情态动词表推测的用法、情态动词在虚拟语气中的用法、虚拟条件句的用法、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法、时间错综的虚拟条件句等。‎ 情态动词和虚拟语气高考常考点：‎ 情态动词的用法复杂多变,在高考试题中占的比重一直比较稳定,每年总有一至两个题,可以单独考查,也可以结合虚拟语气考查。命题者常常利用语境和句子之间意义上的细微差别来考查考生对情态动词的理解和掌握,难度也保持较为稳定的趋势。其考点主要包括：‎ ‎1、考查情态动词的基本用法。如：can和could的用法及区别；will和would的用法及区别；must的用法；shall用于不同人称时的用法和should的各种用法；need的用法等。‎ ‎2、考查情态动词的“推测”功能。如：can，could，may，might，must 皆可表示推测，使用时要注意以下几点：（1）注意语气。语气较强用must, cannot，couldn’t；语气较弱may，might或can，could；（2）注意句式。在肯定句中，一般用may，might，must；在否定句，疑问句中常用can，could；（3）注意时态。表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时通常用“情态动词+ 动词原形”结构；表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测，通常用“情态动词+进行体”结构；表示对过去情况的推测，通常用“情态动词+完成体”结构。‎ ‎3、考查情态动词的特殊用法。如：‎ ‎（1）cannot ／can't 与too／over（‐)／enough ／perfectly ／sufficiently 等词连用，意为“越…越…”“无论怎样…　…也不为过”、“决不会…　…够(过)”。 （2）cannot wait to do sth意为“急于做某事”，。‎ ‎（3）would 和used to的区别；can和be able to的区别。‎ ‎（4）“may / might well＋动词原形”意为“理应，有足够的理由”；“may/ might as well＋动词原形”意为“还不如，不妨，还是…的好”。 ‎ ‎（5）must表示偏执型，意为“偏要”；“硬要”；can用在肯定句，可以表示客观上的“可能性”；shall用在法律、条约、协定等文件中可以表示义务、规定等；should表示估计或推测上的“应该”，译为“可能，该，估计，按理应当”；will 可以表示习惯和倾向性，意为“惯于, 老是, 终归是”等。‎ ‎4、考查虚拟语气在各种从句以及隐含、混合等句中的运用。如：wish，as if/though，if only，would rather，otherwise, without等。‎ ‎【考例分析】‎ ‎【例1】It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I _______(do) it?‎ ‎【答案】had done ‎【例2】If Mr. Dewey _____(be) present, he would have offered any possible assistance to ‎ the people there.‎ ‎【答案】had been ‎【解析】本题考查的是if条件从句与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，故从句用had + v-ed，主句用would / could/ should / might + v-ed。句意：如果Dewey先生在场的话，他会提供那里人们的任何可能的帮助。‎ ‎【方法总结】考查情态动词和虚拟语气主要是借助情态动词考时态。‎ 体验高考 ‎[2017·全国卷Ⅲ]‎ 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ She looks like any other schoolgirl, freshfaced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward to the challenge of her new Alevel course. But unlike her school friends, 16yearold Sarah is not spending halfterm 61.________ (rest). Instead, she is earning ￡6，500 a day as 62.________ model in New York. ‎ Sarah 63.________ (tell) that she could be Britain's new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year. Her father Peter, 44，wants her to give up school to model fulltime. But Sarah, 64.________ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants 65.________ (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. She is determined to carry on with her 66.________ (educate)．‎ She has turned down several 67.________ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. After school she plans to take a year off to model fulltime before going to university to get a degree 68.________ engineering or architecture. ‎ Sarah says, “My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school 69.________ (come) first. I don't want to get too absorbed in modelling. It is 70.________ (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal. I don't want to have nothing else to fall back on when I can't model any more.”‎ ‎【文章大意】 文章介绍了纽约市16岁的高中女孩萨拉，她不仅学习成绩好，长得漂亮，而且是一名收入不菲的时装模特。她爸爸希望她退学专门从事模特行业，但是她以学业为重，坚持学业和工作两不误。‎ ‎61. resting　考查非谓语动词。spend…(in) doing sth是固定句式，意为“花……做某事”。‎ ‎62. a　考查冠词。根据句意和语境可知，萨拉只是纽约众多模特中的一个，是泛指；而且model的第一个音素是辅音音素，故用不定冠词a。‎ ‎63. has been told/was told　考查动词的时态和语态。 tell后接双宾语， 因此可判断此句用被动语态；再根据后面句子的时态可判断用现在完成时或一般过去时。‎ ‎64. who　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空后面是一个定语从句，缺少连接词，代指先行词Sarah, 在从句中作主语，故填who。‎ ‎65. to prove　考查动词不定式。want to do sth为固定搭配，故用动词不定式。‎ ‎66. education　考查名词。前面是形容词性物主代词her，故用名词形式。‎ ‎ [2017·浙江卷6月考]‎ 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small 56.________ (carrot) and was about to throw them away. But something made her look closer, and she noticed a 57.________ (shine) object. Yes, there beneath the leafy top of one tiny carrot was her longlost wedding ring.‎ Pahlsson screamed 58.________ loudly that her daughter came running from the house. “She thought I had hurt 59.________ (I)，” says Pahlsson.‎ Sixteen years 60.________ (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring 61.________ (cook) a meal. When she wanted to put the ring back on later, it was gone. She suspected that one of her three daughters—then ten, eight, and six—had picked it up, but the girls said they hadn't. Pahlsson and her husband 62.________ (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing. “I gave up hope of finding my ring again，” she says. She never replaced it. ‎ Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got 63.________ (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, 64.________ it remained until the carrot's leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it. For Pahlsson, its return was 65.________ wonder.‎ ‎【文章大意】 本文是一则小故事，主要讲述了Lena Pahlsson在16年前丢失了结婚戒指，现在失而复得的故事。‎ ‎56. carrots　考查名词。根据a handful of可知，应该有一把小胡萝卜，所以用carrot的复数形式。‎ ‎57. shiny/shining　考查形容词。此处根据下文的object可知，需用形容词作定语，故填shiny或shining。‎ ‎58. so　考查状语从句。此处是“so…that…”结构，表示“如此……以至于……”。‎ ‎59. myself　考查反身代词。根据语意可知，此处填I的反身代词，意为“她认为‘我’伤到了‘我’自己”，故填myself。‎ ‎60. earlier　考查比较级。此处语意表示“16年前”，故填earlier。‎ 模拟新题精选 ‎1. 【山西省45校2018届高三第一次联考】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ Self-confident people are admired ___1___ others and inspire confidence in others. They know that no matter what difficulties come their way, they have the ability ___2___ (solve) them. Self-confident people tend to see their lives in a positive light even when things aren’t going so well, and they are typically ___3___ (satisfy) with themselves. Wouldn’t ___4___ be amazing ‎ to have this kind of self-confidence? Guess what? You can.‎ Self-confidence can be learned, practiced and mastered — just like any ___5___ skills. You can begin by changing your body language. Just the simple act of ___6___ (pull) your shoulders back gives others the ___7___ (impress) that you are a confident person. Next, look at the person you are talking to — keeping eye contact ___8___ (show) confidence. Last, speak slowly. Research has proved that those who take time to speak slowly and ___9___ (clear) feel more self-confident. The added bonus is that they will actually be able to understand ___10___ you are saying.‎ ‎【答案】1. by 2. to solve 3. satisfied 4. it 5. other 6. pulling ‎ ‎7. impression 8. shows 9. clearly 10. what ‎2. 考查动词不定式作定语。句意：他们知道无论遇到什么困难，他们都有能力解决。动词不定式作定语修饰名词ability，解决问题的能力。根据题意，故填to solve。‎ ‎3. 考查形容词。句意：他们通常也会对自己感到满意。be satisfied with对…满意。根据题意，故填satisfied。‎ ‎4. 考查代词。句意：这种自信是不是让人很惊奇。it做形式主语，动词不定式to have this kind of self-confidence做真正主语。根据题意，故填it。‎ ‎5. 考查不定代词。句意：自信是可以学习，练习并且掌握的，就像其他的技能一样。any other任何其他的。根据题意，故填other。‎ ‎6. 考查动名词。句意：简单的把肩膀往后拉的动作给别人的印象就是你是一个自信的人。介词of后应使用动名词。根据题意，故填pulling。‎ ‎7. 考查名词。句意：简单的把肩膀往后拉的动作给别人的印象就是你是一个自信的人。同位语从句“that you are a confident person”为名词impression解释内容。根据题意，故填impression。‎ ‎8. 考查谓语动词。句意：与你说话的人保持目光接触这表现了自信。动名词做主语谓语动词应使用单数形式。根据题意，故填shows。‎ ‎9. 考查副词。句意：研究表明说话缓慢并且清楚的人更加有自信。副词修饰动词speak。根据题意，故填clearly。‎ ‎10.‎ ‎ 考查宾语从句。句意：额外的好处是，他们会明白你在说什么。understand后引导宾语从句，what在从句中做宾语。根据题意，故填what。‎ ‎2. 【河北省沧州市2018届高三教学质量监测】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge will be the world's longest bridge over water when it___1___(complete).The bridge is now___2___construction and will be put to use by the end of this year. A journey by land,___3___can take up to four hours, will be___4___(great) shortened. Now it only takes as little as thirty minutes.‎ From an artificial island near Hong Kong International Airport, the structure___5___(run) west to another artificial island in Macao,a___6___(distant) of 55 kilometers,20 times the length d San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge.___7___total of 400,000 tons of steel were used in the project, equal to 60 times the steel used___8___(build) the Eiffel Tower.‎ Engineers were faced with complex geological conditions and technical challenges. The building of the bridge combines the___9___(late) engineering technology and design, enabling the structure to withstand a magnitude 8 earthquake,a super typhoon or a strike by a ship___50___(weigh) 300,000 tons.According to historical data,most big, cross-sea bridges last 100 years while Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge is designed to last 120 years.‎ ‎【答案】1. is completed ‎ ‎2. under 3. which ‎ ‎4. greatly ‎ ‎5. runs 6. distance ‎ ‎7. A 8. to build ‎ ‎9. latest 50. weighing ‎【解析】1.‎ ‎2. 考查介词。句意：它现在正在建设中。固定短语：under construction（在建设中），故填under.‎ ‎3. 考查关系代词。非限制性定语从句，行先词是journey（旅程），从句中缺少主语，所以用关系代词，故填which.‎ ‎4. 考查副词。句意：陆地上的旅程将被极大地缩短。副词greatly作状语，故填greatly.‎ ‎5. 考查动词。此处是谓语动词，说的是一般状况，所以要用一般现在时态，主语是the structure（这个建筑物），是单数形式，所以谓语也要用第三人称单数形式，故填runs.‎ ‎6. 考查名词。固定短语：a distance of（一个……的距离），故填distance.‎ ‎7. 考查冠词。固定短语：a total of（总计……），位于句子开头，要大写，故填A.‎ ‎8. 考查不定式。句意：等同于为了修建艾菲尔铁塔被使用的钢的60倍。不定式to build作目的状语，故填to build.‎ ‎9. 考查形容词。句意：桥的建设合并了最新的工程技术和设计。要用形容词的最高级作定语，修饰名词。故填latest.‎ ‎50. 考查现在分词。现在分词weighing（重量为）作定语，修饰名词ship，与之是主动关系，故填weighing.‎ ‎3. 【河南省洛阳市2018届高三12月联考】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ The Palace Museum, known as the Forbidden City, is the ___1___ (large) and most well ___2___ (reserve) imperial (皇帝的) residence in China today. It is divided into an outer and an inner court with a rectangular shape, 960 meters long from north to south and 750 meters in ___3___ (wide) from cast to west. It has a splendid history since the Ming Dynasty, and it ___4___ (rebuild) and repaired many times in the past. I was so excited to visit it ___5___ my family last summer vacation. After we passed through the Front Gate, a lot of palaces appeared. The tour guide told us there were almost 8,700 rooms in the Palace Museum. During the Ming Dynasty, construction began in 1406. ___6___ took 14 years to build the Forbidden City. I was ___7___ ( real) surprised that the workers could build it so well ___8___ even today it is not out of style. I could not remember all the names of the buildings, but I took hundreds of beautiful ___9___ (photo) on the way. I think I will never forget the ___10___ (amaze) trip I had in Beijing, China and I can go there next time will my friends.‎ ‎【答案】1. largest 2. reserved 3. width 4. was rebuilt 5. with 6. It ‎ ‎7. really 8. that 9. photos 10. amazing ‎【解析】本文讲述了去年暑假，作者和家人一起去游览故宫博物院的经历。‎ ‎1. 考查最高级。故宫博物院被称为紫禁城，它是现在中国最大的，也是保存最好的皇帝住所。由and most well reserved ，可知这里用最高级，所以填largest。‎ ‎2. 考查非谓语动词。reserve与其逻辑主语The Palace Museum之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词，填reserved。‎ ‎3. 考查固定短语。in width宽度上，是固定短语，所以填width。‎ ‎4. 考查时态和语态。“它”和“重建”之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态；表示发生在过去的事情，用一般过去时，综上所述，用一般过去时的被动语态，填was rebuilt。‎ ‎5. 考查介词。去年暑假，我和我的家人一起去参观故宫博物院，我非常的激动。表示“和我的家人一起”，所以填with。‎ ‎6. 考查形式主语。不定式to build the Forbidden City是真正的主语，句首需要一个形式主语，所以填it。‎ ‎7. 考查副词。修饰动词surprised，用副词，所以填really。‎ ‎8. 考查固定句型。工匠们建造的太好了，以至于今天看起来都不过时。so…that太……以至于，所以填that。‎ ‎9. 考查名词单复数。被hundreds of修饰，所以用名词复数，填photos。‎ ‎10. 考查v+ing。v+ing修饰物，v+ed修饰人，这里修饰trip，所以用v+ing，填amazing。‎ ‎4. 【四川省内江市2018届高三第一次模拟】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ Chrysanthemum (菊花) comes from China and was recorded in some Chinese books as early as the 5th century BC. The flower ___1___ (introduce) to Japan during the Tang Dynasty. It usually begins to bloom (开花) in the 9th lunar month, lending a festive atmosphere to Double Ninth Day. That’s why the month is also referred to ___2___ “the month of chrysanthemum”.‎ The flower has been favored by ___3___ (poet) through the ages, because it is one of the only flowers that bloom in late autumn. Du Fu, a great Tang Dynasty poet, wrote more than ten poems singing the praises of the flower.‎ Chinese people ___4___ (be) fond of enjoying chrysanthemum on Double Ninth Day long before. Chrysanthemum displays were usually held immediately after ___5___ day in some regions of China in the Qing Dynasty. People in Beijing began to stick chrysanthemums on doors and windows ___6___ (get) rid of the bad luck and bring in the good ones,___7___ was an alteration (改变) of the custom of ___8___ (wear) chrysanthemum on people’s heads. At these displays family members accompany their elders to have a relaxing day in a natural atmosphere while wishing for good health and ‎ ‎___9___ (happy) for them. The displays are often ___10___ (live) with a sea of visitors.‎ ‎【答案】1. was introduced 2. as 3. poets 4. were 5. the 6. to get 7. which ‎ ‎8. wearing 9. happiness 10. lively ‎【解析】文章讲述了菊花的历史、文化及相关的一些活动及意义。‎ ‎1. was introduced.‎ 考查被动语态。句中主语The flower和动词introduce是被动关系，指这种花被介绍，在句中作谓语用被动语态，根据时间状语the Tang Dynasty.可知用一般过去时的被动语态，故填was introduced.‎ ‎2. as.‎ 考查介词。句意：这就是为什么九月被叫做菊花月的原因，表示作为，故填as.‎ ‎3. poets.‎ 考查名词。句中poet是可数名词，此处泛指古往今来的诗人们，用复数形式。故填poets.‎ ‎4. were.‎ 考查主谓一致。根据时间状语long before可知此处用过去时，与主语Chinese people保持一致用复数，故填were.‎ ‎5. the.‎ 考查冠词。此处是特指Double Ninth Day用定冠词，表示重阳节之后，故填the.‎ ‎6. to get.‎ 考查动词不定式。此处是不定式表目的，指人们把菊花贴在门窗上是为了摆脱坏运气，故填to get.‎ ‎7. which.‎ 考查定语从句。句中包含非限制性定语从句，用which引导指代前面句子，故填which.‎ ‎8. wearing.‎ ‎9. happiness.‎ 考查名词。与and前的名词health并列也用名词，指健康和幸福，故填happiness.‎ ‎10. lively.‎ 考查形容词。此处是形容词作表语，指这种展览有大量的游客是生气勃勃的，故填lively.‎ ‎5. 【广东省茂名市五校2018届高三上学期一轮复习阶段性测评（四）】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ Since last winter, smog_____1_____(occur) several times, which has done great harm to us. To solve the problem, the Chinese leaders in Beijing have attached great importance____2____protecting the environment. They are taking big steps to deal with climate change and pollution,_____3_____some of China’s cities are acting too.‎ Nanjing, the capital of China’s eastern Jiangsu Province, like many major cities in China, is trying to improve thee situation by____4____(get) a Vertical Forest, a set of two green residential towers that will make the city more___5___ (appeal) and will provide residents and visitors with fresh air. This brilliant idea_____6_____(put) forward by Stefano Boeri Architetti.______7______architect based in Milan, Italy. And in 2014 the first Vertical Forest____8____(build) in Asia, and it will host a total of 1,100 trees from 23 local species and 2,500 shrubs with the capabilities of providing around 25 tons of CO₂ absorption each year and____9____(possible) producing 132 pounds of oxygen each day. Other Chinese major cities, like Chongqing and Shanghai, are reported to be planning to build up similar green___10___ (structure).‎ ‎【答案】1. has occurred 2. to 3. and 4. getting 5. appealing 6. was put ‎ ‎7. an 8. built 9. possibly 10. structures ‎【解析】雾霾对我们造成伤害，中国政府非常重视保护环境，他们正在采取重大措施来应对气候变化和污染，并且中国的一些大城市也行动起来。‎ ‎1. 根据Since last winter可知句子用现在完成时态，主语是smog，单数第三人称，故答案为has occurred。occur发生，是不及物动词，无被动语态。‎ ‎2. 固定搭配：attached great importance to非常重视,其中to是介词，后面用sth./doing做宾语。故答案为to。‎ ‎3. 句意：他们正在采取重大措施来应对气候变化和污染，并且中国的一些大城市也在实施。此处是表示递进关系的并列句，故答案为and。‎ ‎4. 固定搭配：by doing sth.通过做某事，故答案为getting。‎ ‎5. 句意：一套能使城市更有吸引力的绿色住宅塔楼。make +宾语+形容词（宾语补语），根据句意可知答案为appealing。‎ ‎6. 句意：这个绝妙的主意是Stefano Boeri Architetti提出的。句子用一般过去时态的被动语态，答案为was put。‎