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【考向解读】
情态动词用来表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气,在情景交际和虚拟语气中得到广泛使用。情态动词为中学英语考试大纲要求内容,并且是高考内容中的难点之一。其主要考点主要集中在情态动词的基本意义及“情态动词+have done”结构的用法。
【命题热点突破一】 情态动词的基本用法
1.can和could的用法
(1)表示“能力”。
(2)表示理论上的可能性,“有时候可能会”,用于肯定
句中。
(3)表示礼貌地请求,意为“能,可以”。could可代替can,表示委婉的语气。
(4)cannot...too/enough表示“无论……也不过分”;“越……越好……”。
No one can be compared with Yao Ming in playing basketball.在打篮球方面,无人能与姚明相媲美。
It is usually warm in my hometown in March,but it can be
rather cold sometimes.
我的家乡三月份通常很暖和,但有时候也会相当冷。
You can’t be too careful while driving.
开车时越小心越好。
—Could I use your bike tomorrow?
——明天我可以用一下你的自行车吗?
—Yes,you can./No,I’m afraid not.
——是的,你可以。/不,恐怕不行。
2.may和might的用法
(1)表示允许、许可、请求,might比may的语气更委婉。
当may用于疑问句时,其否定回答:No,...mustn’t。
(2)may as well+动词原形“最好;倒不如……”。
—May I take this book out of the reading room?
——我可以把书拿出阅览室吗?
—No,you mustn’t.You read it in here.
——不,绝不可以。你在这儿读。
If you think the price of beef is too high,you may as well buy some pork.It depends on you.如果你认为牛肉太贵的话,你不妨买些猪肉。这由你自己决定。
3.must的用法
(1)表示必要性,意为“必须”。当must用于疑问句时,其否定回答为:No,...needn’t/don’t have to。
(2)表示偏执,固执,意为“非得,偏要”。
—Must you interrupt now? Can’t you see I’m on the phone?——你一定要现在插话吗?难道你没有看到 我 正 在打电话吗?
—Sorry sir,but it’s urgent.
——抱歉,先生。但事情紧急。
You mustn’t park here!It’s an emergency exit.
你不可以在这儿停车!这是紧急出口处。
—Must I give up smoking?——我必须戒烟吗?
—Yes,you must./No,you needn’t.
——是的,你必须。/不,你不必。
4.shall的用法
(1)用于第一、第三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。
(2)用于第二、第三人称陈述句中,表示说话人 给对 方 的 命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
—Will you read me a story,Mummy?
——妈妈,给我讲个故事好吗?
—OK.You shall have one if you go to bed as soon as possible.
——好的,如果你尽快上床睡觉我就给你讲一个。
—What time shall I pick you up at your house tomorrow,sir?
——先生,我明天什么时候到你家接你?
—I haven’t decided on the time.But I will call you.
——我还没有决定时间,但是我会给你打电话的。
5.should 的用法
(1)表示劝告和建议,意为“应该”。
(2)表示推测、可能性、预期,意为“应该;可能”。
(3)用于表示感情或意志等的that从句中,意为“竟然……;居然……”。
There shouldn’t be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.
既然你在驾校训练了那么多,通过路考应该没有什么困难。
I should go and visit him this afternoon,but I wonder if I will be free.
今天下午我应该去看望他,但是我不知道我是否有空。
It seems unfair that this should happen to me.
真不公平,这件事竟然发生在我身上。
6.will和would的用法
(1)表示意志或意愿。will指现在,would指过去。
(2)表示习惯性动作,意为“总是”,will指现在,would指过去.
(3)表示功能,意为“能,行”。
The door wouldn’t open,no matter how hard she pushed.
无论她怎么努力去推,这扇门就是打不开。
Days later,my brother called to say he was all right,but
wouldn’t say where he was.几天后,我哥哥打电话说他一切
都好,但不愿意说他在哪儿。
Every morning he will have a walk along this river.
每天早晨,他总是沿着这条小河散步。
例1.(2018·北京卷)12. In today’s information age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems for a company.
A. need B. should C. can D. must
【答案】C
【变式探究】(2017•天津)My room is a mess, but I __________clean it before I go out tonight. I can do it in the morning.
A. daren’t B. shouldn’t C. needn’t D. mustn’t
【答案】C
【解析】 句意:我的房间很乱,但是在今晚我出去之前不需要打扫,我可以明天早晨再打扫。A.不敢;B.不应该;C不需要;D.不许。根据句意,故选C。
【变式探究】—Can’t you stay a little longer?
—It’s getting late.I really ________ go now.My daughter is home alone.
A.may B.can
C.must D.dare
答案;C
【变式探究】 Although you ________find bargains in London,it’s not generally a cheap place to shop.
A.should B.need
C.must D.can
解析:考查情态动词的基本用法。 句意:虽然你________在伦敦找到便宜货,但那通常不是一个购物便宜的地方。can表示“可能”时尽管多用于否定句和疑问句中,但在肯定句 中可以表示“可能”,指客观上的可能性。由语境可知,此 处表示“你可能在伦敦找到便宜货”,指客观上的可能性, 故选择can。should应该;need需要;must必须,肯定。
答案:D
【命题热点突破二】 情态动词表示推测
情态动词表示推测三步判断:(1)首先看是肯定句、否定句还是疑问句。肯定句中一般must/may/might;否定句和疑问句中一般用can/could。(2)然后看是对什么时间的推测;表示对现在的推测用“情态动词+do”,表示对过去的推测用 “情态动词+have done”。(3)最后看句子语气的肯定程度,must(十分肯定)>may(不太肯定)>could/might(可能性较小)。
例2.(2018·天津卷)10. I can't find my purse. I___________ it in the supermarket yesterday, but I'm not sure.
A. should leave B. must have left
C. might leave D. could have left
【答案】D
【解析】考查情态动词表推测。句意:我不能找到我的钱包了,昨天我有可能把它落到超市了,但我不确定。根据句中时间状语yesterday可知,是对过去事情的推测,故用情态动词+ have done,再根据后句but I’m not sure.可知,此推测为不能肯定的推测,故用情态动词could,表示“可能”。故选D。
【变式探究】You ________ feel all the training a waste of time,but I’m a hundred percent sure later you’ll be grateful you did it.
A.should B.need
C.shall D.may
答案:D
【易错警示】情态动词表示推测的误用
高考对情态动词表示推测的考查基本集中在must,may,might,can和could的用法上。
要切记:对现在和将来的推测用“情态动词+动词原形”;对正在发生的动作的推测用“情态动词+be doing”;对过去的推测用“情态动词+have done”。
Life is unpredictable;even the poorest might become the richest.
生活是不可预料的,甚至最贫穷的可能变成最富有的。
—Look! There comes our head teacher.
——看!我们班主任来了。
—That can’t be him.He is in Indonesia.
——那一定不是他。他现在在印尼。
【变式探究】
—Has Peter started out?He said he would go hiking with us.
—He________.He is a man of his word.
A.could have started B.must have started
C.could start D.must start
解析:考查情态动词。句意:——Peter已经出发了吗?他说他会与我们一起去远足。——他肯定已经出发了。他是一 个信守诺言的人。根据“He is a man of his word.”可知,答 话人猜测Peter肯定已经动身了。
“must+have done” 表示对过去情况的肯定猜测,符合语境。
答案:B
【命题热点突破三】情态动词+have done
例3.I ________ have worried before I came to the new school,for my classmates here are very friendly to me.
A.mightn’t B.mustn’t
C.needn’t D.couldn’t
答案:C
【变式探究】
—Why are your eyes so red? You ________ have slept well last night.
—Yeah,I stayed up late writing a report.
A.can’t B.mustn’t
C.needn’t D.won’t
解析:考查情态动词。句意:——你的眼睛为什么这么红?昨晚你不可能睡好觉。——是的,我熬夜写一篇报告。 can’t have done sth.表示对过去事情的推测,表示“不可能做过某事”。
答案:A
【命题热点突破四】 考查虚拟语气
例4.(2018·江苏卷)There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I (have) a second chance to become more involved.
【解析】考查虚拟语气。根据“There is a good social life in the village”可知,时间的着眼点是现在,因此wish后的从句中的虚拟语气是对现在的虚拟,故填had。
【答案】had
【变式探究】(2018·北京卷)They might have found a better hotel if they
(drive) a few more kilometers.
【解析】考查虚拟语气。根据句意:如果他们再开几公里,他们可能会找到更好的旅馆。根据语境可知,此处表示对过去事实的假设,从句中应该用过去完成时。
【答案】had driven
【变式探究】(2018·天津卷)If we caught the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now.
【解析】考查虚拟语气。根据句意和句中的时间状语可知,这是一个主从条件句的虚拟语气,条件从句中有时间状语,因此表示与过去事实相反的假设,从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时。
【答案】caught→had caught
【变式探究】(2017·江苏卷) _________ not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.
A. It were B. Were it C. It was D. Was it
【答案】B
【解析】考查虚拟语气的省略。虚拟语气中,be动词统一用were;虚拟语气的省略形式主要是把if省略,同时把were/should/had提前,即Were /Should/ Had I...,故选B。
【举一反三】(2017•江苏) _______ not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.
A. It were B. Were it C. It was D. Was it
【答案】B
【变式探究】(2017·北京)If the new safety system _______ to use, the accident would never have happened.
A. had been put B. were put C. should be put D. would be put
【答案】A
【解析】句意:如果这个新的安全系统被投入使用过的话,这个事故就不会发生了。根据主句确定是对过去情况的虚拟,所以从句谓语用had done形式,此外根据句意可知是被动,用被动语态,故A项是正确的。
【变式探究】________no modern telecommunications,we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.
A.Were there B.Had there been
C.If there are D.If there have been
答案:A
【变式探究】Don’t handle the vase as if it ______ made of steel.
A.is B.were
C.has been D.had been
解析:考查虚拟语气。句意:不要这么拿着这个花瓶,就好像它是用钢制成的似的。as if表示“似乎,好像”,引导的从句通常用虚拟语气,再结合主句的时态可知是对现在事实的虚拟,所以用一般过去时were。
答案:B
【易错警示】当suggest作“暗示,表明”,insist作“坚持认为”时,从句要用陈述语气。
His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.
他的沉默表明他同意我的决定。
He insisted that he hadn’t stolen the money.
他坚持说他没有偷过钱。
【高考真题解读】
1.(2018·江苏卷)There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I (have) a second chance to become more involved.
【解析】考查虚拟语气。根据“There is a good social life in the village”可知,时间的着眼点是现在,因此wish后的从句中的虚拟语气是对现在的虚拟,故填had。
【答案】had
2.(2018·北京卷)They might have found a better hotel if they
(drive) a few more kilometers.
【解析】考查虚拟语气。根据句意:如果他们再开几公里,他们可能会找到更好的旅馆。根据语境可知,此处表示对过去事实的假设,从句中应该用过去完成时。
【答案】had driven
3.(2018·天津卷)If we caught the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now.
【解析】考查虚拟语气。根据句意和句中的时间状语可知,这是一个主从条件句的虚拟语气,条件从句中有时间状语,因此表示与过去事实相反的假设,从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时。
【答案】caught→had caught
4.【2018·江苏】24. It’s strange that he _______ have taken the books without the owner’s permission.
A. would B. should
C. could D. might
【答案】B
5.(2018·天津卷)10. I can't find my purse. I___________ it in the supermarket yesterday, but I'm not sure.
A. should leave B. must have left
C. might leave D. could have left
【答案】D
【解析】考查情态动词表推测。句意:我不能找到我的钱包了,昨天我有可能把它落到超市了,但我不确定。根据句中时间状语yesterday可知,是对过去事情的推测,故用情态动词+ have done,再根据后句but I’m not sure.可知,此推测为不能肯定的推测,故用情态动词could,表示“可能”。故选D。
6.(2018·北京卷)12. In today’s information age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems for a company.
A. need B. should C. can D. must
【答案】C
【解析】考查情态动词。句意:在今天的信息时代,数据的丢失有时会对一个公司造成严重的问题。数据丢失造成严重问题是客观上会发生的情况,即“客观可能性”,故该空应用情态动词can。C选项正确。其余情态动词均没有该用法。need需要;should应该,竟然;must必须,肯定。
1.(2017·江苏卷) _________ not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.
A. It were B. Were it C. It was D. Was it
【答案】B
【解析】考查虚拟语气的省略。虚拟语气中,be动词统一用were;虚拟语气的省略形式主要是把if省略,同时把were/should/had提前,即Were /Should/ Had I...,故选B。
2.(2017•江苏) _______ not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.
A. It were B. Were it C. It was D. Was it
【答案】B
【解析】考查虚拟语气和倒装。虚拟语气中,be动词统一用were;虚拟语气的省略形式主要是把if省略,同时把were/should/had提前,即Were /Should/ Had I...,故选B。句意:要不是老师们的支持,该 生是无法克服她自己的困难的。
3.(2017·北京)If the new safety system _______ to use, the accident would never have happened.
A. had been put B. were put C. should be put D. would be put
【答案】A
4.(2017•天津)My room is a mess, but I __________clean it before I go out tonight. I can do it in the morning.
A. daren’t B. shouldn’t C. needn’t D. mustn’t
【答案】C
【解析】 句意:我的房间很乱,但是在今晚我出去之前不需要打扫,我可以明天早晨再打扫。A.不敢;B.不应该;C不需要;D.不许。根据句意,故选C。
1.(2016·浙江,15)________(have)the governments and scientists not worked together,AIDSrelated deaths would not have fallen since their highest in 2005.
【答案】Had 【解析】句意:如果政府和科学家不共同努力,与艾滋病相关的死亡就不会从2005年的最高点下降。这是一个省略了从属连词if的虚拟语气句,使用了倒装句式。根据主句的would not have fallen可知,这里是表示过去的虚拟语气,所以用had。
2.(2016·浙江,17)George can't ________(go)too far.His coffee is still warm.
【答案】have gone 【解析】句意:乔治不可能走得太远了。他的咖啡仍然是温的。can't have done是对过去的否定推测。
3.(2016·北京,34)Why didn't you tell me about your trouble last week?If you ________(tell)me,I could have helped.
【答案】had told
【解析】句意:上个星期你为什么不告诉我你的麻烦事?如果你告诉我了,我就能帮你。根据句意和相关信息判断,条件句表示与过去事实相反的假设,此时从句用过去完成时,主句谓语用“情态动词+have done”形式。
1.(2015·北京,29)—Can't you stay a little longer?
—It's getting late.I really go now.My daughter is home alone.
解析 句意:——你不能再多待一会儿吗?——天要黑了,我真的现在必须走了,我的女儿独自呆在家里。must必须。
答案 must
2.(2015·浙江,4)It was so noisy that we not hear ourselves speak.
解析 句意:太吵闹了,我们连自己说的话都听不到。can/could表示“能力,能够”。根据前面的was可知,此处要用过去时could。
答案 could
3.(2015·重庆,12)You be Carol.You haven't changed a bit after all these years.
解析 句意:你一定是Carol,这些年以来你一点都没变。must一定,表示推测,符合句意。
答案 must
4.(2015·陕西,21)You feel all the training a waste of time,but I'm a hundred percent sure later you'll be grateful you did it.
答案 may
5.(2015·四川,2)You be careful with the camera.It costs!
解析 考查情态动词。句意:你一定要非常小心对待照相机,它很昂贵。此处表示命令语气。
答案 must
6.(2015·福建,27)—Sorry, Mum! I failed the job interview again.
—Oh, it's too bad.You have made full preparations.
解析 句意:——很抱歉,妈妈,我的面试又失败了。——噢,真是太糟糕了,你本应该做好充分准备的。考查情态动词+have done的意义。根据上句的面试又失败了,可知是对过去事实的虚拟。should have done本应该做但是没有做。
答案 should
7.(2015·天津,7)I have worried before I came to the new school, for my classmates here are very friendly to me.
解析 句意:在来到新学校前我本不必担心,因为在新学校我的同班同学对我很友好。考查情态动词。needn't have done...本不必做的事做了。
答案 needn't
8.(2015·北京,34)If I (see)it with my own eyes, I wouldn't have believed it.
解析 句意:如果不是亲眼看到,我就不会相信这件事。由主句中的谓语动词wouldn't have believed 可知是对过去情况的虚拟,虚拟条件句的谓语动词用过去完成时。
答案 hadn't seen
9.(2015·重庆,7)Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway (write)his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.
答案 wouldn't have written
10.(2015·陕西,23)Ellen is a fantastic dancer.I wish I (dance)as well as her.
解析 句意:艾伦是一位出色的舞者,我希望我能像他跳的那么好。考查虚拟语气。wish后跟宾语从句时,从句中需要用虚拟语气,从句中用did表示对现在事实的虚拟。
答案 danced
11.(2015·天津,13)I wish I (be)at my sister's wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.
解析 句意:我希望上个星期二我出席了姐姐的婚礼,但那时我正在纽约出差中。考查虚拟语气。wish后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气,对过去发生过的事情的虚拟要用过去完成时。
答案 had been
12.(2015·安徽,32)It is lucky we booked a room, or we (have)nowhere to stay now.
解析 句意:很幸运我们订了一个房间,否则我们现在将无处可住。考查虚拟语气。引导含蓄虚拟条件句,or后面是主句,相当于if we hadn't booked a room, we would have nowhere to stay now,根据“now”可知,是对现在进行虚拟,因此用would+动词原形。
答案 would have