专题4-3+议论文类-2019高考英语卓越专项训练精英版 10页

‎ ‎ ‎【结构特点】‎ 议论文开篇点题或提出观点，文体的结构很清晰（总---分；分---总；总---分---总）‎ ‎【文体特点】‎ 议论文要注意掌握全文主旨，抓住每段的首句、尾句、主题句，理清文章的论点、论据和结论。议论文通过分析某一事例，阐述某一个论点，告诉读者一个道理或给读者某种思想的启迪，主要有以下特点：‎ 1. 首句制胜，论点明确。‎ 议论文绝大多数都把文章的主旨放在第一段。作者一般在主旨句中提出论点，然后在后面各段的首句提出分论点。‎ 2. 结构清晰，脉络有序。‎ 议论型完形填空的三要素：论点、论据和论证。它们一般有序地安排在引子、正文、结论这一议论文的一般结构中。能说明论据主要内容的答案，可以在论点里得到印证，而论点的答案也可以与论据结合起来，这样论点、论据形成一体，相互印证。有时作者为了使文章脉络清楚，逻辑流畅，都会使用一些连接词。如：on the contrary, all in all, in short, generally, worse still, on the other hand, in conclusion, as a consequence, hence, also, personally, further more, definitely, surely, undoubtedly, obviously, additionally, besides, likewise, for the sake of, firstl等。‎ 3. 按一定的方法论证。‎ 议论型完形填空都是按一定的论证方法来论证的。常用的论证方法有：归纳法(分析个别事物，达到共同点，得出结论)；推理法(从原理出发，个别分析说明，得出结论)；对照法(正反对照，分析说明，得出结论)；驳论法(阐述错误观点，逐条批驳，阐明观点)。‎ ‎【命题趋势】‎ 议论文类完形填空通常围绕某一论点，通过推理、归纳、对比和分析等手法加以说明。对这类文体的设题仍然以实词为主，考查学生的语言综合运用能力。议论文是一种通过剖析事物，论述事理，提出主张，发表见解的文体。‎ ‎【关键一点】‎ 做议论文完型填空时，应根据作者观点，抓住每段首句，准确理解文章。‎ ‎【应试对策】‎ 议论文形式的完形填空不像记叙文形式那么有情景。因此，我们对整个文章的把握相对来说也困难的多。解答这类题可以依照以下方法：‎ 1. 从首尾句入手，抓住中心。‎ 议论文的写作思路一般为：提出问题----分析问题-------解决问题。因此。文章的第一、二句通常为文章的主题句，而文章的结尾句常为文章的结论。由此可见，我们必须充分利用文章的首尾句，推测出文章的中心，从而理解全文。‎ 2. 紧扣信息词，把握作者观点。‎ 考生要弄清文章的行文逻辑，如转折关系，因果关系，递进关系等等。有时文章的第一、二段并不是作者的观点，而是针对某个事物的介绍或描述，然后用信息词，如but, howerer, yet 等将自己的观点引出，因此，阅读时一定要留意这些信息词。‎ 3. 从语境入手，确定逻辑关系。‎ 作者在对事物的步骤、过程等进行说明时，为了表达的需要，通常会运用并列、转折、递进等写作手法，这些信息是解题的重要依据。 ‎ ‎【典例剖析】 ‎ ‎__40__modern manufacturing (制造业) and technology，companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively. ‎ ‎ 40.A.Thanks to B.As to C.Except for D.Regardless of ‎ ‎ ‎ 4. 清理文章的论点、论据和结论。‎ 最常用、有效的方法有：寻找信息法；逻辑关系法；围绕主旨，上下求证法。‎ 专项训练 Cloze 1‎ We all love watching fireworks，from the attractive shows on the Fourth of July (a national holiday in the US that celebrates the beginning of the United States as a nation) to the Roman candle burning in the backyard.But let’s __1__ and think about the price we pay for just a few minutes of __2__．‎ First，the amount of money we spend on fireworks is __3__．The excitement is gone __4__．Let’s face it，what we really are doing is burning __5__．Yet，year after year，thousands of cities and towns spend our tax dollars on fireworks displays.Those tax dollars would be put to much better __6__ feeding our hungry and housing our homeless.‎ Second，there is the matter of __7__．Fireworks contain chemicals that are harmful to people and animals.Over the years，these chemicals will __8__ the air we breathe and the water we drink.‎ Third，let’s __9__ the trash left behind after a fireworks display.What a __10__！One would probably __11__ that those who set off the fireworks would have the politeness to __12__ the trash afterwards.__13__，they don’t.The mess they leave behind __14__ the kind of attitude many Americans have toward our __15__．‎ Fourth，fireworks are __16__．Some fireworks can damage your hearing，especially the fireworks used in public displays that give off a big BANG.Losing your __17__ is too high a price to pay.‎ ‎__18__ all the safety warnings，we still see injuries and deaths as a result of fireworks.Approximately 10，000 Americans are injured every year by fireworks.‎ In my view，all consumer fireworks should be __19__．Public fireworks displays should be kept to a minimum and should be paid for through volunteer funding，not tax dollars.Finally，those people in __20__ of fireworks displays should be responsible for cleaning up the mess they make.‎ ‎1．A.stop B．decide C．continue D．follow ‎2．A.doubt B．hesitation C．surprise D．excitement ‎3．A.limited B．worthwhile C．absurd D．necessary ‎4．A.in time B．in a flash C．for free D．for a while ‎5．A.paper B．oil C．time D．money ‎6．A.use B．place C．shape D．play ‎7．A.interest B．expense C．pollution D．safety ‎8．A.absorb B．poison C．reduce D．clean ‎9．A.forget B．consider C．research D．explain ‎10．A.mess B．shame C．pity D．lesson ‎11．A.warn B．order C．forbid D．expect ‎12．A.save B．leave C．pick up D．figure out ‎13．A.Therefore B．However C．Otherwise D．Anyhow ‎14．A.changes B．adopts C．reflects D．shares ‎15．A.environment B．partners C．society D．behavior ‎16．A.beautiful B．dangerous C．bright D．complex ‎17．A.memory B．relatives C．hearing D．sight ‎18．A.Without B．Besides C．Beyond D．Despite ‎19．A.banned B．discussed C．encouraged D．produced ‎20．A.need B．charge C．honour D．case ‎【答案解析】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎8．答案 B [烟花含有有害物质，会“污染(poison)”空气和水。]‎ ‎9．答案 B [作者谈的第三个问题是燃放烟花制造的垃圾。consider(考虑，想想)符合语境。]‎ ‎10．答案 A [燃放烟花之后，往往是一片狼藉。What a mess杂乱。下文的The mess也是提示信息。]‎ ‎11．答案 D [人们“认为(expect)”那些燃放烟花的人会在结束之后“收拾(pick up)”垃圾，故选D]‎ ‎12．答案 C[人们“认为(expect)”那些燃放烟花的人会在结束之后“收拾(pick up)”垃圾，故选C]‎ ‎13．答案 B [人们“认为(expect)”那些燃放烟花的人会在结束之后“收拾(pick up)”垃圾，“然而(However)”，事实并非如此。] ‎ ‎14 答案 C [人们放完烟花便扬长而去，压根儿不去理会他们制造的垃圾，这“反映(reflects)”……故选C. ]‎ ‎15．答案 A [人们放完烟花便扬长而去，压根儿不去理会他们制造的垃圾，这“反映(reflects)”出一些人对待“环境(environment)”的态度。]‎ ‎16．答案 B [根据下文的Some fireworks can damage your hearing可知，本段谈论的是燃放烟花的“危险性(dangerous)”。]‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ Cloze 2‎ ‎ Once there was a billionaire，who got a severe eye irritation(发炎)．He got a famous doctor to __1__ his eye.The doctor advised him to __2__ bright light for one month so he could heal naturally.Immediately the rich man __3__ all his windows，and replaced all the bright and colorful curtains with dull cloth.He also __4__ all the bright chandeliers(枝形吊灯)．In one word，he made all his house __5__．‎ One month later，the doctor paid a visit to the billionaire to ask about the __6__ of his eyes.To the doctor’s __7__，everything in the house had been made dark and dull.Then the doctor said，“Your common sense should have told you that you can buy a pair of __8__ to protect your eye from bright light __9__ spending so much money on all these things to make your house darker.”‎ The same phenomenon __10__ all of us.We often see many __11__ in others.We are very __12__ to change the attitude and behavior of others which doesn’t __13__ our own.‎ We have many likes and dislikes.__14__ other people also have.But we are often interested in imposing(把……强加于) our opinion and thinking on others __15__ we never made any error.Accordingly we want to __16__ this world with our own rules and theory. Zx#￥xk However，we __17__ that other people who share this world equally with us also think in a similar way and __18__ us to behave according to their wishes.Then who __19__ your thinking？‎ In order to bring about certain change in the people around us，first it is “we” that have to change.‎ ‎__20__，any needed change can occur only when it starts with us.‎ ‎1．A.treat B．open C．shade D．test ‎2．A.enjoy B．produce C．provide D．avoid ‎3．A.dressed B．closed C． cleaned D．broke ‎4．A.bought B．advertised C．removed D．decorated ‎5．A.pretty B．dark C．noble D．tidy ‎6．A.growth B．function C．recovery D．shape ‎7．A.delight B．horror C．surprise D．excitement ‎8．A.shoes B．trousers C．gloves D．sunglasses ‎9．A.instead of B．in case of C．in spite of D．in terms of ‎10．A.responds to B．applies to C．turns to D．sticks to ‎11．A.advantages B．mistakes C．differences D．adventures ‎12．A.sure B．proud C．able D．eager ‎13．A.suit B．keep C．feel D．make ‎14．A.Luckily B．Gradually C．Similarly D．Finally ‎15．A.so that B．even if C．as if D．now that ‎16．A.view B．lead C．travel D．change ‎17．A.regret B．think C．doubt D．forget ‎18．A.expect B．force C．allow D．advise ‎19．A.cares about B．searches for C．worries about D．prepares for ‎20．A.However B．Therefore C．Otherwise D．Besides ‎【答案解析】‎ 变暗。]‎ ‎ ‎ Cloze 3‎ Many people argue that working can be a valuable experience for the young.However，working more than about 15 hours a week is __1__ for teens because it reduces their involvement with school，and __2__ a materialistic and expensive lifestyle.‎ Schoolwork and the benefits of extracurricular activities tend to be __3__ when teens work long hours.As more and more teens have filled the many part－time jobs，teachers have faced increasing __4__．They must both keep the attention of __5__ pupils and give homework to students who simply don’t have time to do it.__6__，educators have noticed less involvement in the extracurricular activities that many consider a __7__ influence on young people.School bands and athletic teams are __8__ players，and sports events are __9__ attended by working students.Those teens who try to do it all may find themselves __10__．‎ Another __11__ of too much work is that it may promote materialism and an unrealistic lifestyle.Some parents say that working helps teach teens the __12__ of a dollar.__13__ that can be true.It’s also true that some teens work to help their family or to save for college.__14__，surveys have shown that a lot of working teens use their earnings to buy luxuries (奢侈品)．These young people won’t spend __15__—they can just about have it all.In many cases，they are getting used to a lifestyle they won’t be able to __16__ several years down the road，when they no longer have parents __17__ car insurance，food，and so on.At that point，they won’t have enough money to pay for necessities as well as luxuries.‎ Teenagers can __18__ the benefits of work while avoiding its drawbacks，simply by __19__ their work hours during the school year.As is often the case，a moderate (适度的) approach will be the most healthy and __20__．‎ ‎1．A.bad B．dull C．important D．useful ‎2．A.witnesses B．requires C．changes D．encourages ‎3．A.adopted B．forgotten C．disbelieved D．considered ‎4．A.demands B．threats C．difficulties D．expectations ‎5.A.tired B．naughty C．lazy D．weak ‎6．A.Above all B．In addition C．By contrast D．For example ‎7．A.healthy B．direct C．short D．bad ‎8．A.welcoming B．needing C．losing D．training ‎9．A.normally B．regularly C．actively D．poorly ‎10．A.exhausted B．energetic C．disappointed D．worried ‎11．A.side B．benefit C．drawback D．character ‎12．A.size B．cost C．value D．effect ‎13．A.Unfortunately B．Undoubtedly C．Unusually D．Unnecessarily ‎14．A.However B．Besides C．Instead D．Therefore ‎15．A.freely B．willingly C．wisely D．honestly ‎16．A.afford B．imagine C．face D．develop ‎17．A.looking for B．caring for C．working for D．paying for ‎18．A.enjoy B．learn C．share D．remember ‎19．A.ignoring B．limiting C．counting D．choosing ‎20．A.practical B．acceptable C．rewarding D．popular ‎【答案解析】‎ ‎【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了青少年打零工的弊端。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎7. 答案 A [根据本段开头的“the benefits”可知，很多人都认为课外活动对学生“有益 ‎(healthy)”。]‎ ‎8．答案 C [因为很多学生打零工占用了他们太多时间，所以学校的乐队、运动队的学生都在“流失(losing)”，打零工的学生参加体育比赛的人也“不多(poorly)”。]‎ ‎9．答案 D [解析见上题。]‎ ‎10．答案 A [根据上文的“try to do it all”及上文语境可判断，想要打工、学习、参加活动都不误，当然会感到“疲惫(exhausted)”。]‎ ‎11．答案 C [本文介绍的是学生打零工的两个弊端，此段是另外一个“弊端(drawback)”。]‎ ‎12. 答案 C [打零工可以帮助学生了解金钱的“价值(value)”。]‎ ‎13．答案 B [根据下文的“It’s also true”可知，此处是说上面提到的“确实(Undoubtedly)”是打零工的一个好处。]‎ ‎14．答案 A [根据下文的“a lot of working teens use their earnings to buy luxuries(奢侈品)”可知，学生打零工可以帮他们了解金钱的价值、贴补家用、为上大学攒钱，“但是(However)”，这也导致学生追求奢侈的生活方式。]‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎