Unit 4 Pygmalion（03悦学知识）2018年高考英语一轮复习（人教选修8） 40页

‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎1. adaptation n.[C]改编(本)；[U]适应(性)‎ ‎ ☞The TV play is an adaptation of a novel.这部电视剧是由一部小说改编的。‎ ‎ ☞Your adaptation to new surroundings is amazing.你对新环境的适应真是令人惊奇。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ make an adaptation to 适应……‎ ‎ adapt v.(使)适应；(使)适合vt.改编，修改 ‎ adapt (oneself) to...适应……‎ ‎ adapt...for 为……改编 ‎ adapt sth.into...把……改编成……‎ ‎ adapt sth.from...由……改编……‎ ‎ ☞This novel has been adapted for radio.这部小说已被改编成无线电广播节目。‎ ‎ ☞Successful businesses are highly adaptable to economic change.‎ ‎ 成功的企业对于经济转变的适应能力很强。‎ ‎【易混辨析】adapt/adopt adapt v.(使)适应；(使)适合；改编；修改 adopt vt.采用；采纳；收集 ‎ ☞He found it hard to adapt his way of life to the firm.‎ ‎ 他发现他的生活方式很难适应公司(的要求)。‎ ‎ ☞The manager adopted my idea.经理采纳了我的意见。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎(1)完成句子 ‎①The vice headmaster________ ________/________ ________ ________ ________(适应)the new circumstances ‎ ‎ with the help of the local residents.‎ ‎②Luckily，the adventurer Charlse from Italy has________ ________ ________(使自己适应)the new conditions.‎ ‎(2)用adopt或adapt完成下列句子 ‎①All his suggestions have been ________.‎ ‎②The number of the ________ children (领养的孩子)has risen in the past year.‎ ‎③This TV series is ________ from one of Lao She’s famous novels.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎（1）①adapted to/make an adaptation to ②adapted himself to ‎（2）①adopted ②adopted ③adapted ‎2. grant v.同意，准许，允许；承认 ‎ ☞The bank finally granted a ￡400 loan to me./The bank finally granted me a ￡400 loan.‎ ‎ 银行终于同意给我贷款400英镑。‎ ‎ ☞Are you ready to grant that I was right？你是否愿意承认我是对的？‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ take it for granted(that...) 认为……是理所当然 ‎ take sb./sth.for granted(因习以为常)对……不予重视；‎ ‎ (因视为当然而)不把……当回事 ‎ ☞I take it for granted(that)you have read this book.‎ ‎ 我认为你一定读过这本书。‎ ‎ ☞He never praises his wife： he just takes her for granted.‎ ‎ 他从不夸妻子，只是觉得她做的一切理当如此。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 用恰当词语填空 ‎ I just took ________ for granted that he’d always be around.‎ ‎3. hesitate vi.犹豫；踌躇 ‎ 做某事犹豫不决 ‎ ‎ ☞Don’t hesitate to contact me if you need more information.‎ ‎ 如果你需要更多资料，尽管和我联系。‎ ‎ ☞He was still hesitating about whether to leave or not. 他还在犹豫是否离开。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ hesitation n.犹豫；踌躇 ‎ without hesitation 毫不犹豫地 ‎ have no hesitation in doing sth. 毫不犹豫地做某事 ‎ ☞Without any hesitation，he jumped into the river to save the ‎ ‎ drowning child.他毫不犹豫地跳下河去救溺水的孩子。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎ (1)完成句子 ‎①他毫不犹豫地接受了邀请。‎ ‎ He accepted the invitation ________ ________.(hesitate)‎ ‎②对于买新车一事，你还在犹豫不决吗？‎ ‎ Do you still ________ ________ ________ a new car？(buy)‎ ‎ (2)补全句子 ‎ 我们将为你服务。如果你有其他问题，尽管来找我们好了。‎ ‎ We are at your service.Don’t________ ________ ________ ________ ________if you have any further ‎ ‎ problems.‎ ‎（3）We are at your service. Don’t _______ to turn to us if you have any further problems. ‎ ‎ A. beg B. hesitate C. desire D. seek ‎ ‎4. mistaken adj.(见解或判断上)错误的；不正确的 ‎ ☞If I’m not mistaken，that’s the man we saw on the bus.‎ ‎ 要是我没认错人的话，我们在公共汽车上看见的就是那个男子。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ be mistaken about...对……持错误的见解 ‎ mistake...for...把……错认为……‎ ‎ mistake sb./sth.误解/误会某人/某事 ‎ mistake n.错误 ‎ by mistake 错误地 ‎ ☞He is mistaken about happiness.他对幸福持有错误的见解。‎ ‎ ☞This time we find that the bees mistake red for dark grey or black.‎ ‎ 这时我们发现，蜜蜂错把红色当成深灰色或黑色。‎ ‎ ☞I hope you will forgive me for opening your letter by mistake. 我误拆了您的信，期望您原谅。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 完成句子 ‎①To some extent，you________ ________ ________(误会)him.‎ ‎②Deep in thought，I got on the train________ ________(错误地).‎ ‎③在过去人们把信仰错认为科学。‎ In the old days people ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________.‎ ‎【答案】①were mistaken about ②by mistake ‎ ‎ ③mistook their beliefs for the science ‎5. classify vt.编排；分类；归类 ‎ classify...as...把……归类为……‎ ‎ classify...into/in...把……分为……‎ ‎ classify...by/according to根据……将……分类 ‎ ‎ ☞The books in the library are classified by subject.‎ ‎ 图书馆的书是按科目分类的。‎ ‎ ☞She is classified as one of the greatest actresses of our times.‎ ‎ 她被认为是我们这个时代的最伟大的女演员之一。‎ ‎ ☞Librarians spend a lot of time classifying books into several parts.‎ ‎ 图书馆工作人员花许多时间将书分类成几部分。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ classified adj.分类的；归类的 ‎ classification n.[U]分类；分级；[C]类别；等级 ‎ ‎ ‎【易混辨析】classify，sort，organize与arrange ‎ ‎ 这些动词均含“使有条理，安排”之意。‎ ‎(1)classify指按照事物类型、质量或是否相似进行分类。‎ ‎ ☞We will classify these subjects under three topics.‎ ‎ 我们将把这些问题分成三个主题。‎ ‎(2)sort 通常指根据类型或种类分类或整理选择。‎ ‎ ☞I sorted the shoes into pairs.我把鞋一双双整理好。‎ ‎(3)organize 指按计划或需要把人或物安排组织成一个整体。‎ ‎ ☞A search party was organized to look for the man trapped in the snow.‎ ‎ 为了寻找在雪中被困的人，我们成立了一个搜索队。‎ ‎(4)arrange 指按计划、秩序、需要和可能等进行安排。‎ ‎ ☞A special show was arranged to admit free the family members of the miners.‎ ‎ 安排了一个专场来免费招待矿工家属。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎ (1)用classify的适当形式填空 ‎①People who work in libraries spend a lot of time ________ books.‎ ‎②Only eleven of these accidents were ________ as major.‎ ‎③The ________ of fish is extremely complicated.‎ ‎④If you look in the ________ part of the telephone book you’ll find plenty of hotels.‎ ‎ (2)用恰当词语填空 Would you classify her novels ________ serious literature or as mere entertainment？‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎（1）①classifying ②classified ③classification④classified ‎6. remark n.谈论；言论；评述 ‎ vt.‎& vi.谈论；评论；说起 ‎ make a remark/remarks on/about 就……发表意见；对……评头品足 ‎ make no remark 什么也不说；不加评论 ‎ remark that 评论……‎ ‎ remark on/upon 谈论/评论……‎ ‎ pass remarks about/at sb.议论某人 ‎ ☞She could hear the other girls making rude remarks about her.‎ ‎ 她可以听见其他女孩在说她的坏话。‎ ‎ ☞A local newspaper remarked that car accidents were on the decrease due to the forceful law.‎ ‎ 一家地方报纸评论说由于强有力的法律措施，车祸在减少。‎ ‎ ☞Prof.Smith remarked on the difference between the two dictionaries.‎ ‎ 史密斯教授谈到了这两本词典的不同之处。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ remarkable adj.引人注目的；不寻常的；非凡的 ‎ ☞The writer，Mo Yan，got remarkable(remark) achievements in writing.‎ ‎ 作家莫言在写作上取得了非凡的成绩。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 完成句子 ‎①Please________ ________/________ ________ ________ ________(说一说/评论一下)“One World One ‎ ‎ Dream”，the theme of the Beijing Olympics.‎ ‎②You might engage in small talk and________ ________ /________ ________ ________ ________(谈谈，说一 ‎ 说)the weather，your job or current events.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎①remark on/make a remark on ②remark about/make a remark about ‎7. betray vt.出卖；背叛；显露出(本来面目)‎ ‎ betray oneself露出本来面目；原形毕露 ‎ betray...to...把……出卖给……‎ ‎ betray one’s trust辜负某人的信 ‎ ‎ ☞In failing to return the money he betrayed our trust.‎ ‎ 他未能归还那笔钱从而辜负了我们的信任。‎ ‎ ☞Quite a lot of people will betray themselves when tempted by money.‎ ‎ 相当多的人面对金钱的诱惑便原形毕露。‎ ‎ ☞He betrayed the news to all his friends.‎ ‎ 他向所有的朋友透露了这个消息。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ betray one’s country to the enemy 卖国；做卖国贼 ‎ betray state secrets 泄露国家机密 ‎ betray a secret to sb.向某人泄露秘密 ‎ betray oneself 暴露本来面目；原形毕露 ‎ betrayal n.背叛；出卖 ‎ a betrayal of my principles 对我的原则的背弃行为 ‎ an act of betrayal 背叛的行为 ‎ ‎ 注意：betray的用法和意思与give away相近。如：‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 完成句子 ‎①For years，the man has been ________ state secrets ________ (向……出卖)foreign countries.‎ ‎②Quite a lot of greedy people will________ ________(原形毕露)when tempted by money.‎ ‎③I don’t want to ________ ________ all my secrets(泄露).(用give的相关词组)‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎①betraying；to ②betray themselves ③give away ‎8. condemn vt.谴责，判刑，宣告……有罪（与to连用）)‎ ‎ 迫使……接受（困境），使……注定 ‎ condemn sb./sth.for/as sth.由于某事而谴责某人或某事 ‎ condemn sb.to(do) sth. 使某人注定(做)某事；迫使某人陷于不幸的境地；判处某人……‎ ‎ condemn sb.to death＝sentence sb.to death 判处某人死刑 ‎ ☞The editor of the newspaper was condemned as lacking integrity.‎ ‎ 这家报纸的主编被指责为不够正直。‎ ‎ ☞The papers were quick to condemn him for his mistake.‎ ‎ 报纸及时地指责出他的错误。‎ ‎ ☞As an old person，one is often condemned to live alone.‎ ‎ 老年人常出于无奈而独自生活。‎ ‎ ☞The judge condemned the killer to death(die).‎ ‎ 法官宣判那位杀手死刑。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ (1)condemnation n.定罪；谴责；指责 ‎ conditional condemnation 缓刑 ‎ social condemnation 社会谴责 ‎ (2)condemnable adj.该罚的；接受责备的 ‎ condemned adj.已被定罪的；已被定罪者使用的；受谴责的 ‎ ‎ ‎【名师点津】‎ condemn sb.to...既可以表示“使某人处于困境(或不愉快的状况)”，又可以表示“判处某人……”，其中to可作介词也可作不定式符号。‎ ‎【易混辨析】condemn/scold/blame/accuse ‎ 这些动词均含有“责备，非难”之意。‎ ‎(1)condemn正式用词，表示谴责，有较强的司法意味，侧重从道义或原则上的谴责。‎ ‎ ☞We condemn cruelty and cruel people.我们谴责残忍行为和残忍的人。‎ ‎(2)scold普通用词，多指上级对下级、长辈对后辈或雇主对雇员的态度粗暴、言词激烈的数落。‎ ‎ ☞Did you scold her for breaking it？她把那件东西打破了，你骂她了吗？‎ ‎(3)blame普通用词，语气较弱，仅是一般的责难、归咎于，不含用语言责骂之意。‎ ‎ ☞She blamed him for the failure of their marriage/blamed the failure of their marriage on him.‎ ‎ 她把婚姻的触礁归咎于他。‎ ‎(4)accuse语气比blame强，本义为归罪，可用作指非难或谴责之意。‎ ‎ ☞Man often accuses nature for his own misfortunes.‎ ‎ 人类常把自己的不幸归咎于天。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎ (1)完成句子 ‎ ①The criminal ________ ________ ________ ________ (被判处死刑).‎ ‎ ②His illness ________ ________ ________ ______ ________ ________(使他卧床) all the time.‎ ‎ (2)用恰当形式填空 ‎ He was condemned________(spend) the rest of the football season on the bench.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎（1）①was condemned to death ②condemned him to be in bed ‎9. acquaintance n.相识；熟人；了解 ‎ make one’s acquaintance结识；与……相识 ‎ ＝make the acquaintance of sb.‎ ‎ have some acquaintance with熟悉/了解……‎ ‎ have a little acquaintance with sb./sth.稍微了解……‎ ‎ have no acquaintance with不熟悉/了解……‎ ‎ ☞I’ve been looking forward to making the acquaintance of her for a long time.‎ ‎ 我很久以来一直盼望着与她相识。‎ ‎ ☞I have some acquaintance with French，but I do not know it well.‎ ‎ 我懂得一点法语，但不精通。‎ ‎ ☞My father has a nodding acquaintance with the professor.‎ ‎ 我父亲与这位教授有点头之交。 ‎ ‎ ☞I had little acquaintance with modern poetry.我对现代诗所知甚少。‎ ‎【特别提示】‎ ‎ acquaintance用作不可数名词，表“熟悉，认识”，有时在其前加不定冠词，表某种程度的熟悉与了解，与with连用；用作可数名词时，表“熟悉的人”。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ acquaint vt.使熟悉；了解 ‎ acquaint sb.with 使某人了解 ‎ be acquainted with＝be familiar with对……熟悉 ‎ ☞He quickly acquainted himself with the facts of the case.‎ ‎ 他很快熟悉了案情。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎ (1)完成句子 ‎ ①我懂一点儿俄语。‎ ‎ I ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________.‎ ‎ ②请把这件事的情况告诉我。‎ ‎ Please ________ me with the facts ________ the case.‎ ‎ (2)用恰当词语填空 ‎ We have been acquainted ________ each other for a long time.‎ ‎【答案】(1)①had a little acquaintance with Russian ②acquaint； of ‎（2）with be acquainted with...“熟悉……”。句意：我们互相认识很长时间了。‎ ‎10. superior adj.优秀的；较高的；上级的 n.上级；长官 ‎ ☞This handbag is made of superior leather.这只手提包由上等皮革制成。‎ ‎ ☞Johnson is superior to Mr. Wang in mathematics.约翰逊的数学比王先生好。‎ ‎ ☞He always does what his superiors tell him.他唯上级之命是从。‎ ‎【特别提示】‎ ‎【知识拓展】 ‎ ‎ be superior to...比……优越(更好、强)‎ ‎ be inferior to...低于；不如……；在……之下 ‎ be senior to...比……年长(资深)‎ ‎ be junior to...比……年轻(资浅)‎ ‎ ☞Nobody wants you to be superior to them.‎ ‎ 没有人愿意你超出他们。‎ ‎ ☞He is senior to me.他比我年长。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 完成句子 ‎①This model is technically________ ________(优于)its competitors.‎ ‎②There are some people________ ________ ________(级别比我低).‎ ‎【答案】①superior to ②junior to me ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎11. bring sb./sth.to life 使更有趣；使更生动 ‎ ☞The new teacher really brought French to life for us.‎ ‎ 新来的老师给我们把法语教得生动活泼。‎ ‎ ☞Flowers can bring a dull room back to life.‎ ‎ 鲜花可使沉闷的房间恢复生气。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ come to life 变得活跃；动起来；醒过来 ‎ come around/round 恢复知觉；苏醒 ‎ come to oneself/one’s senses 苏醒 ‎ ‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎①补全句子 ‎ 我们邀请特德吧——有他到就会热闹起来。‎ ‎ Let’s invite Ted—he knows how to ________ a party to ________.‎ ‎②用恰当词语或形式填空 ‎ He was down at the mouth all evening，but as soon as his girl friend came in he came________life.‎ ‎【答案】①bring；life 句意：bring sb./sth.to life表示“使更有趣； 使更生动”。‎ ‎②to 句意：他一晚上都垂头丧气，但他的女朋友一来，他就活跃起来了。come to life 表示“变得更有趣(或 ‎ 使人兴奋)；变得活跃”。‎ ‎12. take...for...把……看作；误认为……‎ ‎ ☞I won’t tell her the secret—what do you take me for？‎ ‎ 我不会把这秘密告诉她的——你把我当什么人了？‎ ‎ ☞Even the expert took the painting for a genuine of Van Gogh.‎ ‎ 连专家都误认为这幅画是梵·高的真迹。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ take...to be/as 把……看作；误认为……‎ ‎ mistake...for...误将……认作……‎ ‎ ☞They just take me as a child.‎ ‎ 他们把我当作一个孩子对待。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 用恰当词语或形式填空 ‎①I ________ (take)for a detective by the family next door.‎ ‎②She took what he said________a compliment.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎①was taken 句意：隔壁那家人误认为我是一名侦探。take...for...“误认为……”，符合题意。‎ ‎②as 句意：她把他的话看作是恭维话。take sth.(as sth.) /take sth.(to do sth.)表示“领会；理解；考虑”。13. pass...off as...(把某人)改变或冒充成……‎ ‎ ☞He tried to pass himself off as a qualified doctor.‎ ‎ 他冒充成有执业资格的医师。‎ ‎ ☞She passed herself off as an American to escape the fine.‎ ‎ 为逃避罚款，她冒充是美国人。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ pass away去世 pass by通过；经过；未影响 ‎ pass for/as(错误地)被看作 pass out昏过去；失去知觉 ‎ pass down(世代)相传 pass on转交；递给；传给 ‎ ‎ pass...on to...把……传递给…… pass over忽略；避免提及或考虑 ‎ pass up放弃；拒绝 pass through经过；路过 ‎ pass off进行到最后；(以某种方式)发生并完成 ‎ ‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 填入适当的介副词 ‎①He escaped by passing himself ________ as a guard.‎ ‎②His mother passed ________ last year because of cancer.‎ ‎③I passed ________ your house.‎ ‎④The good tradition has been passed ________ from generation to generation.‎ ‎⑤She passed ________ a difficult period after her marriage failed.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎14. in terms of 就……来说；从……角度 ‎ ☞In terms of money I'm quite rich, but not in terms of happiness.‎ ‎ 金钱，我富有，幸福，我缺乏。‎ ‎ ☞Teachers think in terms of problems.‎ ‎ 老师从问题的角度考虑。‎ ‎ ☞The job is great in terms of salary，but it has its disadvantages.‎ ‎ 就薪金而言，这个工作倒是挺不错的，但它也有不利之处。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ come to terms with 达成协议；和好；接受；适应 ‎ be on good/bad terms 关系良好/不好 ‎ in the long/short term就长远/短期而言 ‎ in one’s terms在某人看来 ‎ on equal terms 在平等的条件下 ‎【名师点津】 ‎ ‎ 其他由“in＋名词＋of”构成的短语：‎ ‎ in memory of为了纪念 in case of以防；万一 ‎ in charge of负责；管理 in face of面临；不顾 ‎ in favour of支持；有利于 in need of需要 ‎ in search of搜寻 in possession of占有，拥有 ‎ in honour of纪念，尊重 in view of鉴于，考虑到 ‎ in spite of尽管 in praise of赞扬 ‎ in place of代替 in fear of担心，害怕 ‎【语境助记】 ‎ ‎ In terms of business，they are on good terms while in terms of friendship，they are on bad terms.‎ ‎ 就生意方面来说，他们关系很好；然而从友谊角度来说，他们关系却不好。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎ (1)完成句子 ‎ ①就钱而论，他们很富有。‎ ‎ ________ ________ ________ ________，they’re quite rich.‎ ‎ ②他多年来一直与父亲关系不好。‎ ‎ He had been ________ ________ ________ ________ his father for years.‎ ‎(2)补全句子 ‎ ①It is widely acknowledged that students should be evaluated________ ________ ________(从……的角 度)overall quality.‎ ‎ ②Learning is not always easy，but it is always beneficial________ ________ ________ ________(从长远的 ‎ 角度看).‎ ‎ ③This project is________ ________ ________ ________(迫切需要)funding.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎15. generally speaking一般来说 ‎ ☞Generally speaking，those who pay attention to physical exercise are in good health.‎ ‎ 一般来说，那些注意体育锻炼的人身体健康状况良好。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ (1)在某些结构中，如果主语和逻辑主语不一致，在非谓语动词前不带逻辑主语是因为其逻辑主语是泛指的 人称。类似结构除了generally speaking还有exactly speaking/strictly speaking/to be honest/to tell you the truth等。‎ ‎ ☞Judging from what you say，he ought to succeed.‎ ‎ 从你的话看，他应当能成功。‎ ‎ ☞Taking everything into consideration，you should leave.‎ ‎ 考虑到各种因素，你最好离开。‎ ‎(2)当句子含有先行主语it或there时，有时作状语的分词短语可以与先行主语不一致。‎ ‎ ☞Having so little time，there was not much that I could do.由于时间很少，我能做的事很有限。‎ ‎ ☞Being French，it’s surprising that she’s such a terrible cook.‎ ‎ 她是法国人，做饭却做得那么糟，这真是令人感到惊讶。‎ ‎(3)当分词已转化为介词或连词时，也无需考虑主语一致问题。‎ ‎ ☞Considering the distance，he arrived every quickly.‎ ‎ 考虑到路程，他来的算是很快的。(considering为介词，意为“考虑到”)‎ ‎ ☞Supposing she doesn’t come，what shall we do？‎ ‎ 假如她不来，我们怎么办？(supposing为连词，意为“假如”)‎ ‎ ☞Given their inexperience，they’ve done a good job.‎ ‎ 考虑到他们没有经验，这工作已做得很不错了。(given为介词，意为“考虑到”)‎ ‎(4)当分词暗含的逻辑主语为表示泛指意义的one或you时，也无需考虑主语的一致性问题。‎ ‎ ☞In doing such work，patience is needed.zx.x.k ‎ 做这种工作需要耐心。(＝When one does such work，patience is needed.)‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 补全句子 ‎①________ ________(一般来说)，each university has its own special fields.‎ ‎②________ ________ ________(说实话)，the pay isn’t attractive enough，though the job itself is quite interesting.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎①Generally speaking 句意为“一般来说，每所大学都有自己的专长”。generally speaking“一般来说”，故 ‎ C项符合题意。‎ ‎16. rob vt.抢劫；盗窃；剥夺。常用形式：‎ ‎ rob sb.of sth.抢劫某人某物；剥夺某人某物 ‎ rob someplace of sth. 从某处抢走某物 ‎ ☞The bank at the corner was robbed last night.‎ ‎ 昨天晚上街角的那家银行被抢了。‎ ‎ ☞They knocked the driver down and robbed him of his car.他们把司机打倒在地，抢走了他的车。‎ ‎ ☞They robbed the people of their liberty.他们剥夺了人民的自由。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ robber n.抢劫者；强盗；盗贼 ‎ robbery n.抢劫；盗窃；偷盗；失窃 ‎【易混辨析】rob/steal rob 抢劫 rob sb./someplace of sth.抢劫某人/某地某物 steal 偷盗 steal (sth.)from sb.偷某人的东西 ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎(1)完成句子 ‎①他从商店偷了些珠宝。‎ ‎ He ________ some jewelry ________ the shop.‎ ‎②他们夺走了我的自由。‎ ‎ They ________ me ________ my liberty.‎ ‎(2)用恰当词语填空 ‎ The illness robbed little Tom ________ a normal childhood and his happiness.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎（1）①stole； from ②robbed； of ‎（2）of 句意：疾病使小汤姆失去了一个正常的童年，也失去了快乐。rob sb.of sth.“使某人丧失某物”， 符合题意。‎ ‎17. fancy adj.绚丽的，花哨的；昂贵的，奢华的；过分复杂的 ‎ n.想象(力)；想要，爱好 ‎ v.想要，认为；自以为是 ‎ ☞That’s a very fancy pair of shoes！那是一双非常别致的鞋！‎ ‎ ☞They added a lot of fancy footwork to the dance.‎ ‎ 他们给这个舞蹈增加了许多复杂的舞步。‎ ‎ ☞He sells poor goods but charges fancy prices.‎ ‎ 他出售的商品很糟，要价却非常昂贵。‎ ‎ ☞Did I really hear a voice or was it only my fancy？‎ ‎ 我是真的听到了声音还是我的幻觉而已？‎ ‎ ☞I have a fancy for some wine tonight.我今晚想喝点酒。‎ ‎ ☞Do you fancy going out this evening？今晚你想不想出去？‎ ‎ ☞He fancies himself(as)the fastest swimmer.‎ ‎ 他自以为是游泳游得最快的人。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ catch/take sb.’s fancy 合某人的心意；吸引某人 ‎ take a fancy to sb./sth.喜欢上、爱上(常指没有明显原因)‎ ‎ have a fancy for爱好；爱上；入迷 ‎ ☞She saw a dress in the shop window and it caught her fancy immediately.‎ ‎ 她看见商店橱窗里的一件连衣裙，立刻觉得很合心意。‎ ‎ ☞I’ve suddenly taken a fancy to detective stories.‎ ‎ 我突然喜欢上了侦探小说。‎ ‎ ☞I have a fancy for fishing.我爱好钓鱼。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 用恰当形式填空 Can you fancy her ________(say)such rude things？‎ ‎18. compromise n.妥协；和解；折中 ‎ v.妥协；让步；违背；放弃 ‎ ☞Neither side wants to compromise.‎ ‎ 双方都不愿意让步。‎ ‎ ☞In order to live in harmony，sometimes you need to make compromises.‎ ‎ 为了和谐地生活，有时你需要作出让步。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ (1)reach / come to a compromise 达成妥协 ‎ make a compromise with 与……妥协 ‎ (2)compromise one’s principles/beliefs/ideas 违背原则/放弃信仰/背弃理想 ‎ compromise with sb.与某人和解 ‎ compromise on sth.以折衷方法解决争论、争端等。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ☞After lengthy talks the two sides finally reached a compromise.‎ ‎ 双方经过长期商谈终于达成了妥协。‎ ‎ ☞It’s wise of you to compromise with the boss.‎ ‎ 你和老板妥协是明智之举。‎ ‎ ☞We are not prepared to compromise on safety standards.‎ ‎ 我们不愿在安全标准问题上妥协。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 完成句子 ‎①It’s wise of you to compromise________her to keep the talk flowing.‎ ‎②We objected to compromising________the authority ________ safety standards.‎ ‎③In real life，it’s nothing harmful to________ ________ ________(做出让步)and readily accept others’ opinions.‎ ‎【答案】①with ②with；on ③make a compromise ‎19. overlook vt.俯视；忽视；不理会 ‎ ☞My room overlooked the garden.我的房间俯瞰花园。‎ ‎ ☞He seemed to have overlooked one important fact.他似乎忽略了一个重要事实。‎ ‎ ☞He has been overlooked for promotion several times.几次晋级都没考虑他。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎①________ ________ ________ ________(忽略可能带来的影响)may put us in a dilemma.‎ ‎②It is no good________ ________ ________ ________(期望我忽视)careless mistakes.‎ ‎【答案】①Overlooking the possible effect ②expecting me to overlook ‎20. fade vi.& vt.(使)褪色；减弱；逐渐消失；凋落 ‎ ☞Flowers soon faded when they have been cut.‎ ‎ 花剪下后很快就会枯萎。‎ ‎ ☞The colour in this silk material will not fade.‎ ‎ 这种绸布料子不会褪色。‎ ‎ ☞The lights on the church began to fade out.‎ ‎ 教堂中的灯光逐渐消失。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ fade out (声音、画面)逐渐模糊；渐淡 ‎ fade away 衰弱；病重死亡；逐渐消失 ‎ fade in(声音、画面)逐渐清晰；(声音)渐强 ‎ It’s better to burn out than to fade away！‎ ‎ 与其慢慢凋谢，不如灿烂燃烧！‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 用fade短语填空 ‎①照片中的人物逐渐褪色。‎ ‎ The figures in the picture had begun to ______ ______.‎ ‎②一听到这个消息他的笑容便完全消失了。‎ ‎ His smile ________ ________ as soon as he heard the news.‎ ‎③When day dawned，the stars________ ________ of sight.‎ ‎【答案】①fade away ②faded out ③faded out ‎21. in return 反过来；作为交换；作为回报 ‎ ☞I asked her opinion，but she just asked me a question in return.‎ ‎ 我征求她的意见，她却反过来问了我一个问题。‎ ‎ ☞You sent me your watch and in return I gave you my book.‎ ‎ 你给我寄来了你的手表，作为回报我把我的书送给你。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ in return for作为对……的回报或报答 ‎ in turn依次；轮流；相应地 ‎ by turns(指人或人的动作)轮流地；逐个地 ‎ speak/talk out of turn说不该说的话 ‎ take turns (in) doing/to do sth.轮流做某事 ‎ ‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ Mary gave Jack so much help that he gave her some roses ________return________ her kindness.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎22. show...in带或领……进来 ‎ ☞Considering it’s very cold outside，you’d better show the old man in.zx.x.k ‎ 考虑到外面天气非常寒冷，你最好把那个老人领进来。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ show sb.out 领某人出去 ‎ show sb.into 领某人进入……‎ ‎ show sb.around/round...领某人参观……‎ ‎ show sb.to the door 送某人到门口 ‎ show off 炫耀 show up 出席；到场 ‎ on show 在展出 ‎ ☞The nurse showed me into the room.护士把我领进了房间。‎ ‎ ☞I showed the foreigners around our school.我领着外国人参观了我们的学校。‎ ‎ ☞Why didn’t you show up last night？昨晚你为什么没到场？‎ ‎【语境助记】‎ ‎ show 短语串记 ‎ As soon as the guest showed up at the gate, my brother Jim showed him in.While Jim showed the guest around our house, he showed off his collections.When it was time for the guest to leave, Jim showed him out.‎ ‎ 客人刚一出现在大门口，我弟弟吉姆就领他进来了。在吉姆领客人参观我们的房子时，他炫耀了一下他的收藏品。当客人该离开时，吉姆领他出去了。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎(1)用show的相关短语填空 ‎①It is unwise to ________ your greater knowledge in front of the manager.‎ ‎②It was getting late when she finally ________.‎ ‎③I ________ the visitors________ our factory.‎ ‎④The latest computers will be ________ at the exhibition.‎ ‎ (2)补全句子 他总是炫耀，试图给他的同学留下印象。‎ He________ ________ ________ ________ and trying to impress his classmates.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎23. once more再一次(＝once again)‎ ‎ ☞Once more she refused to help.她再次拒绝帮忙。‎ ‎ ☞Once again，let us give a warm welcome to our five performers.‎ ‎ 让我们再次以热烈的掌声欢迎这五位演奏家。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ all at once 同时；突然 ‎ just this once 仅此一次 ‎ once (and) for all 最终地；彻底地；一次了结地 ‎ once in a blue moon 极为罕见 ‎ once in a while 偶尔；有时 ‎ once upon a time 从前 ‎ ☞All at once we heard a shot and the soldier fell to the ground.‎ ‎ 突然我们听见枪声，接着那士兵就倒在地上。‎ ‎ ☞We need to settle this once and for all.我们需要把这件事一次解决。‎ ‎ ☞Once upon a time，a farmer lived on the farm with a lazy cat.‎ ‎ 从前，一位农民和一只懒猫住在农场里。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 用once的有关词组填空 ‎①这样的机会极其难得。‎ ‎ Such a chance comes ________________.‎ ‎②这么多好主意，太多了，很难同时完全吸收。‎ ‎ So many good ideas！It’s too much for me to absorb __________________.‎ ‎③我们偶尔下馆子，但一般都在家吃。‎ ‎ __________________ we go to a restaurant but usually we eat at home.‎ ‎【答案】①once in a blue moon ②all at once ③Once in a while ‎24. in need of 需要……‎ ‎ There is no need to do sth. 没有必要做某事 ‎ satisfy/meet one's needs 满足某人的需求 ‎ ☞He is homeless and in desperate need of help.‎ ‎ 他无家可归急需帮助。‎ ‎ ☞He was not in need of money.他不需要钱。‎ ‎【易混辨析】‎ in need of ‎“需要……”，为介词短语，后跟名词或代词，相当于in want/demand of in need ‎“在贫困中，在危难中”，后不接任何成分，相当于in demand ‎【跟踪典例】‎ ‎(1)用恰当词语填空 ‎①The minister said that their church was badly ________ need of repairs.‎ ‎②Many Chinese universities provided scholarships for students in________ of financial aid.‎ ‎ (2)翻译句子 ‎①如果需要什么东西，请毫不犹豫地让我知道。‎ ‎_________________________________________________‎ ‎②这个处在危难中的人急需路人的帮助。‎ ‎_________________________________________________‎ ‎【答案】（1）①in 句意：牧师说他们的教堂迫切需要修理。in need of“需要”。‎ ‎②need 句意：很多中国大学提供奖学金给需要资金援助的学生。in need of“需要……”‎ ‎，符合题意。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎1. While watching, he makes notes.他一边观察，一边作记录。‎ ‎ 此句为主从复合句，含有while引导的状语从句。While watching为状语从句的省略，其完整形式应为：While he is watching。‎ ‎ 状语从句的省略的条件为：‎ ‎（1）从句的主语与主句的主语一致或从句主语为it。‎ ‎（2）从句的谓语动词中含有be动词。‎ ‎ ☞When I was waiting for a bus, I met Mary.‎ ‎ ＝When waiting for a bus, I met Mary.我在等车时，碰到了玛丽。‎ ‎ ☞I can discuss the matter with you now, if it is necessary.‎ ‎ ＝I can discuss the matter with you now, if necessary.有必要的话，我现在就可以与你讨论这个问题。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ When_________ for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding.‎ A. asking B. asked C. having asked D.to ask ‎【答案】B ‎ ‎【解析】句意：当被问及对其教学工作的看法时，菲利普说他觉得它很有趣并且非常值得做。分析句子结构可知，When for his views about his teaching job是状语从句的省略形式。从句的主语和主句主语一致，且从句中含有be动词，故从句主语和be动词省略了，又因ask与Philip之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,故用ask的过去分词形式。‎ ‎2. Will that be of any use to you？这点儿钱对你有用吗？‎ ‎ of any use相当于useful，在句中作表语。“of＋名词”是一个常用结构，这种结构可在句中作表语、后置定语和补语。该结构的常见类型：‎ ‎(1)be of＋表示“年龄(age)、大小(size)、颜色(color)、重量(weight)、高度(height)、价格 ‎(price)、意见(opinion)、 ‎ ‎ 形状(shape)、种类(kind)和方法(way)等”的名词：这些名词没有相应的形容词形式，因此不能用“be＋形 ‎ 容词”来代替“be＋of＋n.”，用在这些名词前的限定词常是a，an，the，the same，my，your等，of表 ‎ 示“具有”，有时可省去。‎ ‎ ☞We are of the same age.我们同岁。‎ ‎(2)be of＋抽象名词(value，importance，use，help等)；主要用于说明主语的性质。常用于名词前的修饰语有 ‎ great，little，some，any，no，not，much等。这一结构相当于“be＋抽象名词所对应的形容词”，of不能省。‎ ‎ ☞The advice are of great help/very helpful to them.这个建议对他们来说是很有帮助的。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 句型转换 ‎①The book will be very valuable to students of history. ‎ ‎=The book will be _______ ________ ________ to students of history. ‎ ‎ 这本书对学历史的学生将很有用。‎ ‎②The two rooms are the same in size. ‎ ‎=The two rooms are ________ _______ ________ _______. ‎ ‎ 这两个房间大小一样。‎ ‎③The Nobel Prize is very important to Chinese literature. ‎ ‎=The Nobel Prize is _________ ________ __________ to Chinese literature. ‎ ‎ 这项诺贝尔奖对中国的文学很重要。‎ ‎【答案】①of great value ②of the same size ③of great importance ‎3. What if I was？如果我是又怎样呢？‎ ‎ what if...意为“如果……将会怎样”，相当于what would happen if...‎ ‎ ☞What if your plan fails？如果你的计划失败，该怎么办呢？‎ ‎ ☞What if she finds out that you have lost her book？倘使她发现你弄丢了她的书，怎么办？‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 注意：若表示的是将来的情况，what if后的句子常用一般现在时。‎ ‎ ☞What if we fail in this exam？‎ ‎ 要是我们在这次的考试中没及格怎么办？‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ ①what意为“什么”，用在口语中，表示没听见或没听懂；意为 ‎ “要什么”时表示听到对方的话并询问要什么；表示惊讶或愤怒 ‎ 时，意为“竟有这种事，真的吗”。‎ ‎ ☞—I asked her to marry me.我向她求婚了。‎ ‎ —You what？你说什么？‎ ‎ ②if only“要是……就好了”，引导感叹句，要用虚拟语气。‎ ‎ ☞If only I had taken his advice.要是我听从他的建议就好了。‎ ‎ ③how come表示惊讶，“怎么会……”。‎ ‎ ☞How come they left you alone here？他们怎么会把你一个人留在这里呢？‎ ‎ ④why not do sth.表示建议，“为什么不做……”。‎ ‎ ☞Why not try again？为什么不再试试呢？‎ ‎ ⑤what for？“为何目的，为何理由”。‎ ‎ ☞—I need to see a doctor.我得去看医生。‎ ‎ —What for？看什么病？‎ ‎ ⑥what about...用来提出建议或引出话题，意为“……怎么样”，后面跟名词或动名词形式。‎ ‎ ☞What about having a game of chess？下盘棋怎么样？‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 完成句子 ‎①________ ________(如果……怎么办)I don’t know anyone at the party？‎ ‎②—Look，here comes your dream girl.Invite her to dance.‎ ‎ —OK，but________ ________ ________ ________ ________(要是她拒绝我呢？)‎ ‎③—Andrew won’t like it，you know.‎ ‎ —______ _____(那又怎么样)？I don’t care what he thinks！‎ ‎【答案】①What if ②what if she refuses me ③So what ‎4. But，sir，(proudly) once educated to speak properly，that girl could pass herself off in three months as a ‎ ‎ duchess at an ambassador’s garden party.‎ ‎ 不过，先生，(高傲地)要是一旦有人教她把英语说好了，她可以在三个月后就可以冒充公爵夫人出席大使主办的花园聚会了。‎ ‎ 句中once educated是省略结构，完整形式为once the girl was educated。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ once的主要用法如下：‎ ‎ ①once作副词时，意为“一次，一度，曾经”。常见的与once搭配的词组有：‎ ‎ all at once突然 at once马上；立刻 ‎ once in a while偶尔；间或 once or twice一两次 ‎ ‎ once upon a time从前 ‎ once again再一次 ‎ ②once可作连接词，引导条件状语从句，意为“一旦……就……”，‎ ‎ once引导状语从句可以采用省略形式。‎ ‎ ③由once，if，as，unless，when，though，although等引导的状语从句，‎ ‎ 如果主句主语和从句主语一致，且从句中谓语动词是be＋v-ed或 ‎ v-ing形式，或从句中主谓结构为It is(was)＋adj.时，其从句结构 ‎ 可省略为以上连词加v-ed，v-ing或adj.。‎ ‎ ☞Once the time is set，it cannot be changed.‎ ‎ ＝Once set，the time cannot be changed.时间一旦被设定就不能更改。‎ ‎ ☞When I was waiting for a bus，I met Tom.‎ ‎ ＝When waiting for a bus，I met Tom.我在等汽车时碰到了汤姆。‎ ‎ ☞Though he was young，he knew a lot of English.‎ ‎ ＝Though young，he knew a lot of English.‎ ‎ 尽管年龄很小，但他知道很多英语。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 用恰当词语或形式填空 ‎①________the damage is done，it will take many years for the farmland to recover.‎ ‎②Though________(surprise)to see us，the professor gave us a warm welcome.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎5.George Bernard Shaw was interested in the way people spoke.萧伯纳对人们说话的方式很感兴趣。‎ ‎ way作“方式”解，后接定语从句时，若引导词在从句中作状语，则引导词可用that或in which，that/in which也可省去。‎ ‎ ☞I don’t like the way he speaks.‎ ‎ ＝I don’t like the way that he speaks.‎ ‎ ＝I don’t like the way in which he speaks.‎ ‎ 我不喜欢他说话的方式。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 使我惊奇的不是他的话而是他说话的方式。‎ What surprised me was not what he said but ________ ________ ________ ________ ________.‎ ‎【答案】the way he said it ‎6.Generally speaking，he thought that lower class people betrayed themselves with their remarks whenever ‎ ‎ they spoke，and that he could classify people’s social position after only a few minutes’ observation.‎ ‎ 一般而言，他认为阶级地位低者一开口他们的言论便会暴露他们的身份，并且他可以在几分钟的观察之后判定人们的社会地位。‎ ‎ whenever在句中引导让步状语从句，意为“无论何时，每当”，此时相当于no matter when。‎ ‎ ☞Whenever/No matter when you come here，you will find him at his desk.‎ ‎ 不管你什么时候来这儿，他都在用功。‎ ‎【名师点津】类似引导让步状语从句的词除了whenever外，还有however，‎ ‎ wherever，whatever，whoever，whichever等，相当于“no ‎ matter＋疑问词”。“疑问词＋ever”除了可引导让步状语从句外，‎ ‎ 有时还可引导名词性从句，而“no matter＋疑问词”只能引导让 ‎ 步状语从句。‎ ‎ ☞However late he is，his mother will wait for him to have dinner together.‎ ‎ 不管他回来多晚，他的母亲总会等他一起吃晚饭。‎ ‎ ☞Whatever you say，I won’t believe you.‎ ‎ 不管你说什么，我都不会相信你。‎ ‎ ☞Whoever breaks the law will be punished.‎ ‎ 无论是谁，违反法律都将受到惩罚。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ Please call my secretary to arrange a meeting this afternoon，or ________ it is convenient to you.‎ ‎7. I’d never have come if I’d known about this disgusting thing you want me to do...‎ ‎ 如果我知道你们想要我做这件令人讨厌的事情，我绝对不会来……‎ ‎ 本句是由if引导的与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语动词用“had ‎＋过去分词形式”，主句中的谓语动词用“would/could/should/might＋have＋过去分词”形式。‎ ‎【名师点津】‎ 虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法 ‎ 在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气，主要有以下几种情况：‎ 从句 主句 与现在事实 相反 动词过去式(be的过去式用were)‎ would/could/should/might＋动词原形 与过去事实 相反 had＋过去分词 would/could/should/might＋have＋过去分词 与将来事实 可能相反 动词过去式/should＋动词原形/were to＋动词原形 would/could/should/might＋动词原形 ‎ ☞If she knew English，she wouldn’t ask me for help.如果她懂英语的话，她不会找我帮忙的。‎ ‎ ☞If I were you，I would go to the hospital.如果我是你，我会去医院的。‎ ‎ ☞If I had known her number，I would have called her.‎ ‎ 如果我知道她的电话号码的话，我就给她打电话了。‎ ‎ ☞If it were to snow this evening，they would not go out.如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。‎ 注意：‎ ‎ 在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had或should，可以把if省略，而把这几个词放到主语之前， ‎ ‎ 构成倒装结构。有not时，not不用提前。‎ ‎ ☞Were it necessary，I might resign.如果必要的话，我可以辞职。‎ ‎ ☞Should they have patience，they could do the work well.‎ ‎ 如果他们有耐心的话，他们就可能把这项工作做好。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎ 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。‎ ‎ ☞If you had followed my advice just now，you would be better now.‎ ‎ 如果你刚才接受我的建议，你现在会好些。‎ ‎ ☞If you had studied hard before，you would work in the office now.‎ ‎ 如果你以前努力学习，你现在就在办公室里工作了。‎ ‎【跟踪典例】‎ 完成句子 ‎①昨天要是不生病，我是可能来上学的。‎ ‎ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________，I might have come to school.(be)‎ ‎②如果你在上个学期用功一些，你就会在考试中过关了。‎ ‎ If you had studied harder last term，you ________ ________ ________ ________ ________.(pass)‎ ‎【答案】①If I hadn’t been ill yesterday ②could have passed the exam ‎ ‎ 过去分词作状语 ‎ 过去分词作状语，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况。其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，且与主语之间构成逻辑上的“动宾关系”或在逻辑上构成“系表结构”。过去分词短语在句中担任条件状语，原因状语以及时间状语时，通常放在句首；担任伴随状语或结果状语时，通常放在句末；担任方式状语时，一般位于句末，有时也可位于句首；担任让步状语时，一般位于句首，有时也可位于句末。 ‎ 一、过去分词担任状语时的语法功能 ‎1. 原因状语 ‎ ☞Caught in a heavy rain，he was all wet.因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。‎ ‎ ☞Frightened by the noise in the night，the girl didn’t dare sleep in her room.‎ ‎ 被夜晚的响声惊吓，那姑娘不敢睡在她的房间里了。‎ ‎2. 时间状语 ‎ ☞Asked why he did it，the monitor said it was his duty.当被问及为何要做这件事时，班长说这是他的职责。‎ ‎ ☞Approached in the dark the bulbs looked lonely and purposeless.在黑暗走近时，那些电灯显得孤单而无意义。‎ ‎3. 条件状语和假设状语 ‎ ☞Grown in rich soil，these seeds can grow fast.如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。 ‎ ‎ ☞Given better attention，the accident could have been avoided.要是多加注意，那次事故就可以避免了。‎ ‎4. 方式或伴随状语 ‎ ☞Surrounded by his students，the professor sat there cheerfully.那位教授在学生们的簇拥下，兴高采烈地坐在那儿。‎ ‎ ☞He stood there silently，moved to tears.他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶。‎ ‎5. 让步状语 ‎ ☞Beaten by the police，sent to jail，Gandhi invented the principle of nonviolent resistance.‎ ‎ 尽管受警察的殴打，被投入监牢，甘地却首创了非暴力抵抗的原则。‎ ‎ ☞Defeated again，we did not lose heart.尽管再次被击败，但我们没有灰心。‎ ‎6. 分词的独立结构 ‎(1)分词作状语时，要特别注意其逻辑主语必须和谓语动词的主语一致。否则，分词必须有自己的主语，这种带主语 ‎ ‎ 的分词被称为分词的独立结构，或叫独立主格，在句中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件等。如果主语和动词是被 ‎ 动关系，就要用过去分词；如果是主动关系，则用现在分词。‎ ‎ ☞The project finished，they had a two weeks’ leave.‎ ‎ 完成那个计划后，他们休两周假。‎ ‎ ☞Weather permitting，we will go out for a picnic.‎ ‎ 天气允许的话，我们要出去野餐。‎ ‎(2)独立结构有时也可以用“with/without＋名词(或代词的宾格)＋分词”的结构，表示伴随状况。其中with/without可以省略。‎ ‎ ☞They sat there silently，(with) their eyes fixed on the lake.他们静静地坐在那里，眼睛看着湖面。‎ ‎(3)有一些表达方式是固定的，其分词短语的主语可以与主句的主语不一致。‎ ‎ ☞Judging from previous experience，he will be late. 根据以往的经验来看，他得迟到。‎ ‎ ☞Considering he’s only just started，he knows quite a lot about it.‎ ‎ 考虑到他只是刚刚开始，他对此的了解已经不少了。‎ 二、与状语从句的相互转换 ‎1. 过去分词短语作时间状语，可转换为when，while或after等引导的状语从句。‎ ‎ ☞Seen from the top of the hill，the park looks more beautiful.‎ ‎ →When it is seen from the top of the hill，the park looks more beautiful.‎ ‎ 从山上往下看，这座公园看起来更加漂亮。‎ ‎2. 作条件状语，可转换为if，once或unless等引导的状语从句。‎ ‎ ☞Given more time，she would certainly have done much better.‎ ‎ →If she had been given more time，she would certainly have done much better.‎ ‎ 如果有更多时间的话，她一定会干得更好些。‎ ‎3. 作原因状语，可转换为as，since或because等引导的状语从句。‎ ‎ ☞The children，exhausted，fell asleep at once.‎ ‎ →As the children were exhausted they fell asleep at once.‎ ‎ 由于劳累，孩子们很快就睡着了。‎ ‎4. 作让步状语，可转换为although，though或even if等引导的状语从句。‎ ‎ ☞Although exhausted by the climb，we continued our journey.‎ ‎ →Although we were exhausted by the climb，we continued our journey.‎ ‎ 我们虽然爬得很累，但我们仍然继续我们的旅程。‎ ‎5. 作方式状语，如有连词as if，就转换为as if引导的方式状语从句；若无连词，则转换为并列结构。‎ ‎ ☞He began to cry as if bitten by a snake.‎ ‎ →He began to cry as if he was bitten by a snake.‎ ‎ 他大叫起来，好像被蛇咬了。‎ ‎6. 作伴随状语，一般转换为并列结构。‎ ‎ ☞Aunt Wu came in，followed by her daughter.‎ ‎ →Aunt Wu came in，and(she)was followed by her daughter.‎ ‎ 吴大娘走进来，(她)后面跟着她的女儿。‎ ‎【知识拓展】‎ ‎1. 现在分词与过去分词作状语在“逻辑”方面的差异：‎ ‎ 过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间通常构成逻辑上的动宾关系。‎ ‎ 现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。‎ ‎ ☞Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。‎ ‎ ☞Not knowing what to do，he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。‎ ‎2. 现在分词与过去分词作状语在“时间”方面的差异：‎ ‎ 过去分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，或表示一种状态，与谓语动作同时发生或存在。现在分词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在说话时正在进行；现在分词的完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“主动”动作；现在分词的完成式的被动式(having been done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“被动”动作，常常和表示次数的短语以及时间段(for短语)连用，此时不能被过去分词所替换。在其他情况下通常被过去分词所替换，从而使句式更简洁。‎ ‎ ☞Written in a hurry，this article was not so good！因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好！‎ ‎ ☞Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before.他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。‎ ‎ ☞Having been discussed several times，the decision was finally made.进行了几次讨论之后，终于作出了决定。‎ ‎3. 部分过去分词因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示 “被动关系”，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：lost(陷入某种状态)；seated(坐)；hidden(躲)；stationed(驻扎)；lost/absorbed in (沉溺于)；dressed in(穿着)；tired of(厌烦)等。‎ ‎☞Lost/Absorbed in deep thought，he didn’t hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中，所以他没听到那个声音。 ‎ ‎☞Faced with difficulties，we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。‎ ‎4. 过去分词用作状语时，前面往往带有when，if，while，though，even if等连词，这样就能使过去分词所表示的意义更加明确。这种带有连词的过去分词结构通常可看作是一种省略句，句中省略的部分总是“主语＋be的相应变化形式”，省略的主语通常与主句的主语相同。‎ ‎ ☞When given a medical examination，you should keep calm.‎ 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。‎ ‎ ☞Although exhausted by the climb，he continued his journey.他虽然爬得很累，但他仍继续前进。‎ ‎5. 分词(短语) 作状语时，其逻辑上的主语要与句子的主语保持一致；否则分词(短语)就要有自己的逻辑主语(用名词或代词的主格来表示)。这种结构称为独立主格结构。独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条件、原因时，其作用分别相当于一个时间、条件、原因状语从句。表示伴随方式时，相当于一个并列句。‎ ‎ ☞The signal given，the bus started.信号一发出，汽车就开动了。‎ ‎ ☞The football match(being) over，crowds of people poured out into the street.‎ ‎ 足球赛一结束，人群便涌到大街上。‎ ‎6. 不定式与分词担任状语的差异：‎ ‎（1）不定式在句中可以担任目的状语，结果状语(出乎意料的结果)以及原因状语(通常后置)。‎ ‎ ☞To make himself heard，he raised his voice.为了被听清楚，他提高了嗓门。‎ ‎ ☞He hurried home，only to find his money stolen.他匆忙赶到家中，结果却发现钱被盗了。‎ ‎ All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress.他的进步，我们都很吃惊。‎ ‎（2）分词在句中可以担任除目的状语以外的其他形式的状语。‎ ‎ ☞Seen from the top of the hill，the town is beautiful.从山上看，这座城镇很美。‎ ‎ ☞Defeated，he remained a popular boxer.虽然被击败了，但他仍然是一位受欢迎的拳击手。‎ ‎ ☞The guests entered the office，accompanied by the manager.客人们在经理的陪同下进了办公室。‎ ‎ ‎ 如何写英文戏剧 ‎ ‎ ‎ 戏剧作品是一种文学形式，同小说一样也有plot(情节)，character(人物)，setting(背景)，theme(主题)和style(风格)，但其表现形式却与小说不同。‎ ‎ 戏剧一般分幕(acts)和场(scenes)‎ ‎。幕是剧本写作和演出的一个完整段落，按剧情发展的时间、地点划分。场则是幕中的部分。有的剧只分幕，不分场。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎1.注意包括剧本的三要素：舞台说明、戏剧冲突、人物台词。‎ ‎ 舞台说明：舞台说明帮助导演和演员掌握剧情，为演出提供相关说明。‎ ‎ 戏剧冲突：剧中必须有一个矛盾冲突(问题)供人物去解决，剧中所有的事件都与该矛盾冲突(问题)有关。‎ ‎ 人物台词：是剧中人物的语言，即鲜明生动的人物对话。它是性格化的，是富有动作性的，因为人物 的语言是同他/她的行动联系在一起的。同时，人物的语言和动作必须合乎各自的身份和特 征。台词的表现形式有：对话、独白、旁白、内白(在后台说话)、潜台词等等。‎ ‎2.时态：通常情况下，要用一般现在时。‎ ‎3.注意剧本的写作格式。剧中人物的名字要全部大写，位于对白之前，后接冒号。舞台说明用斜体，置于 ‎ 括号中。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎