初二上册英语语法总结 8页

初二上册英语语法总结 动词不定式 一. 定义：‎ 动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语，但它仍保持动词的特点，既可以有自己的宾语和状语。同时动词不定式又具有名词、形容词、副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。‎ 二. 动词不定式的构成：to+动词原形 ‎ 三. 动词不定式作宾语 ‎ 后面能接不定式作宾语的动词有：agree, ask, choose, decide, forget, hope, learn, want, wish, would like等。‎ ‎ We hope to get there before dark. 我们希望天黑以前到那儿。‎ ‎ The girl decided to do it herself. 那个姑娘决定自己做那件事。‎ 动词不定式作宾语的注意事项（2点）‎ ‎1. 有些动词既可跟不定式作宾语，也可跟动名词作宾语，但含义不同： ‎ remember to do 记住要做某事 ‎ remember doing 记得曾经做过某事 ‎ forget to do忘记要做某事 ‎ forget doing 忘记曾经做过某事 ‎ stop to do 停下来去做某事 ‎ stop doing 停止做某事 ‎ go on to do 继续做另一件事 ‎ go on doing 继续做原来在做的事 ‎ I remember seeing you somewhere before. ‎ 我记得以前在哪儿见过你。 ‎ Please remember to turn off the light when you leave.‎ 离开时请记得关好灯。 ‎ ‎2. 不定式作宾语时，如带有宾语补足语，则要把不定式放到后面，用it作形式宾语，构成“主语+动词+it+宾补（形容词、名词）+不定式”结构。‎ 如：He found it very difficult to get to sleep. ‎ ‎ 他发现很难入睡。‎ 四. 动词不定式作宾语补足语 ‎ ‎1. 后面能接to不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask, order, teach, tell, want, wish, help等。 ‎ The teacher told us to do Exercise 1. 老师要我们做练习一。 ‎ I want both of you to go. 我要你们俩去。‎ We helped her (to) repair her bike. 我们帮助她修理自行车。‎ ‎2. 使役动词let, have, make及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel等要以不带to的不定式作宾补。 ‎ Let’s have a rest. 我们休息一会吧。 ‎ I saw him come in. 我看见他进来了。 ‎ 感官动词后既可跟不带to的不定式作宾补，也可跟v-ing作宾补，前者表示动作的全部过程已结束；后者表示动作正在进行。 ‎ I saw him come downstairs.我看见他下了楼。（说明他下楼了这件事） ‎ I saw him coming downstairs.我看见他在下楼。（说明他下楼时的情景）‎ 五. 动词不定式作状语 Later he left home to work in different cities. 不久他离开家到不同的城市工作。‎ He went to see a football match. 他去看足球比赛了。‎ In order to catch the other students, I must work hard. ‎ 为了赶上其他同学，我必须努力学习。‎ 六. 动词不定式作定语 不定式作定语一般放在所修饰的词的后面。‎ I need something to eat. ‎ Do you have something to read?‎ Tom was so excited that he had no word to say.‎ He is really a fool only to eat.‎ The man to stand here just now is our English teacher.‎ The doctor had no way to save the patient.‎ 注意：‎ ‎（1）作定语的不定式是由及物动词组成，被修饰的名词或代词与不定式之间存在方位或方式关系需要有介词。‎ I am looking for a room to live in. 我正在找一间住房。（方位关系）‎ We have many things to do experiments with. ‎ 我们有许多做实验的东西（方式关系）‎ ‎（2）作定语的不定式是由“be + adj + prep”构成的动词短语。‎ Here there isn’t any book for me to be interested in.‎ We have done many things to proud of. 我们做了许多引以自豪的事。‎ 七. 动词不定式作主语 To give is better than to receive. ‎ To reach there on foot is impossible.‎ 动词不定式作主语时，可以用it 代替，把实际主语不定式放在后面。‎ It’s better to give than to receive.‎ It’s impossible to reach there on foot.‎ It’s + adj + for sb. to do sth.‎ It’s not difficult for me to study English well.‎ It’s easy for him to work out this math problem.‎ 在这个句型中，如果形容词与不定式的逻辑主语关系密切，并且形容词用来说明逻辑主语的性质、品质、特点等，由of引出逻辑主语。这类形容词主要有nice, kind, good, wrong, right等。 ‎ 八. 动词不定式和疑问词连用 动词不定式可以和疑问词what, which, how, where, when连用，构成不定式短语，可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语等。‎ How to do is still a question. ‎ Have you decided when to leave? ‎ 九. 动词不定式的否定形式 ‎ 动词不定式的否定式是在to前加not；不带to的不定式则在动词前加not. 如： ‎ Zhang Ming asked me not to stay at home all day. 张明要我不要整天呆在家里。 ‎ My mother let me not do it by myself. 妈妈让我不要独自做这件事。‎ 被动语态 英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态 主动语态（The Active Voice）表示主语是动作的执行者。‎ 被动语态（The Passive Voice）表示主语是动作的承受者。‎ 构成：承受者+助动词be+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者 一般现在时：承受者+助动词am / is/are +及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者 一般过去时：承受者+助动词was / were +及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者 承受者+助动词shall / will be+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者 承受者+助动词 have/ has been+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者 承受者+ can /may/must/should +be+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者 被动语态用法：‎ ‎1）当我们不知道动作的执行者是谁，或者没有必要指出动作的执行者时，需用被动语态。‎ ‎2）当我们需要强调动作的承受者时,常用被动语态。‎ ‎3）如果需要说出动作的执行者, 用by引导出动作的执行者。 ‎ 主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。‎ 主动语态变为被动语态时有以下几种情况：‎ ‎1）主语＋谓语动词＋宾语 将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。‎ ‎（主动）We bought a book yesterday.‎ ‎（被动）The book was bought yesterday.‎ ‎2）主语＋谓语动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 将主动语态中一个宾语变为被动语态的主语。多数情况下将间接宾语变为主语。如果直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语前要加介词to / for。‎ ‎（主动）He showed me a book yesterday.‎ ‎（被动）I was showed a book yesterday.‎ ‎（被动）The book was showed to me yesterday.‎ ‎3）主语＋谓语动词＋复合宾语 含有一个由宾语加宾语补足语构成的复合宾语，变为被动语态时，将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语，宾语补足语保留不变，成为主语补足语。‎ ‎（主动）I found him a good pupil. （宾语补足语）‎ ‎（被动）He was found a good pupil. （主语补足语）‎ ‎4）短语动词变为被动语态 有些短语动词相当于一个及物动词，其后可以接宾语，因此它们也有被动语态，但短语动词是不可分割的整体，变为被动语态时不可去掉其后面的介词或副词。‎ ‎（主动）We should look after the patients very well.‎ ‎（被动）The patients should be looked after very well by us.‎ ‎5）宾语从句变为被动语态 若主动语态中是宾语从句，变为被动语态时常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在后面。‎ It’s said that he passed the exam.‎ 被动语态应注意的几个特殊问题：‎ ‎（1）不及物动词带介词和介词宾语，在变为被动语态时，仍然要带上介词。‎ ‎（主动）The students in class listen to the teacher carefully. ‎ ‎（被动）The teacher is listened to carefully by the students in class.‎ ‎（2）当动词带有复合宾语时，并且宾补是省去“to”的动词不定式时，在被动语态中应加上“to”。‎ ‎（主动）They make do all the work. ‎ ‎（被动）We were made to do all the work.‎ ‎（主动）We often hear her sing English songs.‎ ‎（被动）She is often heard to sing English songs.‎ ‎（主动）I see him walk to school.‎ ‎（被动）He is seen to walk to school.‎ 新目标八年级上册 英语语法知识点精讲+练习 ‎（一）一般将来时 ‎ 一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或者存在的状态。通常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, in 100 years等。‎ ‎ be going to do （动词原形）结构：表示打算、准备做的事情或者肯定要发生的事情。如：It is going to rain. ‎ ‎ will do 结构表示将来的用法：‎ ‎ 1. 表示预见 ‎ Do you think it will rain? ‎ ‎ You will feel better after a good rest. ‎ ‎ 2. 表示意图 ‎ I will borrow a book from our school library tomorrow. ‎ ‎ What will she do tomorrow? ‎ 基本构成如下：‎ 一般疑问句构成：‎ ‎ （1）will+主语+do…? Will Sarah come to visit me next Sunday? ‎ ‎ （2）there be 结构的一般疑问句：Will there + be …? ‎ ‎ Will there be fewer trees? Yes, there will. / No, there won’t ‎ 否定句构成：will + not （won’t）+do ‎ Sarah won’t come to visit me next Sunday. ‎ ‎ 特殊疑问句构成：‎ ‎ 特殊疑问词＋will＋主语＋…？What will Sarah do next Sunday? ‎ ‎★★练一练★★‎ 根据例句，用will改写下列各句 ‎ 例：I don’t feel well today. （be better tomorrow）‎ ‎ I’ll be better tomorrow. ‎ ‎ 1. Gina has six classes today. （have a lot of homework tonight）‎ ‎ _____________________________‎ ‎ 2. I’m tired now. （sleep later）‎ ‎ _____________________________‎ ‎ 3. My parents need a new car. （buy one soon）‎ ‎ _____________________________‎ ‎ 4. We can’t leave right now. （leave a little later）‎ ‎ _____________________________‎ ‎ 5. The weather is awful today. （be better tomorrow）‎ ‎ _____________________________‎ 答案：1. She’ll have a lot of homework tonight. ‎ ‎ 2. I’ll sleep later. ‎ ‎ 3. They’ll buy one soon. ‎ ‎ 4. We’ll leave a little later. ‎ ‎ 5. Maybe it’ll be better tomorrow. ‎ ‎（二）should的用法：‎ ‎ should用来提出建议和忠告，后边加动词原形，否定句直接在should后边加not. ‎ ‎ 例如：I think you should eat less junk food. ‎ ‎ 我认为你应该少吃垃圾食品。‎ ‎ She drives a lot and she seldom walks. So I think she should walk a lot. ‎ ‎ 她经常开车，很少走路。所以我认为她应该多走路。‎ ‎ Students shouldn’t spend too much time playing computer games. ‎ ‎ 学生们不应当花太多的时间玩计算机游戏。‎ ‎ 学习向别人提建议的几种句式：‎ ‎ （1）I think you should…‎ ‎ （2）Well, you could…‎ ‎ （3）Maybe you should …‎ ‎ （4）Why don’t you…? ‎ ‎ （5）What about doing sth.? ‎ ‎ （6）You’d better do sth. ‎ ‎ ★★练一练★★‎ ‎ 用should或shouldn’t填空 ‎ 1. I can’t sleep the night before exams. ‎ ‎ You ______ take a warm shower before you go to bed. ‎ ‎ 2. Good friends ______ argue each other. ‎ ‎ 3. There is little milk in the glass. We _______ buy some. ‎ ‎ 4. They didn’t invite you? Maybe you ______ be friendlier. ‎ ‎ 5. I am a little bit overweight. So I think I _______ do exercises every day. ‎ 答案：1. should 2. shouldn’t 3. should 4. should 5. should ‎（三）过去进行时 ‎ 过去进行时表示过去某一点时间正在进行的动作或者过去某一段时间内一直进行的动作。‎ ‎ 1. 构成 ‎ was /were + doing，例如：‎ ‎ I was watching TV at ‎9 o’clock last night. ‎ ‎ at 9 o’clock last night是时间点 ‎ They were playing football all afternoon. ‎ ‎ all afternoon是时间段 ‎ 2. 过去进行时的标志词 ‎ at 8 o’clock last night, this time yesterday等。例如：‎ ‎ I was having lunch at home this time yesterday. ‎ ‎ 昨天的这个时候我正在吃午饭。‎ ‎ At that time she was writing a book. ‎ ‎ 那阵子她在写一本书。（表示她在那段时间里一直在做那件事情。）‎ ‎★★练一练★★‎ 用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。‎ ‎ 1. This time yesterday I ____ ______（read）books. ‎ ‎ 2. At 9 o’clock last Sunday they ______ ______（have）a party. ‎ ‎ 3. When I _____（come）into the classroom, she ________ ______（read）a storybook. ‎ ‎ 4. She _____ ______（play）computer games while her mother ____ ______（cook）yesterday afternoon. ‎ ‎ 5. I _____ ______（have）a shower when you _______（call）me yesterday. ‎ 答案：1. was reading 2. were having 3. came; was reading ‎ 4. was playing; was cooking 5. was having; called ‎（四）间接引语 形成步骤：‎ ‎ （1）不要逗号，冒号，引号 ‎ （2）要考虑到人称的变化（人称的变化与汉语是一致的）‎ ‎ （3）要考虑时态的变化 ‎ （4）要考虑时间状语、地点状语和语示代词的变化。‎ ‎ 1. 直接引语变成间接引语时，几个主要时态的变化规律 直接引语 间接引语 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 过去将来时 现在进行时 过去进行时 ‎ 2. 直接引语变成间接引语时，一些词汇的变化规律 直接引语 ‎ 1. am / is ‎ ‎2. are ‎ 3. have / has ‎4. will ‎5. can 间接引语 ‎1. was ‎2. were ‎ 3. had ‎4. would ‎5. could ‎6. may ‎6. might ‎★★练一练★★‎ 用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。‎ ‎ 1. She said I _____（be）hard-working. ‎ ‎ 2. Peter told me he _____（be）bored yesterday. ‎ ‎ 3. She said she _____（go）swimming last Sunday. ‎ ‎ 4. Bobby said he _____（may）call me later. ‎ ‎ 5. Antonio told me he _____（read）a book then. ‎ 答案：1. was 2. was 3. went 4. might 5. was reading 请转述他人说的话：‎ ‎ 1. I go to the beach every Saturday. （Tom）‎ ‎ 2. I can speak three languages. （Lucy）‎ ‎ 3. I will call you tomorrow. （Mike）‎ ‎ 4. I’m having a surprise party for Lana. （she）‎ ‎（五）if引导的条件状语从句 结构：if＋一般现在时，主语＋将来时 含义：如果……，将要……‎ 例如：If you ask him, he will help you. ‎ ‎ 如果你请求他，他会帮助你。‎ ‎ If need be, we’ll work all night. ‎ ‎ 如果需要，我们就干个通宵。‎ ‎ ★★练一练★★‎ ‎ 根据中文提示，完成句子。‎ ‎ 1. 如果你参加聚会，你将会过得很开心。‎ ‎ If you ________ the party, you __________. ‎ ‎ 2. 如果明天下雨，我们将不去野餐。‎ ‎ If it __________ tomorrow, we ___________. ‎ ‎ 3. 如果你经常听英文歌，你将会喜欢英语的。‎ ‎ If you often ________, you _________________. ‎ 答案：‎ ‎ 1. If you go to the party, you will have a good time ‎ ‎ 2. If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go to the picnic ‎ ‎ 3. If you often listen to English songs, you’ll like English ‎