初中英语语法-英语从句总结 9页

初中英语语法总结（从句） 按一般说法，可分为三大类 14 种从句。 一,名词性从句 1 主语从句 Whether it's right or not remains to be seen. 2 宾语从句 I wonder whether it's right or not. 3 同位语从句 This is a question whether it's right or not. 4 表语从句 The question is whether it's right or not. 二,定语从句 从句分为定语从句，状语从句和名词从句三大类。定语从句又分为限定性和 非限定性从句两种，由关系代词或关系副词引导，修饰主句的某个成分。状 语从句分为时间、结果、让步、原因、条件及行为方式状语从句。名词从句 包括主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句及 there be 句型。 主系表结构、主谓（宾）结构、there be 结构是英语的三大基本句式，无论 一个句子有多长、多复杂，它总是属于这三大句式中的一种。 学习基本句式，句子成分是一个关键的概念，它是指句子的组成单位，不同 的句式由不同的句子成分组成。如：主系表结构的成分有主语、系动词、表 语；主谓（宾）结构的成分有主语、谓语、宾语；there be 结构的主要成分 是主语。 英语中的句子成分主要有：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、同位语， 等等。这些句子成分可以由单词、词组或句子充当，当这些成分由句子充当 时，我们就有了相应的从句，如：充当主语成分的句子为主语从句，充当宾 语成分的句子为宾语从句，等等。 1 限定性定语从句 She is the student who can speak English well. 2 非限定性定语从句 She is the student, who can speak English well. 三,状语从句 1 时间状语从句 The fact will come out when he comes here. 2 地点状语从句 You can go wherever you like. 3 原因状语从句 Pay more attention to your lessons because you are a student. 4 方式状语从句 He walks as if he were a king. 5 目的状语从句 She went to Japan so that she could learn Japanese well. 6 结果状语从句 She went to Japan so that she learned Japanese well. 7 条件状语从句 I will understand it if he tells me. 8 让步状语从句 He knows a lot though he is little. 1．定语从句 There are some old books in the box. The boy dressed in blue is from America.  分清几个概念：先行词与关系代词/关系副词。先行词是指定语从句所修 饰的中心词；关系代词主要有 who, whom, whose, which, that; 关系副词主 要有 when, where, why。关系代词和关系副词有两个作用，一是连接主句 和从句的作用，二是在定语从句中做成分。  定语从句分为：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句, 限定性定语从句如果 去掉会影响句子意义的完整性，非限定性定语从句即使去掉也不会影响句子 意义的完整性，如： July is the month when we have a lot of rain. There are many plays (that) I’d like to see. The meeting was put off, which surprised us a lot. This note is left by Mary, who was here a moment ago. 1. 非限定性定语从句，其作用为：对所修饰的成分作进一步的说明，它与主句 用逗号隔开。此类从句省略后其余部分仍可成立。在非限定性定语从句中， which 可代表前面的整个句子；代表人时只能用 who，whom，而不能用 that； as 也可用作关系代词。例如: 1.The telephone，as we know，was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell． 2.Franklin D．Roosevelt，who died there on April 12，1945． 3.Living in a damp（潮湿的） house for a long time is harmful to one’s health， which is known to everyone． 2. 限定性定语从句中 that 可代表人和事，而 which 只代表事；二者在从句中作 主语或宾语。that 作宾语时常可省略，which 则不能，而且其后的“不及物动 词+介词’’中的介词不能省略。which 作宾语时，先行词与 which 之间的介词 不能省。例如： 1.The first doll that could say“mama”was invented in 1830． 2.The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part，during which he sailed round the Cape Horn 合恩角．  代表 all，anything，something，nothing，much 等词时，用 that 而不用 which，that 作宾语可省略。例如： 1.I care anything that has something to do with it． 2.You'd better do something he prefers to do to please him． 3.That is the last time we met each other． 4.I came across the woman you told me about yesterday．  who 和 whom 引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句的主语和宾语。where 是关系副词，用于表示地点的定语从句，而 when 用来表示时间。whose 是关系代词，修饰名词作定语。例如: 1.Henry Ford is the person who is most responsible for developing the idea of mass production． 2.The knee is the joint where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg． 3.The next morning ， when she came down to breakfast ， Mary was beaming with the pleasure of a new，great discovery． 4.The visiting professor is a famous scientist whose son studies in my department．  注意几点：that 可替代 who, whom（指人），也可替代 which（指物） whose 既可指人又可指物 引导定语从句的关系代词紧跟介词做从句的宾语时，不用 that,只 用 which// 不能用 which,只能用 that 的情况…. 几个例子：Is she the girl that/who sells flowers? The train that/which has just left is for Xi’an. The people (who/that/whom) you were talking to were Russians. The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. I have never met the boy whose mother is a famous actress. My book is on the table whose legs are broken. He went to China in 1945, when the War World II was over. Look, this is the house where the writer was born. The tool with which he is working is called a wrench(扳手). 2．状语从句 He swims fast. Nervous, he opened the letter. Legs broken, the soldier crawled back home. She used to stay up until midnight. With a book in his hand, the teacher came in.  状语从句可分为：时间状语从句(主要由 when，whenever，after，before，a5， since，once，until，while 等连词引导)，结果状语从句(由 so…that 和 such…that 连接)，让步状语从句(由 though，although， no matter，even if， however， whatever 等词引导)，原因状语从句(由 as，because，since 和 for 引导)，条件 状语从句(由 if， whether，as long as，provided that 等词引导)，地点状语从 句(由 where 引导)，行为方式状语从句(由 as 引导)。有时条件状语从句中， 主句不可以用将来时，而用一般时代替。  状语从句中的 “主语+be”可以省略，前提是：从句主语和主句主语一致，且 从句谓语“be”省略后的结构为“连词+现在分词／过去分词介词短语／形容词 ／名词短语”。) 例如： 1.If necessary，I would like to see you in your office. 2.Although seriously wounded，he never complained． 条件状语从句： 1）Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.( 除非,若不；相当于 if---not) 即：If you are too tired,we’ll not go out for a walk. 2）You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.(只要，表示条件的唯一性) 3）Take your umbrella in case it rains.（以防---，以免---） 4）I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep a secret.(条件是---) 5）Supposing it rains, shall we continue the sports meeting?( 如果,假如) 6）He won't be against us in the meeting provided/providing that we ask for his advice in advance.( 假如,除非以……为条件) 7）You will be successful in the interview once you have confidence.(一旦---就--) 方式状语从句 方式状语从句通常由 as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though 引导。 1） as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于 句首，这时 as 从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如： Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。 As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。 2） as if, as though 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈 述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像…… 似的"，例如： 1. They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） 2. He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） 3. It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。） 说明：as if / as though 也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如： He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。 He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。 比较状语从句 1）You seem to know music as well as you know astronomy(天文学).(as---as 结构) 2）There was no garden so lovely as his in this city. (no so---as 结构) 3）Finally he has made as much money as he wanted. (as +adj +n.+as 结构) 4）Your watch is not the same as his.(the same as 结构) 5）I never met such a man as your younger brother.(such---as 结构) 6）She studies more diligently than her classmates.(more than 结构) 7）No other book has had a greater influence on my life.(否定词和比较级连用 表示最高级含义。) 8）This teacher explained the problem more clearly than any other teacher. (比 较级与 “any other one”连用表示最高级含义。) 9）The more you read, the better will you write.(the more----the more 结构)11) He earned no more than 800 dollars a month. 他一个月只挣 800 美元。（no + 比较级+than 结构）. 3．名词从句 名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句，其中有介词与形容词的宾语从句、表语从句 和同位语从句。 1）主语从句 He is a teacher. Learning English well could take you a lot of time. a. 由 what、wh-ever 等代词引导的主语从句, 一般放在句首，不能用 it 做形 式主语： What I want to know is his address. Whatever was said here must be kept secret. Whatever she did was right. Whoever comes will be welcome. b. 由连词 that 引导的主语从句, 在大多数情况下，这个从句都放在句子后部， 而用代词 it 作形式上的主语： That I may not be able to come is possible. = It is possible that I may not be able to come. That we need more equipment is quite obvious. = It is obvious that we need more equipment. That he will refuse the offer is unlikely. = It is unlikely that he will refuse the offer. 三个固定句型(属于此类)： It + 名称 + that：It is a pity that we can’t go. It + 形容词+ that：It is clear that Tom has returned. It + 过去分词+ that：It is said/believed/reported/known that…. c. 由连接代词或连接副词（或 whether）引导的主语从句, 这个从句可以直接 放在句首作主语，也可放到句子后部去，前面用 it 作形式主语： Which is the better choice is obvious. = It is obvious which is the better choice. Who will go for the meeting has not been decided. = It has not been decided who will go for the meeting. Where he lost his gold watch remained a mystery. = It remained a mystery where he lost his gold watch.. When we shall have our sports meet is still a question. = It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet. Whether he will join us won’t make much difference. = It won’t make much difference whether he will join us. Why the old man went to the castle is still unknown. = It is still unknown why the old man went to the castle. How he had managed to achieve so much at such a young age fascinated many people. = It fascinated many people how he had managed to achieve so much at such a young age. 2)宾语从句 He likes Chinese very much. I’m surprised at his young age. a.由 that 引导的宾语从句，一般做动词的宾语，that 可以省略 The letter says (that) they are leaving on the 13th. I don’t doubt (that) they will be able to overcome the difficulties. She reminded me that I had a meeting to attend that evening. b. 由 what，who，which, how，where，when, whether (if) 等引导的宾语从 句，既可以做动词的宾语，又可以做介词的宾语 I don’t know whether these figures are accurate. I’ll read whichever book you recommend. I’ll show you what I have put down in my note-book Has she informed you when they are to hold the meeting. She was never satisfied with what she had achieved. Whether that is a good solution depends on how you look at it. c. 在某些句型中，特别是带符合宾语的句子中，that 引导的从句常常移到后 部去，前面用 it 做形式宾语 We all thought it a pity that the conference should have been cancelled. I took it for granted that they were not coming. d. 在“be + 形容词”这类结构后，that 引导的从句，有些在概念上接近宾 语，而在结构上却接近状语 I’m afraid that I have made a mistake. We are sure that we shall success. We are fully confident that we can overcome the difficulties. I’m not sure whether she would like the idea. 一些表语性的形容词，如：alarmed，amazed，annoyed，astonished， certain， confident，disappointed，glad，pleased，proud，sad，shocked，sure，surprised， worried， ect.做表语时，后面可跟由 that， how 等引导的宾语从句。例如： 1.I was amazed how he could pass the exam without attending the lectures． 2.He is confident that he will pass the Band 6 examination． 3.She was surprised how simple his problem is． 4.We are all pleased that he will be able to pass the final examination. 3)表语从句 He is kind. / He is a teacher. The Smiths are from Australia. This is where our basic interest lies. My idea is that we should stick to our original plan. What I really what to know is how you have managed to remember 1000 words within an hour. 表语从句对主语的内容起解释和阐述的作用；若表语从句用 that 引起，that 起连 接作用，不能省略。表语从句也可用连接词 how，when，where，why，what 引 起。由 because 引起的表语从句通常只用在“this／that／it is because” 结构中。例 如： 1.One thing I admire most about them is that they are hospitable． 2.She works too hard；That is why she is exhausted． 3.I must point out that where you intend to build a supermarket is where the elderly do exercise every day． 4)同位语从句 同位语从句是由两个或两个以上同一层次语言单位组成的结构，其中前项与后项 所指相同，句法功能相同。同位语从句由 that 引导，也可由 whether，how，why， where， when 等来引导。例如： 1.She ignored the teacher's instruction that she must study hard． 2.The question whether or not I should help him in such a case troubled me greatly．  定语从句与同位语从句的区别：从连接词上来说，定语从句的连接词有许多， 但同位语从句的连接词只有 that； 从主从句间的关系来说，定语从句与主句 是从属关系，而同位语从句与主句是并列关系。  在英语中，只有一部分名词可以跟同位语从句，如：idea, fact, news, hope, belief, thought, doubt.; probability, certainty, likelihood, evidence; on condition 只要, in spite of the fact 例如： I had no idea that you were here. I’ve come from Mr. White with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon. There is no doubt that he is qualified for this job. The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled（逃走）from the city. Obviously, there was little probability that they would succeed, but they don’t mind.